Universal Basic Education

It is observed that many well-designed programmes of government meant for the upliftment of the educational system. One of such programmes in Nigeria is the Universal Basic Education (U.B.E) programme. This programme has been hampered by a number of implementation challenges. This study tried to identify these challenges faced by teachers while implementing the Universal Basic Education programme. Two research questions guided the study. Simple random sampling was used in drawing respondents. The questionnaire for the study was designed by the researchers. Data were analyzed using the mean. The findings of the study revealed the challenges that are faced by teachers in the implementation of Universal Basic Education. Finally, conclusions with some recommendations were made.

This study examined the influence of resource utilization on job effectiveness of business studies teachers in Public Junior Secondary Schools in Kwara State of Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative research design to achieve the purpose of the study and a total enumeration sampling method to select 1,054 business studies teachers for the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics and were used to perform the data analyses. The findings revealed that the level of job effectiveness among the respondents is high (Mean=3.14). The level of resource utilization is moderately high (x=2.70). Human resource utilization (1.007; t-value = 48.333, p <.000) strongly and positively influence job effectiveness when considered separately, while instructional resource utilization (-0.511; t =-10.420, p <.000) and infrastructural resource utilization (0.483; t = 9.475, p <.000) both contribute positively to job effectiveness. The authors recommend, among others, that government should endeavour to continuous investment financial resources on professional development programmes in order to aid effective curriculum development and instructional delivery.

Throughout the global society, the greatest factors that affect learning are: environmental factors
and the Genetic factors, it is how adequately this problems are managed that learners can
accomplished their objectives covering good character building a comprehensive understanding
in memory retention and expression, which will be transformed to the society and the entire global
world. Based on this, learners supported by the teachers as the leaders of the role model convoy,
need good administrative office supported and enhanced with all work easy carrying facilities,
such as Electricity for laboratory and library works, water for both consumption and domestic
washing, particularly for a boarding school students. Besides this, the learners, academic and non
academic staffs required a good transport scheme for emergency situation and other unplanned
logistic or even school excursion. This is what the article have considered obligatory to measure
and evaluate its presence. Efficiency and usage particularly as it affect all new UBE school Build
by Governor Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi of Rivers State. The research paper employed open random
sampling method and zoning system in data collection, which also required the use of
questionnaires and interview. Respondents targeted at the population include the staffs in school
within Port Harcourt South and Port Harcourt North covering Obio/akpor LGA and the old Port
Harcourt township respectively.

This study assessed the efficacy of the deployment of ethno-science in the teaching and learning of difficult concepts in Basic Science at Junior Secondary three level of education in Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District of Nigeria. The study used the Quasi-Experimental with pretest post test non-randomized-control group design. A sample size of three hundred students and six teachers teaching Basic Science in the selected schools were utilized for the study. An ethno science teachers rating scale (ESTRS) and Basic Science achievement test (BASAT) were developed by the researcher and used for data collection. The instruments were face and content validated by experts in both curriculum and instruction as well as measurement and evaluation. The BASAT was trial-tested on 40 students and the reliability index was 0.85 calculated using Kuda Richardson 20 (KR – 20). The findings of the study revealed that student in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group in the achievement test. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others, that teachers should be encouraged to use ethno-science in teaching Basic Science at the Junior Secondary School level of education as this promoted meaningful learning.

Keywords: ethno science, efficacy, learning, difficult concepts, Basic Science.

Education is one of the most important weapons to fight many ills in any developed and developing economies the world over. Educational system cannot on its own works without the necessary resources such as materials, financial and human. This paper examines place of managers in the effectiveness and efficient management of the educational resources in secondary schools in Oyo state. The paper also delves into some impediments or hindrances to the managers in the bid to discharge their duties in the field. This paper reviews the educational policy of Oyo state and pointed out some flaws. Few recommendation were suggested which include among others that the government should put in place a good and dedicated monitoring team.

