Urban Slums

The world is becoming more urbanized. This trend is now particularly pronounced in the developing world, where the urban population is expected to double in the next 30 years. The impact of urbanization on the health of citizens in developing countries has received increasing attention recently. Urban residents in developing countries, especially the poor, are exposed to the health hazards of low access to healthcare, food insecurity and under-nutrition, polluted living environment, poor water quality, violence and accident injuries. Poor people in urban centers also suffer from health problems associated with poor access to social services and safety nets. In such a scenario, ensuring access to basic yet life-saving healthcare among the urban poor is a key development priority. Efforts towards this end can be vastly improved through shared learning of experiences in enhancing access of the urban poor to basic services, healthcare and social security. A robust knowledge management system for urban health in developing countries is essential for achieving this. This chapter outlines the urbanization scenario in developing countries, associated urban health challenges, relevant program experiences and priority areas of research, besides highlighting the significance of knowledge management and avenues for knowledge sharing within this perspective.

Programme. However, it has become increasingly clear that unless the level of urban slums and housing problems is significantly reduced, there is little chance of reversing current trends . Once again, observations reveal a close connection between urbanization, population growth, poverty, employment (whether through informal or formal job creation), and the environment. Reducing poverty through employment creation leads to an increase in income, which improves environmental conditions. Attention has been concentrated on creating and improving the regulatory environment, simplifying business registration, property rights, conducive labor law, and productivity access to credit, among other policies to formalize identifying development challenges, and recommending solutions. Data was collected using questionnaires administered on residents, town planners, public agencies, and stakeholders. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered, with 300 retrieved. Additionally, unstructured interviews with town planners were conducted to ensure comprehensive data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques via SPSS and Excel. The study unraveled comprehensive analysis of slum upgrading challenges in Itoku-Ikija area, Abeokuta, and presented a nuanced understanding of the challenges and potential solutions. The datadriven approach provides valuable insights into the socio-economic dynamics, infrastructure deficits, and governance issues affecting the area. The challenges of slum development are ranked, with the spread of diseases, unemployment, and overcrowding being the most severe. The research made the following recommendations: rehabilitation of infrastructure, creation of incentives for farmers, creation of job opportunities, provision of potable water, and provision of good educational systems, among others.

There are approximately 1 billion slum dwellers in the world, and projected to grow to 1.4 billion by the year 2020. Research demonstrates that children living in slums shoulder a disproportionate burden of disease compared to their adult counterparts, and the long term consequences of these childhood illness can be devastating -including permanent stunting, physical disability, behavioral problem and life-long impaired cognition. Objective: The present study intends to get a holistic picture of behavior perceived by parent or care taker of children as problem behavior and to throw light on the patterns of behavior problems amongst slum dwellers aged 6-18 years. Children in the age group of 6-18 years residing in the urban slum area, their parents interviewed with the help of predesigned, pretested proforma, the proforma was prepared after review of CBCL and ASEBA behavior checklist also consultation with clinical psychologist running own child guidance clinic at Miraj, Dist Sangli. Our study reveals that prevalent behavior problem in children was educational difficulties; male preponderance was observed for educational difficulties antisocial problems and habit problems. Educational difficulties were observed amongst lower age group while antisocial problems were observed amongst higher age groups. Both were statistically significant. In present study the prevalence rate of behavior problem was observed was very high i.e. 49.67%. The educational difficulties and antisocial behavior problem were most commonly observed. It was found that psychosomatic disorders and different type of eating disorders contributed the least.

This study deals with factors that lead to the apparently random configuration found in some slums in Rio de Janeiro. The method adopted was the investigation of urban form elements. The research tried to detect the generating factors marks of each configuration found. The Rocinha slum was adopted as an experience for the use of this method. The slum’s configuration generating factors include the site's natural characteristics, its uses and occupation cultural values and its urbanizing institutional interventions. The form of the slum was studied as a “revealed structure” (SANTOS, 1985), that is, as a resultant of organizational forms, foreseen functions and actions taken through time. By searching elements of the slum's form that could show its evolution and its present configuration, the research offers data and theoretical foundation to urbanization projects in slums.

Farias, Jacira Saavedra.
F224 A forma da informalidade: uma análise da morfologia urbana
da Rocinha / Jacira Saavedra Farias. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ /
FAU, 2009.
vi, 118 f.: il.; 30 cm.
Orientadora: Luciana da Silva Andrade.
Dissertação (mestrado) – UFRJ / PROURB / Programa de PósGraduação em Urbanismo, 2009.
Referências bibliográficas: f. 108-112.
1. Urbanismo. 2. Morfologia urbana. 3. Rocinha (Rio de Janeiro,
RJ). 4. Favelas. I. Andrade, Luciana da Silva. II. Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Arquitetura e
Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Urbanismo. III.
Título.
CDD 711

Perkembangan kawasan perkotaan di Indonesia terjadi dengan sngat pesat dalam kurun waktu empat dasawarsa terakhir yang diindikasikan oleh semakin besarnya jumlah penduduk yang tinggal dan beraktivitas di kawasan perkotaan. Kota Manado merupakan salah satu kota yang sedang berkembang di Indonesia. Namun perkembangan kota Manado tidak hanya memberikan keuntungan bagi pemerintah, tetapi juga memberikan dampak lain yaitu munculnya permukiman kumuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kekumuhan pada permukiman kumuh di kota Manado dan menganalisis sebaran lokasi permukiman kumuh di kota Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua metode analisis, yaitu analisis tingkat derajat permukiman kumuh dan analisis tetangga terdekat.Variabel-variabel yang digunakan adalah kerapatan bangunan, tata letak bangunan, kondisi rumah/bangunan, kepadatan penduduk dan kualitas prasarana lingkungan.Kemudian variable-variabel ini dibagi menjadi tiga klasifikasi, yaitu rendah, sedang d...

