University of Southeastern Philippines

EMMNAUEL D. GUARDE, PhD
Mangyan Alangan
2015

Rooted in the need to provide culturally relevant and responsive education to the Mangyan-Alangan community, specifically the kindergarten pupils in the municipalities of Baco and Naujan, Oriental Mindoro, this study addresses the significant gap in educational resources tailored to the unique cultural and behavioral attributes of the Mangyan-Alangan people. By proposing an Indigenous Learning Kit, the study aims to strengthen the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program while ensuring that the cultural identity and traditional knowledge of the Mangyan-Alangan community are preserved and integrated into formal education.
The study is guided by the principles of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), and the Department of Education’s policy on Indigenous Peoples Education. These legal frameworks emphasize the importance of providing quality education that respects and reflects the cultural heritage and language of indigenous communities. For the Mangyan-Alangan kindergarten pupils, education becomes not only a means of academic development but also a vehicle for cultural preservation and social integration.
Moreover, the study draws from established educational and psychological theories such as Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory, Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, and Skinner’s Theory of Behaviorism. These theories support the idea that learning is most effective when it is connected to the learner’s environment, experiences, and cultural background. By using culturally familiar concepts, language, and materials, the proposed Indigenous Learning Kit is expected to enhance the pupils' motivation, engagement, and academic performance.
The significance of this study extends to various stakeholders, including Mangyan-Alangan pupils, teachers, parents, school administrators, curriculum planners, and the broader educational community. The Indigenous Learning Kit will serve as a valuable tool for teachers—both indigenous and non-indigenous—in delivering lessons that are culturally sensitive and pedagogically effective. It will also help non-IP teachers better understand and respond to the unique learning needs of Mangyan-Alangan students.
Ultimately, this study seeks to empower the Mangyan-Alangan community by promoting an education system that is inclusive, equitable, and reflective of their cultural identity. Through the development of the Indigenous Learning Kit, the study aspires to contribute to the creation of a more culturally responsive and effective educational framework that honors and integrates the rich heritage of the Mangyan-Alangan people.

The division of Academic Affairs is the heartbeat of institutional transformation.  These leaders are responsible for stewarding the university’s intellectual and operational core while simultaneously navigating a complex ecosystem at the confluence of teaching, research, and service.  They are not just administrators; they are stewards of knowledge, creators of culture, and architects of the institution’s future.  However, their dual responsibilities for ensuring academic excellence and fostering innovation can produce conflicting demands, requiring a nuanced approach to leadership.  This document offers a reflection on leadership, scholarship, and transformative practices and suggests a comprehensive approach to advancing the work of Academic Affairs through intentional scholarship, adaptive strategies, and reflective practices.  The premise is simple yet profound: for Academic Affairs to lead effectively, it must embody the best qualities of the scholar-practitioners on our faculties, becoming leaders who can bridge theory and practice to create systems that are responsive, equitable, and innovative.

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the sustainable manufacturing strategies commonly used by multinational firms in Nairobi and to establish the relationship between sustainable manufacturing strategies and production efficiency of multinational firms in Nairobi, Kenya. Design/Research method: This study used a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 164 manufacturing firms. The quantitative data collected was analysed by the use of descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between manufacturing strategy and production efficiency. Finding: The manufacturing multinational firms adopted total quality management, production planning & control and plant & equipment maintenance strategies which contribute a major part of the production efficiency of multinational firms in Nairobi. The study concludes that most of the manufacturing multinational f...

The travail of man in the world today is that he has become an object of fate to other subjects rather than the other way round. He is constantly at war with himself and his world. He allows others to define him, but can't redeem himself and his capabilities. As such, the notion of suicide or psychological breakdown comes into existence when he can't handle his anxieties. In this research, we consider how man can explore his potential to attain his goals amidst fears and uncertainties. This serves to prevent a man from committing suicide and embracing limitless opportunities.

KEYWORDS: Transcendentalism, ideologies, potential, existence, rational, fundamental.

