Traditional

An expression of art or craft diminishes with changing philosophy over time, but an architectural expression tends to remain. The built form eventually becomes one of the very few representations of previous civilizations that have stood the test of time. Centuries old buildings have lasted, although they were not specifically designed for timelessness. The act of building is not a temporal one, each one is a representation of its time. The quality of remaining unchanged indefinitely or permanence in architecture can be achieved with the use of enduring construction material and sympathetic regard for the surroundings. Buildings outlive generations and as such need to be resourcefully designed to continue to be effective. A conscious use of the local materials, the local technical skills has allowed these buildings to harmonize with the context. Born of the earth, each of these speaks the language of the people and of the place. On the contrary, in Indian urban centers, a large quantum of the architectural expression today is ignorant of its place and time. There is a diminishing reverence to what the place demands and more attention to what we demand of it. This paper explores the connections between a building's context and time to its longevity. It argues that concentrated efforts made towards rootedness to a place and relevance to its time, will lead to significantly bolstering a building's perseverance. It also enquires into longevity through examples spanning different contexts and times. Significant examples of historic buildings of a place are discussed in comparison with contemporary examples of similar locations. Such a comparison will lead to an understanding of ways of adapting traditional knowledge to current needs and their appropriation to the time. The paper seeks to emphasize the importance of contextuality and close connect to time, in extending the life of a building.

This paper investigates the use of the latest technology and innovative methods in such a way that the established learning and teaching approaches are taken into consideration in designing teaching materials. In other words, technology is not regarded and used as a substitute but as a complementary component to achieve enhancements. The use of leading edge technologies such as three dimensional (3 D) animation and virtual reality technologies are explored for this purpose. This balanced approach in designing teaching materials is demonstrated through a number of applications in Business related courses. Hence, technology aided teaching methods, which utilize established learning concepts for the purpose of learning enhancement are developed and presented. In order to test this design approach, one of the latest 3D programming tools was adopted. The findings demonstrated that Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, when supported by established learning and teaching concepts, can play a ...

Abstract. The Javanese Traditional Carrying Tools are categorized into two kinds based used of materials: anyaman made of woven bamboo or rattan and the other was made of cloth. The Traditional Javanese Carrying Tools that were made of bamboo / rattan is actually a kind of container with different shapes. The types of goods that were brought was related to the shapes of the containers, demonstrate the type of interactions between the carrier and the goods. The Traditional Carrying Tools made of cloth have the flexibility in terms of being the containers of the carried goods. Selendang is used to carry goods, including the bamboo / rattan containers and to carry babies. It can be used rumpled and straightened depends on the technical needs of carrying tools preferred by the user. In contemporary culture, the form and design of carrying tools more less construct by fashion and trends besides those practical used. Some product are being 'classic', some other are being 'f...

Traditional Medicine (TM) has been practised in Ghana from time immemorial and many Ghanaians still patronise the services of traditional medical practitioners (TMPs). However, TM has not been integrated into the formal healthcare delivery system of the country. This might be partly due to attitudes and perceptions towards it. The aim of the study was to find out the attitudes and perceptions of Scientific Medical Practitioners (SMPs) towards TM in Ghana and then propose measures for the full integration of TM into Ghana’s healthcare delivery system. A descriptive survey methodology was used to solicit responses from all 33 SMPs practising in the Central Region of Ghana. An in-depth interview and self administered questionnaire were the main instruments used for data collection. The main result of the study is that, although SMPs would want the full integration of TM into the formal healthcare delivery system, when confronted with possible ways of working with TMPs they showed reluc...

A simplified go-to document that shall the give the reader an overview of the pillars of African Traditional Religion. It also promises to be a book that urges the reader to find out more about African Traditional Religion because it demystifies a religion shrouded in secrecy and persecution from the major religions of the world. The Axioms of Kemet are advices and instructions from Ancient Egypt.

