Urban Refugees

Using Edward Soja's thirdspace theory, this paper spotlights Addis Ababa as a city of refugee resilience. Beyond the real and imagined representations of resilience, the thirdspace illuminates the multiplicity of refugee resilience in the forms of hope, transience, religiosity, retrospection, flexibility, cultural adaptation, frugality, cultural resources, diaspora ties, co-ethnic support, and transnational and local ties. However, refugee resilience is severely constrained by legal restrictions, policy-practice gaps, resource shortages, language barriers, internal conflict, fear of being targeted, misconceptions about refugees, and some refugees' strong fervour to emigrate to the West. The study emphasizes the importance of the thirdspace for understanding the incompatibilities of refugee resilience and for improving their well-being and support.

Definitions of Turkey generally start with the metaphor of “bridge”. Its geopolitical position between the East and the West has put Turkey into a position of a “transit” country between the two worlds. However, added to its quality as a transit country in the “West” and “North” directions, recently it has also become a “target” country. In fact, according to data by the World Bank, Turkey appears to have become a “net migration country” since 2010.

This study seeks to understand and analyze the ways Congolese (Democratic Republic of Congo) forced migrants' 'permanent transit' condition affects their relations with the Mozambicans living in Maputo. To do this, the study will: (i) document the Congolese forced migrants livelihoods strategies while in Maputo city; (ii) examine the social, cultural, economic and political relations between the Congolese forced migrants and the Mozambicans living in Maputo city, and (iii) analyze the impact of the Congolese forced migrants 'permanent transit' condition on their relations with the Mozambicans living in Maputo city. Due to their length of stay in Mozambique, the study expected to observe strong relationships between the Congolese forced migrants and the Mozambicans living in Maputo city: a certain level of integration, assimilation, and attachment to social, cultural, political, and economic ways of living of the Mozambicans living in Maputo city. However, the argument of this study is that the 'permanent transit' condition of the Congolese forced migrants living in Maputo city weakens their relationship with the Mozambicans living in the same space. Because of this 'permanent transit' condition, Congolese forced migrants tend not to get attached to Mozambicans through marriage and children, they often do not get a job and are dependent on remittances from relatives in the country of origin and tend to engage in social and cultural activities with other Congolese rather than with Mozambicans. This study employed a multi-methods approach, including the use of questionnaires, openended interviews, and written sources. The study is valuable for two main reasons. Firstly, it has generated systematically analyzable data on self-settled urban forced migrants in Maputo city. Secondly, it reveals the impact of the forced migrants' 'permanent transit' condition on their relations with host countries and peoples.

Over the past decade, asylum seekers and refugees arriving in Italy were accommodated in reception facilities located not only in large metropolitan centres but also in Small-medium Towns and Rural Areas (STRAs). Italy’s reception system evolved quickly to face the peaks of asylum applications, especially in the 2015-2017 period. At the same time, the changes in Italy’s reception policies were pushed by the increased polarisation in the asylum debate, which, in turn, has led to great heterogeneity in the development of reception practices. This paper argues that the reception-territory nexus is a critical dimension to focus on when investigating the implications connected to the arrival and establishment of asylum seekers and refugees. This appears particularly true in STRAs where the reception system provided new resources that, when well-managed, showed transformative potential, developing virtuous interconnections with the local territories and communities. These virtuous interco...

‘Urban citizenship’ connotes to statuses and practices centred around the relationship between a locality and (all) individuals present or residing within its territory. This alternative imagination of citizenship (as opposed to formal nation-state citizenship) is based on a presumption of belonging for persons present/resident in the locality (ius domicii) and includes those typically excluded by the nation-state, in a radical vision of equality and non-discrimination. But domestic legal competences of local governments vary significantly across jurisdictions. This article, based on field research in Turkey and Switzerland, explores what role such domestic competences, or the regulation of local governments, plays in facilitating, encouraging, discouraging or obstructing local governments’ engagement with radically inclusive urban citizenship practices. First operationalising the concept of ‘regulation’ and establishing Turkey and Switzerland as low- and high-regulation country contexts respectively, this article identifies four ways in which regulation shapes urban citizenship practices of local governments: (a) by shaping local governments’ perception on their own autonomy; (b) by influencing whether local governments engage in legally foreseen or extra-legal practices; (c) by informing whether and how much local governments categorise different groups of rights-holders and; (d) by affecting which scales these urban citizenship practices are exercised in (upwards, downwards, horizontal).

Uganda’s policies toward displaced people are widely recognised by the international community for their inclusive approach. This brief highlights how Uganda's public policy framework addresses both inclusion and protection across key social policy areas (e.g. health, housing, land, education, work, rights and citizenship), by prioritising self-reliance, non-encampment, multi-sector assistance and gender sensitivity. It offers actionable insights to inspire global public policy on forced migration, focusing on displaced women’s needs.

The goal of this study is to examine the impact of refugee resettlement programs on local communities in the United States, focusing on New York City. This study explores how complex dynamics of refugee integration shape the socio-economic, cultural, and political dynamics of host communities. New York City, being a diverse urban city center, the high number of refugees significantly influenced the city’s dynamic cultural landscape, with an estimate of 8.468 million migrants from different cultural backgrounds (Rida, 2023). Resettlement programs facilitated by a network of nonprofit organizations, and governmental agencies, provide essential services - employment related training, housing, and language assistance.  However, these programs also face challenges like strain on local resources, lack of affordable housing, and the complex socio-political dynamic of integrating diverse refugee populations into local communities (Philip et al. 2021).
This study employs a mixed method to examine how refugee resettlement programs affect socio-economic dynamics, and cultural diversity within the host city. Research data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, refugees and members of the local community to provide insights into the study, and this was supplemented by quantitative data and media content analysis. The research findings highlight both the opportunities and challenges presented by the resettlement programs and offer insights into the long-term effects on the city's neighborhoods, social services, and community dynamics. This study contributes to the going debate on refugee integration and how host communities navigate the complex dynamic of resettlement. This research aims to inform policymakers, and resettlement agencies on the importance of creating inclusive and effective resettlement programs beneficial to both refugees and host communities.

