Uses of History

Ce travail de recherche sur la réception des classiques veut répondre à un problème lié à la théorie de la littérature et à la philologie : pourquoi étudier la réception antique d'un texte et la pensée de son auteur au XXIème siècle et qu'est-ce qui nous permet de comprendre la dynamique de réinterprétation dans les sociétés qui l'intègrent ? Ce travail a entraîné la nécessité de s'interroger sur quatre points spécifiques :-Qu'est-ce qui nous permet de comprendre, aujourd'hui, l'étude de la réception antique de la Vie de Marius ?-Pourquoi et comment le style et le contenu de cette oeuvre ont-ils été réutilisés par des auteurs successifs qui en ont modifié le sens ?-Combien cette Vie at -elle conditionné la perception de la figure de Marius dans l'imaginaire qui lui a succédé et combien les thématiques qu'elle aborde ont-elles façonné la pensée de sa postérité ?-Dans quelle mesure cette oeuvre est-elle représentative de la poétique, de la vision politique, de la philosophie, du contexte culturel et des lectures de Plutarque, et dans quelle mesure nous permet-elle de comprendre leurs réutilisations (même lorsque nous n'avons pas la certitude qu'elles proviennent d'une lecture directe de Plutarque) ? Pour le livre complet : https://hdl.handle.net/11572/441087.

Entrevista realizada en español, transcrita por Filipe Noé da Silva. Hecha el 30 de julio de 2024. Duración: 52 minutos y 07 segundos. Enlace al video de la entrevista: https://www.youtube.com/watchv=hg_Cq1vZHWE&list=PLB5xu4FW7EGvpwKSysS7paPBoGMgQnJGq

This thesis investigates historical narratives that were exhibited during a plenary session in the European parliament prior to accepting the resolution Importance of remembrance for the Future of Europe. The resolution states that the European parliament from here on and after will regard the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact as the direct cause of the Second World War. Trough narrative analysis, the thesis attempts to contextualise the historical narratives that were at use during the debate, exposing important differences in how history is perceived throughout Europe. The study finds that two related main historical narratives as well as a complementary counter narrative were prominent during the debate. The main narratives both identify the Molotov Ribbentrop pact as a key event in the history of the 20 th century, and while one of them uses a nationalistic frame of reference to emphasise the autonomy of postcommunist states, the other narrative focuses on creating a historical narrative that posits the EU as a natural extension of democratic movements throughout history. The counter narrative attempts to challenge the presumptions leading to the prior perceptions, while providing an alternate version of the events leading to the second world war, focusing on the historical impact of Russia. In its conclusion, the study suggests that a narrative shift, reformulating a formerly western centred narrative in favour of narratives from East-Central Europe, have occurred.

This is the first of two articles, devoted to the lost Egyptianizing Danish silent movies, entitled Mumiens Halsbaand (aka The Fatal Necklace) and Sfinxens Hemmelighed (aka The Secret of the Desert). They were filmed in Denmark in the summer of 1915 by Nordisk Films Kompagni, one of the world’s leading production companies of silent films, and premiered in 1916 and 1918, respectively. The current article provides the background for the two films by tracing the movie history of which they are part and parcel, and by introducing the main protagonists behind them, e.g. Valdemar Psilander, who played the male lead in both, and Robert Dinesen, who directed them. Moreover, it documents the building of the impressive outdoor sets in Råbjerg Mile, which acted as a stand-in for the Egyptian desert; they included an ancient Egyptian temple and a 27-meter-high pyramid, interconnected with a giant sphinx. Finally, based on contemporary newspaper clippings, it details the shooting of specific scenes. The subsequent part of the study will utilise the preserved programs, manuscripts, and stills to provide detailed, illustrated summaries of the storylines of the two films.

This thesis is concerned with how history is communicated, manifested, and given meaning in different ways in the present, which is summarized by the Swedish term historiebruk, translated as the use of history. By developing a theoretical framework that parallels the use of history with what Jan Assmann has called mnemohistory, the study provides an understanding of the cultural memories of Junípero Serra, an 18th-century Spanish Franciscan friar and missionary, often hailed as the Founding Father of California for his role in establishing the California missions, and Maria de Ágreda, a seventeenth-century Spanish nun who is remembered for her mystical bilocation where she is said to have evangelized the Jumano people of Texas and New Mexico without ever leaving Spain. The memories of these historical figures are examined through a theoretical lens grounded in memory studies, looking at how their memories are mediated in the digital sphere today, the role of religion in these processes, and the development of contrasting cultural memories of the colonial Spanish mission era among Native Americans. Using concepts such as memory activism, counter- memory, multidirectional memory, and temporality, this study shows that these narratives are far from unidirectional, that religious and secular memories of Serra and Ágreda both overlap and converge within Native American communities, and that there is agency in both preserving a religious legacy and contesting the past. As Gutman and Wüstenberg (2022) write, “memory is never static and always in need of activation; even preserving the dominant view of the past requires rearticulating or even reinventing it.”