Purpose: The study explores the conditions contributing to slum dweller's vulnerability to poor health and examines interplay between economic, physical/infrastructural, and social factors affecting health status to inform policy and programme. Methods: The methodology deployed for data analysis was mixed deductive-inductive. A deductive framework was adapted for categorizing the data into four broad themes: Economic, Physical/Infrastructure, Social, and Health. Using Braun and Clarke's principle, we also mapped sub themes based on researchers' insights with the experiences shared by the slum populations. The study was conducted across 13 districts in slum areas to gather information from vulnerable groups based on the 40 focus group discussions. Findings: Poverty serves as a primary driver of domestic/internal migration from rural to urban areas, aggravating issues such as illiteracy, unemployment, and inadequate living conditions, which predispose slum dwellers to various health problems. Limited access to food, poor water quality, and improper waste disposal further compound health risks. People living in slums face economic, social, and physical vulnerabilities leading to health vulnerability and outcome. Conclusions: Enhancing the health and well-being of slum dwellers requires adopting an integrated and comprehensive approach of policy intervention, community mobilization, and multisectoral intervention.

Background: Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) are expenditures directly made by households at the point of receiving health care. In Telangana State the average OOPE per delivery in public health facility is Rs. 3846. The study helps to know the OOPE among mothers undergoing institutional deliveries and emphasise on the expenditure even after utilising the government financial assistance. Objectives: To estimate the OOPE among women undergoing institutional delivery and to find its association with government financial assistance utilization and socio-demographic factors. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was done among 200 mothers who delivered recently residing in an urban slum under our health and training centre. Ethical clearance was taken before the conduct of study. The median direct out of pocket expenditure among mothers in our study was Rs.500 i.e., 6.6 $ (0 to 1600). OOPE was present among 68.5% of mothers. Availability of government financial assistance, age and occupation of the mother and type of delivery was found to be significantly associated with p value <0.05. The financial assistance definitely reduced the burden of OOPE among the mothers. The implementation of such schemes is important and needs to be evaluated time to time to ensure proper reach of its benefits to the community.

This research is an effort to explore the barriers to basic education of Bangladeshi urban slum children and to find out the ways to overcome the barriers. About one-third of Dhaka's 20 million residents live in slums and 40% of them are children. Dropout, nonenrolment and irregular attendance are common phenomena in slums. The slum children of Dhaka city have been chosen for this study. 203 respondents were selected for this mixed-method study. The basic educational deprivation was originated from socioeconomic causes. Only 43% children were continuing their education. On the other hand, dropout and nonenrolment were 40% and 17% respectively. Poverty was found the main cause of the slum children's basic educational deprivation. Household related causes were mainlyresponsible for non-enrollment and dropout. Dropout and non-enrollment rates were greater for children with illiterate parents. Above 82% of the families lived in singleroom houses. Average monthly family income was TK8,000 ($75) to TK22,000 ($200) which was very low for the fundamental family needs including slum children's educational cost. Ways to overcome the slum children's basic educational barriers were found from four levels like the household environment, the slum environment, the school environment and governmental steps. Finally, this problem cannot be solved overnight, rather it needs time.

This case seeks to obtain justice and redress on behalf of Plaintiff, who has been forced to live in grossly uninhabitable, unsafe, and unhealthy conditions at 1000 N Serrano Ave., #305, Los Angeles, CA 90029. The property is owned and/or managed by various "SOLA" entities and their principals Martin Muoto and Gray Lusk. Muoto, Lusk, and each of the SOLA entities have knowingly and repeatedly deprived Plaintiff of their right to rental housing free from toxic lead-based paint, cockroaches, bed bugs, and other vermin, as well as physical defects which are the hallmarks of slum housing. Although Defendants profess to be a force for good, Muoto, Lusk, and each of the SOLA entities have made the conscious choice to (i) allow families to live in uninhabitable rental homes, (ii) ignore repeated repair requests from long-term tenants, and (iii) rehabilitate vacant units while neglecting slum conditions impacting occupied units. Defendants' business plan focuses on gentrification and raising rents, not preserving the homes of long-term tenants who benefit from rent control. Defendants have engaged in the conduct described herein to prioritize profit and cash flow over the health and safety of struggling, low-income individuals. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS 4 COMPLAINT FOR DAMAGES Plaintiff has resided at 1000 N Serrano Ave., #305, Los Angeles, CA 90029, since July 2019 under a valid one-year rental agreement, which subsequently converted to a month-to-month tenancy. The property is owned, operated, or managed by Defendants, who are responsible for maintaining the property in a habitable condition. From July 2019 to the present, Plaintiff endured uninhabitable conditions, including:a. Severe cockroach and rodent infestations.b. Chronic water leaks resulting in pervasive mold growth.c. Deteriorated lead-based paint hazards.d. Structural defects such as crumbling walls and unstable flooring.e. Persistent security breaches. Defendants knowingly ignored these conditions to maximize profits through gentrification efforts, targeting rent-controlled tenants for displacement. Despite numerous repair requests and formal notices from Plaintiff, Defendants failed to take reasonable or timely corrective actions. Plaintiff documented these conditions with evidence, including photographs, procedural timelines, and medical records demonstrating the health impacts caused by the property's unsafe conditions.

This report explores patterns and variations in marriage among ever married adolescent girls and women living in slum areas in Dhaka city. Specifically we explore variations in the survey sample in the following outcomes: early marriage multiple marriages registration of marriage voice in marriage and dowry demanded. (Excerpt)

Heath and Mobarak's study summarizes "A doubling of garment jobs causes a 6.71 percent increase in the probability that a 5-year-old girl is in school". The study finds that girls who live in villages with garment factories tend to marry later and have children later than the girls who grow up in villages without factories. For detail of the study see

Purpose-The study aims to examine the impact of social assistance schemes introduced by the Indian government on poverty alleviation in urban slums.

Design/methodology/approach-To accomplish the study's objectives, primary data were collected from 585 beneficiaries of government schemes operating in India's northwestern state using a multistage sampling technique (Punjab). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) technique reduced the total dataset to its minimum factors. Then, using second-order confirmatory factor analysis, the data's validity and reliability were determined. The data were analyzed using statistical techniques such as one-way ANOVA, t-test and structural equation modeling (SEM).

