Vaccination

Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK Biologicals' hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine (Infanrix)hexa) was assessed when used for primary vaccination at 3, 4 and 5 months of age (N = 2163), compared to the separate administration of DTPa-IPV/Hib and HBV vaccines (N = 720). A similar safety and reactogenicity profile was demonstrated for both vaccine regimens, as well as a good immune response for all antigen components. By offering protection against six diseases in a series of single injections, the hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine was shown to be a safe, well tolerated and immunogenic alternative to primary immunization with licensed separately administered vaccines.

SARS-CoV-2 infects children far less frequently than adults and when infected, children experience no or benign symptoms. Children further do not transmit the virus in any meaningful way. Despite these facts, many public health authorities recommend that all children above the age of 12 get vaccinated to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. As a result, many schools, colleges, and universities require proof of vaccination for students to attend class, essentially coercing students to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The rationale presented by public health officials for recommending COVID-19 vaccination for children is threefold: a) To keep children from contracting COVID-19 and becoming seriously ill. b) To stop children from transmitting SARS-COV-2 to each other, teachers, parents and grandparents. c) It is needed to reach herd immunity. Consequently, this research investigates whether these hypotheses are correct and supported by the science and empirical data. If the principal points of departure are flawed, it follows that a policy to vaccinate children against COVID-19 would be irrational. The four main biomedical ethical principles, that is beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice, are defined and explained to provide a universal, moral analytical framework that are that can aid public health policymakers in making morally and ethically sound decisions. The four main ethical principles are then applied to the policy and practice to coerce young people to get the COVID-19 vaccine.

ObjectivesOur aim was to evaluate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity and SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses after BNT162b2 vaccination.MethodsIn this prospective study, disease activity and clinical assessments were recorded from the first dose of vaccine until day 15 after the second dose in 126 patients with SLE. SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were measured against wild-type spike antigen, while serum-neutralising activity was assessed against the SARS-CoV-2 historical strain and variants of concerns (VOCs). Vaccine-specific T cell responses were quantified by interferon-γ release assay after the second dose.ResultsBNT162b2 was well tolerated and no statistically significant variations of BILAG (British Isles Lupus Assessment Group) and SLEDAI (SLE Disease Activity Index) scores were observed throughout the study in patients with SLE with active and inactive disease at baseline. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and methotrexate (MTX) treatments were associated with dr...

Background: In Greece, several new childhood vaccines were introduced recently but were reimbursed gradually and at different time points. The aim of this study was to assess immunization coverage and identify factors influencing complete and age-appropriate vaccination among children attending public nurseries in the municipal district of Athens. Methods: A cross-sectional study, using stratified sampling was performed. Immunization history was obtained from vaccination booklets. Demographic and socioeconomic data were obtained from school registries and telephone interviews. Vaccination rates were estimated by sample weighted proportions while associations between complete and age-appropriate immunization and potential determinants by logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 731 children (mean age: 46, median: 48, range: 10-65 months) were included. Overall immunization coverage with traditional vaccines (DTP, polio, Hib, HBV, 1st dose MMR) was satisfactory, exceeding 90%, but the administration of booster doses was delayed (range: 33.7-97.4%, at 60 months of age). Complete vaccination rates were lower for new vaccines (Men C, PCV7, varicella, hepatitis A), ranging between 61-92%. In addition, a significant delay in timely administration of Men C, PCV7, as well as HBV was noted (22.9%, 16.0% and 27.7% at 12 months of age, respectively). Child's age was strongly associated with incomplete vaccination with all vaccines (p< 0.001), while as immigrant status was a predictor of incomplete (p=0.034) and delayed vaccination (p<0.001) with traditional vaccines. Increasing household size and higher maternal education were negatively associated with the receipt of all and newly licensed vaccines, respectively (p=0.035). Conclusions: Our findings highlight the need to monitor uptake of new vaccines and improve age-appropriate administration of booster doses as well as early vaccination against hepatitis B. Immigrant status, increased household size and high maternal education may warrant targeted intervention.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a safe and effective primary prevention strategy for cervical cancer. Despite the need for effective HPV vaccination interventions, relatively few have been tested. Moreover, existing interventions have tended to use a onesize-fits-all educational approach. We investigated whether tailoring intervention materials to young adult women's perceived barriers to HPV vaccinationVa known psychosocial predictor of vaccine uptakeVwould increase women's intentions to receive the HPV vaccine. Methods: Young adult women (N = 94; aged 18Y26 years) who had not been vaccinated against HPV were randomly assigned to read either a nontailored message about HPV vaccination or a message that was individually tailored to participants' perceived barriers to HPV vaccine uptake (e.g., safety concerns, cost, and not sexually active). Participants' intentions to receive the HPV vaccine in the next year were assessed before and after delivery of the intervention and served as the primary outcome variable. The most commonly selected barrier and primary reason for not getting vaccinated was concern about vaccine adverse effects (endorsed by 55%). Knowledge about HPV vaccination increased after exposure to the intervention but did not differ by experimental condition. Although HPV vaccination intentions increased from pretest to posttest in both conditions, participants in the tailored condition reported greater increases in intentions than did participants in the nontailored condition (F 1,90 = 4.02, P = 0.048, partial G 2 = 0.043). Conclusions: Findings suggest that tailoring intervention materials to women's individual barriers is a potentially promising strategy for increasing HPV vaccination among young adult women.