Niende og siste artikkel i serien «Drømmen om det norrøne» publisert på Heimskringla.no i går. Vikingarven er fremdeles levende, nesten mer enn noen gang. Men hva er det egentlig som gjenspeiles i alt dette? Er det selve den historiske vikingtiden, eller romantiserer vi vikingen, slik western-helten avspeiler sin egen samtid og er blitt en fantasifigur som står fjernt fra det virkelige ville vesten? At Snorres "vikingkonger" og sagatidens islandske "vikinger" ble omformet til et viktig grunnlag, eller snarere nærmest en forutsetning, for den norske nasjonsbyggingen på slutten av 1800-tallet er lett å se i ettertid, men hva med mellomkrigstidens vikinger og 2000-tallets vikinger, fascismens og turismens og underholdningsindustriens vikinger - og "reenactment"-vikingen? Hva skyldes egentlig den enorme interessen for vikingtiden i dag? Er det uttrykk for noe annet? Og hva er i så fall dette "noe annet"?

I denne oppgaven skal jeg se på vikingtiden i England. Først og fremst skal jeg ta utgangspunkt i de tilgjengelige kildene man har om vikingene og deres tid i England. Før så å se litt på det norrøne samfunnet og hvordan det var satt opp og hvordan det kan ledet til dannelsen av større vikinghærer som for eksempel den store hedninghæren. Deretter skal jeg forsøke å ta for meg det daglige livet i Danelagen England hvor jeg fokuserer på byen Jorvik (York). Og til avslutning så ser jeg på hvordan vikingtiden i England kom til en slutt.This assignment shall focus on the viking age in England. Firstly I shall discuss the available sources and the relevance. Secondly, I'll look at the Scandinavian society at that time, and how it functioned and how it could have led to the creation of larger viking armies such as the great heathe army. Thirdly, I'll focus on the daily life in the Danelaw by primarliy looking at the town of Jorvik(York). And lastly, I'll look at how the viking ...

In the summer of 1974, the 7:84 (Scotland) Theatre Company spent two weeks in Ireland performing The Cheviot, The Stag and the Black, Black Oil, an innovative, radical “ceilidh entertainment” that outlined a history of exploitation in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, from the Battle of Culloden in 1746 to the discovery of oil in the 1960s and 70s. Having received critical and popular acclaim throughout Scotland during two extensive tours in 1973, the Cheviot then generated a lot of excitement in Ireland, both in its form and with its central messages of popular empowerment and the public ownership of mineral wealth. This article outlines the background to the 7:84 Company’s visit, the reaction in Ireland to Cheviot in 1974, and its short to medium-term impact on Irish theatre and wider debates around natural resources on the island.

Resumo: O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar alguns desenvolvimentos críticos em torno do conceito de recepção clássica, discutindo sua formulação por Charles Martindale no contexto intelectual do dos anos 1990, algumas de suas revisões ao longo da década seguinte e, por fim, um cenário mais atual, no âmbito do que agora se tem chamado de global classics. Considerando-se o maior interesse no debate internacional e a ampliação do tema em cursos de graduação no Brasil nos últimos anos, procura-se introduzir algumas especificidades a serem pensadas no caso da recepção clássica na literatura brasileira e argumenta-se pela via dupla da crítica internacional e da crítica nacional para pensar teoricamente a forma como nossos autores receberam os clássicos gregos e latinos. Palavras-chave: recepção clássica; global classics; literatura clássica; literatura brasileira.

Resumo: O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar alguns desenvolvimentos críticos em torno do conceito de recepção clássica, discutindo sua formulação por Charles Martindale no contexto intelectual do dos anos 1990, algumas de suas revisões ao longo da década seguinte e, por fim, um cenário mais atual, no âmbito do que agora se tem chamado de global classics. Considerando-se o maior interesse no debate internacional e a ampliação do tema em cursos de graduação no Brasil nos últimos anos, procura-se introduzir algumas especificidades a serem pensadas no caso da recepção clássica na literatura brasileira e argumenta-se pela via dupla da crítica internacional e da crítica nacional para pensar teoricamente a forma como nossos autores receberam os clássicos gregos e latinos. Palavras-chave: recepção clássica; global classics; literatura clássica; literatura brasileira.