The study was designed to investigate the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills via the provision and utilization of facilities and equipment in Lagos State Public Junior Secondary Schools. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Population for the study included the 288 public Junior Secondary Schools in Lagos State out of which 60 were randomly selected for the study. A questionnaire was developed, validated and used to collect data for the study. Data collected were analyzed through the use of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The findings reveal that, from the provision of facilities, students were able to acquire entrepreneurial skills moderately; also that the more the students utilize provided facilities, the more they acquire entrepreneurial skills and finally, that as the facilities are provided so are they utilized by the students.

This article addresses the inclusion of students with disabilities into the Education for All and Sustainable Development Goals agenda through a case study of Ethiopia, a country aiming to promote inclusive education amidst rapidly rising school enrolments. The article begins with a review of debates concerning inclusive education in the Global South and the strategy taken by Ethiopia. It then examines how inclusive education is currently being implemented drawing on recent fieldwork at rural and urban schools in Tigray province. Through interviews, participant observation, and focus groups, we found that teachers and school administrators are generally in favour of mainstreaming children with disabilities into 'normal' schools. However, insufficient training of teachers and itinerant teachers along with shortages of teaching materials and resources present major challenges to addressing special education needs.

Parent-Teacher Association is a formal organization composed of parents, teachers and staff that is intended to facilitate parental participation in a school and the functions of this organization is of utmost importance to the effectiveness of administration of public secondary schools. This study investigated the factors of Parent-Teacher Association in the administration of public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District of Ondo State.

The study adopted the descriptive survey design with administrative effectiveness as the dependent
variable and three independent variables: (roles, leadership, and functionality of PTA). The study
also used a self-developed Parent-Teacher Association Factors and Administration of Public Secondary School Questionnaire (PTAFAPSSQ) to obtain data from school administrators which includes the principals, vice principals and PTA executive members in selected public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District of Ondo State. The questionnaire was administered to
126 respondents (18 principals, 36 vice principals and 72 PTA executive members) and 123 questionnaires were retrieved, this returned a response rate of 97.6%. Data obtained was analyzed using simple percentages, frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, PPMC and multiple regression analysis.

The findings showed that the level of administrative effectiveness in public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District was low (𝑥̅ = 2.1); that PTA roles (𝑥̅ = 3.17), PTA leadership (𝑥̅ = 3.28) and PTA functionality (𝑥̅ = 3.35), were at an adequate extent in the administration of
public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District of Ondo State. There was insignificant relationship between PTA roles [r = 0.016; p = 0.856], PTA functionality [r = -0.125; p = 0.169] and administration of public secondary schools, while there was significant relationship between PTA leadership and administration of public secondary schools [r = 0.562; p = 0.000]. Also, the findings showed that PTA roles (Beta = -0.192, p<0.05), PTA leadership (Beta = 1.378, p<0.05) and PTA functionality (Beta = 0.982, p<0.05) have relative influence on the administrative effectiveness of public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District. The Analysis of variance of the multiple regression data produced an F-ratio of F (1.121) = 3.389 and found not to be significant at 0.05 Alpha level.

The findings showed the importance of PTA and how it has in many ways assisted the government in reducing both physical and financial burden through its roles and functionality. The study concluded that roles and functionality of PTA do not have significant relationship with administrative effectiveness of public secondary schools, but the leadership of PTA had significant
influence on administrative effectiveness. The study recommended that focus should be more on enhancing leadership quality of PTA executives in order to be effective in their support in the administration of public secondary schools in Ondo Central Senatorial District of Nigeria.

This paper presents a proposal for new curricula for the preparation of mathematics teachers for the effective implementation of UB£. The opinion of 1000 subjects. including primary school teachers. secondary school mathematics teachers. and teacher educators was sought on the need to reviel1 the current mathematics teachers' education curricula and the proposed curricula. The results show that the respondents agreed that there is a need for complete review of the current mathematics teachers' education curricula towards the effective implementation of UB£. The respondents also agreed with the proposed mathematics teachers' education curricula.