The Lodha and Savara, once a hunting and gathering Scheduled Tribe, lived in the jungle terrain of West Bengal. The land and forest played an essential role to provide protection and sources of livelihood. The pattern of their general economic life reveals few subsidiary occupations are directly linked with the economy of their surrounding ecology. They have changed their original occupation from hunting-gathering-to non agrarian daily wage Labour. The change of subsistence strategy has resulted in an incipient disintegration of the fabric of traditional structure of Lodha society

The paper presents SWOT analysis of Traditional Medicine (TM) in Nigeria using various results in scientific research and author's critical opinion on the past, present and future of this important sector of agriculture. The paper is based on the study of many published articles closely connected with the topic. The results emphasized that Nigeria has a long history and culture of TM, conducive climate for the growing of herbs and other materials related to it. Also, TM is available, accessible, acceptable, affordable, widely used, and perceived as effective by the people with virtually no side effects. The weaknesses are: the unverifiable and inexplicable aspects of occultic/witchcraft practices; the practitioners lack the skill for correct diagnosis of serious disorders, inadequate coordination of practitioners activities giving room to dubious and unscrupulous elements. Also, opportunities that exists for TMP are: existence of a virile Herbs and Leaves Traditional Medicines Practitioners' Association of Nigeria, large number of population of TM practitioners with great spread over all ethnic groups coupled with a large Nigerian population of about 170million consumers. The threats: the activities and practices of charlatans, the importation of higher quality TM products and the reality of some herbs are going into extinction. It is concluded that TM occupies a pivotal position in the Nigerian rural health service delivery system which cannot be neglected. Therefore, there is the need to create an enabling environment for the development of traditional medicine and its eventual integration into the health care delivery system of the country

the same time the look holds on for some dynamic quality which blazes inside them. In his books, Rushdie tries his best to express the character emergency and focuses on the submerged inside universe of a person. A sharp perception of the lost character of people in the public eye conveys to the fore, the pitiful state of their being, which at the focal point of every single person has unfortunately been victimized of from their own personality. Rushdie's own experience and history may have imparted in him values and a world view that can never be called conventional, religious, or even good with religion, in any case, the one quality his characters gangs that seems, by all accounts, to be as limitless as their distance and dream is their ceaseless positive thinking and unlimited trust. In Rushdie's books, many characters confront the issues of personality. The books Midnight's Children and Shame have been examined for this study.

This paper is a review research about the features of the agile and heavy (traditional) software development
methodologies and comparisons between them based on: Approach, Success Measurement, Project size, Management
Style, Perspective to Change, Culture, Documentation, Emphasis, Cycles, Domain, Upfront Planning, Return on
Investment and Team Size. The important difference between agile and heavy methodologies is the adaptability for
project changes. In agile methodologies changes do easily but heavy methodologies are static and do not adapt with
changes. Also in this paper there are the usage of each groups of methodologies and how can work two groups
together. In addition, some types of heavy and agile methodologies have been described.

t should be noted that the today's youngsters create their own kingdom and rule it like an uncrowned king with their own ideologies that rarely match with the reality of life. They call themselves modern and fail to understand that they cannot surpass the engrained ideologies of the past. Even though the youngsters are the part of the real world, they often dwell in their own world which is stuffed with joy and humour while the real world is highly materialistic and opposite to the trends of them. Moreover, the youngsters are sole epicureans who could risk anything for their physical pleasures. This paper makes an attempt to bring out the ideologies of the youngsters and the existing reality and to delineate the predicament of the young world in the clutches of the real life through Chetan Bhagat's much appreciated work: Two states. He deals with the theme of youngsters psyche in all of his novels. Two states is chosen for the study as the novel is structured between the beliefs and the aspirations of the two different generations that get into a clash with each other in which the young generation is crushed more.

Belief in the existence of supernatural powers and day-to-day unexplainable experiences has led the Nyishis into believing in other than the material visible world i.e. in the invisible spiritual world or supernatural power. Generally, the people are found to establish a close relationship with the spiritual world either by controlling or overpowering the spirit by enchanting or practicing some techniques and canalising the power or by offering ritual or worship to propitiate the supernatural power for acquisition of the thing or object desired. However, nowadays, there are clear indications that the Christian religious ideas have penetrated into the traditional religion of the people in the Nyishi villages. However, there are still many who retain their traditional religious beliefs and ritual practices which are altogether free from Christian influence. The Nyishis believes in the existence of a number of uyub, the spirits that there are in the jungles, on the lofty hills, on the top of huge or giant trees call Sangrik Sangney (Banyan tree), in rivers, and inside and outside the houses and these spirits often hurt human beings. Most of the Uyub are malevolent in character and cause harm to the human beings.