Abstract: The article aims to present some critical developments around the concept of classical reception, discussing its formulation by Charles Martindale in the intellectual context  of  the  1990s,  some  of  its  revisions  throughout  the  following  decade  and  finally a more current scenario within the scope of what is now called global classics. Considering the greater interest in the international debate and the expansion of the topic in undergraduate courses in Brazil in recent years, an attempt is made to introduce some specificities to be considered in the case of classical reception in Brazilian literature and to argue for the dual path of international and national criticism to think theoretically about the way our authors received the Greek and Latin classics.
Keywords: classical reception; global classics; classical literature; Brazilian literature.

This publication brings together the papers submitted for the 45th symposium organised by ICOFOM under the general theme Taboos in museology: Difficult issues for museum theory, to be held in Prague and Brno (Czechia) 22-27 August 2022. The "Materials for a discussion" collection brings together, in an inclusive spirit, all the contributions selected for the symposium in the form of short articles, to prepare the ICOFOM Symposium. This publication has been made available before the symposium, in a very short time frame. In spite of the care given to the publication, some mistakes may remain. Las editoras agradecen a las siguientes personas que colaboraron en la selección y edición de esta colección:

This paper focuses on the ways in which political actors make use of historical legacies to present their own determination to sustain their country’s national security. We use the example of the annual celebrations of the anniversary of the Slovak National Uprising (SNU) to demonstrate the ways in which similar celebrations can become a platform for political actors to express requests and address their audience. Using semi-participant observation, we have analyzed six years of these celebrations (2015–2020) and the securitizing strategies and moral panic creation strategies contained in the speeches of participating politicians. Our analysis shows that securitization is taking place, and labels of threat sources are being given not only to topics that are naturally linked to the celebrated event, but also topics that are in no way related to SNU. Despite this fact, politicians use the legitimacy of the event to manifest their own attempts at sustaining security.

Boken er en lettfattelig uvidenskapelig historie om Norge i perioden 1500 f.Kr. til 525 e.Kr.
basert på kunnskap fra skriftlige kilder og arkeologiske funn i Europa og Asia.
Kunnskapen finnes fritt tilgjengelig og dekker mange fagfelt. For å forstå historien har
tekniske prosesser som kom hit med mennesker hatt stor betydning.
Dagens nordmenn er i liten grad etterkommere etter de første som kom da isen smeltet. Våre
forfedre kom fra Europa og Asia i senere innvandringer.
Å samle kunnskapsfragmenter fra Europa og Asia, binde dem sammen til en historie har
vært en hobby. Sentralt står Europas og Roms behov for metaller som fantes i Norge.
Det er fritt for alle å sitere fra boken bare dere oppgir kilden.

S. Gihle Raddum

History education comprises moral issues and moral aspects, often perceived as an important and meaning-making foundation that makes learning relevant and interesting. The interrelationship between time layers fuels historical interpretations and facilitates perceptions of moral issues. This article focuses on a study investigating how secondary school students express inter-temporal relationships in encounters with a morally challenging historical event, which for the participants would have been a moral dilemma. Using historical consciousness as the theoretical framework, a matrix linking two prominent theoretical models – Jörn Rüsen’s (2004) types of narratives and Ann Chinnery’s (2013) strands of historical consciousness – was developed to analyse and categorize secondary school students’ expressions of temporal orientation. To carry out the research, 15-year-old Finnish and Swedish students read an excerpt from Christopher Browning’s (2017) book Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Bat...

In unserer vielfältigen Gesellschaft werden "alternative Fakten" zunehmend zu einem Werkzeug in den Auseinandersetzungen um die Interpretation von Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft. Diese Konflikte drehen sich nicht nur um die Deutung von Geschichte und die Zuschreibung von Identitäten, sondern spiegeln auch den Kampf um demokratische Prinzipien und wissenschaftliche Integrität gegen rechtsextreme und antidemokratische Narrative wider. Dabei wird die Vergangenheit oft instrumentalisiert, um rechtsextreme Verschwörungstheorien, Mythen und Propaganda zu legitimieren. Das Historische Seminar zielt mit dieser Veranstaltungsreihe darauf ab, einen Raum für Diskurs und Gespräch zu schaffen, der sowohl wissenschaftliche Analysen als auch gesellschaftliche Kontexte berücksichtigt und die Entwicklungen der Gegenwart aus einer historischen Perspektive betrachtet, um zukunftsorientierte Lösungsansätze zu diskutieren.

The main objective of the Europa en Juego project is the critical and contrasted analysis of the type of ideology and historical revision that the video game is offering in the European context and, from this aspect, how the digital game is shaping the historical vision of Europe from its particular audiovisual format.