The need for reform in the education sector in Nigeria is inevitable judging from the decline in the standard of educational. Educationist self is a systematic training, which could be in school, college or trade centers to reform is to form again. Therefore, educational reform towards national development is that education that should make Nigeria grow larger, more mature and organized. To achieve this set target, the author is of the opinion that vocational education as an instrument for self-actualization and development is strategically significant. There could be other areas where this could be achieved but the focus of the writers is centred on art.Different area to achieve this are discussed, their impediments and solutions and recommendation proffered Education is a commonly used term which has various meanings to various people; yet it is a very important concept to the society. Therefore, education cannot be definite as it means different things to different people depending on their perception of what it is. Education can simply mean "knowledge""enlightenment" or "wisdom". So, education is the process of transmitting social lore, values and desirable attitudes from one generation to another: Education seeks to socialize individuals so as to equip them with the desired mode of behavior that is in conformity with the way of life of the society in which they live. It is the process of teaching, training and learning in schools and college for the development of knowledge and skills so as to prepare individuals' to live happily with themselves and others in the society where they live.Mill (1931) state that education includes "whatever we do for ourselves and whatever is done for us by others for the express purpose of bringing us nearer to the perfection of our nature. In comprehends even the indirect effects produced on character, and on the human faculties, by things of which the direct purposes are quite different by law, by form of government, by the industrial arts, by mode of social life, even by physical facts not depending on human will, by climate, soil and local position.

In this paper, the origin of Universal Basic Education (UBE), its objectives, contents and problems facing the implementation of the programme have been discussed. The major problems facing the success of the UBE programme in Akwa Ibom state were found to include, population explosion and lack of qualified/adequate teachers. Measures that can be adopted to correct some of these failures have been highlighted. The implementation of the UBE programme in Akwa Ibom State is viewed by the authors as a measure that should be improved to the latest.

Most of Nigeria's 36 states are dependent on the Federal Government for the bulk of their revenue. This is an aberration as they are supposed to meet their fiscal obligations from Internally Generated Revenue (IGR), augmented by funds from the Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC). Revenue from FAAC, which was supposed to be secondary, has become the mainstay of most states. Only a handful of them come close to meeting their financial obligations from IGR, casting a shadow of insolvency across the states. With the recent pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its disruptions in the global economy, FAAC has dwindled significantly, compelling Nigeria and her subnational to look inwards towards sustainability. This study uses the descriptive data analysis method to examine the revenue performance of states in Nigeria's southeast, to advance strategies for increased IGR mobilization. It was found that on average, IGR was only 22 per cent of the total revenue of the states, based on 2018 revenue data. Ebonyi state had the lowest IGR contribution to total revenue at 12 per cent, while Enugu led at 29 per cent. Imo had the highest IGR Cumulative Average Growth Rate over the ten years to 2018 but was the most indebted. The poor IGR outcome is linked to weak revenue mobilization capacity, narrow tax net, rampant revenue leakages due to corruption and low technology application. Tax law reform and the use of technology are among the key recommendations along with fiscal management capacity building.

This study investigated universal basic education and administration of primary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. The study was directed by three research questions and hypotheses. The research is a descriptive survey design of the ex-post facto type. The study population was 1,113 head-teachers, from which a sample of 223 respondents was selected using a stratified sampling technique, representing 20% of the entire population. The instrument used was a questionnaire titled ―Universal Basic Education and Administration of Primary Schools Questionnaire (UBEAPSQ), which was developed by the researchers and contained thirty items measuring the study objectives. In the instrument, the respondents were meant to respond on a four-point scale of Strongly Agree which was rated as 4, Agree rated as 3, Disagree rated as 2, and Strongly Disagree rated as 1. The instrument was validated through experts‘ judgment and its reliability was established through split-half reliability test and a coefficient of ‗r‘=0.85 was obtained, revealing high index reliability. Research questions were answered with mean rating and standard deviation while the corresponding hypotheses were tested with t-test at significance level of p<0.05. Findings show that some challenges of UBE were lack the resources to fulfil its obligations and goals (3.41), misuse of money allotted for the UBE programme‘s execution (3.03), and some beneficiaries were meant to sit on the floor of the classroom while they learn (3.01). Furthermore, the finding show that the techniques that school administrators can implement to achieve UBE objectives include professional staff development, exemplary lifestyles, regular communication with UBE Commission when facing challenges, teacher job commitment and reduction of pupil absenteeism and consequently, dropout. The researchers recommended therefore that qualified and trained employees are one of the instruments necessary for the programme‘s success. School administrators should ensure that adequate techniques are employed to help achieve the aim of UBE.

