Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property Rights

In the era of globalisation and commercialisation, traditional knowledge and cultural heritage is increasingly vulnerable to misappropriation. Preserving them becomes essential for maintaining the identity and wisdom of local communities especially in geographically fragile regions like the Himalayas that are susceptible to threats from bio-piracy, cultural
erosion, and socio-economic changes. Their traditional practices passed down orally with few written records, like local herbal medicines, spiritual healing and ancestral rituals are at risk. A notable example of the misuse of Indian traditional knowledge in the past is the turmeric and neem controversy of the late 1990s and early 2000s, which was later overturned with evidence of long-standing local use. Therefore, this article examines the role of intellectual property (IP) rights in safeguarding the cultural heritage, focusing on the traditional knowledge of the residing ethnic
communities, specifically the Indian Nepali tribes like Limbu, Rai and Tamang in the Himalayan region of the Darjeeling Hills. Through literature reviews and case studies, this article discusses how legal frameworks can preserve these communities' intangible heritage. Drawing upon Keith Thomas’s Religion and the Decline of Magic, this article further contextualizes the decline of Himalayan Shamanism as traditional healing practices, performed by local healers such as the Jhankris, Boothings and Phedangmas, within the broader narrative of modernization and socio-economic shifts that marginalised the community-based knowledge systems and often dismissed it as superstition despite their medical value. Despite the existence of international frameworks like the TRIPS Agreements and India’s efforts in Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), challenges persist in ensuring equitable benefit sharing and legal
protection for these traditions. By situating the discussion within the cultural and geographical context of the Darjeeling Hills, this article identifies gaps in current legal frameworks and advocates for enhanced measures, scientific validation and community driven approaches to IP protection.

Śulbasūtras was the oldest mathematical text found in India. The Śulbasūtras contain rich principles of mathematics, basically of 'geometry'. The outstanding feature of Śulbasūtras is consistency and completeness of geometrical results and application of these results in actual construction shows that Śulbasūtras have deeper significance. Following statement in Śulbasūtras has great importance because it covers the idea of properties of square. Further it covers the idea of irrational number √2. prq jL=L;k{.k;kjTtq AE}Lrkorha Hkw fe dj¨fr A Meaning: -"The diagonal cord of a square makes double the area".

This article examines the legal regulation of economic rights of Music Artists in Tanzania, particularly regarding the collection and distribution of royalties, are inadequately regulated and fragmented. The existing legal framework, primarily governed by the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, [Cap 218 R.E. 2002], lacks robust enforcement mechanisms, leading to widespread challenges in fair remuneration for Music Artists. Despite the involvement of governmental bodies such as the Ministry of Arts, Culture, and Sports, the Copyright Office of Tanzania (COOTA), and the National Arts Council, inefficiencies and weak governance persist. Additionally, the rapid growth of digital platforms has exacerbated these challenges, as many artists lack the capacity or knowledge to effectively monitor and claim earnings from streaming services. Current regulations inadequately address digital revenue streams, leaving Music Artists vulnerable to exploitation and inconsistent royalty payments. To mitigate these challenges, there is a pressing need for comprehensive legal reforms to establish transparent mechanisms for royalty collection and distribution. Strengthening institutional frameworks, prioritizing digital revenue regulation, and empowering music artists with greater control over their earnings are critical steps to ensure fair compensation in Tanzania's evolving music industry.

A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that place of origin. Most commonly, a geographical indication consists of the name of the place of origin of the goods. The article has focused on the concept of geographical indication as an intellectual property, existing legal instruments regarding protection of geographical indication, current situation in Bangladesh, prevailing glitches concerning GI. Secondary data has been used during the course of the research. Few challenges have been identified regarding GI in Bangladesh and finally some recommendations have been provided to overcome those challenges.

Intellectual Property Rights are often considered as serious obstacles to trade and the transfer of technologies related to the conservation of biological diversity. 1 African countries are rich in biodiversity and indigenous knowledge which has flowed freely to the developed countries. However global market trends are such that Africa must urgently address issues pertaining property rights if they have to fit into the global economy and also stimulate inventions and innovations. 2 The challenge facing Africa is how to produce high quality goods and services while at the same time tackling aspects of poverty and unemployment. Africa is seen to participate in IPR as second comers already faced with other priority issues and lacking capacity to enforce IPR regimes. Stephen Devereux and Simon Maxwell in their book "Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa" state clearly that nearly half the population of Sub Saharan Africa is living below the international poverty line of US $1 per day. African countries grapple with the challenge of a poorly performing agricultural sector giving rise to food & poverty crises. 70% of the African talent is locked up in peasant farming and rely on "climate fed" agriculture. In Africa, promise and opportunity sit side by side with disease, war and desperate poverty. 70% of Africa's population live in rural areas and depend on subsistence agriculture and 80% of African's expenditure is on food. Africa has invested heavily in seeking donor support and little in ensuring her people become productive. Third World countries especially in Africa have been on the frontline in arguing that intellectual property rights is a tool used by the West to make them poorer. The HIV-AIDS scourge has brought to the fore debates on whether intel-1 Illecas M. (1994) 2 www.mcc.org/us/globalization/hough/intellect.html Copyright consists of a bundle of rights given to creators in their literary and artistic works. These creators, their heirs, hold the exclusive right to use or license others to use the work on agreed terms. The creator of the work can prohibit or authorize, for example: Its reproduction in various forms, such as printed publication or a phonorecord; Its public performance, as in play or musical work; Its broadcasting, including by radio, television or satellite; Its translation into other languages, or its adaptation, such as the adaptation of a novel into a screenplay. Copyright applies to many types of artistic works, including paintings, music, poems, plays, books, architecture and choreography, as well as to works that are generally not considered artistic such as computer software, maps and technical drawings.