Be it our dream country India or our Sonar Bangla - the journey was not easy for anyone.They had to celebrate the joy of independence forever with a big wound in mind. Partition did not end with the drawing of a line, but with the abandonment of many common people's homes. Whether it is a small village or a big city - how many roads, how many paddy fields, how many bases are witnesses of this incident, how much untold history is wrapped in their bosom, maybe no one has searched or cared to find it. The topics of discussion are refugees and Calcutta. It is not that no one has worked on this before, but many studies have been done on it. Nevertheless, by collecting the various oral materials scattered about, I tried to re-organize the matter a little in my own way.

This research examines the difficulties faced by Congolese refugees in Umoja, Nairobi, Kenya,
during the political unrest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from 1998 to 2015. It
investigates discriminatory practices experienced by Congolese migrants, particularly those in
Umoja, influenced by their treatment within Kenya's refugee protection system and the local
community. The study explores into the origins, development, and factors contributing to the
marginalization and profiling of Congolese migrants in Umoja, Nairobi. It also analyzes the
perceptions of the host community, the vulnerabilities of Congolese migrants within Kenya's
evolving protection framework, and the challenges faced by those in Umoja. Key actors in the
refugee protection sector, including the Danish Refugee Council, UNHCR and Church World
Service, were engaged through purposeful sampling. Qualitative research method was used to
analyze the data as thematic analysis revealed recurring patterns in the experiences of Congolese
immigrants in Umoja. Online, phone, and group interviews, were employed for data collection.
The findings indicated significant impacts on Congolese migrants due to changes in Kenya's
refugee policies, particularly regarding documentation and the encampment policy. Despite
established protection frameworks, sporadic and ineffective implementation persisted, resulting in
challenges. The study identified the profiling of Congolese refugees, misconceptions about their
wealth, and manipulation of the protection space system by economic migrants amplified their
marginalization. Because of that certain organizations implemented pre-assessment mechanisms
for specific services, notably third-country resettlement. The research highlighted characteristics
leading to low rejection rates in acquiring refugee status, due to limited knowledge of DRC's
conflict dynamics in the actor’s space. It explored the perception of Congolese refugees as
temperamental and challenges in their integration into Umoja. Unique geographical features of
Umoja area in Umoja sometimes led to their exclusion from resource distribution efforts. In
conclusion, the research emphasized the need for improved implementation of refugee protection
frameworks in Kenya, accurate profiling, and an understanding of the unique challenges faced by
Congolese refugees in Umoja. The findings have implications for policymakers, humanitarian
organizations, and stakeholders involved in refugee protection and integration efforts in Kenya

This study investigates the underlying causes of socioeconomic challenges faced by Congolese Refugees in Nairobi. The research uses a qualitative approach on focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. This research was conducted in six locations in Nairobi County, Kenya; Zimmerman, Kayole, Kasarani, Roysambu, Eastleigh, and Umoja. The Nairobi suburbs were sampled on purpose because Congolese refugees and other refugees are rarely seen there. The Congolese was studied as a minority group of refugees because little research has been done on them. This study used stratified random sample and purposive sampling the research diverse subgroups based on gender, age, level of income, occupation from the host community, and refugees. The researcher employed both primary and secondary sources. In primary data, the researcher was using interviews and open group discussions. Multiple regression analysis was adopted to examine data with inferences. The study concluded that Congolese refugees in Nairobi face formidable challenges in accessing suitable housing, including affordability issues, discrimination from landlords, overcrowding in informal settlements, and insecurity of tenure. These housing challenges exacerbate refugees' vulnerability and perpetuate their marginalization in the urban environment. These challenges underscore the urgent need for policies that increase affordable housing options, enforce anti-discrimination laws, and enhance security measures in informal settlements.

UN-Habitat Projects Sub-Saharan Africa's global share of the urban population to increase from 11.3 per cent in 2010 to 20.2 percent by 2050. Yet little is documented about the underlying urbanizations processes, particularly of emergence of small towns. This article uses household interviews, focus groups, observation and secondary data to examine the spontaneous transformation of a Western Sudanese village, Shubbola, into a small town. We use changes in building construction approach, materials, and style as an indicator of develop, and provide rare documentation of the process, the main actors, choices taken, timescales and outcomes of the rapid urbanization of Shubbola between 2006 and 2013. Housing transformation was variable but involved a gradual process of replacing traditional non-durable building materials (wood and straw) with modern durable ones (sun-or fire-cured bricks, cement blocks and metal roofs). Unlike traditional top-down models of urbanization gen erally driven by government investment, Shubbola epitomizes an organic, bottom-up process dependent on self-reliance and agriculture development fueled by remittances from urban-based relatives. While many small towns with similar origins fail to do so, Shubbola already provided important urban services to its inhabitants and surrounding rural areas. The study enhances understanding of small towns and underlying urbanization processes, and their contribution to often neglected bottom-up, low-cost processes that do not fit traditional top-down models. It also contributes to literature and policy on sustainable cities and their role in sustainable development as encapsulated in UN Sustainable Development Goal 11. The study contributes to understanding the processes and implications of rapid urbanization in the Sudan and Africa, and other world regions.