The Department of Agriculture Agricultural Training Institute is continually keeping up with the challenges on the implementation of its extension programs." This study elaborates on the effectiveness of the Learning Sites (LS) and School for Practical Agriculture (SPA) in delivering technologies to farmers. Mixed methods approach was used to generate qualitative and quantitative measures. These included the conduct of focus group discussion, survey, and field visits. There were 10 participants in the FGD and 154 respondents for the survey. Regression analysis was used to explain the determinants of the effectiveness of established program objectives. Return on investment and value for money estimates showed that farmers' income increased. Moreover, the sufficiency of inputs and conduciveness of the facilities were found to directly relate to program success. Consequently, the implementation of LS and SPA is deemed effective and sustainable.

Keywords Hometown Tax Donation • AIDA • Tax credit • Tax return • Gifts 2.1 Overview of Hometown Tax Donation Hometown Tax Donation is a system that enables citizens to donate to prefectures or municipalities of their choice. Donations are subject to tax credits, with donors essentially receiving a cashback for any amount donated exceeding 2000 yen in the form of inhabitant tax credit and income tax return. For instance, if a resident of Tokyo donates 10,000 yen to one's hometown municipality, the resident will pay 8000 yen less inhabitant tax the following fiscal year. Thus, the system enables donating 10,000 yen to one's hometown with an actual cash outflow of only 2000 yen. Individuals who are originally from rural areas but now work in Tokyo have limited means to repay their hometown, but Hometown Tax Donation enables one to do so. Donations can be made not only to one's hometown but to any municipality; for instance, municipalities one is associated with in some way, has enjoyed visiting, or wants to support for disaster relief. When making a Hometown Tax Donation, the maximum amount donated subject to receiving tax credit and tax return benefits (cashback) is 20% of one's inhabitant tax amount. (This upper limit was 10% until March 2015, but was raised to 20% in April 2015 accompanying a tax reform aimed at promoting the system.) Since the donor will pay less inhabitant tax in the following fiscal year, the donor's residential municipality will end up with less tax revenue. Without this upper limit, urban municipalities will face the risk of a bottomless drop in tax revenue. This chapter is based on part of a study by Hoda and Yasui (2017) with some revisions and additions.

Research Series has been established as a subseries of the SpringerBrief in Economics Series, but in fact this exciting interdisciplinary collection encompasses scholarly research not only in the economics but also in law, political science, business and management, accounting, international relations, and other subdisciplines within the social sciences. As a national university with a special strength in the social sciences, Kobe University actively promotes interdisciplinary research. This series is not limited only to research emerging from Kobe University's faculties of social sciences but also welcomes cross-disciplinary research that integrates studies in the arts and sciences. Kobe University, founded in 1902, is the second oldest national higher education institution for commerce in Japan and is now a preeminent institution for social science research and education in the country. Currently, the social sciences section includes four faculties-Law, Economics, Business Administration, and International Cooperation Studies-and the Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration (RIEB). There are some 230-plus researchers who belong to these faculties and conduct joint research through the Center for Social Systems Innovation and the Organization for Advanced and Integrated Research, Kobe University. This book series comprises academic works by researchers in the social sciences at Kobe University as well as their collaborators at affiliated institutions, Kobe University alumni and their colleagues, and renowned scholars from around the world who have worked with academic staff at Kobe University. Although traditionally the research of Japanese scholars has been publicized mainly in the Japanese language, Kobe University strives to promote publication and dissemination of works in English in

La gestión de la identidad digital implica un proceso permanente y consciente del manejo de información personal y contenido que se comparte en Internet, con miras a proteger la privacidad y reputación digital. El objetivo del artículo es describir el proceso de diseño y validación de la escala de percepción titulada IDentifica2.0, creada para medir la gestión de la identidad digital, instrumento empleado para la investigación doctoral en Sistemas y Ambientes Educativos de la Universidad Veracruzana, México. La escala de Likert desarrollada contiene cinco dimensiones: creación de la identidad digital, visibilidad, privacidad y seguridad en Internet, reputación digital y efectos de la identidad digital en el ámbito personal. Se aplicó a 319 estudiantes de la licenciatura en Pedagogía de la Universidad Veracruzana (88 % de mujeres y 12 % de mujeres). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para determinar su validez, que derivó en la eliminación de ítems con baja o nula correlación. Como parte de los resultados, se obtuvo un alfa de 0.80 y un índice Kaiser Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0.728 global para las cinco subescalas. La versión final contiene 32 ítems agrupados en cinco factores. La escala IDentifica2.0 cuenta con un nivel aceptable de confiabilidad y validez para medir la gestión de la identidad digital, y abona al análisis de esta competencia digital.