Within the actions of the project, the development of this publication is proposed to address the specific field of the study of video games that deal, in one way or another, with historical events or situations within the European continent, as well as other ludic aspects. We intend, in this way, to contribute to the understanding of Europe from the diversity of historical, social, political, cultural and gender approaches, which offers us the heritage generated by digital games. Therefore, we aspire to promote the optimal circulation of this knowledge, not only among researchers in the scientific community, new researchers and other research centers or spaces, but also among users and workers in other fields, such as education and teaching, cultural management, or the same video game development companies.

The importance of the autonomous Åland Islands, which are a part of Finland, has been greatly emphasized in terms of geopolitics since the conflicts caused by Russia in the 2000s. The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24th, 2022, triggered a new security policy discussion in Finland with the aim of finding a solution to the threat posed by Russia to neighboring countries. Following the Russian invasion, Finland quickly applied for NATO membership. However, the situation in Åland, an autonomous, demilitarized, and Swedish-speaking part of Finland, presented a completely new challenge. The strategic location of Åland in the Baltic Sea raised concerns about its security and the potential for Russia to seize it if the opportunity arose. As a demilitarized area, there is no military presence in Åland during peacetime, making the island relatively easy to capture in the event of war, which poses a significant risk to the security of the entire Baltic Sea region.
Despite the potential benefits of defense capabilities and preparedness for possible threats, politicians in Åland have stated that they do not want to abandon demilitarization. This paper studies the Ålandic rationale behind preservation of demilitarization. To understand why demilitarization is a vital component to Åland, it is essential to examine its history and determine how its identity has been formed and what role does demilitarization have in it.
The study aims to understand the demilitarization of Åland by examining interviews given by two Ålandic politicians. The study uses thematic analysis to help identify recurring patterns in the interviews. After the Russian invasion, the discourse around demilitarization has intensified, and some politicians in Finland have made statements in favor of removing the demilitarization. However, politicians in Åland have stated that demilitarization will not be abandoned even though the situation in the Baltic Sea has become more tense. The results showed that demilitarization was primarily defended by emphasizing the importance of international agreements and Åland's subsidiary responsibility for self-defense. Based on the study, it was concluded that demilitarization holds great importance to the people of Åland as it is a vital component of their identity. Based on the results, it can be concluded that demilitarization is an important part of the entire autonomy of Åland. Dismantling demilitarization could potentially lead to the same happening to other areas of autonomy and thus weaken Åland's position in relation to Finland.

Type de publication : Article de collectif Collectif : Paul Claudel et la Bohême. Dissonances et accord Auteur : Lenderová (Milena) Résumé : Prague fut le premier poste européen du poète. Il y noue des liens avec les intellectuels et artistes Miloš Marten et Zdenka Braunerová. De nombreux écrits (journaux, rapports) décrivent ses impressions du paysage tchèque. Prague sera pour lui une source d'inspiration poétique, artistique et dramatique non négligeable.

Los espacios de memoria son una construcción social (material y simbólica) que refleja las dinámicas políticas, culturales e históricas de un grupo social y las luchas por las memorias públicas. En el periodo del posacuerdo en Colombia, el estudio de los espacios de memoria posibilita la comprensión de las maneras en que los sujetos y colectivos tramitan los sentidos del pasado, pero también, la aparición de rupturas, nuevas estimaciones, pugnas, actores y agencialidades, especialmente en un contexto en el que persisten distintas formas de violencia. Las tecnologías de la comunicación mediatizan la vida social, haciendo que los espacios de memoria se trasladen a la virtualidad y faciliten la producción de memorias que desafíen la versión oficial. Este artículo hace una aproximación a los espacios de memoria virtuales, a través del análisis narrativo de un videojuego sobre el conflicto armado colombiano, Reconstrucción, con base en tres categorías: memoria estética, memoria protésica...

Aquest article intenta donar a coneixer els primers passos d'una investiga-cid que té com a objectiu essencial analitrar les fornles de mobilització ar-mada de la ('atalunya dels s. XVI i XVII, la seva importincia dins del pe-ríode, la scva participacid erl les alteracions socials. ...

