Urban Identity

A radical change and transformation process have started in every area of Turkish society with the project of modernization being the main principle of the Republican regime, and many cities in Anatolia, mainly the central cities, have become the application areas of the modernization project. In this period, the new functions required by the new regime have required the construction of public buildings, and these buildings have taken their place in the city and changed the general nature of the city. This transformation first observed in the central cities has also been observed in rural cities in the following years, and the cities have witnessed the similar spatial reflections. In this process, starting from the declaration of the Republic and culminating in the 1950s it is possible to watch the urban development that started in many Anatolian cities begin in Giresun, sustaining its existence as a port of exportation and a trade center on the Black Sea shores from the Ottoman to the Republican Periods. Many public buildings were constructed in the city after it has gained its identity as a provincial capital which happened with the declaration of the Republic. One of the most important structures that could be defined as bearing the architecture heritage of the Republic is "Giresun City Hall". Following the destruction of the Old City Hall in 1939 due to the Erzincan Earthquake, this building was constructed as the City Hall in 1949. Therefore; the building sustaining this function today is an important component of the historiography of the city. The building has sustained its existence as one of the important symbolic buildings of the city both with its position and its architectural character despite the transformation that has occurred in its surroundings in time. For these reasons; reconsideration of the Giresun City Hall as Republican Period building and the assessment of its contribution to the identity of the city within this context are the subjects of this study. To this purpose, this building was assessed with a holistic approach and its relationship to the public areas containing the streets/avenues and boulevards of its surroundings; and the urban functions of the buildings was examined as the elements of the urban identity analysis. The study was conducted in terms of the different periods, and within the scope of the sustainability of the identity, the building was analyzed based on the visuals, plans, archive documents, written and verbal resources belonging to the conditions of different periods and today; and the contribution of the building to the city itself and its architectural properties was discussed within the scope of the style characteristics of the period and the peculiar architectural character of the city.

From the view point of environmental and community psychology perspectives, neighborhood is not only conceptualized
as a constant spatial unit which has sharp, impermeable geographical borders. Within the psychological
view, there are several areas of application currently receiving considerable attention in research and policy development.
One is the domain of physical and social relations of the neighborhood with the city. The other is the research
has been devoted to the understanding of meanings of the neighborhood which are attributed by the inhabitants.
Moreover, another remarkable research domain is the inquiry of different life styles of inhabitants among different
neighborhoods. The aim of the present study was to explore the neighborhood attachment in relation to urban-related
identity. A field research was conducted in Alikahya neighborhood, Izmit, Turkey. The sample consisted of 161
participants (88 males, 73 females). The participants were selected by a random sampling method. All participants
were asked to fill out a questionnaire including several questions related to socio-demographic variables; questions
related to spatial experience; questions related to Satisfaction with Several Domains of Daily Life; Neighborhood
Attachment Scale and Izmit Urban-Related Identity Scale. A principal component analysis yielded three factors
that explained 52.1 % of the total variance. The findings of multiple regression analysis showed that satisfaction
with living in the neighbourhood, the length of residence in the neighborhood, satisfaction with social life in the
neighborhood, satisfaction with the street life, gender and the urban-related identity are the significant predictors of
neighbourhood attachment. The findings were discussed on the basis of related literature and given cultural context.

Seymen, N., & Aydın Türk, Y. (2018). “Bir Kültür Bileşeni Olarak Zanaat ve Mekan”, CRAFTARCH’18 International Art Craft Space Congress – Revitalizing Art Craft Space Relations, Konya, Türkiye, 5-7 Aralık 2018 (pp.283-295), Eğitim Yayınevi.

ÖZ:
Kent kültürü, evrensel değerler ile kentlerin siyasal, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel değerlerini de kapsamaktadır. Kültürel yaşam biçimlerini öne çıkaran en önemli faktörlerden biri de kentteki zanaat ve zanaat mekânlarıdır. Bu mekânların yaşatılması kent kimliği ve kent kültürünün sürdürülebilirliği açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Fakat küreselleşen dünya, günümüzde değişen yaşam koşulları, yeni tüketim alışkanlıklarının ortaya çıkması ile birlikte zanaat gün geçtikçe önemini yitirmekte ve sayısal olarak da azalmaktadır. Çalışmada, zanaatın kent kimliği ve kültüründe önemli bir yere sahip olduğu Trabzon kenti seçilmiştir. Günümüzde tamamen yok olmuş (çömlekçilik, sandıkçılık, sepetçilik ve süpürgecilik), sayıları oldukça azalsa da varlığını sürdürebilen (marangozluk, bakırcılık, demircilik, terzilik, yorgancılık, ayakkabıcılık) ve günümüzün teknolojik, ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel koşullarına uyum sağlayarak gelişen zanaatlar (kuyumculuk: hasır örme-telkâri-kazazlık) kentte önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze zanaat mekânlarının giderek azaldığı ve mekânsal olarak da farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Çalışmada; kentte tarihsel süreç içinde zanaat ve zanaat mekânlarının dönüşümünü mekânsal açıdan irdelemek amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak; literatür araştırması, mevcut duruma ve geçmişe dair niceliksel ve mekânsal tespitler, alan çalışması ve görüşmelerle elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; elde edilen verilere bağlı olarakgeçmiş ve günümüze ilişkin zanaat türlerinin değişimi ve dönüşümü niceliksel ve mekânsal olarak ve karşılaştırılmalı biçimde ortaya koyulmuştur. Zanaat ve zanaat mekânlarının sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin geleceğe yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