Findings-The study's findings indicate that social assistance provided by the Government of India has a direct and substantial influence on poverty alleviation in urban slums. The study demonstrates how access to basic credit financial services through social assistance programmes has improved the lives of urban poor households living in slums and assisted them in escaping poverty.

Research limitations/implications-The investigation was undertaken among a few limitations. First, the in-depth investigation of the study is restricted to only the northwestern state of India solely because of limited resources and time availability. Second, the study focuses primarily on the perspectives of beneficiaries of the social assistance schemes in India. Still, it might be expanded in the future to include additional stakeholders such as bank executives, business colleagues and municipal town panchayats.

Practical implications-Due to policymakers' increased emphasis on poor households living in urban slums, this topic is critical for studying many issues.

Social implications-The research explores gaps in social welfare schemes to direct policymakers and government authorities to take appropriate steps to aid the urban poor people in sliding out of poverty.

Originality/value-By examining the influence of the Indian government's social welfare schemes on poverty reduction in slums, this study contributes to the literature on public assistance schemes and poverty alleviation. This article can assist policymakers in developing nations in increasing financial capability among disadvantaged urban families on a national and international level.

Anaemia, defined as a reduced haemoglobin concentration, is associated with increased perinatal mortality, increased child morbidity and mortality, impaired mental development, impaired immune competence, increased susceptibility to lead poisoning, and decreased performance at work. Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide. It occurs when iron absorption cannot compensate for iron requirements and losses. Requirements are especially high in pregnant women, infants, young children and ABSTRACT Background: Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health and social and economic development. Methods: This paper attempted to understand the determinants of iron adherence among women of reproductive age during their last pregnancy in India and states/union territories, the iron deficiency being associated with anaemia, using multiple logistic regression analyses of data from the fourth (2015-16) and fifth (2019-21) rounds of the India National Family Health Survey. The individual unit-level data were analysed using Stata 17 software. Results: After adjusting for standard covariates, it was found that those who reported receiving counselling by a frontline health worker and/or antenatal care visits were much more likely to consume at least 90 days of ironcontaining supplements. Results shows that for NFHS-4 women who had received counselling from a frontline health and nutrition care worker were 1.489 times (95% CI: 1.429-1.553) to adhere to at least 90 days of iron tablets or syrup after adjusting for potential confounders and for NFHS-5 women who had received counselling from a frontline worker were 1.162 times (95% CI :1.124-1.200) more likely to adhere to IFA supplements or syrup for at least 90 days. Conclusions: Based on insights from these analyses, it appears that counselling seems to be effective in making women aware of the benefits of IFA, thus increasing the likelihood of intake of iron-containing supplements. Counselling seems to be an important predictor of adherence to iron intake in India.

The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of postnatal mothers on human milk banking. The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge and attitude of postnatal mothers on human milk banking & to find the association between level of knowledge, attitude on human milk banking and socio demographic variables. The study was conducted in Sri Krishna Sevashrama Hospital, Bengaluru with sample size of 100 postnatal mothers' selected using purposive sampling method. The conceptual framework of the study was based on Nola J Pender's Health Promotion Model. A qualitative non-experimental approach was chosen for the study. Level of knowledge and attitude of postnatal mothers regarding human milk banking was assessed using structured questionnaire. The result shows that 90% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 10% of subjects had average knowledge and none of the subjects have good knowledge regarding human milk banking. The result with regard to attitude revealed that 67% of postnatal mother had unfavorable attitude and 33% had favorable attitude towards human milk banking. The Chi-square test revealed that the association between demographic variable and level of knowledge & attitude on human milk banking. It showed that there was a significant association between age and religion of postnatal mothers with the level of knowledge on human milk banking and demographic variables like education, parity, monthly income and sources of health education had significant association with the attitude of postnatal mothers.

Kibra is the biggest slum in Africa. It is densely populated, and the majority of its inhabitants live below the poverty line. The slum is well known for its unfavorable living conditions, which primarily have an adverse effect on young girls. This project sought to learn more about the impacts of teenage pregnancy on public secondary school girls’ school attendance in post- Covid
19 Kibra sub-county of Nairobi County by doing extensive research at the slum's select public secondary schools. This research's other goal was to establish how teenage pregnancy affects the girls’ academic performance, how poverty brings about teenage pregnancy, and what solutions
can be implemented to prevent teenage pregnancy. The theory of social learning by Albert Bandura, which holds that we learn by observing and imitating models, was the foundation of the study. Girls at Kibra public secondary schools who were enrolled in school, were the target population. The study employed descriptive research design. The study used the simple random sampling technique where each girl had an equal probability of being chosen. Questionnaires were used as the study's instrument for gathering data. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study found out that most students do not continue with their studies after falling pregnant. This study recommends that teachers should accept girls who get pregnant back to school and treat them like the rest of the students. This study found out that teenage pregnancy had an impact on the students' academic success. This study recommends that those students who get pregnant should be given extra hours of remedial learning by teachers when they are feeling better to help improve their performance. This study found that poverty was a cause for teenage pregnancy. The study recommends that the government should come up with programs to cater for severe cases of poverty-stricken students to prevent them from getting alternative ways of attending to their needs. This study found out that many of the students have sex and that a large number of them do not use contraception. This study suggests teaching students how to use contraception and providing sex education in schools.

Background: Use of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) has been associated with a significant reduction of maternal mortality. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted at a tertiary care hospital of Rawalpindi in labour room and postnatal ward from February 2018 to July 2018. A sample size of 359 was estimated using WHO sample size calculator and were enrolled using purposive sampling technique. A close ended WHO standardized questionnaire covering the 22 elements of WHO SCC was used. Frequencies and percentages were documented of variables and data was analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: Mean age of participants was 27 ± 4.25 years. On admission, it was observed that being centre of excellence and referral, there was 100% availability of gloves and supplies to clean hands before and after each vaginal examination. Just before pushing or caesarean, it was found that in 342 (95.3%) patients, assistant was identified to help at time...