Kekkosella oli monellakin tavalla erikoinen ja erityinen huumorintaju. Hän oli ennen kaikkea sutkautusten ja tilannekomiikan ystävä. Tämän kaltaisen huumorin harrastaja ei etukäteen paljasta kertovansa vitsiä ja pakota läsnäolijoita kuuntelemaan ulkoa opeteltuja pitkiä johdantoja, jotka ovat usein jo vanhentuneita tai yleisesti tunnettuja. Sen sijaan sutkautusten ja tilannekomiikan ystävä tarttuu ohikiitävän hetken mahdollisuuksiin, tilanteen tarjoamiin lavasteisiin, toisen tekemään virheeseen ja niin edelleen. Tällöin ironia viiltää. Juuri edellisen kaltaisessa ironian ja sarkasmin miekan käytössä Kekkonen oli ehdoton mestari. Hän viilsi hyytävän suoraan vastustajan heikkoihin kohtiin. Ironian säilä oli hänellä sekä poliittisessa että ihmissuhdekäytössä. Kekkonen oli jo nuorena kaveripiirin parhaita "pilkkakirveitä". Sananheitto oli tuossa piirissä lähellä nuoruuden käsirysyä. Urholla sanottiin olevan "kieli kuin puukko". Hänen luonteestaan kertoo kouluajan kutsumanimi "Känä". Kekkosen sutkautuksiin liittyi useimmiten naljaileva tyyli. Tällaista huumoria voikin kuvata "naljailevaksi hurttihuumoriksi". Jokainen Suomen armeijan läpikäynyt on joutunut kokemaan sen. Toiset pitävät tämän kaltaisesta huumorista, toiset eivät. Parhaimmillaan tällainen huumori oli 1920-luvulla-juuri siinä ensimmäisen tasavallan nuorten, lahjakkaiden ja eteenpäin pyrkivien miesten toveripiirissä, johon Kekkonenkin lukeutui. Ongelmalliseksi hurtti huumori ja piikittely muodostuvat silloin, kun niiden harrastaja on ylivertaisessa asemassa. Kohde ei uskalla antaa takaisin samalla mitalla. Jotkut kohteeksi joutuneet loukkaantuvat sydänjuuriaan myöten ja kokevat naljailun sydämen sivistymättömyydeksi ja moukkamaisuudeksi. Näin kävi esimerkiksi Kekkosen naljaillessa Arimo Raesteelle. Asiasta voi varmistua lukemalla hänen muuten huumorilla höystetyt muistelmansa. Voisikin sanoa, että jossain määrin aika ajoi Kekkosen huumorin hurttipuolen ohitse. Se miekka, jota oli sallittua käyttää nuorten miesten ja myöhemmin tasavertaisten poliitikkojen piirissä, kasvoi vuosien myötä moukariksi, joka oli kohtuuton ase. Valtansa huipulla olevan presidentin edessä uhri oli useimmiten voimaton. Kekkosen sivallus oli kuin karhun taputus. Vain harva osasi ja rohkeni vastata samaan tyyliin. Max Jakobson onkin verrannut osuvasti Kekkosta leijonankesyttäjään, jonka leijonat olivat loppuneet. Kekkonen ei itse tätä asemaansa ja sen seurauksia täysin mieltänyt. Kuvaavaa onkin hänen valittelunsa eräälle suurlähettiläälle. Kekkosen mielestä huumori ja hyvän sutkautustaidon omaavat ihmiset olivat kuolemassa sukupuuttoon. Väinö Leskinen miekkaili sanan säilällä Kekkosen kanssa tunnettuun kääntymykseensä asti. Ilmari Turja oli niitä harvoja pitkäaikaisia ystäviä, joka osasi ja jaksoi miekkailla Kekkosen kanssa loppuun asti.

The online public conversations seem like Twitter has begun as a common communication tool by people tweeting their ideas, opinions and taking stands, committing themselves during last 5-10 years. This overall assumption has taken its place as a few of world's remarkable leaders such as Trump, Merkel, and May are using microblog Twitter by pointing out their opinions. This opens question if directors and managers of, e.g., in Higher Education Institutions are using Social Media's tools such as microblog Twitter as a part of their work in strategic management. As Twitter has launched interactive tools and closed groups in recent years, some HEI's (Higher Education Institution) directors started to consider and use Twitter in strategic management interactively with their personnel in Finland. Using Social Media and Twitter allows a possibility for a different model of social dialog between inner and outer stakeholders, e.g., of strategy or strategical management. This requires directors who can foster organisation's values also via Social Media's microblogs such as Twitter. This draws attention to communication management of strategy or strategical management communication. This research studies by theme interviews how directors of selected Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) think that they are using Social Media tools such as Twitter in their daily strategic management. The aim and objective is to have an oversight if there is any need for improvement or change in using Social Media tool such as Twitter in HEI's strategic management according to the theme interviews. The result and conclusion are improvements in using Social Media tools like Twitter in strategic management.