Survey on rural chicken production system was conducted in three peasant associations of Haramaya Woreda of Oromia regional state to generate information on the problems and constraints emending the developments of their community with particular emphasis on poultry production and to list the possible opportunities and strategies that could solve these problems. A total of 120 households were used for the survey work. Finally, all the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. About 77.5% of all the respondents share family dwellings with poultry, attributed to the small flock size, low priority given to chicken and relatively high cost of poultry house construction. The results obtained clearly showed that poultry diseases are widely spread in the Woreda and farmers pointed out that, Newcastle Disease, fowl cholera; respiratory diseases and predators are responsible for the major losses of birds in the study sites. Almost all the respondents reported poultry and poultry product market price fluctuation attributed to limitation in land holding, disease occurrence and low purchasing power of the consumers. About 100% of the respondents reported to keep different classes of chicken together, the practice of which facilitates transmission of diseases. In summary the results of this study tends to indicate that production performance of indigenous chicken is low under traditional production practice and need to be improved.

This paper is an attempt to reflect upon a relationship between Interior Architecture (stone crafts) and traditional systems of space making.The story of stone is the story of civilization.
It is a material, which has witnessed all the eras and narrates a timeline. It is available in abundance, and its use could be found all across the places in various products of daily use,
objects of arts and crafts, and architecture, all of which tell a story of their respective epoch. Stone has the potential of telling such a vast history because it is long lasting and could
easily stand the test of times.Earlier, stone crafts and architecture were considered two sides of the same coin.Large number of built forms can be traced in the areas which had easy access to the raw material. It was the wisdom in the ‘shilpi’ tradition that allowed the craftspersons to understand the composition of stones, their material properties, have expertise in quarrying techniques and exploit the potential to the
best. The most intriguing aspect is this vast repertory of information and knowledge was not just by experiences passed on from generations, but a completely scientific approach. With
the passage of time, this relationship has changed. Contrary to the previous picture, where stone found extensive use right from village constructions to urban dwellings, palaces to temples, today, the focus is shifted mainly to temples, folk products and masonry for urban areas. By allowing interventions on various levels, these traditional knowledge systems can be revived in contemporary times in efficient ways.

The Radhasoami Samadh at Agra, India is chosen as a thorough case study. It is a shrine constructed in the memory of Param Purush Puran Dhani Huzur Soamiji Maharaj, the
revered founder of the Radhasoami faith, who was born at Agra in 1818 AD. Conceived in the form of an architectural model by Soamiji himself, with the help of a British architect,
Frizoni, the building has been under construction for more than 100 years now. Although the building is still incomplete, it continues to spread the Radhasoami philosophy, with its ever
going construction. The building stands apart as a case study because of exquisite use of building crafts (stone carving, inlay, and several other space making elements), and the
process of its construction that gives an understanding of how crafts become integral to space making. Till date, most of the work in this building is done with hands, except the
cutting of stones and some electric hammer work. The idea of construction using hands, laborious detailing, intricate motifs and the pure craftsmanship has made the Samadh a perfect example of how traditional knowledge systems are innate with craft skills.

Abstract- Survey on rural chicken production system was conducted in three peasant associations of Haramaya Woreda of Oromia regional state to generate information on the problems and constraints emending the developments of their community with particular emphasis on poultry production and to list the possible opportunities and strategies that could solve these problems.  A total of 120 households were used for the survey work. Finally, all the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. About 77.5% of all the respondents share family dwellings with poultry, attributed to the small flock size, low priority given to chicken and relatively high cost of poultry house construction. The results obtained clearly showed that poultry diseases are widely spread in the Woreda and farmers pointed out that, Newcastle Disease, fowl cholera; respiratory diseases and predators are responsible for the major losses of birds in the study sites. Almost all the respondents reported poultry and poultry product market price fluctuation attributed to limitation in land holding, disease occurrence and low purchasing power of the consumers. About 100% of the respondents reported to keep different classes of chicken together, the practice of which facilitates transmission of diseases. In summary the results of this study tends to indicate that production performance of indigenous chicken is low under traditional production practice and need to be improved.

The paper explores the history of the relationship between human and nonhuman animals in Zimbabwe and how her chaotic agrarian reforms that started in the year 2000 have impacted on the rights of nonhuman animals. It also attempts to make some comparisons between the moral status of nonhuman animals in Western tradition and traditional Zimbabwean societies. Finally, the paper explores the impact of Zimbabwe's agrarian reforms on nonhuman animals' rights to unhindered access to land for habitation and a life free of human induced suffering.