Urban flooding is a frequent disaster during the monsoon period (June–October), hindering the daily lives of city dwellers, especially slum dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study assessed the impact of urban flooding on the lives of Baganbari slum dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh using Moser
analytical tools to explore how urban flooding affects individuals of different genders. Participatory and survey methods involving 50 slum dwellers (25 men, 25 women) were carried out to collect feedback and comments. Additionally, focus group discussions (FGDs) and semi structured and key informant interviews (KII) were also conducted to express gender-related discrimination (e.g., men vs. women). Women are usually involved in “double day” roles (100% in reproductive and 72%
in productive roles) while 92% of men are found to have no contribution in those roles. Moreover, women’s participation in community roles is significantly affected during urban flooding (almost 100%) as it imposes a compulsion for them to stay home and carry out their reproductive work. Thus, women encounter numerous challenges in meeting their practical and strategic needs, including ensuring food supplies, managing diseases and menstrual health, upholding sanitation, restricted movement, education obstacles, and more. The result shows that women in the Baganbari slum are found to have only 35% access and 6% control over resources, benefits, health facilities, and decision-making power during urban flooding. The significant decline in the access and control profile of women during urban flooding aggregates their difficulties and drives them into vulnerable positions in their own households.

This paper explores the architectural philosophy of Tosin Oshinowo, a Nigerian architect whose work emphasizes purposeful contextuality and adaptation and has its roots in the Yoruba concept of Aṣẹ. Oshinowo shows how community-focused and sustainable solutions may tackle global issues like resource depletion and climate change by incorporating local materials and historical methods. Her projects, which range from furniture design to urban rehabilitation, demonstrate how contemporary aesthetics and cultural history may coexist. Her curatorial work for the Ngarannam Community Resettlement Project and the 2023 Sharjah Architecture Triennial are important case studies that highlight how culturally responsive design ideas are applied in the Global South. The paper emphasizes how crucial traditional approaches are to building a more resilient and democratic future.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Background: By 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals. Objectives: To study the difference between urban slum and rural area regarding social, demographic and housing condition. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional secondary data analysis study was conducted at RHTC-Hadiyol and UHTC-Himmatnagar of GMERS medical college, Himmatnagar, Sabarkantha district, Gujarat during 1 st January 2016 to 30 th August 2016. Study included 500 household from RHTC with 2250 members of rural area and 500 households from UHTC with 2418 members of urban slum area by purposive sampling method. Results: Almost 93.8% rural & 86.4% urban slum population was residing their own house and 66.2% rural & 53.2% urban slum population have "pucca" house. Mean family size was 4.5 ± 1.5 in rural and 4.8 ± 1.7 in urban slum households. Separate kitchen was present in 54.4% rural & 30.4% urban slum houses. Conclusion: Study reveal the socio-demographic and housing status difference between urban slum & rural area regarding own house, number of family members, kitchen, latrine, bathroom, overcrowding, sanitary practices.

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) offers a sustainable solution to water scarcity
issues in the Boomtar Revenue Circle of Namchi, Sikkim, a region characterized by high rainfall and growing water demand. This study assesses the potential and prospects of RWH in this area by analysing rainfall patterns, topographical conditions, and socio-economic factors. The Boomtar Revenue Circle receives an average annual rainfall of approximately 2800 mm, presenting significant opportunities for rainwater collection and storage. By implementing RWH systems, both surface and rooftop methods, households and communities can reduce dependency on conventional water sources, thereby enhancing water security and promoting sustainable water management practices. The study involved field surveys and stakeholder interviews to gauge local awareness, acceptance, and challenges related to RWH adoption. Results indicate a high potential for integrating RWH into existing water management strategies, with positive socio-economic impacts such as improved water availability for domestic and agricultural use, reduced soil erosion, and enhanced groundwater recharge. Challenges identified include
initial installation costs, maintenance issues, and the need for technical training. Policy recommendations include government incentives for RWH infrastructure, community training programs, and integration of RWH into local planning processes. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the region's natural rainfall abundance, RWH can play a pivotal role in achieving water sustainability in Boomtar. This study underscores the importance of multi-stakeholder collaboration and continuous monitoring to maximize the benefits of RWH and ensure its longterm success in Sikkim

Objectives To evaluate the relationships between neighbourhood cohesion and subjective well-being (SWB) in two different informal settlement types. Design Cross-sectional analysis of a community-based survey. Setting Communities in two districts, Sanjay Colony, Okhla Phase II and Bhalswa in Delhi, India. Participants 328 residents in Bhalswa and 311 from Sanjay Colony. Measurements Neighbourhood social cohesion scale measured on an 18-point scale and the SWB scale made up of four subjective measures-hedonic, eudaemonic, evaluative and freedom of choice. Sociodemographic characteristics and trust were used as covariates. Results In both neighbourhood types there was a statistically significant positive bivariate correlation between neighbourhood cohesion and SWB (Sanjay: r=0.145, p<0.05; Bhalswa: r=0.264, p<0.01). Trust and neighbourhood cohesion were strongly correlated (Sanjay: r=0.618, p<0.01; Bhalswa: r=0.533, p<0.01) and the longer the resident had lived in the community the greater the feeling of neighbourhood cohesion (Sanjay: r=0.157, p<0.01; Bhalswa: r=0.171, p<0.05). Only in the resettlement colony (Bhalswa) was SWB negatively correlated with length of residency (r=−0.117, p<0.05). Residents who chose their settlement type (Sanjay residents) were 22.5 percentage points (pp) more likely to have a feeling of belonging to their neighbourhood than residents that had been resettled (Bhalswa) (Cohen's d effect size 0.45). Sanjay residents had a greater likelihood to feel more satisfied with life (4.8 pp, p<0.01) and having greater perceived freedom of choice (4.8 pp, p<0.01). Conclusions Our findings contribute to the general knowledge about neighbourhood cohesion and SWB within different informal settlement types in a mega-city such as New Delhi, India. Interventions that promote sense of belonging, satisfaction with life and freedom of choice have the potential to significantly improve people's wellbeing.