Un elemento importante a la hora de diseñar un videojuego es la his-toria sobre la que se van a incorporar el resto de los elementos del juego (retos, 1 Introducción Uno de los elementos que se utilizan actualmente para incrementar la calidad y la jugabilidad de los videojuegos es la incorporación de buenas y complejas historias. Éstas funcionan como nexo y contextualización de los diferentes elementos del juego, los retos planteados y el aprendizaje de las mecánicas de juego deben estar ligados a los objetivos de la historia y los escenarios y personajes diseñados tienen que tener sentido en ésta. En

Es tracta d'explicar tres aspectes fonamentals de l'obra que ens ha deixat el professor Ernest Lluch: a) Els estudis sobre l'economia del territori i sobre l'estructura de l'economia catalana i valenciana. Lluch va començar duent a terme estudis sobre el territori català, tant de detall com en el pla de l'enfocament més ampli. Va treballar com a economista urbanista i va arribar a formar part de l'equip de l'Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona. Va col•laborar, a més, en estudis de caràcter sectorial i de caràcter comarcal, amb un objectiu bàsic: conèixer empíricament la realitat econòmica del nostre país, detectar-ne els problemes, descobrir-hi les causes que els originen i cercar-hi solucions. El marc de fons és sempre el futur econòmic i polític de Catalunya i del País Valencià, dins de la racionalitat científica, en contradicció amb el règim de dictadura política. Ja des del primer moment, l'estudi es converteix per a Lluch sempre en lluita cultural i acció política, amb incidència en la vida cultural i intel•lectual del país. Lluch insistia sempre que «s'ha de fer forat». b) Com a interessat per la teoria econòmica i per les idees econòmiques, com a editor, com a articulista i com a professor universitari, va contribuir a introduir el pensament d'economistes fonamentals: Piero Sraffa i l'escola de Cambridge, l'escola sueca, els economistes del corrent socialdemòcrata, els socialistes renovadors i crítics dels països de l'Est, autors heterodoxos. Lluch creia, com Keynes, que no hi ha res de més pràctic que una bona teoria. c) En qualitat d'erudit de la història de les doctrines econòmiques, va obrir un camp nou d'investigació en el nostre país: la història del pensament econòmic català, incloent-hi autors valencians. En aquest camp, que comptava amb pocs precedents (per exemple, alguns escrits de Carles Pi i Sunyer i de Fabian Estapé, el mestre de Lluch), la seva aportació va ésser fonamental, i la seva dimensió és perfectament comparable a la dels nostres científics socials de primer ordre (Pau Vila, Jaume Vicens Vives, Pierre Vilar, Ferran Soldevila, Jordi Rubió i Balaguer o Joan Fuster, per exemple). Allò que no tractarem és el seu pensament polític, que anà transformant-se al llarg del temps, com és natural, ni la seva obra com a historiador de l'austriacisme o estudiós del jansenisme, ni la seva tasca com a ministre de Sanitat i Consum, ni la seva relació amb el món de la música i el món de l'esport, ni la seva praxi com a polític, ni les seves anàlisis sobre la política a Euskadi (actitud que li costà la vida). Lluch fou un home amb una activitat científica i política desbordant, amb una capacitat de treball i de seducció fora de sèrie, i, per tant, ens cenyirem només a explicar avui tres aspectes més lligats a l'economia de la seva obra extensíssima. Potser el segon aspecte, el paper d'introductor de nous corrents fonamentals de pensament econòmic, és el menys conegut. Analitzem aquests tres aspectes fonamentals de l'obra que ens ha llegat Ernest Lluch.

La notion large de « conspiration » renvoie à un phénomène pluriel, qui peut désigner, à Rome, une grande variété de crimes politiques tels que l'aspiration à la tyrannie, l'organisation d'un coup d'État, la planification d'assassinats de magistrats ou les ententes politiques conduisant à contourner les institutions. Ce travail doctoral propose d'étudier l'ensemble de ces événements sur la période qui s'étend de la première conjuration contre la République, celle des fils de Brutus dès 509, à la conspiration qui conduit à la mort de César aux Ides de mars 44. En effet, le phénomène politique de la conspiration, bien connu pour l'époque des Julio-Claudiens, en particulier grâce aux travaux d'Isabelle Cogitore, de Frédéric Hurlet, et de Francesca Rohr Vio, n'avait pas jusqu'ici fait l'objet d'une synthèse pour la période républicaine 1. L'enjeu était donc d'étendre sur le temps long une étude souvent concentrée sur des dossiers essentiels comme l'affaire des Bacchanales 2 , la conjuration de Catilina 3 ou les Ides de mars 4 , ou sur la dimension littéraire des récits de conspiration 5 , souvent envisagée à partir d'un archipel de cas. Restait donc à considérer les conspirations en adoptant le point de vue de l'historien, à redonner leur place aux complots moins connus, à les réunir dans un large corpus, à étudier