There is increasing interest in the health and wellness benefits of herbs and botanicals. This is with good reason as they might offer a natural safeguard against the development of certain conditions and be a putative treatment for some diseases. One such area may be the lowering of blood pressure in those where it is elevated (i.e., hypertension). One class of clinical medicines used to lower blood pressure are known as diuretics and work by increasing the excretion of urine from the body as well as the amount of sodium in urine. There are a growing number of studies purporting diuretic effects with traditional medicines. The aim of this article was to review these studies and identify which extracts promote diuresis (which we assessed on terms of urine excreted and urinary sodium excretion) and also to identify the research needs in this area. We identified a number of species and genuses reporting diuretic effects. Of these, the most promising, at the present time, are the species Foeniculum vulgare, Fraxinus excelsior, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Petroselinum sativum and Spergularia purpurea, and species from the genuses Cucumis (Cucumis melo and Cucumis trigonus), Equisetum (Equisetum bogotense, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisetum giganteum, Equisetum hiemale var. affine and Equisetum myriochaetum), Lepidium (Lepidium latifolium and Lepidium sativum), Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus corcovadensis and Phyllanthus sellowianus) and Sambucus (Sambucus mexicana and Sambucus nigra). However, there the number of studies is limited and we recommend that further studies be conducted to confirm reported effects. Such evidence is needed to provide scientific credence to the folklore use of traditional medicines and even be helpful in the development of future medicines, treatments and treatment guidelines.

This is an introductory study of the Maltese Soundscape and is part of an even bigger project. It introduces a soundscape diced with traditional sounds which still echo in the present and mutate and conflict with the modern sounds that are becoming part of the Maltese Sound field. This paper shows the study that has taken place, the results that have been obtained so far and the patterns in the soundscape that are beginning to form. From this initial analysis a number of possible solutions to noise problems have been presented. Further in depth investigations will be carried out and reported.

The history of the Tibetan Medicine dates back to 7th century AD. The main sources that had an impact on Tibetan Medicine before 13th century AD were India, China and the West. However, Central Asian Medicine also had an intense interaction with Tibetan Medicine. It was noted that early Tibetan Medicine sources have contained some information of medicine in Central Asian Turkish states. It was seen that three different words were used to describe Turks in these texts: : Drugu (Turk), Hor (Uyghur) and Garlok (Qarluq). What we learn about Turkish medicine from Tibetan medical texts is as below: -At least one Turkish physician was among the participitants of International Medical Conference that was held in Tibet in 728 AD. -Turkish medicine was one of the established medical traditions neighboring to Tibet. -There were several medical textbooks written by Turkish physicians. -There were some diagnositic or therapeutic specialities in which Turkish states were good. -Tibetans have acce...

Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.

Decline symptoms on grapevine included plants that failed to thrive normal with reducing shoot growth and chloratic interveinal areas that latter became necrotic. In a cross section of grapevine arms, the internal wood tissue were frequently dark brown to black with a wedgeshaped necrotic sectors. Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was isolated from infected tissues of declined plants in pure culture and identified on the basis of its morphological and cultural characteristics. For accurate identification of P. aleophilum the PCR technique was employed. Ten isolates were selected from different locations. These isolates were subjected to specific PCR assay. The specific primers for P. aleophilum were used to amplify the ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) containing ITS1, ITS2 and the intervening 5.8 rRNA genes. PCR results obtained from Phaeoacremonium isolates indicated that only three isolates were related to P. aleophilum. The remaining isolates may represent different species of Phaeoacremonium. P. aleophilum is reported for the first time in Iraq.

The knowledge of the symptoms, treatment seeking behaviors and management of malaria amongst mothers and care-givers in Aba South LGA in South eastern Nigeria was assessed. A total of five hundred and two mothers and care-givers were interviewed using closed ended pre-tested structured questionnaires, which was administered to community members that fell within the targeted audience. The results of the investigations showed that there was a high level of knowledge of the causal agent of malaria, as 97.01 % attributed it to female anopheline mosquito bites. Radio (56.77%) and the television (20.32 %) was the major sources of information on malaria diagnosis and management strategies amongst the studied population. 54.58 % of the respondents had only secondary level of education. A remarkable mix-up of traditional and orthodox medication in the treatment of malaria was noticed. 53.19 % visited the patent medicine shop each time they fell ill and 37.85 % used local herbs. Some of the herbs were boiled before drinking, inhaled or used to bathe as the case may be, while 5.98 % visited the hospital. Preventive measures against mosquito bites included the use of insecticide spray (15.25%), use of mosquito coils (44.60%), use of insecticide treated bed nets (12.88%) and the use of fumes from Ocimum grattissimum (10.74%) locally called Nchanwu among others. We suggest that government should intensify efforts at reaching the rural dwellers that lack basic health amenities, these can be done by making available anti-malarial drugs, insecticide treated bed nets and finally the provision of intensive health education programmes are advocated to remedy and control malaria.