This article explores how Ubuntu can be applied to social work, specifically in refugee resettlement in Uganda. The article contrasts Ubuntu's collectivist principles with conventional Western social work models, emphasizing that Ubuntu offers a more culturally aligned, sustainable approach to refugee integration. Through a critical analysis of Uganda's legal, social, and economic policies, the article demonstrates the gaps in current refugee resettlement efforts and provides recommendations for integrating Ubuntu to foster cooperation, shared responsibility, and more inclusive governance.

Here is the link to the LIVECAST recording: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5S3sWZPD-Y

Dr Manya Kagan: "I am a sociologist of education, currently a postdoctoral research fellow at Perry World House, University of Pennsylvania. My research focuses primarily on refugee and migrant children education and rights, particularly in urban contexts. I earned my Ph.D. at the School of Education at Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Israel which focused on schooling of urban refugee children in Uganda. The dissertation together with a few other projects focusing on other aspects of refugee policy and education in Uganda are the basis for an upcoming book (Routledge Press). I have a background in comparative religions, international development, and a teaching diploma in arts. I have also worked, volunteered with, and studied refugee children' access and support to education in Israel coming from Eritrea, Sudan, and Ukraine in Israel, Afro-Caribbean migrants in the US, and Ukrainian refugees in Poland. I have also conducted studies on education and development in East Africa, primarily in Uganda, Kenya, and Burundi, focusing on teacher training, low-fee private schools, alternative schools and migration and development policies."

The aim of this paper is to investigate on the process of investment by enterprises that decided in past and recent years to "move" to Turin (Italy) and its surroundings, discussing which kind of "reality" has led to such a decision (hyper-reality is the situation where reality representations become "more real than the real"). This investigation is directed not only to detect and classify sensible external economies and location factors of the city, but also to analyze to what degree economic decisions are bound to necessarily simplified, or even stereotyped, mental geographies. The study is realized on the basis of in-deep interviews with managers of transnational enterprises, and it proposes an attempt of reconstruction of their perception of the city, the importance of these perceptions in the decision process, and the links between such images and "hard facts" concerning Turin. The focus of this analytical exercise will be posed on the investment process, taking a closer look on the building up of an investment idea, from its first glimpse to its tangible realization. Finally, some reflections link the issue of urban images to urban strategies, particularly in the field of city marketing and urban branding.

Sanaa Alimia offers valuable insights into the microhistory of Afghan migration to urban
Pakistan since the 1970s. She explores urban identities that are less concerned with
nationality, ethnicity, and “imagined communities” than with Insani Haquq (basic human
rights). The book explores how Pakistan’s changing geopolitics affected Afghans’
livelihoods and their sense of identity and belonging during four decades of violence in
Afghanistan through oral histories of Afghan migrants in Karachi and Peshawar, two of
Pakistan’s main cities. Alimia adopts the term “informal sphere” to characterize the situation of Afghan refugees and Pakistan State’s management of its citizens and noncitizens with regard to access to rights, resources, and social welfare, but with which they are unable or unwilling to actively deal. Refugees’ reliance on the informal sphere is a crucial aspect of daily living. The informality refers to “the production of legal goods and services that are not formally provided, protected and regulated by the state (p. 2).”

Over the last decade, displacement from conflict-ridden Syria has converged with an increasing emphasis on the ‘urban-humanitarian’ nexus. Humanitarian actors have focused on urban livelihoods as refugees mainly move to cities in search of employment and a predominantly camp-based mode of assistance has turned into support for urban refugees, internally displaced people, and local urban dwellers. Within this framework, the politics of international humanitarianism has inscribed itself in cities and towns, generating layered ‘urban-itarian’ ecologies. Considering vernacular definitions of ‘urban’ and ‘urban actors’, this chapter discusses encounters and missed encounters between the urban and the humanitarian worlds. Drawing on different case-studies since 2016 in six sites across Lebanon, Türkiye, and Jordan – all primary destinations for refugees from Syria – it shows how ‘urbanising’ humanitarianism, when insufficiently responsive to local specificities, has tended to result in poorly attuned humanitarian programming. My multisite-based observations suggest that people lead hybrid lifestyles while developing complex livelihood strategies, building their worlds across the urban and the rural. In light of this, the working concept of ‘urban-itarian’ does not intend to mark those spaces as exclusively or predominantly urban; but, rather, as an interface where humanitarian and urban actors and negotiations end up marginalising or assimilating the rural and the peri-urban, regardless of environmental complexities.

This study proposes strategies to better recognize and protect the food security needs of Kampala's refugee population. Uganda is Africa's largest refugee host, with a policy approach that has been widely lauded for its flexible settlement provisions and commitment to durable solutions. However, growing refugee populations and underfunding have led to serious pressures, severely exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Food insecurity in designated refugee settlements is at critical levels: 75% of residents are food insecure. One unique aspect of Uganda's refugee governance approach is the allowance of refugee populations to self-settle outside of designated camps, in the capital city, Kampala. This research takes a governance approach to explore what is being done to support the food security of this group, by who, and how this could be improved. Interviews with refugees living in two of Kampala's large informal settlements (Kisenyi II and Namuwongo) and with a range of policy stakeholders were carried out in May 2023. Overlapping formal and informal services and programs are offered by multiple levels of government and the NGO sector, accessible to different populations living in settlements. This paper points to gaps and limitations, linked to resources, coordination, difficulties identifying vulnerable populations, locating political responsibility, and weak policy implementation, and suggests governance strategies to better respond to refugee and asylum seeker's food security needs. Key recommended responses are to overhaul the refugee registration system, recognize and protect urban food security, and improve policy actor coordination through collaborative strategies which move beyond awareness of the crisis to setting specific targets and timelines to address it.