The infratemporal fossa is a complex area located at the base of the skull, deep to the masseter muscle.

It is closely associated with both the temporal and pterygopalatine fossae and acts as a conduit for neurovascular structures entering and leaving the cranial cavity.

This article will outline the borders and content of the fossa before examining its clinical relevance.
Borders
The infratemporal fossa can be said to have a wedge shape. It is located deep to the masseter muscle and zygomatic arch (to which the masseter attaches). The fossa is closely associated with both the pterygopalatine fossa, via the pterygomaxillary fissure, and also communicates with the temporal fossa, which lies superiorly (figure 1.0).

The boundaries of this complex structure consists of both bone and muscle:

Lateral – condylar process and ramus of the mandible bone
Medial – lateral pterygoid plate; tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatine and superior constrictor muscles
Anterior – posterior border of the maxillary sinus
Posterior – carotid sheath
Roof – greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Floor – medial pterygoid muscle
The roof of the infratemporal fossa, formed by the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, provides an important passage for the neurovascular structures transmitted through the foramen ovale and spinosum. Among these are the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery.
Contents
The infratemporal fossa acts as a pathway for neurovascular structures passing to and from the cranial cavity, pterygopalatine fossa and temporal fossa. It also contains some of the muscles of mastication. In fact, the lateral pterygoid splits the fossa contents in half – the branches of the mandibular nerve lay deep to the muscle, while the maxillary artery is superficial to it.

Muscles
The infratemporal fossa is associated with the muscles of mastication. The medial and lateral pterygoids are located within the fossa itself, whilst the masseter and temporalis muscles insert and originate into the borders of the fossa.

Four small masses of epithelial tissue are embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. These are parathyroid glands, and they secrete parathyroid hormone or parathormone. Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels.
Underactive parathyroid (hypoparathyroidism). Tumours of the parathyroid, such as parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid cancer. As with the thyroid, the parathyroid glands produce hormones which travel in the blood and affect body systems, so a problem with the gland usually leads to symptoms elsewhere in the body.

The larynx is a respiratory organ located located within the anterior aspect of the neck.
Anterior to the inferior portion of the pharynx but superior to the trachea, lies below the hyoid bone in the midline at C3-6 vertebra level.
Its primary function is to provide a protective sphincter for air passages.
Other functions are phonation, coughing, valsava maneuver, control of ventilation.

The majority of people in the Philippines patronized the services of government hospitals with particular emphasis on affordability and health care services, including laboratory tests. Laboratories are a crucial component of hospitals and should provide accurate results. To deliver reliable findings, laboratories comply with standardized quality management essentials. The standards include detailed instructions about the laboratory setting, human resources, tools, and supplies. This study investigates the level of compliance of national government hospitals with the existing quality management essentials before the pandemic. Government hospitals in the National Capital Region (NCR) were assessed by employing surveys and interviews with key laboratory personnel. The results show that hospital laboratories in NCR largely complied with the implementation of quality system essentials, particularly with the local licensure standards but significantly lower in compliance with WHO standards. The compliance rating of each indicator within the quality system essential is substantially different from one hospital laboratory to another; however, since the quality improvement process is a system of interconnected indicators, the lower-rated compliance indicators were significantly pulled by the higher-rated compliance. From the observation, a continuous improvement model is crucial for the standard examination of

Not-for-Profits (NFP) play an important role in the United States. Boards of Directors are integral components of governance associated with NFPs. This case discusses some of the financial issues with which the Board must be both aware and diligent. Students are encouraged through the case discussion of the demise of the NFP to identify errors the Board made and suggest actions the Board could have taken.

Bringing together a multidisciplinary conversation about the entanglement of nature and society in the Korean peninsula, Forces of Nature aims to define and develop the field of the Korean environmental humanities. At its core, the volume works to foreground non-human agents that have long been marginalized in Korean studies, placing flora, fauna, mineral deposits, and climatic conditions that have hitherto been confined to footnotes front and center. In the process, the authors blaze new trails through Korea's social and physical landscapes.