This paper presents the preferences and valuation attached by people to various aspects of public toilets including easy availability, hygiene and aesthetic facilities. Study is based on primary data and structured questionnaires were administrated to 300 end users of public toilets, using two stage stratified random sampling technique from different strata's i.e. Markets, Parks and Bus terminals in metropolitan city Islamabad. This study utilizes the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to get consumer's willingness to pay (WTP) for public toilets. Results indicate that respondents from markets showed relatively lower WTP for improved services as compared to bus stations and tourist spots. Public toilet facilities are poor at the bus terminals as compared to the markets and Tourists spots. To identify preferences for differentiated products, this study uses three different models of Public Toilets to get WTP estimates from the respondents. These include: 'toilets with basic facilities', 'toilets cleaned after short intervals' and 'aesthetically furnished public toilets'. Interestingly, respondents were willing to contribute for all such facilities, with different valuation. On average, respondents were WTP 14.47 rupees for toilets with basic facilities and accordingly, there is a potential to raise at least Rs. 4.853 Million per month additionally, if the authorities in Islamabad provide adequate and hygienic facilities. It is hence a strong business case in Islamabad because tourists, shoppers, visitors will feel comfortable and can stay outside for longer time, resultantly engaging in greater economic and recreational activities. Such measures will make the Islamabad city ecologically sustainable.

In urban slums, hypertension is becoming more common among women due to a confluence of environmental
stressors, socioeconomic conditions, and limited access to healthcare. This study investigates the prevalence,
risk factors, and health effects of hypertension among women living in the slums of the Raichur district, as
well as the difficulties they encounter in controlling this illness. Additionally, the study assesses food
insecurity, which is also one of the reasons for the illness, and the physical exercise women perform to be
healthy. For the research study, a total of 7 slums were chosen. Data on women ranging in age from younger
to older was gathered, and the results were analyzed using SPSS software and Excel computation. The results
demonstrated that the largest prevalence of hypertension was found among younger women, who were more
likely to have poor diets and higher levels of poverty, which resulted in stressful work raising kids. Older
women's lack of exercise also contributed to health problems. Furthermore, inadequate food intake causes a
shortage of micro- and macronutrients that the body requires to function, altering the equilibrium of human
physiology and raising blood pressure in women.In conclusion, because of their age group and the fact that
neglect causes this kind of illness, slum women are more vulnerable to serious health issues that affect the
younger generation. As a result, greater awareness needs to be raised in slums to prevent this kind of illness
in places where the disease is more severe.

Cosa ne è stato degli abitanti dei borghetti autocostruiti intorno al centro di Roma, le cosiddette “baracche” demolite negli anni Settanta? Questo libro racconta i decenni successivi alla grande stagione delle lotte per la casa, quando migliaia di persone trasferite sul litorale romano iniziarono a sentirsi deportate, sradicate, emarginate in un modo nuovo. “Ostia o Bombay, è uguale”, scrisse Pasolini: in tutto il pianeta milioni di persone subiscono sfratti, sgomberi e trasferimenti, a volte per ragioni speculative, altre volte con buone intenzioni. Ma quando le ruspe demoliscono case, spazi sociali, luoghi di culto, chi viene sradicato percepisce una violenza i cui effetti possono riemergere altrove, in forme anche difficili da decifrare. Il “diritto di restare” che reclamano oggi gli abitanti dell’Idroscalo di Ostia, l’ultimo borghetto di Roma, come di molte altre zone considerate informali in tutto il mondo, può essere la chiave per immaginare quartieri contro lo sradicamento, città basate sui bisogni e sui desideri di chi le abita, anziché su interessi altrui.

Nel sistema urbano planetario in cui viviamo, le città si configurano come punti di accumulazione, producendo spazialità in riferimento all'alterità. Con gli effetti della mondializzazione, che vedono il configurarsi di città-mondo e mondo-città (Augé 2007) si può "osservare" una proliferazione di marginalità urbane e sociali. Il presente contributo intende esplorare una
specifica marginalità, quella della popolazione Rom, che in parte, rappresenta l’emergere in Europa del fenomeno planetario degli esclusi (Careri e Romito 2016, 80) e vive la realtà dell’encampent. Quest’ultima consta di due configurazioni spaziali – l’insediamento informale e il  campo – che traducono in modo diverso il concetto di margine e di confine; il primo autocostruito e dinamico all’interno del quale si possono osservare abilità nel saper utilizzare le aree al  confine con l’ordine stabilito, mentre il secondo fisso e imposto come dispositivo di controllo. E sono proprio gli spazi marginali urbani, che accolgono questi insediamenti più o meno di transizione e che spesso attivano meccanismi paradossali di fare città. Il campo tende a diventare insediamento e l’insediamento tende ad essere città, rileggendo in modo inedito le
condizioni presenti. Entrambi portano al configurarsi di realtà urbane assimilabili alle baraccopoli del sud del mondo indagate dalla maggior parte della letteratura scientifica e da cui il nord del mondo non è immune.
Nell’orizzonte teorico della città aperta e multiculturale e dell’informal  urbanism – che vede nello slum un concetto spaziale utile a pensare nuovi paradigmi di progettazione (Brillembourg) – si propone una lettura, parte
di una ricerca dottorale in itinere, sul carattere dei margini urbani, per un ripensamento degli stessi come luogo di sperimentazione e di superamento dele dicotomie che dominano tanto il dibattito  contemporaneo quanto le realtà urbane.