Background : Since milk is considered as one of the most common foods in human life, this research aimed to evaluate the quality of milk produced in traditional and industrial dairy farms of Yazd province in 2007.

  Materials and Methods : In this descriptive study, six farms were selected in the cities Sadoogh, Yazd and Mehriz and sampling was performed in each of them bimonthly throughout one year. The samples were taken directly from udder, storage tanks (industrial farms) and containers (traditional farms) and were immediately sent to laboratory stored in ice. Total cell count was determined by bacterial culture test. Protein and fat percent, specific gravity (g/cm3) and freezing point ( ºC ) were also measured.

  Results : The results showed a significant increase in total cell count of samples at the time of shipment compared to those taken from udder (P<0.001). The total count in autumn and traditional farms was significantly higher than those in spring and industrial farms (P<0.01). Fat and protein percent, specific gravity and freezing point of milk showed the lowest and the highest significant values in summer and winter, respectively (P<0.01).

  Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the low quality of milk in summertime could be improved by good management and implementing of proper feeding programs in dairy farms. It is possible to decrease microbial load to an acceptable level, particularly in traditional farms, by extension of new and efficient methods to farmers for disinfection and proper washing and drying of teat and mammary glands, tools and equipments used in milking along with immediate cooling of milk after milking.

CITATIONS 6 READS 47 3 authors, including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: 1) Effects of PCB 153 on cytotoxicity of RTG2 fish cells, CHO cells and Dunaliella salina algae. View project Michela Paoletti

This paper contributes to the continuing discussion concerning the paradox that tourism destroys the object of its desire. An analysis is made of tourism relations and hospitality in a Turkish village, and it is argued that in their close interactions with tourists traveling independently of organized tour groups, local people are in a position to negotiate both their own "traditional" identity in the presence of tourists and the latter's quests and experiences in themselves. A dynamic notion of sustainability in cultural tourism is developed, by challenging the assumptions that tourist localities must remain authentically "traditional" to meet with the expectations of tourists.

This is an introductory study of the Maltese Soundscape and is part of an even bigger project. It introduces a soundscape diced with traditional sounds which still echo in the present and mutate and conflict with the modern sounds that are becoming part of the Maltese Sound field. This paper shows the study that has taken place, the results that have been obtained so far and the patterns in the soundscape that are beginning to form. From this initial analysis a number of possible solutions to noise problems have been presented. Further in depth investigations will be carried out and reported.

Mostly the shepherds and landless villagers traditionally use the wild fodder plants for their livestock. The present authors have made the extensive survey, group discussions and field visits with the villagers from different localities in Arvi ,Wardha and Samudrapur tahasils of Wardha district. The documented information showed that about 25 common fodder plants collected from rainfed areas were categorized as Trees , Shrubs (4) and Climbers (8).They were used by maximum villagers as fodder for animals. In the opinion of shepherds and villagers, these plants had better nutritious and preservative values and required no agricultural practices for their cultivation. They belonged to 15 families including Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Caesalpinaae, Celastraceae, Cuscutaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Papilionaceae, Periplocaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae and Tiliaceae. The maximum members were reported from family Mimosaceae. The present paper deals with the botanical aspects of such wild fodder plants.

Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.

Traditional, complementary and alternative medical (TCAM) systems contribute to the foundation of person-centred medicine (PCM), an epistemological orientation for medical science which places the person as a physical, psychological and spiritual entity at the centre of health care and of the therapeutic process. PCM wishes to broaden the bio-molecular reductionistic approach of medical science towards an integration that allows people, doctors, nurses, health-care professionals and patients to become the real protagonists of the health-care scene. The doctor or caregiver needs to act out of empathy to meet the unique value of each human being, which unfolds over the course of a lifetime from conception to natural death. Knowledge of the human being should not be instrumental to economic or political interests, ideology, theories or religious dogma. Research needs to be broadened with methodological tools to investigate person-centred medical interventions. Salutogenesis is a fundamental principle of PCM, promoting health and preventing illness by strengthening the individual's self-healing abilities. TCAM systems also give tools to predict the insurgence of illness and treat it before the appearance of overt organic disease. A task of PCM is to educate people to take better care of their physical, psychological and spiritual health. Health-care education needs to be broadened to give doctors and health-care workers of the future the tools to act in innovative and highly differentiated ways, always guided by deep respect for individual autonomy, personal culture, religion and beliefs.