Following Lockean intuitions, many creators of digital artifacts claim inalienable moral rights to their non-rivalrous creations based on a belief that, since any given creation is exclusively the product of its creator's labor, that creator is solely responsible for its existence. This claim of ownership is supported by what is often taken to be another axiomatic position: the creator is, by themself, responsible for the value added to the artifact achieved. I deflate these claims from both theologically informed Lockean and secular post-Lockean folk perspectives, by underscoring the part played by uncredited others in the creative process; here, I explore and defend what folklorists have called collective creation. I argue that the understanding of creation as a wholly independent endeavor wherein the creator creates within a vacuum is a Romantic fantasy that should be discarded. Since nothing is created in a way in which others do not contribute, those most responsible for the creation-so, those holding copyright to it-have an imperfect duty to share some of their digital/digitizable work with others, when they are able. This article is the first of a pair; the second article is published in Volume 23, Issue 2 of Information, Medium & Society; Journal of Publishing Studies.

This article explores the geometric knowledge from the Sulba Sutra and its relevance to school geometry using historical research methods collecting historical documents and analyzing them. Key assumptions, theory, theorems and practices were taken from Vedic texts Sulba Sutra and school mathematics texts. It examines key assumptions (Postulates) of Vedic ritual geometry, such as the construction of altars using precise proportions, alongside the Jatya Tribhuj (early right-angled triangle) and the Bhoja Koti Karna Nayana (Sulba theorem on right-angled triangles). Additional topics include shape transformations, symmetry, and the use of mean proportion. The research traces the mathematical content in various Sulba Sutras and their historical development. Similarly, a correlation of contents in school mathematics was established logically. The study concludes that Vedic ritual geometry's principles align with fundamental school geometry topics. Incorporating these concepts into school curricula can enhance students' engagement and understanding by linking abstract mathematical ideas to historical and cultural practices. This approach promotes hands-on, inclusive learning, blending ancient geometric knowledge with modern education for a culturally responsive teaching framework.

The article examines the impact of the latest technologies, in particular NFTs (non-fungible tokens), on the art market and the protection of intellectual property rights in the context of digital transformation. The authors analyse the dynamics of the art market, pointing out its rapid growth, as well as the main trends, including the introduction of blockchain technologies and NFTs, which signifi cantly change traditional approaches to the valuation and protection of art objects. At the same time, the author emphasises the importance of improving legislation, in particular, regarding the legal status of NFT and its application in the context of copyright protection. The article discusses the existing problems and challenges, including the growth of piracy in the digital environment, and suggests solutions, including through the use of a blockchain platform to confi rm authorship and protect rights to digital works of art. The authors also focus on the low legal culture in cyberspace, which increases the number of copyright infringements, and the rigidity of the legal system, which cannot quickly adapt to changes in technological progress, in particular in the fi eld of digital technologies and artifi cial intelligence. Another problem is that it is very diffi cult to prove the authorship of a work within the framework of legal procedures, in particular in cyberspace. Thus, the article highlights the need to reform the legal system for more effective protection of intellectual property rights. The authors pay special attention to the conceptual changes in the understanding of art objects that can be presented in different formats: physical, virtual and hybrid, which are looking for new approaches to their valuation and circulation in the art market. The article emphasises the need to improve legislation and practice in Ukraine to combat copyright infringement in the digital environment, as well as the importance of developing a legal culture and technologies that allow for effective protection of intellectual property in the context of their rapid development.

How to enable entrepreneurs to appropriate the fruits of their investments in cumulative and sequential innovation 1 without impeding follow-on innovation and without creating barriers to entry 2 has become one of the great unsolved puzzles that the law and

The free exchange of microbial genetic information is an established public good, facilitating research on medicines, agriculture, and climate change. However, over the past quarter-century, access to genetic resources has been hindered by intellectual property claims emanating from developed countries under the World Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement (1994) and by claims of sovereign rights from developing countries under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992). In this volume, the authors examine the scientifi c community's responses to these obstacles and advise policymakers on how to harness provisions of the Nagoya Protocol ( ) that allow multilateral measures to support research. By pooling microbial materials, data, and literature in a carefully designed transnational e-infrastructure, the scientifi c community can facilitate access to essential research assets while simultaneously reinforcing the open access movement. The original empirical surveys included here provide a valuable addition to the literature on governing scientifi c knowledge commons.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami budaya ngiben sebagai warisan
budaya yang berupa benda. Warisan ini cenderung mulai pudar, dikarenakan tergerus
oleh zaman dan sekarang hanya kalangan orang tua saja yang sekarang masih
melestarikannya. Budaya dari ngiben ini sering dilakukan oleh masyarakat suku rejang
di kabupaten rejang lebong sebagai pembuka kata ketika ada tamu, baik itu tamu ahli
rumah, masyarakat, dan pemimpin. Budaya ngiben ini seringkali disebut dengan sekapur
sirih yang seringkali digunakan dalam suatu tarian masyarakat suku rejang yaitu tari
kejai yang di sebut dengan tari persembahan. Ngiben sendiri memiliki bahan yang
sederhana, yaitu daun sirih, pinang, kapur, dam gambir dan dibentuk menjadi satu dalam
bentuk iben. Maka, sudah menjadi kebiasaan para orang tua di suku rejang untuk selalu
melestarikan budaya ini agar tidak hilang dimakan zaman yang terus berkembang.
Sehingga dengan penelitian ini, maka akan dijelaskan makna dari budaya ngiben itu
sendiri sehingga menjadi referensi dalam menjalankan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal
masyarakat suku Rejang.