Introduction: Nigeria remains among the few countries that are yet to achieve eradication of neonatal tetanus in the world despite the availability of an effective vaccine. This study investigated immunity against tetanus in primiparous mothers and neonates at birth, and identified associated factors. Methods: this cross-sectional study involved consecutive selection of 244 primiparous mother-neonate pairs (119 from rural areas, 125 from urban areas, 137 male neonates and 107 female neonates) delivered at primary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. Socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, immunisation and birthweight were obtained from mothers by interview. A validated immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test kit was used to test for immunity against tetanus. Positive and negative results were interpreted as protective immunity against tetanus (PIaT) and non-protective immunity against tetanus (NPIaT), respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression at p = 0.05. Results: the mean age of mothers was 27.9±3.4 years (range: 20-33) and median birthweight was 2700g (range: 1760-3300). Of the 244 mothers, 198 (81.1%) received at least two doses of tetanus toxoid injection during pregnancy and prevalence of NPIaT and PIaT was 28.7% and 71.3%, respectively. The prevalence of PIaT was significantly higher among mothers in urban areas (n= 96; 80.7%) than rural (n=78; 62.4%), p<0.001.The prevalence of NPIaT among neonates was 36.5% (n= 89). Predictors of NPIaT among neonates were residence in rural LGA (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.23-3.99) and maternal tetanus immunisation <2 doses (OR = 11.68; 95% CI = 4.05-21.75). Conclusion: lack of protective immunity against tetanus among neonates of primiparous women in Ibadan is prevalent and a more conscientious enforcement of routine tetanus prevention practices is needed.

The clinical and virological protection induced by an E2 sub-unit marker-vaccine against Classical Swine Fever (CSF) was examined during an experimental infection in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. Forty-®ve pigs were equally distributed over three adjacent pens of an isolation unit, there was only indirect (airborne) contact between pigs in the dierent pens. In pen 3 all pigs were vaccinated twice with 4 weeks interval. Pigs in pens 1 and 2 were not vaccinated. Two weeks after booster vaccination, one randomly selected pig in the middle pen was experimentally inoculated with CSF virus. After the initial virus spread in the infected pen, all pigs in the non-vaccinated adjacent pen were infected. In the vaccinated pen, seven out of 14 pigs became infected during the experiment. Survival analysis showed that virus transmission by direct and indirect contact was signi®cantly p`0X001 delayed in vaccinated pigs as compared to non-vaccinated pigs. In the non-vaccinated pens over 40% of the pigs died and typical clinical signs were noticed. In the vaccinated pen no mortality and no clinical symptoms were observed. Although double vaccination with an E2 sub-unit marker-vaccine was able to prevent the clinical course of the disease it was unable to prevent infection through indirect contact. This ®nding combined with the slow serological response after vaccination will complicate the possible use of the vaccine in emergency vaccination programmes. 7

The Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health organized a series of conferences, "Enrolling Pregnant Women in Clinical Trials of Vaccines and Therapeutics", to discuss enrollment and safety assessments of pregnant women in clinical trials of vaccines. Experts in obstetrics, maternal-fetal medicine, infectious diseases, pediatrics, neonatology, genetics, vaccinology and clinical trial design were charged with identifying normal ranges for vital signs and laboratory assessments in pregnancy. A grading system for adverse events was then developed

Delayed vaccination against childhood diseases may lead to increased mortality and morbidity among children and also affect the fraction of vaccinated population necessary for elimination of a disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of the delay in vaccinations in four countries belonging to Commonwealth of Independent States and to assess how the timeliness of vaccination affects the vaccination coverage. The fraction of children vaccinated with delay was substantial in all the studied countries, and the impact of differences between countries was stronger than individual risk factors assessed in this study. In presence of vaccination delay, up-to-date vaccination is a biased estimator of the fraction of vaccinated population. Age-appropriate vaccination should be taken into account when assessing vaccination coverage.

A successful vaccine for immunotherapy, particularly for solid tumors or viral infections, requires a suitable target antigen and the production of a cytotoxic T-cell response. In addition, CD4 T cells play an important role in cellular immunity. Here, we briefly discuss methods by which T cells are measured in vitro after vaccination.

A 68-year-old woman and a 72-year-old man presented with distal weakness of the limbs and numbness following an influenza vaccination within 2 weeks. Moreover, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) was diagnosed in two patients. Pericarditis was diagnosed in the first patient who also had precordial chest pain with referral to trapezius ridge, and nephrotic syndrome, was observed in the second patient who had leg edema and proteinuria. The relationship among GBS, pericarditis and nephrotic syndrome after an influenza vaccination is discussed.

Objective: To assess the effect of Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics cream and rattle on soothing the vaccination pain on four-month-infants. Methods: The single blind randomised clinical trial was conducted from May 2012 to February 2013 at a clinic under the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and comprised four-month infants who were selected randomly and divided into three groups. In one group, 2g of eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics cream was rubbed on the injection spot before administration; for the other group, the rattle was shaken from 30s to 15s before injection. The last group consisted of controls. The infants were filmed after vaccination. Afterward, a pain questionnaire was filled out by a trained observer. SPSS 11.5 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 50 subjects in the study 16(32%) each were in the cream and rattle groups, while the rest (36%) were in the control group. The severity of the pain before intervention in the control, cream and rattle groups was 2.22±0.88, 2.12±0.95 and 2.25±1.06 respectively, which were not statistically significant (p<0.93). Likewise, the mean severity of pain at the moment of intervention in the three above groups were 8.67±0.77, 7.12±0.5 and 7.87±0.96 respectively, which was significantly different (p<0.001). The severity of pain 15seconds after the intervention in the groups was 5.06±1.51, 4.87±1.31 and 4.19±1.94 respectively, which were not statistically different (p<0.27). Conclusion: The eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics cream and shaking rattle were effective in attenuating pain of vaccination among the infants, but the latter was not as significant as the former.

Despite the existence of long-standing, well-organized programs for Rh immune globulin (RhIG) prophylaxis, immune anti-D continues to be detected in the D– perinatal population. Between 2006 and 2008, 91 prenatal patients, found to have a previously unidentified anti-D, were followed up with a survey to their treating physician and with additional serologic testing where possible. The physician survey requested pregnancy and RhIG history information, including recent or distant potential alloimmunizing events, and the physicians were asked their opinion on the likely cause for the anti-D. Based on survey responses, updated RhIG information, and results of follow-up serology, anti-D was determined to be attributable to previously unreported RhIG in 44 of 91 (48.3%) cases and to active immunization (immune anti-D) in 36 of 91 cases (39.6%). A probable cause for alloimmunization was reported in 14 of 52 (26.9%) returned surveys. Anti-D alloimmunization continues to occur in our prenata...