This research investigates the barriers and opportunities in providing education to girls living in urban slums, with a case study focusing on seven slums in Raichur, Karnataka, India. The study is based on data collected from 490 respondents across these slums, examining their perceptions of the necessity of education for girls, the level of education needed, and the socio-cultural factors influencing educational access. Findings reveal that 78% of respondents affirm the need for girls' education, with higher education being particularly emphasized-55% of participants believe girls must pursue higher education to improve their prospects.The primary motivations for advocating girls' education include employment opportunities (51%) and the development of literacy and knowledge (37%). However, traditional gender norms, myths, and belief systems still act as significant barriers, with 60% of respondents acknowledging that these factors negatively impact girls' access to education. Despite these challenges, there is strong community support for the belief that educating girls contributes to building a healthy society, with 98% of respondents agreeing on this point.The research also explores employment outcomes, showing that uneducated girls are more likely to work in labor-intensive sectors (73% in labor or housework), while educated girls, though more likely to secure company jobs (28%), still face significant hurdles, as 57% continue to work in labor-intensive roles. Moreover, deeply rooted gender inequality persists, with all respondents (100%) recognizing the existence of gender-based disparities in educational opportunities.The study underscores the urgent need for tailored interventions, policy reforms, and community engagement programs aimed at breaking down cultural and economic barriers to education. By addressing these issues, it is possible to enhance educational access for girls in slums and empower them to contribute meaningfully to society.

The study investigates the socioeconomic conditions and motivations behind women's participation in self-employment within slum areas. Through a survey of 490 women across various slum localities, the study identifies the predominant roles these women occupy in their self-employment ventures, categorizing them into own-account workers (70%), employers or sole proprietors (13%), and helpers in family-based enterprises (17%). The research further explores the type of family occupations, revealing that 50% of respondents' families are involved in industry, business, or selfemployment, with agriculture and animal husbandry contributing to 33%. Key findings highlight that 82% of the respondents earn below Rs. 24,000 annually, underscoring their economic vulnerability. Before engaging in selfemployment, a significant portion of the women (87%) were housewives or unemployed, with economic necessityparticularly family income scarcity (75%)-being the primary reason for their transition into self-employment. The study also delves into the motivations driving these women, with family influence, particularly parents or parents-in-law, cited by 42% of respondents. Expertise in self-employment is primarily gained through the observation of similar enterprises (72%), although formal education and training play a role for 15%. Ownership structures of enterprises were predominantly sole proprietorships (44%) and cooperative societies (36%), with family-based enterprises comprising a minor share (4%). Training programs provided by NGOs, SEWA (Self Employed Women's Association), and other cooperative associations were instrumental in skill development, with 55% of the women receiving support from these groups. The research sheds light on the challenges and motivations behind self-employment in marginalized communities, offering critical insights for policy interventions aimed at enhancing the socioeconomic status of women in slum areas.

Bangladesh is in a vulnerable situation for climate change. This study examines the factors of the climate migration of urban poor slum dwellers in Bangladesh. The study was conducted at two slums in Dhaka city with a purposive sample survey, KII, and in-depth qualitative interview of selected climate migrant slum dwellers with the purposive sample size of 150.
This study identified river erosion, cyclone, flooding, drought, and no agricultural work
available during the off-season (Monga period) main environmental reasons of migration. It is found, inherent factors behind climate migration are mainly driven by economic and social factors i.e., unemployment, poverty, political, religious, and cultural conflicts, etc. In the migration process, the push factors are more active than pull factors. Poverty and
unemployment pushed the poor villagers who were affected by any kind of climate change to  move their residence to the cities. After the migration majority of the migrants struggle to
survive and try to improve their livelihoods in the city slum. Even though poor migrants have
contributed a lot to social and economic development, they still have to stay excluded from
proper nutrition, housing, education, and sanitation. Planned migration, availability of work
and social care services is suggested through this paper to reduce of further poverty urban
poor.

This study explores the influence of gender and socioeconomic factors on nutrition and health in the urban slums of Raichur, Karnataka. The research highlights significant gender disparities in food access and healthcare services, particularly affecting women. Despite their participation in income-generating activities, women's autonomy in decision-making remains limited, leading to poorer health outcomes. The study calls for targeted interventions to enhance healthcare access and promote gender equity in slum communities, aiming to improve overall well-being and health outcomes. Additionally, 64% of respondents believe that women have equal status to men in their households, but financial dependency and ingrained societal norms continue to restrict women's influence over food choices and healthcare decisions. The findings further show that women participating in income-generating activities enjoy improved financial stability, which can lead to better nutrition and healthcare access, yet socioeconomic conditions often constrain the diversity of their diets. Food consumption patterns highlight a reliance on staple foods, such as rice and chapati, with a limited intake of more diverse and nutrient-rich foods. Despite high levels of participation in family income, women face unique challenges related to malnutrition and healthcare, particularly during pregnancy. This study calls for targeted interventions aimed at enhancing women's access to healthcare, improving dietary diversity, and promoting gender equity in household decision-making. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how gender and poverty intersect to affect health outcomes in slum settings, providing a basis for informed policymaking and program development.

This study attempts to understand the infant and young child feeding practices amongchildren under five years of age in Empowered Action Group (EAG) and non-EAGstates of India. It looks into the children who received colostrum, breastfed within 24hours after birth and age at which they start receiving semi-solid or solid food. Data from District Level Household and Facility Survey-3 conducted during 2007-08 among ever-married women aged 15-49 years have been used. Bi-variate, cox proportional hazards and logistic regression have been used to see the effect of background characteristics of mother and child on the feeding practices. The study finds that about three-fourths of the children were given solids food when they completed one year. The mean length of breast feeding was higher in rural areas than urban areas. Infant feeding practices in EAG states were of poor quality and breast feeding had not started immediately after birth. Counselling and advice to women during ANC and del...