Written in English and French, this paper outlines current Canadian intellectual property legislation as it relates to Aboriginal people in Canada, and provides a general review of the implications and limitations of this legislation for protecting the traditional knowledge of Aboriginal people. An initial discussion of Aboriginal perspectives highlights the difference between sacred traditional knowledge, products, and services associated with traditional lifestyles of Aboriginal people, and innovations or new creations of an individual or an Aboriginal company. Not all traditional knowledge is considered to be intellectual property under Canadian law, therefore a web of strategies is suggested to better protect and control traditional Aboriginal knowledge. These strategies include community guidelines for researchers and businesses wanting access to traditional knowledge, codes of conduct, statutory options, and legal agreements and contracts. A section on intellectual property protection of Indigenous knowledge describes ownership, nature of rights, criteria for protection, scope of protection, duration, costs, enforcement, and international protection. A section on intellectual property rules applicable to Aboriginal contexts discusses copyrights, neighboring rights, industrial designs, trademarks, patents, trade secrets, plant breeders' rights, integrated circuit topographies, and licensing intellectual property. The conclusion points out the need for new techniques and laws that are more appropriate for protecting Aboriginal traditional knowledge and recommends educating non-Aboriginals to increase respect and understanding for Aboriginal traditional knowledge. Information sources presented include 17 federal, international, general, and Aboriginal Internet sources; 11 Table of Contents Neighbouring Rights 15 Preface

As intangible resources, intellectual property rights are difficult to
measure. The search for ways to measure and research them and
their impact on the current activities of nonprofit organizations
such as museums is important because it translates into the
effectiveness of the institution’s cooperation with the
environment and the stabilization of the organization over time. I
aimed to identify the usefulness of intellectual property rights in
the context of three main areas of museum activity: heritage
collection and preservation, research and education, and sharing
and access to heritage. To achieve the goal, I conducted empirical
research among museum employees from Poland and other
European countries, Australia, New Zealand, the USA, and
Canada. A total of 190 respondents completed the survey. I
determined the usefulness of intangible resources not by the
characteristics of these resources, but by the key areas of
museum activity resulting from the ICOM definition. Research
results indicated that the most useful intellectual property rights
were copyrights to collections. In selected areas, rights to
employee works, databases, and know-how, namely implicit
specialized knowledge resulting from employee experience, were
also useful.

The main goal of this Explanatory Guide is to facilitate the understanding of the legal obligations of the Parties under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This guide is the product of a fruitful, constructive, and harmonious collaboration with ABS experts from different regions and international institutions who engaged with IUCN in the writing and reviewing of this Guide. This publication serves as an adaptable tool for future ABS capacity-building and awareness raising initiatives, as well as an important reference for countries in their efforts to implement the Nagoya Protocol and operationalize ABS in practice.

The law of Copyright Act 1957 has been giving protection to literary, dramatic, or musical works, artists, cinematograph film, and sound records. Now days it has been challenging even in the field of research publications, thesis and patent. In this paper the Researchers focus on the laws of copyrights and libraries, also on the challenges and issues of copyright. Some of the cases related to the copyright are also discussed.

This paper is intended to discuss the plot and content of the Betururu oral story in relation to marriage custom, and to discuss the narrative of the story in relation to the maintenance of social function of the ketua adat in the marriage practices in Serawai ethnic groups in Bengkulu. In this discussion the Betuturu story seen as a symbolic sign that used intentionally to convey knowledge in social communication. This story living in a very limited environment, spoken at a certain time with a certain audience anyway. From the data available, it can be concluded that the parts and episodes of this story symbolizes knowledge and principles which its manifestation can be found in the actions during a marriage social practices of Serawai ethnic groups in Bengkulu. Part [B] episode [B2], [B3] and [B4] of the story symbolizes begadisan, berasan, and ngulang ghunut in a series of customary marriage. Part [A] episodes [A1] and [A2] symbolizes the principles of adat kulo in the practice of marriage. The storytelling tradition of Betuturu which is limited and closed indicating the maintenance of ketua adat access on marriage and their authority over the legality of the social actions of Serawai ethnic individuals in the practice of marriage.

Hierdie wêreldtableau oor geheuepolitiek is 'n voortsetting van die volume sosiale herinnering, wat ek op die academia.edu portaal in verskeie wêreldtale beskikbaar gestel het, soos ek met hierdie een doen. Die kennis en inligting vir hierdie onderneming kon slegs in jare ingesamel gewees het sonder die kennisontginning van ChatGPT met die hulp van 'n hele navorsingspan, maar dit kon binne 'n paar weke saamgestel word. Hierdie bundel gaan noukeurig deur die lande van Europa, Noord-Amerika, Latyns-Amerika, Asië en Afrika, en onthul die debatte en stryd van geheuepolitiek in elke land, en waar die verenigde identiteit onderliggend daaraan ook betwis word, soos die kwessie van Katalane en Baske in Spanje, is hierdie debatte ook in die bundel gedek.

Any bioprospecting endeavor has many important legal and ethnoecological ramifications. Frequently, however, these ramifications are subtle, and those involved in a bioprospecting project consequently lose sight of these ramifications amid more prominent scientific, industrial, and commercial objectives of the endeavor. The more that the legal and ethnoecological ramifications can be brought to the surface, placed in context, and thoroughly evaluated for any given bioprospecting project, though, the more likely that a bioprospecting undertaking will have a positive impact on the people and ecosystems affected, which should be an integral objective of any bioprospecting project.PRIVATE Defining Bioprospecting "Bioprospecting" is a shorthand term for either "biodiversity prospecting" or "biogenetic prospecting." "Biodiversity" usually refers to biological diversity-the variety of life in all of its forms, levels, and combinations-and encompasses genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity (Posey and Dutfield 1996:228). The term "biogenetic resources" usually refers more specifically to plants, animals, microorganisms, cells, and genes (Posey and Dutfield 1996:228). "Prospecting" refers to the search for something that has commercial value-for something that can be directly sold or developed for eventual sale. Thus, bioprospecting refers to the search for, identification, collection, extracting, and screening of biological resource samples-usually of plants, animals, microorganisms, cells, or genes-for commercial purposes, probably most commonly for pharmaceutical products, but also for numerous other natural commercial products such as cosmetics, dyes, and foods (Rubin and Fish 1994:26, n. 5). These searches usually occur in places such as tropical forests and coral reefs, because such places are perceived as species rich, biologically rich, or "biodiverse."