Zuerst einmal nicht schaden,» heisst es im hippokratischen Eid. Patienten nicht zu schaden, das bedeutet im Selbstverständnis vieler medizinischer Fachpersonen, sich und andere vor ansteckenden Krankheiten zu schützen - und sich impfen zu lassen. In der Regel baut unser Gesundheitswesen auf freiwillige Impfbereitschaft. Nachdem nun aber Grossbritannien, Italien, Frankreich und Griechenland eine Impfpflicht für das Gesundheitspersonal eingeführt haben, wird über die Verhältnismässigkeit eines Obligatoriums auch hierzulande diskutiert.

In Uganda, malnutrition level has persistently remained high among the under-fives and this has led NGOs like World Vision, Uganda into finding innovative ways for intervention. This paper presents an assessment of nutrition status and values of related indicators at onset of a community intervention program in four sub-counties of Mpigi district in Central Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study to provide baseline information for a nutrition intervention. The study units were index children aged 6-59 months from 818 households. Face to face interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires. Values of key indicators were computed and compared between designated control and intervention areas. Stunting level was 32% while wasting was 3% and underweight at 10%. Most of the index children (78%) started breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Nearly a third of the households visited had a kitchen garden and this did not differ by intervention status. Like at regiona...

The aim of this study was to find out how efficiently pigs that are vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine based on a virus from the Lelystad cluster are protected against a European wild-type strain from the same or another genetic cluster. Two experiments were performed. In each experiment, 5-week-old PRRSV-seronegative pigs were vaccinated intramuscularly with 104.5 TCID50 of a commercial vaccine based on a European virus strain from the Lelystad cluster. Non-vaccinated pigs were included as controls. At 5, 9, 15, 20, 28, 35 and 42 days post vaccination (PV), broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and blood were collected to determine vaccine virus quantities. Forty-nine days PV, pigs were challenged intranasally with 106.0 TCID50 of a European wild-type strain, belonging either to the Lelystad cluster (98% nucleotide identity in ORF5 with vaccine strain) (experiment A) or to an Italian cluster (84% nucleotide identity in ORF5 with vaccine strain) (experiment B). At 5, 9, 15, 20 and 27 days post challenge (PC), BAL fluids and blood were collected to determine virus quantities. Vaccine virus was first detected in BAL fluids and blood at 5 days PV and reached highest quantities between 9 and 15 days PV. One pig was positive in its BAL fluid until 42 days PV. After challenge, virus was isolated from BAL fluids and blood of all non-vaccinated control pigs. All vaccinated pigs challenged with the Lelystad strain remained negative for virus, while virus was present in BAL fluids and blood of all vaccinated pigs after challenge with the Italian strain. Mean virus titres of the vaccinated pigs challenged with the Italian strain were significantly lower than those of the non-vaccinated control pigs (P < 0.05) at 9, 15 and 20 days PC. Thus, the genetic diversity within European-type PRRSV may affect the efficacy of the current European-type vaccines.

In the present study, we describe the development of a DNA vaccine against chicken anemia virus. The VP1 and VP2 genes of CAV were amplified and cloned into pBudCE4.1 to construct two DNA vaccines, namely, pBudVP1 and pBudVP2-VP1. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that co-expression of VP1 with VP2 are required to induce significant levels of antibody against CAV. Subsequently, the vaccines were tested in 2-week-old SPF chickens. Chickens immunized with the DNA-plasmid pBudVP2-VP1 showed positive neutralizing antibody titer against CAV. Furthermore, VP1-specific proliferation induction of splenocytes and also high serum levels of Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-␥ were detected in the pBudVP2-VP1-vaccinated chickens. These results suggest that the recombinant DNA plasmid co-expressing VP1 and VP2 can be used as a potential DNA vaccine against CAV.

Background Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18–49, 50–69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst ...

Typhoid fever continues to be an important concern for travelers visiting many parts of the world. This communication provides updated guidance for pre-travel typhoid vaccination from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and describes the methodology for assigning country-specific recommendations.

The fact that internet companies may record our personal data and track our online behavior for commercial or political purpose has emphasized aspects related to online privacy. This has also led to the development of search engines that promise no tracking and privacy. Search engines also have a major role in spreading low-quality health information such as that of anti-vaccine websites. This study investigates the relationship between search engines&#39; approach to privacy and the scientific quality of the information they return. We analyzed the first 30 webpages returned searching &#39;vaccines autism&#39; in English, Spanish, Italian and French. The results show that alternative search engines (Duckduckgo, Ecosia, Qwant, Swisscows and Mojeek) may return more anti-vaccine pages (10 to 53 percent) than this http URL (zero). Some localized versions of Google, however, returned more anti-vaccine webpages (up to 10 percent) than this http URL. Our study suggests that designing a se...