Boka Afro-Regions: The Dynamics of Cross-Border Micro-Regionalism in Africa er et friskt bidrag i debatten om regionalisering i Afrika. I motsetning til den ambisiøse og tilsynelatende urealistiske regionaliseringsretorikken fremført av mange statsledere på kontinentet, søker Afro-Regions intet mindre enn å forstå «African regions as they actually are and how they are really being constructed» (s. 15). Nøkkelen er, ifølge redaktørene, å fi nne i de mange mikroregionene på kontinentet. Hva kjennetegner så en mikroregion i Afrika? Mikroregioner oppstår mellom det nasjonale og lokale nivået. Selv om de kan strekke seg mellom land og over betydelige geografi ske områder, er de forskjellige fra makroregioner, som er større systemer mellom det nasjonale og globale nivået. Mikroregionene tjener dessuten forskjellige formål: økonomiske, politiske, administrative eller kulturelle. De kan vaere uformelle eller formelle-eller begge deler på en gang. Afrikanske mikroregioner er dermed svaert varierte. Mange av dem har eksistert i tusener av år. Kunstige landegrenser trukket opp av kolonimaktene styrket relevansen til mikroregioner ytterligere. Ifølge redaktørene representerer de derfor de «reelle» integrasjonsprosessene som må observeres for å forstå den større regionaliseringstrenden i Afrika. Med dette som bakteppe er bokas uttalte mål å analysere rollen og eff ekten av mikroregioner og besvare spørsmålet: «[B]y whom, for whom and for what purpose micro-regionalism is being pursued?» (s. 21). Jobben med å fi nne svarene kunne neppe vaert i bedre hender. Fredrik Söderbaum og Ian Taylor, bokas redaktører, har begge lang fartstid i studiet av regionalisering generelt og integrasjon i Afrika spesielt. Afro-Regions vokste ut av et felles forskningsprosjekt på Maputo Development Corridor, hvor det ble klart for de to at mangelen på systematiske analyser av mikroregioner i Afrika var stor. Söderbaum og Taylor inviterte derfor et

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour I.I.S.A.. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour I.I.S.A.. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-des-sciences-administratives-2014-1-page-113.htm Découvrir le sommaire de ce numéro, suivre la revue par email, s'abonner... Flashez ce QR Code pour accéder à la page de ce numéro sur Cairn.info.

I would like to thank my advisor and psychologist in one-Jens Kjeldsen, for empathetically leading me through the process of writing a Master thesis. Without his advices and always a positive attitude the process would have been far more painful. Thanks to my school friends: Linn, Unni, Guro, Bernt, Joachim and Therese, who I shared my frustration with. They have patiently listened to all my ideas about Facebook and ate many 'foccaccias' for lunch with me. Thanks also to Social Media@UiB group for inspiring discussions and valuable feedback. Finally, I would like to thank to my husband Morten, for carefully reading my thesis and trying hard to pretend that he likes social science. Thank you for your support and love…

És indubtable que la primera generació de postguerra en la narrativa catalana-entenent com a tal els autors que inicien la seva producció en aquests anys i que aporten. a més, noves influenciesestá encapQalada per Maria Aurelia Capmany i Manuel de Pedrolo. Aquests dos autors obren nous camins novel.lístics que seguiran altres escriptors i la seva influencia arriba als més joves, els quals, concretament els dels setanta, en molts casos els deuen el seu aprenentatge literari. Pensem, per exemple, en les primeres obres de Terenci Moix, que presenten uns trets que recorden la producció de Maria Aurelia Capmany i que, &Lis i tot, a Onades sobre una roca deserta, hi ha un homenatge implícit en emparentar Oliver-l'anti-heroi pie de dubtes existencialistes-amb Jeroni Campdepadrós, el protagonista d'Un lloc entre els morts. Ens interessa, peró, aquí, de tractar de les primeres aportacions noveLlístiques d'aquesta autora barcelonina i, sobretot, d'analitzar les seves característiques més remarcables, que, al nostre parer, són els plantejaments existencialistes i, alhora, l'enfocament formal des d'una nova óptica psicológica, més fragmentada i, per tant, allunyada del tractament lineal, que accentua l'estranyament dels personatges en el món i, a la vegada, la relativitat d'aquest. Aquestes obres inicials marquen una primera etapa narrativa definida que, posteriorment, anirá evolucionant cap el relat més social i 111