What emerges is a deeper appreciation of the environmental conflicts that have animated life in Korea. The authors show how natural processes have continually shaped the course of events on the peninsula—how floods, droughts, famines, fires, and pests have inexorably impinged on human affairs—and how different forces have been mobilized by the state to variously, control, extract, modernize, and showcase the Korean landscape. Forces of Nature suggestively reveals Korea's physical landscape to be not so much a passive context to Korea's history, but an active agent in its transformation and reinvention across centuries.

The goal of this research was to assess factors influencing participation of households in solid waste management in Muhanga city of southern province, Rwanda; more specifically, the research had the following specific objectives were to analyze factors influencing household participation in solid waste management in Muhanga City, to examine the solid waste management at household level in Muhanga city and to establish whether there is a significant effect of household participation in solid waste management in Muhanga city. The ANOVA tables proved better understandings of how the regression equation predicts the behaviors of the dependent against independent variables, and the model equation proved that the data are fit in the equation. The regression models predicted that the dependent variable was strongly significant as the data sample we have is fit. In the "sig." column, we find that the value of P is less than 0.005 that is P<0.005 (note that the value less than 0.005 is interpreted as 000 in the SPSS outputs). From that point, regression analysis revealed a positive relationship (R = 975). The R coefficient of 0.975 indicates that the predictors of the model which family size and cost, have a correlation of 97.5% with the dependent variable (solid waste management) The study also revealed that a combination of family size and cost together contributed to 95.2% (R 2 = 0.952) of the solid waste management. Therefore, we concluded that the regression model was statistically significant and predict the results from our variables. The side of the Model summary exemplified that the R-value indicated some simple correlations between our variables. This demonstrated a higher degree of correlation between the dependent and independent variables from the study. Similarly, the R square proved how the total variation between all the dependent variables and solid waste management was in relation. This lead us to conclude that there was a strong relationship between family size, cost and solid waste management in Muhanga district. From the shortcomings of the research, the following recommendations have been provided; there is need to create awareness and sensitize households on integrated solid waste management especially on how households can reduce, reuse and recycle the generated solid wastes at household level by the County Government.Segregation of solid wastes at the household should be encouraged as this makes it easy to deal with the different types of solid wastes in Muhanga City.

The biblical writers utilize the metaphor of marriage to describe the relationship between God and humanity. Within this imagery, the people of God are often depicted as a bride. This thesis contributes to an understanding of the metaphor of marriage in Scripture by analyzing the sociohistorical wedding practices of ancient Judaism. The use of the metaphor in both Old and New Testaments is examined, followed by an analysis of bridal language in early Pentecostal periodical literature. It concludes with a constructive Pentecostal ecclesiology structured on the characters and the stages found within the typical Jewish wedding. v For my beautiful bride, Bethany, "Come what may.

Pembukuan dan pencatatan pajak pada dasarnya merupakan jenis kegiatan akuntansi perpajakan. Hal ini berfungsi sebagai suatu pedoman yang bertujuan untuk mempermudah wajib pajak terutama dalam menunaikan kewajibannya, terutama yang berkaitan dengan pembayaran pajak dan sejenisnya.

Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis
Beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Penicillins *
Cephalosporins*
Carbapenems *
Monobactams*
Beta-lactamase inhibitors *
Non-beta lactam antibacterial drugs
Vancomycin*
Teicoplanin*
Daptomycin*

Drugs acting on symptoms manifested in the
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

PEPTIC ULCERS AND GERD
Physiology - participating cell-types
Parietal cells –

2. Peptic cells (chief cells) –

3. Neuroendocrine cells

4. Mucous and bicarbonate secreting cells

5. Prostaglandin-secreting cells

Atypical mycobacteria have distinctive lab x-tics
They are present in the environment & are not communicable from person to person.
As a rule, these mycobacterial species are less susceptible than M tuberculosis to antituberculous drugs.

Protozoa is a group of single-celled organisms found in the env’t or transmitted to man and cause d’se
Protozoal organisms can exist as with hosts in two forms:
Without any harm caused to the host
Mutualism
Symbiosis
Endosymbiosis
With harm caused to the host
Viral infection
Bactetrial infection
Parasitic disease

A great opportunity for international researchers to send their abstracts and participate in the conference, as the conference covers all costs including plane tickets, accommodation and publication of researches for free in a reliable journal.
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Materials play a big part in the manufacturing firms as it account for about 56% of the annual turnover. This research analyzed the attention and recognition the Kenyan manufacturing firms are giving to the materials management. The motivation of the study was based on the fact that longterm success and survival of any Organization depends entirely on how well organization are managing their costs. The study was a survey of medium and large manufacturing firms based in Nairobi. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire consisting mainly of close-ended questions and some few open-ended questions. The main objective of this study was to determine the kind of attention and recognition the Kenyan manufacturing firms are giving to material management and also shed light on the benefits of adopting good materials management practices. A sample size of 55 firms was collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The research revealed that not much attention was given to ...