Background: There are 80 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide, 26.3 million of whom are refugees. Many refugees live in camps and have complex health needs, including a high burden of non-communicable disease. It is estimated that 3 million procedures are needed for refugees worldwide, yet very few studies exist on surgery in refugee camps, particularly protracted refugee settings. This study utilizes a 20-year dataset, the longest dataset of surgery in a refugee setting to be published to date, to assess surgical output in a setting of protracted displacement. Methods: A retrospective review of surgeries performed in Nyarugusu Camp was conducted using paper logbooks containing entries between November 2000 and September 2020 inclusive. Abstracted data were digitized into standard electronic form and included date, patient nationality, sex, age, indication, procedure performed, and anesthesia used. A second reviewer checked 10% of entries for accuracy. Entries illegible to both reviewers were excluded. Demographics, indication for surgery, procedures performed, and type of anesthesia were standardized for descriptive analysis, which was performed in STATA. Results: There were 10,799 operations performed over the 20-year period. Tanzanians underwent a quarter of the operations while refugees underwent the remaining 75%. Ninety percent of patients were female and 88% were 18 years of age or older. Caesarean sections were the most common performed procedure followed by herniorrhaphies, tubal ligations, exploratory laparotomies, hysterectomies, appendectomies, and repairs. The most common indications for laparotomy procedures were ectopic pregnancy, uterine rupture, and acute abdomen. Spinal anesthesia was the most common anesthesia type used. Although there was a consistent increase in procedural volume over the study period, this is largely explained by an increase in overall camp population and an increase in caesarean sections rather than increases in other, specific surgical procedures. Conclusion: There is significant surgical volume in Nyarugusu Camp, performed by staff physicians and visiting surgeons. Both refugees and the host population utilize these surgical services. This work provides context to the surgical training these settings require, but further study is needed to assess the burden of surgical disease and the extent to which it is met in this setting and others.

Displacement is at a world record high as a result of persecution, conflict, violence, and human rights violations. Children make up around half of the refugee population worldwide, and 40% of the 80 million displaced people globally. Approximately two-thirds of displaced people live in urban areas, the large majority in developing countries (UNHCR 2020). The quality of spaces available to children has an important impact on child development and wellbeing as it affects a number of children’s rights including play, health, safety and learning.
Co-designing built interventions with children affected by displacement can:
•
empower children and have a lasting positive impact;
•
improve social cohesion, inclusion, social capital, and integration between refugee and host communities, and within the refugee community;
•
have a positive impact on the local economy, build capacity and provide employment; and
•
deliver better social infrastructures (child-friendly urban public spaces, including open public spaces, streets and public facilities such as schools and playgrounds) for children and their communities.
Despite their impact, there is an undersupply of built interventions that have been co-designed with children. This is because: they require professionals from different specialisms to work together, and often organisational structures do not make these collaborations easy; their additional value is difficult to recognise; and they require a larger initial investment compared to the built product alone. Furthermore, these interventions often present multiple operational challenges linked to safeguarding, cultural norms and appropriateness. This prevents many organisations from taking on such projects, despite the strong need for children’s voices to be part of design responses in displacement contexts.
The DeCID handbook was born out of a lack of practical guidelines for
co-designing built interventions with children affected by urban displacement. It was created by a mixed team of practitioners and academics from different disciplines, and via a research process involving interviews and thematic discussions with varied related practitioners.

The paper majorly about the internal displaced persons in Ethiopia. As the war in the country different regional states spread though out it the displacement side by side increases more and there are different centers of IDPs in different towns in different regional states. This paper also emphasis in the Amhara regions specially in Debre Birhan  IDPs Temporary shelters . It mainly focuses on the problems of those IDPs faced in thier shelter and the opportunity to thier future to investigate the possible solutions for thier futures.

Increasingly refugees live in urban areas-usually in slums impacted by unemployment, poverty, overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure. Host governments oft en restrict refugees' access to the labor market, access that can be further impeded by language barriers, arbitrary fees, and discrimination. UNHCR and its partners are seldom equipped to understand and navigate the complex urban economic environment in order to create opportunities for refugees in these settings. Based on assessments undertaken in 2010 and 2011 in Kampala, New Delhi and Johannesburg, research fi ndings indicate that refugees in urban areas adopt a variety of economic coping strategies, many of which place them at risk, and that new approaches and diff erent partnerships are needed for the design and implementation of economic programs. Th is paper presents fi ndings from the assessments and lays out strategies to address the challenges confronting urban refugees' ability to enter and compete in the labor market. Résumé De plus en plus, les réfugiés vivent dans les zones urbaines, généralement dans des bidonvilles aff ectés par le chômage, la pauvreté, la surpopulation et des infrastructures insuffi santes. Les gouvernements qui les hébergent limitent souvent l'accès des réfugiés au marché du travail, alors que cet accès est en outre limité par la barrière de la langue, des frais arbitraires, et la discrimination. Le HCR et ses partenaires sont rarement à même de comprendre les environnements urbains complexes et de s'y orienter, dans le but de créer des opportunités pour les réfugiés vivant dans ces contextes. Basés sur des études en 2010 et 2011 à Kampala, New Delhi et Johannesburg, des travaux récents montrent que les réfugiés dans les zones urbaines utilisent une variété de stratégies de survie économique, dont plusieurs sont risquées, et qu'il y a un besoin de développer de nouvelles approches et des partenariats diff érents, et de mettre en place des programmes économiques. Cet article présente les résultats de ces études et propose des stratégies répondant aux défi s auxquels sont confrontés les réfugiés urbains qui veulent entrer sur le marché du travail.