Ruinas (1866) es una novela breve de Rosalía de Castro que propone una dialéctica entre pasado y presente a través de la imagen de la ruina al situarse, además, en un momento de transición que genera tensiones y crea nuevas subjetividades. El objetivo de este análisis será tomar a esos personajes protagonistas como espacios de carácter residual –en términos de Raymond Williams– que apuntan hacia el pasado como memoria o presencia latente del mismo en el presente y, a la vez, hacia el futuro revelando de manera alegórica las contradicciones de ambos modelos y su propia desconfianza hacia ellos. La figura de la ruina posibilita entonces un análisis de carácter marxista, a través de la teoría de los afectos en diálogo con la teoría del giro espacial, entendiendo el propio cuerpo espectral de esta como espacio liminal y arqueológico que abre caminos a través de la memoria y del afecto. Esto es, se revela como un lugar potencialmente desestabilizador al posicionarse, por su intermedialidad, como punto de resistencia frente al sistema dominante favoreciendo asimismo la emergencia cultural.

In the modern world, which is striving for globalization and an increase in the number of means of communication, many researchers return to the history of the Great Silk Road as a means of transcontinental communication of peoples, countries, and economies. Since the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI century, new projects have been developed to "restoration" this path with the help of modern means and methods, in the context of understanding the new international economy. The relevance of the research is due to the need to turn to the beginning of the formation of this path, to its origins and understand how intercultural business communications were built in ancient times. The purpose of this study is to consider the process of establishing business ties between Ancient East countries. To determine the role of the participating countries, a historical and geographical approach was used. The chronological method is the leading research method of this problem, which allows us to trace the relationship between the causes and consequences of certain actions aimed at the construction and participation of countries in trade; the comparative, retrospective and analytical methods are also involved. These methods allow us to comprehensively consider how business ties were formed in the Ancient East. The article examines which peoples and empires were involved in the development of this ancient way, reveals what goals and methods were, and how the Great Silk Road influenced their development, both economically, culturally, and politically. In addition, the article reveals the role and participation of the peoples of modern Kazakhstan in the implementation of international trade in the Ancient East, and what prospects open up due to the development of new projects to restore this international communication. The study shows a comprehensive and chronological view of the formation of business communication in several countries involved in business relations in the region.

Å ville spesifisere termen masse er en selvmotsigelse; det er å fylle noe med mening som ikke har det. Man sier "arbeidermassen" Men massen er aldri arbeidernes masse, like lite som et annet sosialt subjekts eller objekts. "Bondemassene" i gamle dager var f.eks. slett ikke masser. Bare de utgjør en masse som er befridd for sine symbolske forpliktelser: "opphevet" (innlemmet i uendelige "nettverk") og bestemt til ikke lenger å vaere noe annet enn en talløs terminal for de samme modeller som ikke makter å integrere dem , og som tilslutt bare produserer dem som statisktisk avfall. Massen er uten attributter, uten karakteriserende tillegg, uten egenskaper, uten referanse. Det er dens definisjon, eller dens grunnleggende ikke-definisjon. 2 Ofte arbeider jeg utifra en kanhende problematisk fornemmelse av det generelle, det allmenngyldige. Virkeligheten som drøm. Hvorfor dette har blitt så viktig for meg er kanskje pågrunn av betrakteren, noen jeg forholder meg til uten å kjenne, som jeg forholder meg til deg som leser denne teksten uten å ha noen anelse om hvem du er. Publikum er en utydelig masse som jeg ofte har hatt i tankene uten å helt klare å finne ut av. Jeg vokste opp i en en teater-familie som gradvis konverterte til underholdning, mest av økonomiske årsaker. Tanker om ektehet, naïvitet, håp, forandring, om å skulle arbeide for andre eller arbeide for seg selv, leve og overleve. Populisme, konvensjoner, normativitet. Et pinlig forsøk på å imøtekomme en vag idé om hvordan man bør oppføre seg, nervøs og skiftende som bikinimoten, aksjemarkedet. Den klamme følelsen jeg får i møtet med autoriteter også med folk i tydelige roller. Kanskje prøver jeg å kompensere for min uvitenhet om hvem som ser på ved å vaere så rettferdig som mulig. Det universelle som en komisk misforståelse på den ene siden, samtidig som det er en vakker tanke om samhørighet. Alt og ingenting på samme gang. Så spesifikt og samtidig så utydelig. Samtidig som jeg troligvis framtrer som mer generøs hvis jeg deler med alle enn jeg gjør om jeg bare deler med noen,