Tourism Management

New Horizons is the only recurring global survey of the youth, student and educational travel market. The aim of New Horizons is to provide an overview of the youth travel market, which WYSE Travel Confederation and UNWTO have estimated to account for 23% of international arrivals.

To consider small islands as places for sustainable tourism or sustainable anything, for that matter, must surely be cause for critical deliberation. Small islands as sanctuaries, or rare citadels for ecological safekeeping and tight-knit communities, runs counter to islands as sites for extraction and development, yet increasingly the latter prevails. However, the former are the precise reasons that small islands are aligned with the global travel supply chain. Consuming small islands abides with the tropical idyll narrative and, within such invocations, the exposure of small islands to externalities renders its utility to purposes that run counter to benign and constructive outcomes. Herein is the dilemma for small islands and their entanglements with tourism expansion.
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Wprowadzenie Zasoby historyczne i społeczno-kulturowe Problemy waloryzacji zasobów historycznych i kulturowych dla potrzeb turystyki i rekreacji (Małgorzata Gniazdowska) Wpływ turystyki na środowisko społeczne (Jakub Isański) Zasoby społeczno-ekonomiczne (Ewa Klebba) Zasoby infrastrukturalne Zagospodarowanie turystyczne -aspekt teoretyczny (Dorota Matuszewska) Zasady zagospodarowania terenu dla potrzeb turystyki i rekreacji (Dorota Matuszewska) Zagospodarowanie turystyczne gminy Zbąszyń (Ewa Klebba) Krajobraz Krajobraz multisensoryczny i metody jego oceny (Maciej Pietrzak) Krajobraz kulturowy (Andrzej Kowalczyk) Ruch turystyczny Niektóre problemy metodologiczne badań turystów i instytucji turystycznych (Krzysztof Podemski, Jakub Isański) Doświadczanie obcości. Turystyka z humanistycznej perspektywy (Krzysztof Podemski) Turystyka w kulturze instant: paradoksy i kontrowersje (Zbigniew Melosik) Ruch turystyczny jako przedmiot badań geograficznych (Alina Zajadacz) Ruch turystyczny w ujęciu statystycznym (Alina Zajadacz) Ruch turystyczny w gminie Zbąszyń (Anna Przybylska) Informacje o autorach i redaktorach tomu Indeks 7

Social impacts are increasingly used as one of the main justifications for staging and funding events, and yet there is very little empirical evidence on the extent to which these impacts are realised by different kinds of events or in different settings.

This timely volume fills this gap by being the first to explore the different social aspects of events, looking in particular at the role of events in developing social capital, social cohesion and participation in local communities. Based on cutting edge empirical research, it evaluatesthe contribution of both cultural and sports events to social capital, social cohesion, community spirit and local pride in range of different types of events and settings, with case studies drawn from Europe, Australia and South Africa. It therefore furthers knowledge about the social benefits and impacts of events and significantly contributes to the development of Events as a discipline.

This book chapter addresses the decision-making processes that international hotel corporations engage in during their expansion procedures, and focusses on the entry and presence of these corporations in Bulgaria. Our findings show that country- and firm-specific factors play little role in the presence of these organisations in the country. On the contrary, it appears that potential tokenism exists in the selection of Bulgaria as a host destination, with major hotel corporations each being represented by only one or two affiliated properties in the country. This raises the question as to whether these corporations enter Bulgaria in search of expansion opportunities and to offer a greater choice of destinations for their customers, or because they are pursuing their own globalization agenda for achieving wide geographic presence regardless of the destinations entered. This chapter also shows that the chains and their partners have a strong preference for non-equity entry modes (fra...

Project selection is vital phase in the project management cycle. At this phase, stakeholders evaluate each project idea and select projects of highest priority. Theory suggests that the best way to optimize project selection performance is to align this process with the company’s strategy. The aim of current study was to examine the extent to which strategic alignment practices influence project selection performance of hotels in Nakuru town. Specifically, the study sought to examine the influence of objective alignment practices, core value alignment practices, and capability alignment practices on project selection performance of hotel establishments within Nakuru town. The study utilized the descripto-explanatory research design where cross-sectional data was collected from a sample of 73 participants using structured questionnaires. The sample was drawn from a population of 86 mid-level managers from eight star-rated hotels located within Nakuru Central Business District using proportionate stratification technique. The resultant data was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and regression technique. Results showed that objective alignment practices (p=0.00 and Beta= 0.611), core value alignment (p=0.001 and Beta=0.411) and capability alignment practices (p=0.00 and Beta= 0.465) have significant and positive influence on project selection performance. However, regulatory practices were found to have no significant moderating effect on the relationship between strategic alignment practices and project selection performance. The research recommended that hotels should adopt portfolio model of selecting and managing projects, and create project management offices as ways for promoting better alignment between project selection processes and organizational strategies.