Post-cold-war-era conflicts and the humanitarian political economy have driven two disparate yet concurrent shifts within the humanitarian field. On one hand, new public management-style reforms have increasingly focused organizations on efficiency, deliverables and technical proficiency. On the other, an international rights regime has demanded that humanitarian interventions and actions become more explicitly political. Nowhere are the tensions between neutral humanitarian expertise and the need for overt political engagement more visible than for organizations promoting refugee protection in fluid, politically pluralistic urban sites. Building on fieldwork in Johannesburg, Kampala and Nairobi, we argue that neutrality, technical fixes and demands for direct and targeted service delivery can undermine long-term urban protection. Rather, protection requires enhanced local literacy and pursuing back routes to rights through engagement with municipal authorities, local actors and policy sectors. In other words, humanitarian organizations must work smarter, smaller and stealthier. But, to do this, the sector requires substantial shifts in its funding regime-including reconsidering demands for measurable outputs, strictly targeted services and rapid direct service delivery.

This working paper investigates the livelihoods, trajectories, networks and self-generated opportunities of vulnerable migrants in refugee-like situations in Dar es Salaam. Its main purpose is to arrive at a deeper understanding of protracted displacement through a 'figurational approach', which stresses the networks and the interdependencies of urban refugees in Dar es Salaam, across Tanzania, and across national borders. Refugees' social relations do not unfold in a vacuum but are shaped by the regimes of aid and asylum that govern their lives. In a context of constant fear of imprisonment and deportation, this working paper gives particular attention to the alliances that the vulnerable migrants build within Dar es Salaam. It underlines their agency and coping strategies, as they bring with them many valuable skills. Capitalising on these skills can result in longstanding partnerships between vulnerable migrants and locals. Spaces of freedom where displaced people do not need to live in a perpetual state of fear and uncertainty are equally important. More than focusing on constraints, this paper underlines the urban refugees' agency and survival strategies. We pay particular attention to the mobility and connectivity of female urban refugees, also within a digital context. Through (social media) entrepreneurship, women in refugee-like situations have managed to overcome immobilisation and create new opportunities for themselves. By analysing a variety of life situations throughout this paper, we seek to recognise and promote urban refugees' agency and dignity. KEYWORDS (Female) urban refugees, agency, mobility, connectivity, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania CONTENTS 4. Cross-cutting findings and emerging trends 4.1 Gender dimension 4.2 Social media Conclusions and outlook Bibliography

The study presents a comparison of four different livelihood programmes for refugee women, offered by Refugee Social Services, a Durban-based non-governmental organisation. These programmes cover home-based childcare, peer/community education, beauty salons, and product development. The first two programmes are social innovative as these directly and creatively respond to social needs of local communities in Durban. Examples of community demands are the need for childcare and HIV/AIDS prevention. The latter two programmes mainly focus on gaining economic advantages. The research methodology is qualitative, 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with ten staff members and eight clients of Refugee Social Services. The capability approach was applied to identify and review enhancing and impairing aspects of the programmes with regard to the refugee women's capabilities and human agency to self-settle in an urban context. The enhancing factors include training, support to start up and maintain a micro-business, a safe and child-friendly workspace, integrational benefits of enhanced social capital, and income security. The impairing factors include institutional barriers, an unsafe workspace, and insufficient and/or unstable income. The paper makes suggestions for interpreting the outcomes of the programme comparison. The study highlights that in order to effectively expand refugees' capabilities and human agency to self-settle in an urban context, stakeholders should start partnerships while advocating for a combination of two intervention strategies: implementing validated livelihood programmes and addressing structural obstacles to refugees' ability to become self-reliant. Recommendations are proposed to fulfil these objectives. Keywords Capability approach. Urban refugees. Refugee women. Livelihood programmes. Community projects. Social innovation. Home-based childcare. Microbusiness. HIV/AIDS prevention

Although there is substantial research on the surveillance of refugees in developed countries, there is relatively limited research on the topic in developing countries. This is partly because these countries have only recently begun implementing modern surveillance technologies to manage their refugee population. However, the consequences of these trends are huge for example; spillover effects to other countries, cultural differences in understanding biometric data collection and social divides. This may exist among religions and ethnic groups resulting in misunderstanding, mistrust and systematized oppression. Technological advancements may have good intentions but function creep often exists where the original purpose the data is collected for goes beyond this resulting in unintended consequences (Maitland, 2018). Due to their growing numbers and their changing demographics, it is becoming more urgent to study the lived experiences of refugees in this region as they are becoming increasingly subjected to digital governance, surveillance, and control.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 and the subsequent arrival of people fleeing the war prompted remarkable mobilizations and responses throughout the EU. By focusing on the Italian context and, more specifically, on the case of the Piedmont Region, this paper conducts critical reflection on the different forms and expressions of solidarity that emerged at both the institutional and civic society levels. The paper builds on qualitative interviews carried out between February 2022 and March 2023 with representatives of public institutions, third-sector organisations, and associations, and it intends to: I) frame the different expressions of solidarity in light of recent changes in the regulatory arrangements of the institutional asylum system; II) explore the relationship between formal and informal reception with respect to equity in terms of conditions, opportunities, and quality of the services provided; III) discuss the implications of the double standards and the ambivalent role of solidarity towards a specific category of refugees, especially as regards its sustainability over time and the growing fragmentation of the refugee reception systems.