The paper explains Universal Basic Education as based on two principles: (i) the right of every individual to achieve a self-satisfying and self-respecting life pattern (ii) that every individual must be educated so that he/she may be free to live a dignified and useful life. Attempts at making every Nigerian literate started with the Universal Free Primary Education (U.P.E.) in 1955 and later in 1976. The paper posited that in spite of these, not much has been achieved to make education universal in Nigeria. This paper review the concept ‘Education’ and benefit to be derived in education as well as establishing moral and philosophical justification for Universal Basic Education in Nigeria. All efforts to make Nigerian literate have been through the government. However, education is too serious a responsibility, too heavy a burden to be left in the hands of teachers or government alone. Everybody must chip in. The paper recommends the part that the community, N.G.O. and organizations should play to complement government effort in making all Nigerian literate, while new strategies that would enlist active participation of every individual in the society, so that the objective of Universal Basic Education could be achieved was also broadly discussed.

The paper posited that the U.P.E programme in Nigeria suffered certain unforeseen and unavoidable difficulties, which rendered it virtually unsustainable. It is necessary for the government to critically look at the challenges being posed by the introduction of Universal Basic Education so as to be able to address them. This paper examines the challenges and consequences of Universal Basic Education scheme in Nigeria. Any education described as basic is so described based on the purpose for which it is designed, that is, to meet the essential needs of the citizens which are in tandem with those of the society in an organic manner in order to pave way for positive development. As such, participants’ unique qualities must be catered for in all ramifications in terms of content, methodologies and implementations. Many educators and nations are not maximizing the outcomes of Basic Education due to the literal interpretation given to it. The term basic was examines in the paper as a relative concept. The paper also argues that basic education is a relative and relational concept. Basic needs of individual societies and men are not entirely uniform or the same. Basic education in a society should be one that equips the product to be creative and innovative in a way that the needs and aspiration of both the society and the individual will be met. The purpose of such education should be dynamic to meet the constant social change. The main goals of basic education therefore, should be functionality and relevance.

Although initiating public policy is sometimes a difficult task, the overriding challenge is the institutional willpower to see through policy decisions. As a major factor behind successful public policy determinations in the Western world, institutional willpower is absolutely necessary if the developing world is to gain an equal degree of functionality and relevance in the implementation of public policy decisions. Educational policy is a crucial example. Since the colonial dispensation, the characteristic zeal with which Nigerians yearn for education has accounted for various policy initiatives by the Government, which regards education as an instrument par excellence for effective national development (NPE, 2008). Despite this heavy focus placed on education, the troublesome implementation of policy decisions remains one of the most contentious issues dominating the education sector. The implementation of the ‘Universal Primary Education’ policy, introduced in 1976, was engulfed...

The study was designed to investigate the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills via the provision and utilization of facilities and equipment in Lagos State Public Junior Secondary Schools. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Population for the study included the 288 public Junior Secondary Schools in Lagos State out of which 60 were randomly selected for the study. A questionnaire was developed, validated and used to collect data for the study. Data collected were analyzed through the use of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The findings reveal that, from the provision of facilities, students were able to acquire entrepreneurial skills moderately; also that the more the students utilize provided facilities, the more they acquire entrepreneurial skills and finally, that as the facilities are provided so are they utilized by the students.