Tourism is one of the most emerging activities with social, economic and environmental impact and requires serious efforts by researchers to identify the mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. The present study aims to be an inquiry of the 2019 trends in tourism in Bihor County (Romania), seen as basis for delineating perspectives in this regard. We collected data from 118 representatives of various accommodation structures by applying face to face questionnaire, seen as main actors in the genesis, evolution and dynamics of local tourism. The results shaped the trends for tourism in Bihor County at the level of year 2019, as a support for the prospects to be followed on short term horizon (2 years). Both, results and conclusions of the study highlighted the existence of dysfunctions in terms of trends and prospects for tourism in Bihor County.

This handbook provides students with an essential understanding of the skills and knowledge needed to work in the Tourism, Hospitality and Events industries. It offers reflective, reflexive and critical analysis on personal, academic and professional development.

Not only looking at how to develop the skills, attributes and prospects for employment in these competitive industries, this also focuses on what the employers in Tourism, Hospitality and Events sectors require of graduate employees. Highly illustrated, the chapters contain think points and activities, and case studies are integrated throughout offering first hand advice from both employer and graduate perspectives.

The first book to focus on skills and employability in Tourism, Hospitality and Events, this is a must read for all students in these fields.

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Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.  Yet leisure travel is not just economically important.  This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time.  In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications.  It was not always so.  Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it.  A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present.  From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known.

". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015)

This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats.  http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow.

Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html

Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641

Although the stakeholder framework proposes the multidimensionality of corporate social responsibility (CSR) , previous research has yet to investigate the relationship between certain dimensions of CSR and corporate financial performance (CFP) in tourism-related industries. The purpose of this study was to disaggregate CSR into five dimensions based on corporate voluntary activities for five primary stakeholder issues: (1) employee relations, (2) product quality, (3) community relations, (4) environmental issues, and (5) diversity issues, and examine how each dimension would affect financial performance among firms within four tourism-related industries (airline, casino, hotel, and restaurant). While all CSR dimensions were proposed to have positive financial effects, results revealed that each dimension had a differential effect on both short-term and future profitability and that such financial impacts varied across the four industries. The findings can provide tourism managers with insights into which dimensions of CSR activities would improve their companies' financial performance.

The concept of Islamic Tourism is relatively new and the emergence of Muslim tourists who travel and experience tourism related activities calls for a better understanding of their motivation and typology. Their existence in the past was mostly associated with pilgrimage practices as historically recorded in the visitation to Mecca. However, there is limited research on Muslim expectations that lead to motivation to travel. The current trend among Muslim tourists is not only to relate it to pilgrimage but also as part of the Islamic lifestyle that required them to rediscover Islamic civilization and religious values around the world. This includes activities such as visiting Islamic based attractions for its historic value, socio-cultural value, new theme development from Islamic perspectives and new volunteer activities to less developed Muslim areas. In Malaysia, tourism stakeholders have begun to appreciate the potentials of local tourism products to be promoted to the various Muslim segments of the world market. Each segment is expected to seek both peculiar and universal needs which will influence their motivation and behavior, a part of which is driven by religious considerations. It is important to understand the different Muslim tourist sub-segments in comparison to the mass tourists or other special interest categories that have been adequately covered in the literature. In order to develop a firm grasp of tourist motivation among Muslim travelers, in depth studies on them are essential. Thus, this paper explores the perspective and challenges of Muslim tourism planners and managers to fill the gaps in existing knowledge on this growing segment of the Muslim travel market.

This study using a questionnaire survey of 200 hospitality management students in two South African Universities assessed the perceptions of these students towards their study programme, the support they get while studying, and their intention to work
in the hospitality sector over the long-term. Results from data analyses indicate that the students are generally satisfied with their study and would recommend hospitality management as a study programme to friends and relatives. Many of them also expressed the desire to work in the hospitality sector over the long-term. Their major concerns towards their study are in the areas of inadequacy of the hospitality management curriculum to address their study needs, the fear that fulfilling jobs will not be available for them after graduation, and their lack of knowledge regarding public and private funding for hospitality entrepreneurship activities. This study therefore calls on hospitality management study programme managers in South Africa to include entrepreneurship courses that address how graduates can source
public or private funds to start up their own hospitality businesses, to decrease dependence on employers. Graduates with comprehensive and integrated knowledge of the hospitality sector operations and opportunities will not have fear of getting jobs and performing well in the sector.