This study focuses on forced migration and interstate violence during international crises, as a major security concern with salient implications for international relations stability. The empirical data consists of 229 crises designated as Forced Migration Crises (FMC), identified within the 374 crises of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) project. The study outlines a framework for analyzing FMC compared with Non-Forced Migration Crises (NFMC), presents an index of Forced Migration Magnitude (FMM), and probes three hypotheses. It points to transformations in forced migration since WWII, compares crises with and without forced migration, and explores patterns of FMM and violence. Results lead to rejection of hypothesis 1 on similarities between FMC and NFMC, supporting hypothesis 2 on considerable diversity between them. Findings on extendedscope, strategic locale, enduring forced migration problems and increased violence support hypothesis 3, challenging the placement of forced migration merely as a social or humanitarian domestic concern. Instead, results show a salient increase in FMM, coupled with more severe interstate violence and war, dangerously destabilizing regions worldwide. These patterns require the integration of forced migration within crisis frameworks, as a new research agenda, to understand the nature of forced migration in the 21st century and its impact.

Background: Humanitarian organisations commonly identify neglect as a specific form of harm from which children should be protected. However, lack of debate about the aetiology of child neglect has left intact a tendency to assume that it is due to a failure of caregivers. Obscured by this assumption are the role of the humanitarian system in supporting or, indeed, undermining the efforts of primary caregivers. Objective: To bring together insights from the literature on child neglect in humanitarian settings with findings from empirical research in the Middle East. Participants and setting: Fieldwork involved 38 'peer researchers' from five refugee communities: Sudanese, Somali, Iraqi, Syrian (in Jordan) and Palestinian (in Gaza). These researchers undertook enquiry with a total of around 300 people across their respective communities. Methods: • 100 interviews. 70 follow-up interviews. • Theatre-based workshops and focus group discussions with 30 children. • Research workshops with 35 children. • Focus group discussions with 40 parents. • Creative writing project with 60 children. Results: Fieldwork revealed neglect in three distinct areas: educational participation, access to healthcare, and physical safety. This neglect can be related to the humanitarian system, (including humanitarian agencies, host government, donors, etc.), that is both directly neglectful and undermining of caregivers' efforts. Conclusion: Caregivers in our study illustrated the impossibility of exercising constant vigilance over children within conditions of extreme social and economic marginalisation. Thoroughgoing debate about child neglect is needed to address this situation and ensure that caregivers receive adequate support to meet their children's needs. Such support should be offered in a manner that upholds the dignity of displaced people-adults and children alike.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable emphasis on migration processes framed within the context of a 'crisis.' This emphasis underscores a unique and exceptional temporality. The 'European migration crisis' has presented an unprecedented challenge, leading governments to predominantly adopt an emergency-oriented approach as the exclusive means to address and conceptualise this crisis. This contribution aims to elucidate how the 'emergency's structural time,' posited as a distinct and universally applicable notion, can profoundly influence the practical aspects of social frameworks, perceptions, experiences, and practices involving various actors within the Italian asylum reception system. Through empirical analysis of specific cases that emerged during extensive ethnographic fieldwork between 2016 and 2020, focusing on bureaucratic practices, relationships, and intimacy, I will illustrate an ongoing transformative interplay between Time and the various processes outlined 'in Time.' More specifically, this study delves into the waiting experiences of asylum seekers on the one hand and the hectic experiences of social operators working within the asylum reception system on the other. The objective is to demonstrate how the prevailing emergency-centric approach within this system steers these individuals into specific temporal frameworks. As a result, external influences and pressures render the realisation of their hoped-for near future unattainable, leaving the present disconnected from their particular aspirations. This mechanism initiates processes that disrupt existence, thereby compromising prospects of stability. Nonetheless, these subjects can develop and implement specific strategies to circumvent constraints and mitigate the institutional violence and exclusion that often characterise the Italian asylum reception system.

This paper is aimed at understanding the nexus between the securitization of migration and refugee protection by Indonesia within a regional context. By employing an analysis of the securitization of migration, this paper looks closely into a number of regulations, as well as practices by the government and civil society in Indonesia to identify the main rhetoric regarding migration and the migration of refugees. Furthermore, the recent activities of the government and civil society on a regional level is analysed using the same approach. The findings in this work suggest that the securitization of migration remains through utterances in the regulations and discursively within the actions of the government even when the human rights aspects of refugees are included in regulations or practices. The civil society discussed in this work to some extent has de-securitized refugees in Indonesia. On the regional level, nonetheless, the civil society's contribution to humanitarian aid still has not necessarily challenged a securitization of migration. The paper does not identify all civil society organisations based in Indonesia working in this area, so the discussion does not represent the whole. The implication of refugee rights is indicated through the recent situations of refugees in the region. Their remaining vulnerability to detention and poor living conditions indicate that securitization of migration undermines refugee protection in the region.