The study was designed to investigate the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills via the provision and utilization of facilities and equipment in Lagos State Public Junior Secondary Schools. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Population for the study included the 288 public Junior Secondary Schools in Lagos State out of which 60 were randomly selected for the study. A questionnaire was developed, validated and used to collect data for the study. Data collected were analyzed through the use of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The findings reveal that, from the provision of facilities, students were able to acquire entrepreneurial skills moderately; also that the more the students utilize provided facilities, the more they acquire entrepreneurial skills and finally, that as the facilities are provided so are they utilized by the students.

The study investigated teachers' involvement in implementing the basic science and technology curriculum in primary schools in WSLGA (Warri South Local Government Area) of Delta State. It sought to identify the availability of the document in primary schools and teachers' knowledge of the objectives and activities specified in the curriculum. Interview and questionnaire were used to collect data from headmasters and basic science and technology teachers. The results showed that teachers are not involved in the implementation of the curriculum. This is evident from the fact that primary science teachers do not have knowledge of the curriculum in terms of the objectives and activities. Secondly, the curriculum was not available in most of the schools.

This study attempts to find the impact of teacher-gender on primary student achievement. The quantitative method of research was used for this study. This study, first in its nature in Malaysia, uses test scores of primary grades for five consecutive years which is obtained from a school in Kuala Lumpur. This study engages a total of 1 school, 20 classes, 30 teachers and 604 students. The overall finding in this study is that women are slightly better to teach in primary when the test scores are analyzed. Although there are some differences in the breakdown analysis, the combined result analysis do not find strong evidence to claim whether students have to be taught by teachers of same or alternative gender. The findings of this study provide important information for the policy makers and especially for the primary teachers' recruiters in primary schools of Malaysia.

Primary education is universally accepted as the foundation laying level of education in all nations of the world. It provides the mini-structural framework on which the quality of other levels of education is anchored. It is on this premise that this paper examines the pertinent issues that, if properly addressed would recapture and refocus policies in Nigeria for qualitative education at the secondary and tertiary levels. These issues include: A deliberate and conscious effort at achieving the goals of primary education in Nigeria, Addressing the perennial problems of teachers and teaching in primary schools and the management of primary education in general, Dealing with the virus of examination malpractices at the level of primary education and its effect on higher education. In the light of these and other issues adversely affecting the quality of products of education, this paper recommends, among others that the implementation of national policy in primary education by states and private institutions should be closely monitored to ensure uniformity in quality output from the nations primary schools. All primary schools in Nigeria, irrespective of where they are located, should be given a face lift with modern infrastructures in terms of building for administration, classrooms, introductory technology workshops, library, equipment and all relevant instructional materials to ensure effective teaching and learning.

The importance of education to human beings cannot be overemphasized. It is seen, regarded and accepted to some extent, as the quickest way to eradicate poverty and ills in the society. There are a lot of international human rights instruments that provide for education as a fundamental right. These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981). To this end, various nations have given priority to education and have developed mechanisms to operate the system for effective impartation and acquisition of knowledge and skills that will help the learners to be useful for themselves and to the society at large. Pre-Primary and Primary levels of education are the most crucial because they form the foundation upon which all other levels depend to thrive. It could be seen as the proverbial „ketekete ‟ (donkey- the burden bearer). However, several po...

PurposeThe role of household socio‐economic factors towards achieving enduring poverty interventions especially among urban households of Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Household socio‐economic factors, among others, have been identified by development practitioners in developing countries as variables which can easily be manipulated through policy levers to improve welfare of the poor. The purpose of this paper is to examine poverty situations among urban households in Ekiti State, Nigeria with emphasis on household socioeconomic characteristics and their associated influence on poverty.Design/methodology/approachA multistage sampling approach was used to select 80 households who were interviewed using a well structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed through Poverty index and Tobit regression model.FindingsThe study found that 41.0 percent of the households covered by the study were poor and would have to mobilize financial resources up to 45.0 percent of 1 US Dolla...