Quality of life (QOL) has become a central issue of concern in peoples’ lives and the research on this topic has largely increased in the past decades. However, some studies on QOL only adopted objective indicators and QOL research is still very scarce in some fields of study such as tourism. Additionally, in tourism, the majority of the studies on QOL focus on assessing the QOL of residents of destinations and neglect segmentation based on QOL as a tool for market segmentation.
The aim of this study is to overcome some previously referred to limitations and, specifically: (i) to measure visitors’ perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL by adopting subjective indicators; and (ii) to segment visitors based on perceptions of tourism impact on their QOL.
Study results reveal that tourism is likely to have a more positive impact on the psychological and social domains of QOL and that QOL is a good basis for segmenting the tourism market. Visitors perceiving more positive tourism impacts in their QOL differ from others on several features such as motivations to travel, travel group, interaction with local residents and satisfaction with the trip.

Actualmente las organizaciones que buscan permanecer en el futuro, deben hacer planeación estratégica en virtud de los cambio es que ocurren y lo vertiginoso de los mismos, es así que todas las organizaciones, llámense empresas privadas o públicas, instituciones paraestatales, organizaciones de la sociedad civil, centros educativos o fundaciones eclesiásticas, así como los tres órdenes de gobierno requieren de planear su porvenir en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, así como de aprovechar su trayectoria histórica y su legado cultural.

Volunteer tourism is the combination of leisure travel and voluntary work. Although it is increasing in popularity, one area that remains underexplored in the literature is the centrality of project facilitators in the on-the-ground experiences of volunteer tourists. This study, therefore, interrogates the relationship between facilitation and implementation of volunteer tourism experiences and the volunteer tourists' lived experiences. By placing in conversation on-the-ground volunteer tourism experiences in Nyakinama, Rwanda with current literature in volunteer tourism, this study finds that volunteer tourism is a gratifying experience, especially as it relates to self-development, bonding with local people and experiencing of local lifestyle. The study, however, suggests that certain managerial actions and transparency measures must be introduced so as to maximize the social role of volunteer tourism.

This study has provided evidence of the potential benefits and challenges of the adoption of IFRS in Africa. The results show that the introduction of IFRS in Africa will result in a number of important benefits for a wide range of stakeholders. The benefits of ease of using one consistent reporting standard in subsidiaries from different countries will accrue to companies while investors will develop, amongst others, more confidence in the information presented in financial statements which they can understand and use

Buhalis, D. (2020), "Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: a perspective article", Tourism Review, Vol 75(1).

Purpose-Technology revolutionises the tourism industry and determines the strategy and competitiveness of tourism organisations and destinations. This paper aims to explore the transformational and disruptive nature of technology for tourism. Design/methodology/approach-This paper is based on systematic research. Findings-Technology innovations bring the entire range of stakeholders together in tourism service ecosystems. Technology-empowered tourism experiences increasingly support travellers to co-create value throughout all stages of travel. Ambient Intelligence (AmI) Tourism (2020-future) is driven by a range of disruptive technologies. Inevitably smart environments transform industry structures, processes and practices, having disruptive impacts for service innovation, strategy, management, marketing and competitiveness of everybody involved. Originality/value-The paper synthesises developments in technology for tourism and proposes a future perspective.

Tutum, en geniş anlamda bir bireyin belirli bir objeye veya bir kimseye karşı zihinsel açıdan hazır oluş durumu veya belirli bir biçimdeki vaziyet alışıdır. (Allport, 1935, s.798-844.) Diğer bir deyimle, bireylerin belirli objelere karşı, geçirdiği çeşitli deneyimler sonucu düzenli bir tavır alışları, davranış biçimleridir. Birçok nedenden dolayı bir kimse bir sanatçıyı, bir politikacıyı, bir şarkıcıyı, bir oteli veya bir restoranın yemeklerini beğenmeyebilir. Bu kimsenin böyle bir tutumunun devamlılık göstermesi beklenir. Örneğin, o sanatçıyı izlememek, şarkıyı dinlememek ya da beğenmediği politikacının partisine oy vermemek gibi.

Wykład poświęcony jest przedstawieniu walorów turystycznych parków narodowych w Rwandzie (Volcanoes National Park, Akagera National Park, Nyungwe National Park, Gishwati National Park). Walory te omówione zostaną na tle współczesnego ruchu turystycznego w Rwandzie oraz unikatowych komponentów środowiska przyrodniczego, stanowiących przyrodniczy potencjał turystyczny w tym państwie.

National Library of the Philippines (NLP) is situated on a portion of Rizal Park (Luneta Park), the most popular destination in Ermita, Manila, facing T. M. Kalaw Street. Established in 1901, its lifetime has passed throughout different Philippine colonial period, and modern generation in which we are living right now.

In this development plan, the researchers would like to inquire further research purposes interview with the best contact person in charge inside National Library of the Philippines, relative information on the Internet, book references in libraries, and even some local citizens’ word of mouth around to accomplish a worthwhile research on renovation.