The new intellectual property (IP) policy currently under development by the Department of Trade and Industry will likely define the future innovation landscape in South Africa. This is in line with the direction the country has taken i.e. transforming its economy from resource-dependent to knowledge-based. Accompanied by this strategy is the increased economic value of intellectual property. Through the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act (Act No. 51 of 2008), South Africa has forever transformed the innovation landscape by ushering in clear guidelines for the use and management of IP which emanate from government-funded research. While this step was applauded, the approach to organise and manage all aspects of IP seemed to be coordinated without the required due diligence. This led to the decision made by the Department of Trade and Industry to develop an Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy. The IPR policy seeks to align the IP environment with the development imperatives of the country. This paper analyses the likely impacts of the policy in South Africa, and attempts to assess its potential unintended effects. The paper also discusses the likelihood of increased awareness of the importance of IP altering academic excellence in South Africa.

Traditional knowledge as a work which is communal property and has opposition characteristics to the legal regime of Intellectual Property rights. Thus, imposing for a regime of intellectual property used as a system to protect traditional knowledge would only cause anomalies in Indonesian society itself and the existing legal regime of Intellectual Property rights in Indonesia is not yet capable of protecting traditional knowledge, especially that associated with genetic resources. The existence of local wisdom of communities in South Sulawesi to genetic resources is to use Paliasa (Kleinhovia Hospita Linn.) leaf as a medicinal plant which are well documented in ancient texts “lontarak pabbura” and organized by Ammatoa as Kajang indigenous leaders. Therefore, it needs a protection model to protect traditional knowledge and their genetic resources associated with traditional knowledge through a sui generis system as positive protection and defensive protection models in order to pro...

Agradeço primeiramente a meus pais, que sempre me apoiaram em minhas decisões e ao longo desse mestrado e, em particular, a meu pai por ter me proporcionado na minha vida os valores de uma agricultura camponesa e agroecológica (sem necessariamente ter consciência). Aos/às todos/as agricultores/as que encontrei nesse caminho, que me receberam com muito carinho, que andaram comigo, que me acompanharam em minhas aprendizagens ao longo do trabalho de pesquisa e que me fizeram descobrir a profundidade do que é a Agroecologia. À professora Izabel Botelho pela oportunidade, pela orientação, pela construção de conhecimentos e pelos ensinamentos que me proporcionou e que ficaram para minha vida profissional e pessoal. À professora Irene Cardoso por todos os ensinamentos e por ter me feito descobrir a Agroecologia pelas vivências e experiências, por seus numerosos conhecimentos e por sua energia transbordante e comunicativa para essa luta. Ao professor Marcelo Romarco por ter aceitado de continuar a orientação desse trabalho, pela orientação e os aprendizados. Aos/às professores/as do Departamento de Economia Rural da Univeridade Federal de Viçosa e de outros departamentos e universidades que eu teve felicidade de conhecer e que me ajudaram de perto ou de longe nesse caminho. Aos/ás amigos/as do grupo MEIOS, do grupo PACAB, do projeto FOREFRONT, do grupo Animais para Agroecologia pelo apoio, pelos conselhos e conhecimentos que me trouxeram. Foram trocas e ensinamentos importantíssimos para a construção desse trabalho. Aos/às amigos/as da Agroecologia com que se construiu amizade e parceria nos trabalhos. Ao CTA-ZM que me apoiou ao longo desse percurso e me fez descobrir a agricultura camponesa da região, Ao SINTRAF e a Igreja de Divino que me apoiaram em particular na fase de campo dessa pesquisa. A meus/minhas amigos/as que Viçosa me proporcionou, que sempre foram presentes para mim, nos momentos bons e ruins, em especial a Geusa, Suany e Eugenia. Obrigada por sempre estar a meu lado e pelas energias positivas que vocês me deram diariamente! iii A meu amor baiano, por ter sido em grande parte responsável do començo dessa aventura, por ter sido uma das minhas grandes motivações ao longo desse percurso, por todos esses momentos compartilhados e por sempre ter acreditado em mim. Ao programa de pós-Graduação em Extensão Rural, ao Depertamento de Economia Rural, à Universidade Federal de Viçosa pela oportunidade e pelos ensinamentos. Ao Concelho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pelo apoio financeiro que possibilitou a realização dessa pesquisa.

the aim of writing the article is to discuss the portrait of the Bajau tribe and the Bate tradition in Torosiaje, Bate within the framework of social traditions, and Bate as a form of religious and traditional relations. The study uses a phenomenological-hermeneutic method which is used to identify the ontological basis in the Bate tradition of the Bajau tribe, as well as discussing its epistemological basis. Data collection techniques through non-participatory observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The Bajau tribe are sea nomads who spread to various regions. The Bate tradition is a tradition passed down from generation to generation to ward off reinforcements or epidemics using flags as an intermediary to find out or overcome them. Implementation of traditions involves various elements of society showing solidarity and togetherness. The flags used are inscribed with verses from the Koran which show belief in God and are mixed with community customs. Abstrak: tujuan penulisan artikel untuk membahas potret Suku Bajau dan tradisi Bate di Torosiaje, Bate dalam kerangka tradisi sosial kemasyarakatan, serta Bate sebagai wujud relasi agama dan tradisi. Kajian menggunakan metode fenomenologihermeneutik yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi basis ontologis dalam tradisi Bate suku Bajau, serta mendiskusikan basis epistimologisnya. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi non partisipatif, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Suku Bajau merupakan pengembara laut yang menyebar ke berbagai wilayah. Tradisi Bate merupakan tradisi turun temurun untuk tolak bala atau wabah yang menggunakan bendera sebagai perantara untuk mengetahui atau mengatasinya. Pelaksanaan tradisi melibatkan berbagai unsur masyarakat yang menunjukkan solidaritas dan kebersamaan. Bendera yang digunakan bertuliskan ayat dari Al-Quran yang menunjukkan keyakinan terhadap Tuhan dan bercampur dengan kebiasaan masyarakat. 20

Die Franse skrywer en strukturalistiese antropoloog Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009) se standpunte oor kulturele identiteit en multikulturalisme word sedert die tweede helfte van die twintigste eeu deur Unesco bevorder. Die belang van kulturele identiteit en die implikasies van die beskerming daarvan is ook reeds deur vooraanstaande filosowe soos Will Kymlicka, Charles Taylor, Martha Nussbaum en Jürgen Habermas ondersoek. Die beklemtoning van kulturele identiteit het in die post-onafhanklikheidsera vir Afrika-state belangrik geword. Die begrip inheemsheid is aangegryp om die oorspronklike houers van en aanspraakmakers op kulturele regte te identifiseer, en om kwesbare, gemarginaliseerde en geviktimiseerde kultuurgroepe op grond van hul inheemse status te beskerm. By gebrek aan ʼn aanvaarbare definisie van inheemsheid het die praktyk ontwikkel om inheemse status uit te brei na alle inwoners van Afrika, met die gevolg dat oorspronklik gemarginaliseerde groepe, soos die San, steeds aan v...