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to determine the sustainable manufacturing strategies commonly used by multinational firms in Nairobi and to establish the relationship between sustainable manufacturing strategies and production efficiency of multinational firms in Nairobi, Kenya. Design/Research method: This study used a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 164 manufacturing firms. The quantitative data collected was analysed by the use of descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between manufacturing strategy and production efficiency. Finding: The manufacturing multinational firms adopted total quality management, production planning & control and plant & equipment maintenance strategies which contribute a major part of the production efficiency of multinational firms in Nairobi. The study concludes that most of the manufacturing multinational f...

The Department of Agriculture Agricultural Training Institute is continually keeping up with the challenges on the implementation of its extension programs.&quot; This study elaborates on the effectiveness of the Learning Sites (LS) and School for Practical Agriculture (SPA) in delivering technologies to farmers. Mixed methods approach was used to generate qualitative and quantitative measures. These included the conduct of focus group discussion, survey, and field visits. There were 10 participants in the FGD and 154 respondents for the survey. Regression analysis was used to explain the determinants of the effectiveness of established program objectives. Return on investment and value for money estimates showed that farmers&#39; income increased. Moreover, the sufficiency of inputs and conduciveness of the facilities were found to directly relate to program success. Consequently, the implementation of LS and SPA is deemed effective and sustainable.

The legal framework for the Philippine Third Sector has been very supportive and encouraging. Third Sector Organizations (TSOs) may exist and operate without being registered with any government agency. Registration is required only if the TSO wants to access or raise funds, open a bank account, enter into contracts, participate in a government program, or simply to have a legal personality. Some donors base their giving on the people involved and the advocacies that TSOs promote and are not even concerned whether they are registered or not. There are a number of government agencies where a TSO could register, get a license, or be accredited, and procedures are easy and simple. In general, the Third Sector the world over is averse to extensive regulation. Does a very liberal legal environment, however, protect the sector itself? The ease in obtaining a legal personality in the Philippines has made TSOs vulnerable as mechanisms for the commission of fraud and, indeed, they have time ...

The biblical writers utilize the metaphor of marriage to describe the relationship between God and humanity. Within this imagery, the people of God are often depicted as a bride. This thesis contributes to an understanding of the metaphor of marriage in Scripture by analyzing the sociohistorical wedding practices of ancient Judaism. The use of the metaphor in both Old and New Testaments is examined, followed by an analysis of bridal language in early Pentecostal periodical literature. It concludes with a constructive Pentecostal ecclesiology structured on the characters and the stages found within the typical Jewish wedding. v For my beautiful bride, Bethany, "Come what may.

Research Series has been established as a subseries of the SpringerBrief in Economics Series, but in fact this exciting interdisciplinary collection encompasses scholarly research not only in the economics but also in law, political science, business and management, accounting, international relations, and other subdisciplines within the social sciences. As a national university with a special strength in the social sciences, Kobe University actively promotes interdisciplinary research. This series is not limited only to research emerging from Kobe University's faculties of social sciences but also welcomes cross-disciplinary research that integrates studies in the arts and sciences. Kobe University, founded in 1902, is the second oldest national higher education institution for commerce in Japan and is now a preeminent institution for social science research and education in the country. Currently, the social sciences section includes four faculties-Law, Economics, Business Administration, and International Cooperation Studies-and the Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration (RIEB). There are some 230-plus researchers who belong to these faculties and conduct joint research through the Center for Social Systems Innovation and the Organization for Advanced and Integrated Research, Kobe University. This book series comprises academic works by researchers in the social sciences at Kobe University as well as their collaborators at affiliated institutions, Kobe University alumni and their colleagues, and renowned scholars from around the world who have worked with academic staff at Kobe University. Although traditionally the research of Japanese scholars has been publicized mainly in the Japanese language, Kobe University strives to promote publication and dissemination of works in English in

This paper delves on the governmental services in the Philippines highlighting the delivery of services to the transacting public characterized by bureaucratic inefficiency that engenders corruption. The assessment begins with a description of the state of governmental services from Spanish era to contemporary times. The review takes on public sector reforms by citing the efforts of the government to dispense with bureaucratic red tape, including pre-Anti Red Tape Act reform initiatives, the contextualization of the Citizen's Charter at the national and local level, and the ease of doing business as the new road map towards an efficient, effective, and economical public service delivery.