This paper describes the concept of innovation strategies for traditional souvenir craft industries. There are many traditional souvenir craft industries in Indonesia, and they have to compete in today‘s global markets. The craftsmanship and uniqueness of traditional crafts must be developed to attract a larger market. This competition is not easy for craftspeople, neither financially nor culturally. The authors propose some innovation strategies to facilitate craftspeople in generating ideas based on their traditional value, to ensure their sustainability in global context. However, even though there are a number of studies about the craft industry and souvenirs, there is little research focused on the souvenir product development process, especially in the traditional craft industry. Considering that souvenirs are products for pleasure which require hedonic value more than utilitarian value, the offered innovation strategy refers to the strategy applied in existing industries that...

Background: The sensitivity to the radiation among human population depends on various parameters. This variation could lead to dissimilar outcome of radiotherapy in similar situations. Mizaj is a well-known term in Persian medicine that present an individualized medicine viewpoint. All of the people will be categorized in cold, moderate, and warm Mizaj. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between Mizaj and radiosensitivity by comet assay. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood sample of 30 healthy volunteers (10 cold, 11 moderate and nine warm Mizaj) were taken and divided into two identical parts. The first part was exposed to 4 Gy x-rays, and the second part was regarded as the sham control. Then, DNA damages of samples were evaluated by the neutral comet assay. Results: The results showed that the mean percentage of damaged cells, in all of the irradiated groups including A (warm), B (moderate) and C (cold) was significantly higher than the controls (P&...

“Modernity” has recently been the subject of considerable discussion among historians. This article reviews some of the debates and argues that modernity is a problematic concept because it implies a complete rupture with “traditional” ways of life. Studies of key terms are undertaken with the aid of Google Ngrams. These show that “modernity,” “modern times,” and “traditional” —in English and other languages— have a
history of their own. A brief analysis of the shift from a self oriented toward equilibrium to a self oriented toward stimulation demonstrates that modernity is not necessary to historical analysis.

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En años recientes, la “modernidad” ha sido objeto de  considerable debate entre los historiadores. Este artículo evalúa algunos de esos debates y argumenta que la modernidad es un concepto problemático porque implica una completa ruptura con los modos de vida “tradicionales”. El artículo realiza un estudio de términos clave apoyado en Ngrams de Google, que indican que los términos  “modernidad,” “tiempos modernos” y “tradicional” —en inglés y otros idiomas— tienen una historia propia. Un breve análisis de la transición desde la auto-orientación al equilibrio hacia la auto-orientación a la estimulación demuestra que la modernidad no es necesaria para el análisis histórico.

　Ramayana Ballet, a dance theater for tourists, was started in 1961 at Prambanan
Temple and has become an Indonesian representative theater. It was choreographed
by R.T.Kusumokesowo, a dance master of the Surakarta Court. However his choreography
was criticized by Gendhon Humardani at the Seminar on National Dance
Theater of Ramayana 1970. It was the beginning of dance criticism in Indonesia, and
Humardani has had an important role in developing Javanese dance since then.
Humardani made severe comments on Kusumokesowo's choreography, especially on
the following 3 points: 1. dance forms representative and external; 2. pendhopo
(Javanese traditional hall) - oriented sense of space; and 3. art direction attaching too
much emphasis to the story. All of these show Humardani appreciated the Western
modern performing arts. It is true Ramayana Ballet produced a new genre named sendratari
(a dance theater) as well as many new character forms, but it still maintained a
conservative sense derived from the Javanese court dance. From the criticism of
Humardani, “the (out‒of‒date) Javanese tradition” has emerged behind “the (up-todate)
Western modernity.”
Humardani got the Western modern-oriented viewpoint from his study abroad in the
U.K and the U.S.A from 1959 to 1961. His viewpoint of the Ramayana Ballet criticism was
already obtained in 1961 when he wrote a criticism on a ballet performance in London.
　Humardani innovated dance both in the PKJT (Central Java Art Center) project and
the ASKI (Indonesian Art Academy), to realize his dance theory. Humardani played an
important role to bring a modern perspective into Javanese dance.
Keywords : tradition, Javanese dance, modern, Ramayana Ballet, Humardani