The thesis investigates how living cultures with a history of primary orality can create safe virtual environments for indigenous communities, in which they can use internet platforms as an extension of their long-established ways of communication. To understand how indigenous communities store information, the thesis analyses how it is managed and remember through mnemonic techniques in complex knowledge system and how the information in disseminated within a strict knowledge hierarchy. The discussion will explore how new technologies can be used as an extension to the already established informational pathways within their knowledge systems and even can support cultural revitalisation.

Acquisition Policies and the Significance of the Ordinary Clíona O'Carroll (Ireland). Balancing 'in the Now' and 'in the Future': Tightrope Walking in Community-based Collecting and Archiving 16:30-18:00 Reception at Riga City Council: a welcome address by Linda Ozola, Deputy Chairwoman of the Riga City Council; dižkokle performance by "Rīgas danči"

Between early November 2004 and mid-April 2005, the three-member review panel undertook interviews with 110 individuals from South and North Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), scientific institutions, governments (South and North), the private sector, and secretariat members of United Nations agencies. Panel members also visited the four ETC Group offices in Ottawa, Carrboro, Mexico City, and Oxford and talked with staff, board representatives, and donor organizations. The panel had the opportunity to observe ETC staff giving seminars, participating in meetings, and lobbying at intergovernmental meetings. The panel also reviewed historic and current ETC Group communiqués and studies. Although the panel's investigations were wide-ranging, its intent was to develop an overview of the work and worth of the Group and to make general recommendations regarding its future activities and organization. Thus, while wide-ranging, the review process was not in-depth. With this caveat, the review panel has no hesitation in presenting its response to the questions laid out for it in the Terms of Reference agreed. Conclusion: ETC Group enjoys an extraordinary reputation among South civil society organizations and governments as a highly-effective and cost-efficient source of research and analysis on the socioeconomic impact of new technologies impacting developing countries. ETC Group is widely-respected by governments, intergovernmental agencies, scientists and social movements for its political acumen and research accuracy. Its partners consider ETC to be innovative, far-sighted and valuable. ETC's unique style and stance often makes it controversial and the organization has its detractors, particularly in the private sector and among some industrialized governments but the review panel-despite its own diversity of viewpoints-has no hesitation in warmly commending ETC Group to its donors and partners for continuing and strengthened support. Performance: Mission: Is ETC's mission relevant? Yes. No person among those interviewed suggested that ETC Group's mission is irrelevant. The CSO and media response to ETC suggests that society, in general, and developing countries in particular find ETC's focus important. The review panel agrees with many of those interviewed who believe that ETC's role is of increasing importance in a world of rapid technological and political change. Has ETC's choice of issues been appropriate and its predictions and analysis accurate? Yes-in general. Both those interviewed and the review panel agree that ETC's choice of issues has been appropriate. A few of those interviewed regret that ETC Group does not work with additional issues. While some sectors would challenge ETC Group's analysis of their issues, the substantial majority and, in particular, South governments and CSOs, appreciate ETC's research and analysis and have found it accurate. The panel's own observations suggest that ETC has sometimes been remarkably accurate in predicting trends in intellectual property and biotechnology. External Review-ETC Group ETC ETC Review. Final Text 4 Does ETC Group influence policies or debate at the national, regional or international levels? Yes-in general. The review panel found substantial evidence and consensus regarding the Group's influence with respect to plant genetic resources and agricultural biodiversity at the national and international level. Most parties agree that ETC Group has been influential with respect to intellectual property issues and, most recently, in examining nano-scale technologies. The panel notes, however, the difficulty of measuring policy influence either nationally or internationally in fields such as human genomics and nanotechnology which are new to governments and civil society and which are introduced by ETC. There is wide recognition among those interviewed that ETC plays an important role in bringing forward new issues that should be the concern of national and international institutions and CSOs. Does ETC Group play a role that is unique or does it duplicate efforts of other organizations? Yes and no. ETC Group's work is unique in some areas and complementary in others. The review panel and interviewees agree that ETC has made a pioneering contribution in plant genetic resources, agricultural biodiversity, intellectual property, biotechnology and nanotechnology. With respect to plant genetic resources, biotechnology, and intellectual property, ETC is now one among several international CSO actors. Nevertheless, none of those interviewed suggested that ETC is redundant or should withdraw from these areas. Some interviewees do think that CSOs would benefit by increased collaboration, but responsibility for improving collaboration does not rest with ETC Group more than with any other party. Some in UN secretariats expressed concern that ETC's widened agenda should not take it away from its contribution in its conventional fields. Programme: Given its mission have ETC's programme activities (research, writing, seminars, lobbying) been appropriate? Have ETC's tactics been appropriate? Yes-in general. Among those interviewed in the private sector and in some governments, concerns were expressed that ETC is too combative, uncompromising, and polemical. Many others in the South and in civil society find ETC's style and tactics appropriate and necessary. Within the review panel there is some difference of opinion. At least one panellist can think of occasions where a less-combative approach might have achieved greater success, and suggests a more proactive search for cooperation with the scientific sector. Another panellist disagrees and finds ETC's approach generally appropriate. Has ETC been effective/successful? Yes-maybe. In general, the panel and those interviewed concur that ETC Group appears remarkably effective in work it undertakes. However, the panel finds it difficult to judge "success". Many issues require decades before it is possible to judge whether or not strategies and tactics have been appropriate and the results have been beneficial. Hindsight also makes it possible to argue that alternative approaches might have led to greater success. Historically and currently, ETC's work has been to identify issues that are over the horizon and to devise strategies that bring these issues to the attention of governments and the media as well as CSOs. To this extent, ETC has been very successful. 1990-Senior staff members of RAF/NSF form a new, tax-exempt organization, RAFI-USA. RAFI (International) continues to operate with its own independent, international board and incorporation. 1993-Canadian-based affiliate of RAFI incorporates as an independent, charitable organization in Canada. October 1999-Silvia Ribeiro joins RAFI staff and sets up office in Mexico. 2001-RAFI changes its name and becomes ETC Group-Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration.