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, monocenter, observer blinded study conducted in an area where dengue is endemic, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant, live, attenuated, tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate (CYD-TDV) in 2-11 year-olds with varying levels of pre-existing yellow-fever immunity due to vaccination 1-7 years previously. 199 children received 3 injections of CYD-TDV (months 0, 6 and 12) and 99 received placebo (months 0 and 6) or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (month 12). One month after the third dengue vaccination, serotype specific neutralizing antibody GMTs were in the range of 178-190 (1/dil) (versus 16.7-38.1 in the control group), a 10-20 fold-increase from baseline, and 94% of vaccines were seropositive to all four serotypes (versus 39% in the control group). There were no vaccine-related SAEs. The observed reactogenicity profile was consistent with phase I studies, with severity grade 1-2 injection site pain, headache, malaise and fever most frequently reported and no increase after subsequent vaccinations. Virologically confirmed dengue cases were seen after completion of the 3 doses: 1 in the CYD-TDV group (N = 199), and 3 in the control group (N = 99). A 3-dose regimen of CYD-TDV had a good safety profile in 2-11 year olds with a history of YF vaccination and elicited robust antibody responses that were balanced against the four serotypes.

In India, nearly one million children die before their fifth birthday. About one of every four of these deaths are caused by pneumonia and diarrhoea, two leading infectious causes of child deaths worldwide, even though many of them can be saved by interventions such as breastfeeding, immunisation, and access to treatment. Recently, India took steps to increase access to interventions such as immunisation through schemes like Mission Indradhanush and the introduction of new vaccines, including the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and rotavirus vaccine (RVV). Despite progress, however, infectious diseases continue to contribute to a significant proportion of child mortality
and morbidity in India. Some of the new challenges to achieving full
immunisation coverage are increasing costs, and misinformation on social media. This special report builds on the key insights shared in a panel discussion on the subject, organised by ORF with the International Vaccine Access Center and Global Health Strategies.

Background In 2002, a poster alerted the French health authorities to the possibility that the risk of childhood leukaemia might be increased by hepatitis B vaccination. Elucidating the role of vaccination in the aetiology of childhood acute leukaemia (AL) was therefore included in the objectives of an ongoing national study. Methods The ESCALE study was a French national population-based case-control

In 2011, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) published recommendations regarding the vaccination of children with rheumatic diseases. These recommendations were based on a systematic literature review published in that same year. Since then, the evidence body on this topic has grown substantially. This review provides an update of the systematic literature study of 2011, summarizing all the available evidence on the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination in paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases. The current search yielded 21 articles, in addition to the 27 articles described in the 2011 review. In general, vaccines are immunogenic and safe in this patient population. The effect of immunosuppressive drugs on the immunogenicity of vaccines was not detrimental for glucocorticosteroids and methotrexate. Biologicals could accelerate a waning of antibody levels over time, although most patients were initially protected adequately. Overall, persistence of immunological memory may be reduced in children with rheumatic diseases, which shows the need for (booster) vaccination. This update of the 2011 systematic literature review strengthens the evidence base for the EULAR recommendations, and it must be concluded that vaccinations in patients with rheumatic diseases should be advocated.

A chronic progressive neurologic disease was observed and monitored for 18 months in a young, tamed Bengal tiger. Clinical, serologic, and neuropathologic evidence of canine distemper virus infection was seen. Clinical signs included convulsions, myoclonus, and slowly progressive ataxia. Marked increases in neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus were seen in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neuropathologic findings were nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, with perivascular cuffing, demyelination, and inclusion bodies typical of canine distemper virus. It was concluded that, in light of this case and an earlier report of canine distemper in lion cubs, vaccination of this subgroup of carnivores with a killed vaccine may be beneficial if exposure to other animals susceptible to canine distemper is anticipated.