This study attempts to find the impact of teacher-gender on primary student achievement. The quantitative method of research was used for this study. This study, first in its nature in Malaysia, uses test scores of primary grades for five consecutive years which is obtained from a school in Kuala Lumpur. This study engages a total of 1 school, 20 classes, 30 teachers and 604 students. The overall finding in this study is that women are slightly better to teach in primary when the test scores are analyzed. Although there are some differences in the breakdown analysis, the combined result analysis do not find strong evidence to claim whether students have to be taught by teachers of same or alternative gender. The findings of this study provide important information for the policy makers and especially for the primary teachers' recruiters in primary schools of Malaysia.

The importance of education to human beings cannot be overemphasized. It is seen, regarded and accepted to some extent, as the quickest way to eradicate poverty and ills in the society. There are a lot of international human rights instruments that provide for education as a fundamental right. These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (1981). To this end, various nations have given priority to education and have developed mechanisms to operate the system for effective impartation and acquisition of knowledge and skills that will help the learners to be useful for themselves and to the society at large. Pre-Primary and Primary levels of education are the most crucial because they form the foundation upon which all other levels depend to thrive. It could be seen as the proverbial „ketekete ‟ (donkey- the burden bearer). However, several po...

This paper examined the needs to revitalize instructional leadership of primary and junior secondary schools headteachers in Nigeria, for successful implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme. Instructional leadership, as viewed in the paper, has to do with creating a school culture that makes students’ learning a priority and provides the resources necessary to support teachers’ efforts to improve students’ learning. The need for revitalization of instructional leadership in the Nigerian Basic Education schools emanates from the identified problems of lack of clearly defined general instructional visions in the schools in question, dearth of instructional materials, ineffective instructional supervision by the headteachers, and absence of school-based professional development programmes for teachers. With the introduction of UBE and subsequent curricular review, the paper discovered that there was the need to re-orient teachers towards effective teaching of the...

Family Life and HIV Education (FLHE) programme was introduced nationwide in Nigeria in 2003. Since then little is known about the patterns of its implementation across the states in the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. This study represents an attempt to fill this lacuna in the FLHE literature in Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected from the Federal Ministry of Education and the State Ministries of Education on all salient aspects of FLHE implementation. The findings from data collected in 35 states and the Abuja Federal Capital Territory show large variations in the year of adoption of the programme, level of implementation of the programme, the proportion of implementing schools that are reporting to the coordinating government ministries/agencies, the level to which schools have been supplied with relevant curriculum, and promptness of distribution of materials across the zones. All these indices did not show significant level of interdependence. In general, there were hig...

This paper examined the needs to revitalize instructional leadership of primary and junior secondary schools headteachers in Nigeria, for successful implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme. Instructional leadership, as viewed in the paper, has to do with creating a school culture that makes students’ learning a priority and provides the resources necessary to support teachers’ efforts to improve students’ learning. The need for revitalization of instructional leadership in the Nigerian Basic Education schools emanates from the identified problems of lack of clearly defined general instructional visions in the schools in question, dearth of instructional materials, ineffective instructional supervision by the headteachers, and absence of school-based professional development programmes for teachers. With the introduction of UBE and subsequent curricular review, the paper discovered that there was the need to re-orient teachers towards effective teaching of the...

This paper addresses the prospects and challenges of community schools to the educational development of Katsina state and also establishes how these schools should be made to help Katsina state to attain Education for All and SDG4 targets.

This paper examines the challenges facing the implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. Secondary data were used in the papers. The secondary data were sourced from print materials and online journal and articles. The paper identified inadequate funding, inadequate infrastructural facilities, inadequate professional teachers, institutional corruption, lack of political will, insecurity challenge, lack of continuity in commitment to policy implementation, political instability, poor policy formulation, poor relationship between policy designer and policy implementer as challenges preventing effective implementation of educational policies in Nigeria. To address these challenges, the papers recommends the following; adequate funding of education, provision of adequate infrastructural facilities, fight institutional corruption, ensure adequate security in educational institutions, political officeholders should have positive political will towards implementation of educational...