This paper aims to systematically review the scientific literature on innovation ecosystems and/or regional innovation systems (RIS). The intensity of publications throughout the decade was verified through the Thomson Innovation Platform ©. Through research criteria, information obtained in the bases of journals was refined, finding relevant publications to update definitions and general characteristics about the subject. The research intends to contribute to the academic and entrepreneurial community, with conceptual increases of the recent scientific literature in relation to the theoretical foundation. It is noticed that the density of publications on the subject concentrates in a European protagonism, followed, by US numbers. The recent growing trend of academic community interest on the subject is highlighted.

The lack of understanding between the Judiciary and Indigenous Peoples in Brazil stems in large part from the state's refusal to recognize the sovereignty of the latter, while asserts its own sovereignty over them. There is little interest from judges and legal operators in knowing and recognizing the specific rights brought by indigenous alterity, recognized by the Federal Constitution of 1988. Academic interest in Indigenous Peoples in Law schools is still low and, in most cases when it occurs, is without the methodological tools of empirical research and the ethical concerns of anthropological fieldwork. I intend to analyze the difference between the typical approach of anthropologists and jurists on this subject, while defending the relevance and contribution of Legal Anthropology to all sides involved: Indigenous Peoples, Judiciary and Academia.

Conclusion More broadly though, in relation to the concerns of Indigenous knowledge, awareness and discussion of the problems relating to the TRIPS Agreement and traditional knowledge, the relationship with CBD and issues with patent laws, has increased. As ...

The research studies the educative practices pertaining to school in the process of strengthening of the tuyuka identity, and it aims: to understand the teaching-learning process, and historical processes of construction of the identity; to analyze the interaction: parents, teachers, and students in the living experience of the tuyuka values; to identify the social impacts provoked by the school on the communities, on the regional environment, and the redefinitions of the identities inside the historical process. The methodological procedure includes: revision of bibliography on the tuyuka people, and on the salesiano educative system; studies on the researches produced by the tuyuka students and teachers (1999 the 2005); twenty and four interviews among students, teachers and parents, in Janeiro/2006. Some results: educational practices of the tuyuka school fortify the identities and ethnic differences; the school is the border space between the tuyuka culture and the school culture; educative practices are developed in an intercultural perspective and the school is a communitarian project. Conclusions: the tuyuka school is resignified occidental school, that permits to reflect on identities and to recreate them; it is a space of negotiation of the cultural values and practices of the Tuyuka people and of other peoples; it is one of the spaces that favors the construction of new human relationships, the production of new knowledge and the access to other resources.

Este artículo se propone indagar en la materialización del doble estándar en la protección y promoción de los derechos humanos a nivel regional e internacional. Nuestro análisis se centrará en la definición jurídica, desarrollo histórico y aspectos legales del doble estándar en derechos humanos y en cómo estas prácticas socavan la credibilidad de los mecanismos regionales e internacionales competentes y afectan la percepción de justicia y equidad en la comunidad global.

En primer lugar, se examinarán los motivos y justificaciones detrás de este fenómeno para proporcionar una comprensión más profunda de sus implicancias y consecuencias en la defensa efectiva de los derechos humanos. Por otro lado, se examinará si el uso selectivo del doble estándar puede ser considerada una violación al principio de no discriminación si constituye un verdadero desafío a los principios universales de derechos humanos.

Finalmente, se evaluarán algunos debates habidos en relación al doble estándar en los sistemas interamericano, europeo y africano de protección que nos permitirán evaluar la correspondencia entre lo analizado teóricamente y su impacto concreto en la realidad, buscando hallar además las mejores prácticas para abordar este problema de manera efectiva y potenciar la interacción entre Estados, ciudadanos y organismos internacionales.

O objetivo desta pesquisa e verificar se o modelo de Inovacao Aberta contribui para as boas praticas de Producao Mais Limpa na fabricacao de medicamentos, e como estao correlacionadas. A metodologia utilizada e de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas, realizadas com integrantes de orgaos de representacao patronal e profissional do setor farmaceutico de Sao Paulo, bem como o relato de um executivo da sociedade civil cientifica nacional e de uma professora/pesquisadora universitaria; sendo, a analise de conteudo, o metodo utilizado. Observa-se, nas respostas dos entrevistados, a baixa correlacao dos termos Producao Mais Limpa e Inovacao Aberta. Assim, conclui-se que as empresas industriais farmaceuticas brasileiras estao preocupadas em atender as exigencias dos orgaos reguladores, o que se da - com maior frequencia - pela area de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento interna, porque os produtos fabricados sao relativamente simples, e seus proces...