ABSTRACT:
Urban culture includes universal values and political, economic, social and cultural values of cities. One of the most important factors that highlight cultural life styles is the craft and craft spaces in the city. The survival of these places is of great importance in terms of urban identity and sustainability of urban culture. However, with the emergence of new global consumption world, changing life conditions and new consumption habits, crafts are losing their importance and decreasing numerically. In the study, the city of Trabzon, which has an important place in the city identity and culture, was chosen. Nowadays it is completely destroyed (pottery, maker of chest, basketry and maker of broom), which can survive even though the numbers are very low (carpentry, coppersmith, ironworking, couture, quilting, shoemaking) and by adapting to the technological, economic and socio-cultural conditions of today, developing economically and spatially ongoing crafts (jewelery: hasır knitting, filigree, kazazlık) have an important place in the city. From past to present, it is seen that craft places are gradually decreasing and spatially different. In Study; The aim of this course is to examine the transformation of craft and craft spaces in a historical process. As a method in the study; The literature research was obtained by the field study and interviews with quantitative and spatial determinations of the current situation and the past. As a result; depending on the data obtained, the change and transformation of the craft types of the past and present have been demonstrated quantitatively and spatially and comparatively. Future suggestions for the sustainability of craft and craft spaces have been developed.

Seymen, N., & Aydın Türk, Y. (2016). "Kent, Mekan ve Kimlik: Kentsel Temalar", 2nd International Conference on Urban Studies - Cities Between The Global and The Local: Strategies, Opportunities, Challenges, İstanbul, Türkiye, 11-13 Mayıs 2016 (pp.555-572), İdeal Kent Yayınları.

ABSTRACT:
The process of globalization, experienced conversion in numerous fields of political, economic and administrative can be watched in cities. New roles have been installed global, national and local scale. These changing roles cause changes in the economic, social and spatial structure of the cities. Depending on global flow, “entrepreneur city”, “brand city”, “culture city” such as term come to the fore front. World politics load important roles to cities in the process of globalization. Accordingly, an exceptional effort behooves in the planning and design of urban spaces in globalized world. Because cities can develop a strategy and compete in order to creating a good image od the city to be different from other cities. Cities make effort to remain in the forefront of significant theme and identities associated with its history, monumental heritage, art, culture and popular custom.
Everything that makes a city can be distinguished features is its identity. Each one has identity depend science, art, religion, history and culture features of important world cities. Depending on identity install specific themes on city. Identity and theme of cities is important in case brand city and global world competitive capacity.
The purpose of this survey discusses thematic content of the city as part of identity item. Accordingly, outstanding with urban theme cities Paris, Vatican and Zürich have been researched. In thematic connection Paris as culture city, Vatican as religion city and Zürich as science and finance city have been examined.
Method of survey, according to literature survey city identity, urban theme and brand city in the globalization process have been examined and conceptual field have been constituted. In the findings of the survey, analyzes were done in selected city within Lynch’s identity component. Thus, urban identity is determined to ensure that the thematic elements of fiction and brand. Depending on the theme of urban identity elements have been analyzed in a spatial context and specific readability city maps have been constituted. As a result of this the cities which analyzed considering the importance of identified cities and urban areas become branding and argues that how their planning and designed process integrated.

TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ:
Küreselleşen dünya üzerinde sermaye, ticaret, nüfus, tüketim malları, kültür ürünleri ve buna benzer öğelerin hareketliliğinin hızlanması ve çeşitlerinin artması nedeniyle artık tüm kentler rekabet halindedir. Marka kent olmak, kentler için rekabet ortamında gücünü belirleyen bir öğe olmuştur. Bu yüzden de dünya üzerinde birçok kent marka oluşturma süreci ya da içinde bulunduğu markayı yenileme sürecindedir.
Küreselleşme süreçlerine bakıldığında kentlerin yapısında meydana gelen değişimler oldukça net şekilde görülmektedir. Kent kimliği de bu değişimlerden en çok etkilenen kavramlardan birisidir. Kent markasının çıkış noktası da kent kimliğidir. Bu nedenle markalaşma sürecinin ilk adımı kentin ayırt edilebilir kimlik elemanlarını, marka değeri oluşturabilecek unsurlarını ön plana çıkaracak ve koruyacak planlama yaklaşımlarında bulunmaktır. Günümüzde yapılan planlama ve markalaşma çalışmaları ne derece insan odaklı ne derece doğru yaklaşımlar tartışılması gereken bir konudur.
Kenti marka yapmak, kent kimliğinin pozitif bileşenlerini ortaya çıkarıp bu bileşenleri başarılı bir şekilde ortaya koymayı gerektirir. BU sayede markalaşma, kentin güçlü yanlarını ortaya koyan, kenti küresel olarak anlamlı kılan, kente ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel açıdan değer katacak bir tema oluşumunu sağlayan stratejidir. Kent eğer bir ürün ise güçlü bir kent teması, bu ürünü diğer kentler arasında fark edilebilir yapmaya sağlayan bir araçtır. Ancak kent markalaştırması sadece ekonomik boyutta düşünülmemelidir. Düşünülmesi gereken sosyolojik ve ekolojik boyutları da vardır. Çünkü kişiler kentlere, mekanlara çeşitli anlamlar yükleyerek belleklerinde o kente dair birtakım izler, kimlikler oluşturmaktadırlar.
Dünya üzerinde kentsel temalarıyla öne çıkan Paris, Vatikan ve Zürih kentleri incelendiğinde, tematik bağlamda Paris’in ”kültür kenti” Vatikan’ın “din kenti” ve Zürih’in “bilim ve finans kenti” olarak marka değerine sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu markalaşmayı sağlayan kentlerin kültürel mirasları, gelenek ve görenekleri, doğal yapıları ve çevreleri, sahip oldukları tarihi ve kültürel çekiciliği, çevreye gösterdikleri özen, kentlere yapılan yatırımlar ve düzenli bir şekilde gelişen planlama stratejileridir. Söz konusu Paris, Vatikan, Zürih gibi kentler kendine küresel pazarda yer bulmuş ve kendi tarihi ve turizm çekiciliği ile markalaşmış kentlerdir.
Bir kente marka değeri yüklerken, özellikle çevresindeki öğelerin doğru analiz edilmesi gereklidir. Kentin çevresi, doğal çevre, beşeri çevre ve insan eliyle yapılmış çevre olarak üç başlık altında incelenebilir. Kentin konumlandığı bölgenin coğrafi yapısı, toplumda yaşayan bireylerin kimliği ve insanlar tarafından yapılmış çevre elemanları bir bütün olarak ele alınıp planlanmalıdır (Önem ve Kılıçarslan, 2005).
Her kent yatırımcı ve ziyaretçilerin beklentilerini karşılayacak olguları çok iyi organize etmelidir. Bunu yaparken Avrupa ve Amerika’da birçok örneği bulunan planlama grupları oluşturulmalıdır. Geniş katılımlı bir planlama politikası kentin sorunları ve vizyonu için uzun dönem çözüm önerileri ve uzun vadeli bir eylem planı geliştirip, kenti bu süreçte başarıya ulaştırabilir. Bir kentin marka olması için o kentin yöneticilerinin ve halkının aynı fikirde buluşması, bu fikre sahip çıkması ve fikri yaşatmalar gerekir. Marka kent oluşumu için yalnızca ekonomik değil sosyal, ekolojik, tarihsel ve kültürel süreçler iyice düşünülüp asıl önemli olanın birey olduğu düşüncesiyle planlamalar geliştirilmeli ve olumlu sonuçlar beklenmelidir.

Cities, like a living organism, form their own memory and identity with their social codes and cultural values that have preserved the past and present. The city builds its urban identity while creating its memory with spatial and structural memory. To move the historical and cultural characteristics of the residential areas to future generations in a sustainable way; originality, continuity of use, construction technique and aesthetic values are possible with the identity values in the urban memory. The residential areas that can protect their past and identity socially, culturally and spatially have been the subject of many studies with their originality and sustainable design understanding. Anatolian traditional settlement areas have carried the spatial identity value they have demonstrated with their historical and cultural accumulation from past to present. These settlements, which sometimes cannot be fully integrated into the city, have become tourists that attract tourists with their spatial identity value for some cities. Traditional residential areas that appeal to people's past feelings of knowledge and belonging continue to create both identity and brand values of cities. Along with the sustainable design approach and unique identity value, traditional residential areas and design understanding still need to be examined. Thus, the study aims to analyze the unique aspects of traditional residential areas that support sustainability and create urban identity. In the context of the study, the literature on sustainable traditional residential areas in the context of urban identity has been examined. In the light of the data obtained, different traditional residential areas of Anatolia were examined. As a result of the study, it is aimed that the design understanding of traditional residential areas that contribute to the city's identity value will be a reference to modern architecture.

Keywords: Urban Identity; Traditional Residential Areas; Sustainability; Sustainable Traditional Design