This paper focused on the relevance of UBE to the development of human resources in 21 st century education. Due to the degeneration of the educational system in Nigeria which wasn't yielding positive results in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in its administration, the Universal basic education came into existence to eradicate the former educational policy which as at that time wasn't meeting up to expectation due to improper funding, poor planning and implementation. The elements and importance of education was reviewed, noting that it is impossible to bring about change in a nation or society without proper education. The paper looked briefly on the history of education in Nigeria, considering the need for the UBE system of education. The concepts, objectives, and importance of the UBE and how it affects development of human resources in Nigeria were concisely discussed 21 st century was also discussed. On a general note, this paper concluded that the transition to the UBE system of education in Nigeria was a necessary one, considering how it enhanced the improvement in the nation as a whole and particularly to the development of the human resources sector in Nigeria. The paper therefore suggested among other things, that principals of the UBE in various secondary schools should ensure the maximum level of education is obtainable under them; that teachers should ensure to inculcate in the students the key principles that will grow with them, and affect how they treat people in the future, as this will greatly affect the development of human resources in the country.

In an attempt to develop plans for making Education for All a reality, four agencies of the United Nations brought together over 150 governments in 1990 to Jomtien, Thailand, and also in 2000 in Dakar, Senegal, with the aim of making education equally accessible to all. Nigeria is one of the countries that signed the Jomtien declaration in 1990, and one of those with the highest number of out-of-school children in the world with about 10.5 million out-of-school children in 2010. This figure represents 42% of its primary age population and 3.6 million more children out of school than ten years ago. Nigeria is now committed towards bridging the gap especially with the attempt towards establishing open schools, but considering the numerous problems confronting the existing public primary and secondary schools and other educational programmes, there are certain barriers that may hinder the successful implementation and smooth running of the proposed open schooling system. This paper examines the anticipated barriers that includes; corruption, lack of consistency in programmes, problem of electricity, lack of access to Internet, lack of fund, inadequate manpower and problem of recognition. For open schooling system to see the light of the day, some recommendations were suggested which, if taken into consideration will be useful to policy makers towards the successful launching and smooth running of the open schools and other laudable educational programmes in Nigeria.

Health economics is concerned with the alternative uses of resources in the health services sector and with the efficient utilization of economic resources such as Human resource, material and financial resources. So, the study is an attempt to analysis of health problems of rural aged people in Mahendergarh district of Haryana. For this purpose, five villages from five blocks of district are selected randomly. The finding of the study shows that most of the aged people (43.9) suffer health problem due to their nature of work. Another fact is that aged people are taking proper diet for their good health. Spending on health care is classified in four categories such as Nil, Up to Rs. 500, Rs. 501 to Rs. 1000, and above Rs. 1000. According to analysis of the survey, mostly people are not position to spend money on health care. There are only 2 percent aged people who spend money more than Rs. 1000 monthly on health care.

The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme could not have been introduced at a better time than now that the nation is in dire need of all round National Development. The major objective of the UBE programme is the provision of free, universal and compulsory basic education for every Nigerian child aged 6-15 years. However, for the Universal Basic Education programme to be truly free and universal, efforts must be made to check those factors that are known to have hindered the success of such programmes in the past. This paper specifically considered the implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) so far its success and problems. Relevant recommendations are therefore proffered.