Constitutional damages as “nominal” and “aggravated” damages in urgent applications

The case of Ngomane tells the story of how the Johannesburg municipality removed and destroyed the possessions of homeless people without lawful authority. The victims of this unlawful conduct brought an urgent application for the return of the property, return of similar substituted items, and/or further relief. One of the questions before the court was whether the further or alternative relief requested could include an award of damages. On the damages front, the High Court found its hands tied because a claim for unliquidated damages at common law is not allowed in urgent application proceedings. Furthermore, it found that a claim for constitutional damages would be too difficult to determine on the facts before it. In the Supreme Court of Appeal, the common-law-damages claim was similarly dismissed but an award for constitutional damages was made. The reason for this was ultimately that the constitutional rights to property and dignity of the homeless people were violated and so an appropriate and effective remedy had to follow. Despite the difficulty of assessing the extent of damage (given the vagueness of the descriptions of property and the probable low economic value of such property) the court awarded what I argue to be “nominal damages” for the property damage. Additionally, the court awarded what I call “aggravated damages” for the dignity infringement attached to the intentional and wanton disrespect shown to the affected community. In this case discussion, I argue that this award for constitutional damages ought to be welcomed to the extent that constitutional damages (as nominal and aggravated damages) were awarded in this case to bridge the gap between an inadequate law of civil procedure and the effective vindication of constitutional rights. However, I also argue that the scope of the judgment should be restricted to urgent applications on similar facts.

Berwirausaha berawal dari bisnis sederhana yang tak terbayangkan, berbagai potensi yang dapat dijadikan sebagai peluang usaha. Diorama dekorasi dapat dijadikan peluang usaha yang menjanjikan. Rata-rata semua orang melakukan dekorasi menunjukan hasil foto kepada calon pengantin, tidak menggunakan perancangan disain miniatur untuk membuat konsep kepada calon pengantin. Oleh karena itu peneliti mencoba membuat peluang usaha dibidang kecantikan berkaitan dengan perancangan diorama dekorasi. Diorama merupakan sejenis benda miniatur Atau replika mini tiga dimensi untuk meningkatkan tampilan umum atau sesuatu dari yang kita rencanakan. Dalam dunia arsitektur diorama maket adalah model miniature atau tiruan dari obyek bangunan yang diperkecil dengan skala tertentu. Menurut Zulfikli (2019: 273) menjelaskan karakteristik dalam sebuah diorama antara lain : isi dioroma tidak memakan tempat, dan harus memiliki konsep jelas, dengan adanya merancang diorama dekorasi diharapkan dapat menggambarkan miniatur konsep dekorasi sesuai tema yang diinginkan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan triangulasi data. Data yang diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Perancangan diorama bertujuan untuk membuat dekorasi dalam bentuk diorama sesuai dengan keinginan calon pengantin. Perancangan diorama difokuskan pada dekorasi Resepsi, dekorasi photoboth, dekorasi akad nikah.

Original 177 La actividad física en la embarazada y su relación con el test de Apgar del recién nacido: Un ensayo clínico aleatorio. 186 Actividad física en el agua para mejorar la psicomotricidad de los bebés sanos. Protocolo del estudio Babyswimming. 194 Effects of a carbohydrate and protein recovery beverage on performance in trained weightlifters. Revisión 210 Influencia de la fisioterapia acuática sobre las habilidades motoras gruesas de los niños afectados de parálisis cerebral: Revisión sistemática. Erratum 217 Fe de erratas-La respuesta de marcadores de enfermedad cardiovascular al consumo de cárnicos con composición grasa mejorada depende de los niveles iniciales de LDL-colesterol.

En este trabajo se presenta una aportación metodológica dentro del marco teórico de cadenas globales de valor, desarrollado por Gereffi (1994, 2005) y retomado por varios autores (Bair, 2008; Gibbon y Ponte, 2014; Humphrey, 2005) que han contribuido a la discusión. Consiste en la construcción de una tipología que abarca las relaciones que existen entre los agentes de la cadena en las tres acepciones del término de gobernanza que desarrollan los autores originales: dominio, vinculación y normatividad. Esta propuesta se aplica al encadenamiento de café tradicional en México, y permite el análisis a lo largo de la cadena; también muestra las relaciones entre los agentes que participan dentro y fuera del encadenamiento.

En este trabajo se presenta una aportacion metodologica dentro del marco teorico de cadenas globales de valor, desarrollado por Gereffi (1994, 2005) y retomado por varios autores (Bair, 2008; Gibbon y Ponte, 2014; Humphrey, 2005) que han contribuido a la discusion. Consiste en la construccion de una tipologia que abarca las relaciones que existen entre los agentes de la cadena en las tres acepciones del termino de gobernanza que desarrollan los autores originales: dominio, vinculacion y normatividad. Esta propuesta se aplica al encadenamiento de cafe tradicional en Mexico, y permite el analisis a lo largo de la cadena; tambien muestra las relaciones entre los agentes que participan dentro y fuera del encadenamiento.

ABSTRAK
Menurut laporan Our World in Data, lebih dari setengah penduduk Indonesia atau 57,93% telah menerima dua dosis vaksin Covid-19 hingga April 2022. Walau demikian, angka tersebut menempatkan Indonesia berada di urutan ke tiga terbawah dengan capaian vaksinasi penuh di Asia Tenggara. Dari data survey yang sudah dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan bersama Indonesian Technical Advisory Group On Immunization (ITAGI), didapatkan bahwa Provinsi Sumatera memiliki tingkat penerimaan lebih rendah dibandingkan Provinsi Papua Barat. Capaian vaksinasi di Provinsi Bengkulu pada Oktober 2022: vaksinasi Dosis 1 sebanyak 85,31 %,dosis 2 (67,97 %),dosis 3 (25,29 %) dosis 4
(25,29 %).Capaian vaksinasi pada November 2022 di wilayah Kabupaten Rejang Lebong: vaksinasi Dosis 1 sebanyak 83,81 %, dosis 2 (66,83%), dosis 3 (28,31%), dosis 4 (34,31%). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain studi kasus dengan menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam pada 2 informan kunci dan 5 informan utama. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Attitude toward behavior (Perasaan dan Kecenderungan Bertindak) merupakan pendorong terbesar bagi masyarakat di wilayah Kecamatan Sindang Dataran Kabupaten Rejang Lebong untuk melakukan penolakan terhadap vaksinasi covid 19.Kemudian Perceived Control Behavior (Kemudahan dan Kesulitan) merupakan pendorong selanjutnya yang menyebabkan masyarakat di wilayah Kecamatan Sindang Dataran melakukan penolakan terhadap vaksinasi covid 19. Subjective Norm (Keyakinan Normatif dan Motivasi untuk memenuhi) adalah pendorong terakhir yang merupakan pendorong bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan vaksinasi covid 19. Subjective Norm (Keyakinan Normatif dan Motivasi untuk memenuhi) dalam penelitian ini tidak ada penekanan dan tidak memberikan dampak positif terhadap Intention dan Behavior, dibandingkan Attitude toward behavior dan Perceived Control Behavior.