A major challenge facing the South African wine industry has been the economic repositioning of the sector, which since 1994 has moved away from a highly regulated domestic environment. The increasing integration of the local industry into international markets and global value chains has been accompanied by the industry's deregulation and restructuring. From the production focus on a limited range of low value-added varieties produced for domestic tastes and to meet monopoly quotas, producers have shifted to planting noble cultivars suited to various international tastes. Despite the lack of growth in traditional Western European markets, new world producers like South Africa have successfully competed and secured new market share. The Western Cape wine industry is ranked as the second-largest contributor to the Western Cape economy. The thesis explores the effect of cluster governance and the coordination of strategic collective actions on the Western Cape wine cluster's competitiveness. The data has been gathered through a combination of documentary analysis and interviews conducted with the leadership and/or management of various industry organisations. A qualitative approach has been adopted in the data analysis and interpretation of the findings, with information gathered via a combination of documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with key representatives of established industry bodies and key role-players in the Western Cape wine cluster.

Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp book. Happy reading City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The Complete PDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the Worlds Largest Refugee Camp.

The crisis of refugees has hit its highest and reached critical volumes in the contemporary world. With different governments, communities and the United Nations High Commission for refugees (UNHCR) body trying to keep side by side of offering the necessary humanitarian support to the refugees who are fleeing war and persecution, the United Nations High Commission for refugees is mandated to lead, respond and coordinate worldwide action for the international protection and resolution of refugees problems and its fundamental responsibility to safeguard the legal rights and the well-being of refugees across the world Srinivas (2009). The United Nations High Commission for refugees program is determined and focused to enable refugees to achieve self-reliance as well as have their contribution to the communities and promote combined efforts between humanitarian action and longer-term partnership-based cooperation and development. The study was aimed at assessment to access the level of influence of UNHCR healthcare intervention on the socioeconomic status of refugees in Gihembe camp. A descriptive survey design was employing Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect primary data. 87.2% of the respondents reported communicable diseases as being the commonest diseases among the refugees in the camp. UNHCR health care intervention program reduced on the infant & maternal mortality yet 25.6%.

This study investigates Turkey's higher education (HE) policy for Syrian refugee students (SRSs) by examining the experiences of the students and documenting political, social and cultural dynamics behind these experiences. The study reviewed reports, notices and circulars in order to capture the key tenets of the Turkeys HE policy for the Syrians refugee students. In order to reveal the experiences of the students, 27 interviews were conducted with a group of students who are studying at a public university, which is located in the eastern part of the country. The results, first, revealed that Turkey's HE policy follows a reactive track in that the ongoing challenges have caused modification, alteration or additions into the policy. Second, both the interview results and key reports suggest documentation, language barrier, finance and guidance as the key challenges for SRSs, which inform HE policy of Turkey. Third, the students commented on the restorative impact of the higher education for normalizing their lives in a host country and building a future prospect for their own life. However, the conflicts between Syrian and Turkish students suggest that the Syrian refugee crisis goes beyond a refugee crisis and has complex sociological and political connotations, which push the issue of Syrian refugee into more repelling grounds. Further conclusions and implications are discussed. Higher Education Policy (2020).

Aiming at shedding a light on refugee women's experiences with social capital, this article tries to answer the following questions: whether and how do Syrian refugee women utilize different forms of social capital to find jobs in NGO-Rs in Turkey? Investigating the role of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, a qualitative methods study was conducted with Syrian refugee women that work at NGO-Rs in Turkey. The data analyzed was generated by thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 16 Syrian refugee women working in NGO-Rs in Gaziantep, Turkey; and a key informant interview that was conducted for triangulation purposes with an office manager of an NGO-R that finds work for Syrian refugees in Turkey. Research findings reveal that Syrian women tend to rely on personal and professional ties to find jobs and survive in the sector; and it radically increases their employment prospects.

CFP Workshop: Challenging Concepts in Refugee History, Gothenburg 2-3 May, 2024.
Organizers: Sari Nauman (Uni Gothenburg), Olof Blomqvist (Uni Gothenburg), Susanne Lachenicht (Uni Bayreuth), Thomas Mareite (Uni Tübingen), Megan Maruschke (Uni Leipzig)

Background: Little is known about the experiences or proportion of refugees involved with child protective services (CPS) in the United States, because they are not an identifiable group in CPS data systems. This study utilized an innovative data matching project to identify refugees in CPS data systems and explored the experiences of Somali and Oromo youth in Minnesota's child protection system. Methods: A sample of 629 Somali and 62 Oromo youth who were involved with CPS between 2000 and 2013 were identified by linking datasets from the Minnesota Departments of Education and Human Services. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and t-tests were used to explore the proportion and characteristics of children involved with CPS, placement experiences, and child protection professionals' documentation of families' strengths and needs. Results: Somali and Oromo youth were involved with CPS at low rates (3.7%). Residential treatment facilities were the most common out-of-home (OHP) placement settings for Somali youth (41%), and almost a third of placements for Oromo youth were in a correctional facility (31.6%). Strengths identified for both groups included low alcohol and other drug use and few health issues. Needs included social support, mental health/ coping support, and parenting skills. Conclusions: OHP settings for Somali and Oromo youth were highly restrictive. More research is needed to determine what is driving the high utilization of restrictive placements for Somali and Oromo youth, how accurately the Structured Decision Making tool assesses strengths and needs for families with refugee backgrounds, and how CPS professionals' assessments of strengths and needs compare to the refugee families' perceptions of their own strengths and needs.