This research analysis was set out to access the programs and activities of Universal Basic Education as means to promote lifelong education in Nigeria. The Universal Basic Education Scheme and its programs find it huge application under a democratic system of governance, which most of the efforts put into actions by most states and the federal government herself continues to witnesses severe cracks and constraints, which our hope of acquiring lifelong education as it is contained in her policy blueprint is still wanting. Some of the issues include, basic amenities, infrastructural facilities, manpower, political structures, poor financial implication and a huge of other associate problems which have in many ways engulf the system. This research analysis therefore recommended that, unless the constraints and some issues found wanting in the implementation of the scheme must be properly address to the highest point of promoting lifelong education through the system, and this is the basic option to any democratic who strived to achieve her aims and objectives of basic education for their citizens.

The study buttresses that primary education is useful to the development of the child and the society at large in various ways. It identifies the family and government as agents that impede the roles of primary education in developing both the child and the society. Recognizing the family and government as barriers against the roles of the primary school towards the development of the child, it recommends that NGO's and government need to sponsor enlightenment programmes to educate the parents and educational managers on the relevance of primary education in the development of the child and society. It also solicited that auxiliary educational bodies at the national and international levels need to liaise with government on how to meet up with funding and other conditions reached during treaties as regards the management and funding of primary education in Nigeria.

It is the purpose of this article to assess the indicators for the provision and administration of free compulsory universal basic education (UBE) in the twenty-first century in Nigeria. The introduction of free and obligatory basic education in the conventional schooling system of Nigeria has resulted in a rise in the number of students enrolled in the system throughout the country. However, questions about the program's overall quality and usefulness have long been a source of contention between scholars and administrators. This article examines the challenges surrounding free and compulsory education, as well as the setbacks that the system has encountered. The article finds that expanding access to elementary education within the free and compulsory education system has become vital, but that the quality of such offerings must not be disregarded when making such decisions. These recommendations, among others, are based on the previously discussed issues: the Federal Government should adopt a systematic approach to improving the quality of basic education in Nigeria, provide adequate funds to run basic education more effectively; and the Federal Government should adopt a systematic approach to improving the quality of basic education in Nigeria.

This study examined teachers&#39; capacity building as genuine mechanism for achieving human&lt;br&gt; capital development in Nigeria. The study is delimited to Delta North Senatorial District of Delta&lt;br&gt; state, Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. This study adopted the descriptive&lt;br&gt; survey design. The population of this study covers all school teachers in Delta North Senatorial&lt;br&gt; District of Delta state. The sample of this study consisted of 330 teachers. Purposive sampling&lt;br&gt; technique was used to select 3 out of 9 local government areas that constituted Delta North&lt;br&gt; Senatorial District of Delta state. Twenty schools were selected using the simple random sampling&lt;br&gt; technique of which about 15 teachers were purposively taken from each school. The instrument&lt;br&gt; adopted in the study was the questionnaire titled: Teacher Capacity building Inventory (TCBI). It&lt;br&gt; was constructed by the researcher. The data col...

The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme could not have been introduced at a better time than now that the nation is in dire need of all round National Development. The major objective of the UBE programme is the provision of free, universal and compulsory basic education for every Nigerian child aged 6—15 years. However, for the Universal Basic Education programme to be truly free and universal, efforts must be made to check those factors that are known to have hindered the success of such programmes in the past. This paper specifically considered the implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) so far-.its success and problems. Relevant recommendations are therefore proffered. • Ensuring the acquisition of the appropriate levels of literacy numeracy, manipulative, communicative and life skills, as well as the ethnical, moral and civic value needed for paying. A review of related literature has revealed that attempts in the past to provide free education whether at the fe...

Abstract: There is a widened western educational gap between the north and south of Nigeria with the predominantly Muslim areas of the north lagging behind due to some historical antecedents. In the colonial era the British educational policy did not address the aspirations of the people leading to a clamour for change in the post-independence era resulting in the first indigenous National Policy on Education in 1977. Changes have resulted in three revised editions of the national educational policy. This paper reviews the educational policy in the Federal Republic of Nigeria since 1944, highlighting specific issues on the disparity between educational policy and the implementation in context of the wider socio-economic and political development process. This is a case study of the peculiarity of educational policy development in a pluralistic society and developing country, with unity and developmental concerns.