ABSTRAK
Menurut laporan Our World in Data, lebih dari setengah penduduk Indonesia atau 57,93% telah menerima dua dosis vaksin Covid-19 hingga April 2022. Walau demikian, angka tersebut menempatkan Indonesia berada di urutan ke tiga terbawah dengan capaian vaksinasi penuh di Asia Tenggara. Dari data survey yang sudah dilakukan oleh Kementerian Kesehatan bersama Indonesian Technical Advisory Group On Immunization (ITAGI), didapatkan bahwa Provinsi Sumatera memiliki tingkat penerimaan lebih rendah dibandingkan Provinsi Papua Barat. Capaian vaksinasi di Provinsi Bengkulu pada Oktober 2022: vaksinasi Dosis 1 sebanyak 85,31 %,dosis 2 (67,97 %),dosis 3 (25,29 %) dosis 4 (25,29 %).Capaian vaksinasi pada November 2022 di wilayah Kabupaten Rejang Lebong: vaksinasi Dosis 1 sebanyak 83,81 %, dosis 2 (66,83%), dosis 3 (28,31%), dosis 4 (34,31%). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain studi kasus dengan menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam pada 2 informan kunci dan 5 informan utama. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Attitude toward behavior (Perasaan dan Kecenderungan Bertindak) merupakan pendorong terbesar bagi
masyarakat di wilayah Kecamatan Sindang Dataran Kabupaten Rejang Lebong untuk melakukan penolakan terhadap vaksinasi covid 19.Kemudian Perceived Control Behavior (Kemudahan dan Kesulitan) merupakan pendorong selanjutnya yang menyebabkan masyarakat di wilayah Kecamatan Sindang Dataran melakukan penolakan terhadap vaksinasi covid 19. Subjective Norm (Keyakinan Normatif dan Motivasi untuk memenuhi) adalah pendorong terakhir yang merupakan pendorong bagi masyarakat untuk melakukan vaksinasi covid 19. Subjective Norm (Keyakinan Normatif dan Motivasi untuk memenuhi) dalam penelitian ini tidak ada penekanan dan tidak memberikan dampak positif terhadap Intention dan Behavior, dibandingkan Attitude toward behavior dan Perceived Control Behavior.

Crafts is one of the oldest industries in Sri Lanka which dates back to many millenniums. There are huge number of handicrafts in Sri Lanka. As a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Sri Lanka protects its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) under the Intellectual Property Rights Act No: 36 of 2003. According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) crafts can be protected using several types of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and around the world countries are using one or several such methods to protect their craft sectors. The main objective of this research study was to understand the feasibility of introducing a GI protection system for the Sri Lankan craft sector. To achieve the said objective the study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods comprising of literature reviews, key informant interviews, several field visits and country case studies. Two craft products were selected in this regard. It was identified from the study that the Geographical Indication (GI) is the most feasible and suitable protection system for Sri Lankan crafts when compared with trademarks and patents.

Desa Tanjung Atap menjadi daerah sentral industri pengrajin di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir, sebab mayoritasnya berprofesi pengrajin. Keahlian ini didapatkan turun-temurun yang terus dilestarikan. Sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan sosial dan ekonominya yang dapat dilihat pada dinamika perkembangannya dalam sebelas tahun terakhir (2007-2018). Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan keadaan sosial dan ekonomi pengrajin Desa Tanjung Atap Kecamatan Tanjung Batu, khususnya kerajinan alumunium dan anyaman tikar purun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian sejarah. Awal mula peneliti mengumpulkan sumber yang berkaitan dengan topik yang diteliti, setelah terkumpul peneliti melakukan ktirik terhadap semua sumber yang sudah didapat, seperti narasumber yaitu pengrajin di Desa Tanjung Atap sebagai rujukannya. Kemudian peneliti melakukan analisis terhadap hasil yang didapatkan dari wawancara dengan narasumber. Selanjutnya hasil analisis tersebut peneliti uraikan dalam bentuk tulisan yang sistematis sehingga hasil dari penelitiannya dapat diuraikan bahwa kehidupan sosial pengrajin alumunium dan anyaman tikar purun memiliki relasi yang terjalin antara pengrajin dengan tengkulak dan pengrajin dengan masyarakat setempat. Kemudian aspek kehidupan ekonominya secara historis mengalami peningkatan terutama rentang waktu 2007 sampai 2018 terhadap penjualan kerajinan alumunium dan kerajinan anyaman tikar purun.

Desa Tanjung Atap menjadi daerah sentral industri pengrajin di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir, sebab mayoritasnya berprofesi pengrajin. Keahlian ini didapatkan turun-temurun yang terus dilestarikan. Sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan sosial dan ekonominya yang dapat dilihat pada dinamika perkembangannya dalam sebelas tahun terakhir (2007-2018). Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan keadaan sosial dan ekonomi pengrajin Desa Tanjung Atap Kecamatan Tanjung Batu, khususnya kerajinan alumunium dan anyaman tikar purun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian sejarah. Awal mula peneliti mengumpulkan sumber yang berkaitan dengan topik yang diteliti, setelah terkumpul peneliti melakukan ktirik terhadap semua sumber yang sudah didapat, seperti narasumber yaitu pengrajin di Desa Tanjung Atap sebagai rujukannya. Kemudian peneliti melakukan analisis terhadap hasil yang didapatkan dari wawancara dengan narasumber. Selanjutnya hasil analisis tersebut peneliti uraikan dalam bentuk tulisan ya...