To gain insight into parents&#39; decision-making process, and their reasons for participation in the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination programme in the Twente region, the Netherlands. Cross-sectional study by means of a questionnaire. After the first vaccination round, a questionnaire was sent to the parents of 800 13-year-old girls, born in the year 1996 and living in the Twente region. Data were collected on the socio-demographic characteristics of the parents, their daughters&#39; participation in the HPV vaccination programme (in which 13-15-year-olds were offered the vaccine previously offered only to 12-year-olds), and four determinants derived from the Health Belief Model (HBM): perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. 371 questionnaires were returned (response rate 46%). 39% of the parents had had their daughters vaccinated. The main reasons for parents to decide not to participate in the vaccination programme were perceived dangers of the vaccine, t...

Background Although fever is part of the normal infl ammatory process after immunisation, prophylactic antipyretic drugs are sometimes recommended to allay concerns of high fever and febrile convulsion. We assessed the eff ect of prophylactic administration of paracetamol at vaccination on infant febrile reaction rates and vaccine responses.

The forum was the largest event on econom cs n the post-pandem c world. 13,500 part c pants from 141 countr es attended the forum. 43 m n sters from fore gn nat ons, 93 d plomats (84 of wh ch were top ambassadors) part c pated alongs de 9 Russ an Deputy Pr me M n sters and 6 M n sters. 5,000 of the total part c pants were the representat ves from both Russ an and fore gn compan es, wh le 1,500 of these were sen or execut ves. More than 1,000 med a outlets from a total of 46 countr es were present n the forum. Guest Country of the Forum: Qatar Th s year's guest country was Qatar (Ch na was the guest country of the forum n 2019, wh le the forum was suspended due to the pandem c n 2020). Therefore, the largest 06/19/2021 21.07.2021 The St. Petersburg Econom c Forum-Un ted World Internat onal https://un tedworld nt.com/19290-the-st-petersburg-econom c-forum/ 2/12 numbers of part c pants were from Qatar (around 400). These were followed by part c pants were from the Un ted States w th more than 200, wh le German v s tors ranked th rd w th more than 140, the UK fourth w th more than 110 and France f fth w th more than 100 part c pants. Turk sh Ambassador to Russ a, Mehmet Samsar has also attended the forum, wh le the Vatan Party was nv ted to take part n th s nternat onal forum as well. The Afr can cry for a vacc ne More than 190 separate events were held as parts of the forum, where 1,300 Russ an and fore gn guests have held speeches. The speakers of the open ng sess on were the Russ an F rst Deputy Pr me M n ster Andrey Belousov, Qatar M n ster of Commerce and Industry Al b n Ahmed Al Kuwar , and the Rwandan Pr me M n ster Édouard Ng rente. The Pres dent of the Democrat c Republ c of Congo Fél x Tsh seked , the Pres dent of the World Bank Group Dav d Malpass, and the member of the Commun st Party of V etnam Central Comm ttee Pol tburo and Head of the CVP's Econom c Comm ttee Tran Tuan Anh, have jo ned the open ng sess on v a a v deo conference.

Infections with bovine viral diarrhoea virus continue to plague the cattle industry worldwide. The wish to control the negative effects of the virus has lead to the development of numerous vaccines, but also of eradication schemes. In this paper, a comprehensive overview on BVDV is given: the virus and its clinical manifestations, its occurrence and economic impact, the different routes of transmission, as well as diagnostic methods and objectives. Furthermore, the two major options for BVDV controleradication and vaccination-are discussed as well as the risk for reintroduction of BVDV after eradication.

Physicians have a major influence on parental vaccine decisions. We tested a physician-targeted communication intervention designed to (1) reduce vaccine hesitancy in mothers of infants seen by trained physicians and (2) increase physician confidence in communicating about vaccines. We conducted a community-based, clinic-level, 2-arm cluster randomized trial in Washington State. Intervention clinics received physician-targeted communications training. We enrolled mothers of healthy newborns from these clinics at the hospital of birth. Mothers and physicians were surveyed at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome was maternal vaccine hesitancy measured by Parental Attitudes on Childhood Vaccines score; secondary outcome was physician self-efficacy in communicating with parents by using 3 vaccine communication domains. We enrolled 56 clinics and 347 mothers. We conducted intervention trainings at 30 clinics, reaching 67% of eligible physicians; 26 clinics were randomized to the co...