the individual had to show that he [sic] had in fact left his country for reasons leading to the prima facie determination of group refugee character and to otherwise show that he was a bona fide refugee, e.g. that he had not left his former home country for reasons of pure personal convenience and that he did not continue to maintain relations with the authorities of his country of origin. 6 The 1951 Refugee Convention is silent as to how refugees are to be recognized. It assumes that asylum seekers are presumptive refugees, and indeed that refugees vary in their legal degree of attachment to their 'host state'. Some may even be 'illegally' in their country of residence, but are nonetheless still refugees, and have rights under the Convention. 7 However, it was originally drafted as an exclusively backward-looking instrument, to deal with an identifiable cohort of refugees who remained without status in Europe after 1951. Unsurprisingly, then, the question of how to identify 'refugees' from 'other migrants' or other 'displaced people' did not command the attention of the drafters. Nevertheless, over time, this question became a central one in the global refugee regime. As Burson has traced, the practice we now call 'RSD' has deep roots, and indeed, even in the practice of the International Refugee Organization (IRO)(1946-1952), bureaucratic practices emerged to identify refugees. 8 2.2 Refugee Recognition Practices in Diverse Settings Under some systems, people seeking international protection may first have to undergo protracted periods as 'asylum seekers' that may or (very often) may not, lead to formal recognition as a refugee. Depending on where they seek protection, the outcomes of the process may be recognition as a refugee, or other (generally weaker) protection statusfor example in EU law, 'subsidiary protection' or even ad hoc national humanitarian statuses-or rejection of claims. Sometimes, applications remain undecided for prolonged periods, and 'asylum seeker' status may become a form of protection. As is discussed further below, studies on the workings of various European, North American and Australian asylum systems reveal wide variation in the outcomes of asylum claims from similar applicants (usually understood as applicants of the same nationality applying for protection around the same time), both within and across states, leading to accusations of a 'protection lottery' or 'refugee roulette.' 9 In many European countries, there are many successful appeals against rejection at first instance, with overturning rates varying considerably. This empirical literature focuses principally on asylum systems in rich countries, where asylum systems frequently reject many, often most, applications.

The paper presents the plight of cross-border displacement in the East, Horn of Africa and Great Lakes (EHAGL) region by exploring the resilience experience of adult refugees living in Addis Ababa. The study is based on resource caravans and passageways principles of the COR theory and defining resilience as a process of harnessing resources to sustain well-being. The study followed a qualitative research approach and primary data were collected from in-depth interviews and focused group discussions (FGDs) with urban refugees, Key Information Interviews (KIIs) with humanitarian professionals, participant observation of neighbourhoods and refugee organizations. Primary data were triangulated by review of relevant documents. The collected data were analysed thematically using the framework method. Results of the study indicate that refugees left their countries to escape state repression and conflict. While transiting, refugees cited insecurity, political instability, conflict, family separation and deportation as the reasons behind their move to Ethiopia. Forced military recruitment and repatriation, extortion, discrimination, fear of attack and cost of living are additional resource loss factors. Migration from refugee camps in different parts of Ethiopia to Addis Ababa was driven by intrastate conflict, inter-communal violence, poor living conditions in and around the camps and the perceived opportunities and resources of the city. Albeit the well-being of refugees in the city is influenced by a range of resources, diaspora support, particularly among Eritrean refugees, is the most consequential resource mobilized by the refugees to build their resilience. This has turned the city into a passageway of refugee resilience and emigration. Yet, efforts to build refugee resilience in the city are challenged by a number of barriers such as the difficulty of obtaining work licenses and permits, organizational constraints, language barriers, and refugee misconceptions. Addressing severe resource loss factors of resilience and well-being in origin, transit and destination countries of the EHAGL region is sine qua non to prevent and manage the scourge of forced migration in the region.

From Biblical times, Egypt has been a haven for people fleeing persecution and natural disasters. Egypt has continued to fulfill this role into the present. People fled to Egypt after the Armenian massacres in Turkey in the 1920s and from both World Wars.

After the Syrian crisis, the number of Syrian refugees in Turkey is estimated to be approximately four million. Currently, one of the most significant aspects of the integration process of refugees in Turkey is the education of refugee students. Investigating the process of the co-education of refugee and Turkish citizen students in public schools provides some insight into what the future might hold for these refugees and sheds light on the dynamics of living together with locals. The first aim of this research is to explore the reception of the refugee students by the teachers in order to understand inclusion and/or exclusion mechanisms in education. Second, this study examines the roles that ethno-religious and political identities play in relations between teachers and refugee students by focusing on ethno-religious identity and discrimination. Drawing on the debates on orientalism and securitization in migration, it explicates the ways in which teachers justify their judgments and impressions of the refugee students through orientalist codes. To achieve this, public school teachers from two districts of Istanbul were invited to take part in this ethnographic research which was conducted in 2018.

A multi-level governance (MLG) framework is used to investigate how municipalities in Turkey have coped with the arrival of 3.6 million Syrians amid limited resources, an ambiguous legal framework, and changing national policy priorities. Qualitative research in Istanbul, which hosts the largest number of refugees, shows how municipalities have generated capacity by working with actors at other governance levels andin non-governmentalspaces, via formal and informal networks. MLG arrangements did not however imply the retreat of a powerful central state. Rather, they were decisively influenced by existing power relations and governing traditions, specifically a strong state, weak local government, and mistrust of civil society. The research illuminates the complex, and sometimes surprising, relationships between tiers and spheres of governance in shaping local responses to refugee needs. The research demonstrates the explanatory power of MLG in a highly centralized unitary state, outside of the democratic (and mostly federal) contexts where it is usually applied.