Keywords Hometown Tax Donation • AIDA • Tax credit • Tax return • Gifts 2.1 Overview of Hometown Tax Donation Hometown Tax Donation is a system that enables citizens to donate to prefectures or municipalities of their choice. Donations are subject to tax credits, with donors essentially receiving a cashback for any amount donated exceeding 2000 yen in the form of inhabitant tax credit and income tax return. For instance, if a resident of Tokyo donates 10,000 yen to one's hometown municipality, the resident will pay 8000 yen less inhabitant tax the following fiscal year. Thus, the system enables donating 10,000 yen to one's hometown with an actual cash outflow of only 2000 yen. Individuals who are originally from rural areas but now work in Tokyo have limited means to repay their hometown, but Hometown Tax Donation enables one to do so. Donations can be made not only to one's hometown but to any municipality; for instance, municipalities one is associated with in some way, has enjoyed visiting, or wants to support for disaster relief. When making a Hometown Tax Donation, the maximum amount donated subject to receiving tax credit and tax return benefits (cashback) is 20% of one's inhabitant tax amount. (This upper limit was 10% until March 2015, but was raised to 20% in April 2015 accompanying a tax reform aimed at promoting the system.) Since the donor will pay less inhabitant tax in the following fiscal year, the donor's residential municipality will end up with less tax revenue. Without this upper limit, urban municipalities will face the risk of a bottomless drop in tax revenue. This chapter is based on part of a study by Hoda and Yasui (2017) with some revisions and additions.

Research Series has been established as a subseries of the SpringerBrief in Economics Series, but in fact this exciting interdisciplinary collection encompasses scholarly research not only in the economics but also in law, political science, business and management, accounting, international relations, and other subdisciplines within the social sciences. As a national university with a special strength in the social sciences, Kobe University actively promotes interdisciplinary research. This series is not limited only to research emerging from Kobe University's faculties of social sciences but also welcomes cross-disciplinary research that integrates studies in the arts and sciences. Kobe University, founded in 1902, is the second oldest national higher education institution for commerce in Japan and is now a preeminent institution for social science research and education in the country. Currently, the social sciences section includes four faculties-Law, Economics, Business Administration, and International Cooperation Studies-and the Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration (RIEB). There are some 230-plus researchers who belong to these faculties and conduct joint research through the Center for Social Systems Innovation and the Organization for Advanced and Integrated Research, Kobe University. This book series comprises academic works by researchers in the social sciences at Kobe University as well as their collaborators at affiliated institutions, Kobe University alumni and their colleagues, and renowned scholars from around the world who have worked with academic staff at Kobe University. Although traditionally the research of Japanese scholars has been publicized mainly in the Japanese language, Kobe University strives to promote publication and dissemination of works in English in

As modern constitutions speak in the name of the people, they contribute to constituting the body politic by making potentially contentious claims about its members' identity, rights, and duties. Focusing on the North and South Korean Constitutions, this article examines the claims about peoplehood articulated in both texts since their concurrent adoption in 1948. The analysis argues that these claims are irreducible to the North and the South competing over two ideologically antagonistic conceptions of the body politic-a rivalry supposedly embodied in and magnified by their constitutions' use of differentiated terms to designate the people: inmin and kungmin. Instead, these categories should be seen in light of their synchronic commonalities in the North and South Korean Constitutions as well as diachronic transformations throughout the successive versions of each text, revealing that constituting the people has been less a matter of conflict between both Koreas than within each.

Poverty is about not having sufficient money or financial incomes to meet essential needs such as food, apparel and houses or protection. In the reason for this situation, people have been intensely experiencing it due to the root causes of the issue of poverty, which are graft and corruption, lack of quality education, and overpopulation, those are supposed to eradicate, to be aware and responsible for our country.