Acompañamiento y aportes al un proyecto-proceso La Villa 20 se encuentra ubicada en la Comuna N°8-Barrio de Villa Lugano-en las proximidades de la Avenida Escalada y la Avenida Gral. Fernández de la Cruz, linda al norte con un ramal del Ferrocarril Belgrano Sur y al sudoeste con la avenida Larrazábal. En este sector de la ciudad, a partir de la década de 1940, estuvo instalado el basurero municipal, conocido como "La Quema". En la zona de Villa Lugano se depositaba el 70% de la basura en los bañados. Esto desalentó el proceso de poblamiento del barrio, hasta que se implementó el sistema de tratamiento de basura por parte del CEAMSE en el año 1977. La zona se fue densificando, a partir de la formación de urbanizaciones precarias y del emplazamiento de conjuntos urbanos de vivienda social. En la actualidad, Villa Lugano es el barrio de la Ciudad que concentra el mayor número de urbanizaciones precarias. Con la excepción de unas pocas localizaciones, el barrio muestra dentro de la Ciudad un patrón de predominancia de población con nivel socioeconómico bajo Ley 1770/05 CABA-Urbanización de Villa 20 El 11 de agosto del año 2005, se aprueban tres leyes, dos de las cuales rigieron el motor combativo del barrio hasta nuestros días. Por un lado, se sanciona la Ley 1769 que dictaba la construcción de un Hospital Público en el barrio. Fue reglamentada recién el 15 de noviembre de 2010, luego de una primera etapa de obras en el año 2009. Más allá de eso, al día de hoy, la obra ha tenido un muy lento avance, permaneciendo principalmente parada. Capítulo XII.

Slums are a global concern due to their impact on urban health and urban planning. Although Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the most urbanized developing regions, slums are still a significant concern. However, most studies have concentrated on a single city, using a sample of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries or treating the region as one unit to analyze income inequality and urban primacy. Here, we present an analysis of the relationship between slums and urban primacy for LAC countries for the 1990-2020 period, controlling for GDP per capita and public spending on housing. In addition, we model the relationship between slums and demographic variables such as the fertility rate, migration rate, and urbanization. e analysis is based on panel data from the World Bank and e Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). During the period of study, a clear positive relationship is evident between urban primacy in the largest city and the slum rate in each LAC country. However, a high level of heterogeneity is observed in this relationship and our model explains the variation in the slum rate within countries better than the variation between countries.

Being one of the more severe economic hardship nations, half of the children who live in Bangladesh grow up in the most abject poverty. Underprivileged children are suffering from human rights deprivation in all forms, which is one of the social problems existing in Bangladesh. In many areas of Barishal City, Bangladesh, lies a community where the struggle for survival is a daily reality for underprivileged children. This study is conducted to portray their miseries and causes of deprivation in education and health. The study's methodology relies on gathering primary data through the administration of a questionnaire, and the sample for the study was selected purposively. It is found that only 25.8% of total underprivileged children are attending school, and some of the factors that prevent them from going to school are discussed in depth. Around 12.3% of them never get sufficient meals, and poverty is the root cause of their deprivations. Overall, this study indicates some suggestions for the betterment of t

Economic pressures are giving rise to large-scale commercial developments in central areas of cities in developing countries, displacing established central communities and their low-income households. People living in such households and communities gain their livelihood largely from work in central service employment that is an essential element of the urban economy. The exodus of residents to the outlying areas of the city leads to an increase commuting to the centre. Travel times and costs increase for low-income residents, intensifying their relative poverty, and increased travel impacts on the environment through increasing energy use and air pollution.

Background Binary categorical approaches to diagnosing depression have been widely criticized due to clinical limitations and potential negative consequences. In place of such categorical models of depression, a ‘staged model’ has recently been proposed to classify populations into four tiers according to severity of symptoms: ‘Wellness;’ ‘Distress;’ ‘Disorder;’ and ‘Refractory.’ However, empirical approaches to deriving this model are limited, especially with populations in low- and middle-income countries. Methods A mixed-methods study using latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to empirically test non-binary models to determine the application of LCA to derive the ‘staged model’ of depression. The study population was 18 to 29-year-old men (n = 824) from an urban slum of Bangladesh, a low resource country in South Asia. Subsequently, qualitative interviews (n = 60) were conducted with members of each latent class to understand experiential differences among class members. Res...

Background Binary categorical approaches to diagnosing depression have been widely criticized due to clinical limitations and potential negative consequences. In place of such categorical models of depression, a ‘staged model’ has recently been proposed to classify populations into four tiers according to severity of symptoms: ‘Wellness;’ ‘Distress;’ ‘Disorder;’ and ‘Refractory.’ However, empirical approaches to deriving this model are limited, especially with populations in low- and middle-income countries. Methods A mixed-methods study using latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to empirically test non-binary models to determine the application of LCA to derive the ‘staged model’ of depression. The study population was 18 to 29-year-old men (n = 824) from an urban slum of Bangladesh, a low resource country in South Asia. Subsequently, qualitative interviews (n = 60) were conducted with members of each latent class to understand experiential differences among class members. Res...

All her life, Rachida has fought for her place in Morocco’s capital and against the invisible but constantly intensifying centrifugal pressures that have made her move step-by-step further away from the booming center of Rabat to its working-class neighboring town Salé and further to the sandy streets of the periurban village Sidi Taibi. She reflects on an urban transformation that she regrets to have missed, a transformation that she does not refuse but rather appreciates, one that came with apartment houses, homeownership, and modern tramways, one that should have catered for a peaceful and secure urban future for her, yet one that moved her further and further away from her places of belonging. In this chapter, Rachida’s biography of displacement shows in an exemplary way the manifold violences of Rabat’s postcolonial capital building—from a popular destiny of rural-to-urban labor migration to Morocco’s shiny and exclusionary “capital of light”. It invites us to grasp an understanding of compelled housing aspirations and strategies, and the effects of diverse structural forces—ranging from precarious work to rising land prices and exclusionary urban politics—that tend to reproduce experiences of un-homing over time.