Whereas Pasteur patented the biotechnological processes that he invented between 1857 and 1873 in the agro-food domain, he did not file any patents on the artificial vaccine preparation processes that he subsequently developed. This absence of patents can probably be explained by the 1844 patent law in France that established the non-patentable status of pharmaceutical preparations and remedies, including those for use in veterinary medicine. Despite the absence of patents, the commercial exploitation of the anthrax vaccine in the 1880s and 1890s led to a technical and commercial monopoly by Pasteur's laboratory as well as the founding of a commercial company to diffuse the vaccine abroad. Pasteur repeatedly refused to transfer his know-how and anthrax vaccine production methods to foreign laboratories, on the grounds that he wished to control the quality of the vaccines produced. Indeed, it was relatively difficult to transfer a method that was not yet perfectly stabilized in the early 1880s. Pasteur also wanted to maintain the monopoly of his commercial company and to increase the profits from vaccine sales so that the Institut Pasteur could be financially independent. The 'Pasteur anthrax vaccine' operating licences are described and analysed in detail in this article.

Skeletal muscle can be both the site and target of immune reactions. Here, Reinhard Hohlfeld and Andrew Engel consider the role of muscle as an immunological microenvironment and discuss the immunological properties of human muscle cells. Furthermore, they provide a b,ief overview of autoimmune diseases of muscle and of other conditions in which intramuscular immune reactions play a role. Finally, they discuss the immunological problems of novel gene therapies that rely on muscle cells as vehicles for gene transfer.

The SARS-CoV-2 spread has impacted Healthcare systems. COVID-19 pandemic has had consequences for patients with cancer, being associated with delays in diagnosis, in treatment And follow-up care, increase in overall infection rates and higher mortality. A survey on COVID-19 and a vaccination-questionnaire were developed at different times of the outbreak, to evaluate cancer patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) on the policies implemented to reduce the infection from SARS-CoV-2 and on the timing and methods of COVID-19 vaccination. Patients and Methods: The survey was distributed to all patients accessing the Institute during the "first-wave" Of the pandemic, evaluating patients' concerns about the pandemic, the pandemics' consequences on their cancer care, and their perception Of the measures adopted to limit the infection spread. The vaccination-questionnaire was proposed to 10% of the first 5297 cancer patients vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19 vaccine. This questionnaire aimed at assessing the degree Of satisfaction with the Institutional vaccination campaign and vaccination-related adverse events. Results: From May 18th 2020 to June 15th 2020 the survey was completed by 3238 patients. Most of the responders expressed concern on the pandemic yet acknowledging their oncological disease as a priority. Measures implemented were appreciated by patients. Telemedicine was positively evaluated and the absence of the caregiver during the visit did not determine discomfort for two thirds of patients. From March 6th 2021 to May 8th 2021 the vaccination-questionnaire was completed by 357 patients. The 98.8% were satisfied with the vaccination campaign. No serious vaccination-correlated adverse events were reported. No patient had to delay/discontinue chemotherapy due to vaccination. Conclusion: PREMs during COVID-19 pandemic and related vaccination can provide important information to help reorganization of the health care systems for cancer care. Patients' feedback on the organizational changes implemented in the emergency period are essential for healthcare improvement and to help informed choices that are consistent with patients' needs.

BACKGROUND Pain during painful procedures in neonates has far reaching consequences. In developed countries many non-pharmacological interventions are used for neonatal pain reduction. Breast feeding has been proved to be an effective analgesic during mild to moderate painful procedures in neonates. METHODS The study, randomized controlled trial was conducted in CMH, Quetta. The study period extended from June to November 2015. Neonates included in the experimental group were breastfeed during BCG vaccination and neonates in the control group were provided with routine care. Duration of cry with needle insertion was recorded with a digital stopwatch till the baby is silent for more than 5 seconds. RESULTS The mean crying duration in experimental group was significantly less than control group. In experimental group mean crying duration was 16.48s (12.76) whereas in control group mean crying duration was 34.93 s(45.26). Statistically significant difference was observed between the me...