This working paper is part of a series documenting communication, learning and information exchange between poor communities, municipal and state governments, and non governmental organisations in India. The series itself is one of the outputs of a two-year action research project funded by the British Government Department for International Development (DFID), Infrastructure and Urban Development Department under its Knowledge and Research (KAR) programme. The central focus of the research is the community learning, information and communication (CLIC) processes that surround access to, and the delivery of, urban infrastructure and services by low-income communities and public sector bodies in India. Information, communication and learning are the basis upon which change takes place in people's attitudes and actions. Understanding how this process works, examining the types of information to which different stakeholders in the urban environment have access, how they use information to influence others, and how they learn and acquire new knowledge and skills, is thus central to understanding how change can occur for the benefit of the urban poor. This is the objective of the CLIC project, aiming to identify and analyse the problems and successes in communicating and learning during projects and initiatives for urban service provision, drawing out lessons, and proposing and testing ways of strengthening communication and learning. The CLIC project, which started in 1998, is managed by the Development Planning Unit in partnership with GHK Research and Training, the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres (SPARC) in Mumbai, the Commonwealth Human Ecology Council (CHEC), Environ and a number of independent consultants from India. The CLIC Joint Working Paper series documents conceptual context of the study as a whole and individual case studies that constituted its first phase. These fall into two broad categories: those initiated by communities and those initiated by government programmes.

Concept: More than half of Mumbai's population lives in informal settlements with limited access to basic facilities like water, and sanitation, and among them, people with disabilities (PWDs) are disproportionately represented. The health status of PWDs living in informal settlements is greatly influenced by their living condition, including the quality of housing, access to water, and sanitation. Although the local government has made efforts to improve their living conditions by making toilets, and providing access to water, these efforts seem inadequate as PWDs' needs vary greatly depending on type and degree of disability. Research highlights that the sporadic urban development with limited knowledge and understanding about disability and disability-related needs limits PWDs participation. Comprehensive information on the living conditions through PWDs' lived experience is imperative for formulating effective and coordinated urban development policies and practices. Objectives: To explore how do people with disabilities live in the informal settlements of Mumbai. To understand the challenges, they face while living in informal settlements. To explore how do PWDs participate in the activities inside informal settlements; and, whether the infrastructure within the informal settlements supports or inhibits their participation. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study involved fifteen PWDs recruited using snowball sampling from the informal settlement of Vashi Naka, Mumbai. The data was gathered using an hour-long in-depth interview and the interviews were audio-taped. Field notes were taken about PWDs' living conditions and infrastructural facilities available for them. Thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke helped in the data analysis and to explore the presence, meaning, and relationships of challenges faced by PWDs. Key findings: Findings indicate a complex and compounded interplay of the living conditions, infrastructural facilities, and people's perceptions that created numerous challenges for PWDs'. The five key themes highlighting these challenges are-lack of basic facilities; unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations; insecure tenure; families' attitude, perception, and lack of support; and poor self-esteem and lack of confidence. Conclusion: Education and awareness are needed to overcome ignorance and prejudice against disability and disability-related needs. Such education should be a regular component of professional training in architecture, planning,

Abstarction Introduction : Recent progress in industrialisation and increasing number of people living in crowded & unsafe settlements contribute to the higher health burden of injury in the developing regions of the world. These changes have resulted in an unprecedented upsurge of non-communicable diseases and injuries. Household accidents cause detrimental physical and mental health effects to the concerned victims and his/her family members. It also contributes to loss of earning capacity and productivity. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of household accidents and to assess the relationship between household accidents and socio demographic variables of interest Materials and method: A cross sectional study was conducted during June and July, 2017 among the individuals residing in Imphal West district, Manipur. Sample size was calculated and multistage cluster sampling was done. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using IBM S...

To better investigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, a standardized framework known as Local Climate Zones (LCZ) has been developed and widely applied to numerous cities. However, cities from least-developed countries with heterogeneous typologies are underrepresented in the LCZ literature. This study assesses the applicability of the LCZ framework in the slum-dominant built-up environment of Kabul. Using a combined method involving GIS and remote sensing, we classified natural and built-type LCZs and analyzed LCZ-LST fluctuations. The analysis revealed that four new subclasses cover 23 % of the built type LCZs: LCZ 3 5 (mid/ high-rise buildings within compact lowrise layouts) and LCZ 6 5 (midrise buildings among open lowrise areas) have the lowest LSTs at 34.36 • C and 34.42 • C in July, respectively. In contrast, LCZ 7 3 (two/three-story buildings in lightweight configurations), and LCZ 9 F (sparse buildings on bare soil or sand) have higher LSTs at 37.2 • C and 38.6 • C in July, respectively. These subclasses showed distinct zone parameter thresholds compared to standard LCZs. In most built-type LCZs, Average Building Height (ABH) and Pervious Surface Fraction (PSF) negatively influenced LST, while impervious surfaces and Sky View Factor contributed to higher LST. Based on the findings, LCZ-specified strategies (Vegetation, urban form, and using high-albedo materials) for LST mitigation are proposed. Furthermore, we provide planning, design, and policy recommendations aimed at mitigating urban heat, with potential applicability to other cities facing rapid urbanization and growth of informal settlements. The findings can inform action toward urban climate change adaptation.

Introduction: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective health investments worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the expanded programme on immunization (EPI) in 1974 with the aim of immunizing children throughout the world.

Objective: Assessment of perception about immunization among the mothers of under-five children at urban slum area of Vijayapura city.

Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Urban Field practice area of Community Medicine department among the mothers of under-five children residing permanently in the area and were interviewed regarding the perception about immunization to their children by using pre-structured proforma.

Results: level of knowledge & perception was found average (around 50%). Nearly 40 to 60% of the participants agreed to the statements which signifies the immunization is very important to the child’s growth and development and should not be avoided.

Conclusions: Providing mothers of under-five children with information about vaccination effectively increases the immunization coverage and was highly cost-effective also.

6.5 to 31%, while child prevalence ranged from 13.4 to 22.9% (Hossain et al., 2015). In terms of urban mental health issues, these disorders were worse in slum regions and were correlated with levels of education and employment (Izutsu et al., 2015).