In the end of this proposal, the researchers would like to provide a comfortable learning ambiance for visitors, upgrade most of the facilities to look more authentic, and enhance the creativity of facility design that can seem somehow distinct from other libraries while upholding the historical spirit within its structural design at the same time. Such outcome cannot only boost the number of tourists to visit and be willing to stay longer and then further recognize it as one of the iconic attractions within the country but also increase the inbound revenue sources on tourism to the economic benefits of its district.

Dünyada siyasi, iktisadi, sosyal, kültürel ve teknolojik alanlarda yaşanan gelişmeler turizm alanındaki talep ve ihtiyaçları da her geçen gün değiştirmektedir. Bu talep ve
ihtiyaçlar turizme dair yeni açılımları ve bakış açılarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu
doğrultuda Türkiye’de turizmin gelişmesi ve ülkeyi dünya sathında turistik bir marka
hâline getirebilecek kalıcı ve sürdürülebilir politikaların belirlenmesi etkin bir tanıtma
politikasını ve propaganda stratejisini gerekli kılmıştır. Günümüz dünyasının en önemli
kuvvet ve kudret kaynaklarından biri durumunda olan turizm alanında başarılı  olabilmek ve dünyadaki rekabet gücünü artırabilmek tanıtma ve propaganda çalışmalarında gösterilecek başarı ile doğru orantılıdır. Tanıtma politikası ve propaganda stratejisi dünyada olumlu ve kuvvetli bir ülke imajının yaratılmasında birincil derecede etkili olduğu gibi turizmde markalaşma ve pazarlama olgularını tetikleyen ve yönlendiren özelliklere de sahiptir. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin sahip olduğu kültür ve turizm potansiyellerinin etkin bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi ve bunun tüm dünyaya aksettirilmesi önem arz eden bir konudur. Turizm alanındaki güncel gelişmeler çerçevesinde dünya gerçekleri ile uyumlu, turizm sektörünün taleplerini karşılayabilecek sürdürülebilir turizm politikalarının başlıca hareket noktalarından biri Türkiye’nin tarihî, tabii, sosyal ve kültürel değerlerinin turizme hizmet edecek çağdaş yöntem ve vasıtalarla dış dünyaya tanıtılmasından geçmektedir. Devletin ve milletin geleceği için önem arz eden bu hususta olabildiğince başarılı olmak Türkiye’nin medeni dünyada kendini ifade edebilmesinin ve kabul ettirebilmesinin en meşru yollarından birini teşkil etmektedir. Bu bağlamda tebliğ münasebetiyle Türkiye’nin yurt dışına yönelik olarak gerçekleştirdiği turistik tanıtma ve propaganda faaliyetleri ele alınmış, bu çerçevede Türkiye turizminin dünyadaki rekabet gücünü artıracak ve ülkeyi dünya turizminde en üst noktalara taşıyabilecek politikalar ile gerçekçi ve sürdürülebilir eylem planlarının oluşturulabilmesine katkı sağlayabilecek stratejiler üzerine görüş ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

The content of government tourism websites is very important for promoting a tourist destination's exciting cuisine and food culture. These websites help to shape a country's, region's or locality's culinarycultural image; they create a virtual experience for culinary tourists. This study explores the contents of the cuisine and gastronomy websites of Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand, analyzing the techniques used to introduce and promote these East Asian tourist destinations' cuisine and food culture. Specifically, the researchers examined the capacity of government websites to introduce and advertise traditional and local foods, restaurants, gastronomic tours, recipes and culinary cultures (including table manners and other dining customs). They also looked more generally at culinary tourism marketing strategies, including the use of restaurant guides and certifications.

Cities have become creative spaces of total consumption, which constantly refuel the theoretical and practical bases of our consumer society. It is a further stage of the “fantasy city” (Hannigan): McDonaldization (Ritzer) and Disneyization (Bryman) have been largely metabolized and so-called “non-lieux” (Augé) have often become the most significant spaces and have helped to build new glocal identities. In such a context, theming – and particularly historical theming – has become a powerful and effective tool, since it gives a robust structure to the multiple and dynamic processes of mingling that characterize our liquid society (Bauman, 2000). Theming merges past and present, culture and leisure, originals and copies, as well as tourism and shopping, and gives an effective framework to this mingling, which is, at the same time, material and immaterial, visual and emotional, sensorial and experiential.
The relationship with the past is particularly interesting. The central archaeological area of Rome has become a sort of theme park, owing to the huge flows of tourists that it receives and the process of Disneyization that it has undergone, though – unlike many other Italian heritage towns, such as Venice and Florence – Rome still preserves a significant local identity and an urban life that goes far beyond tourism. The theming is present in its urban context owing partly to tourism and partly to the usual culturalization of consumption (hotels with Roman names, restaurants with Roman menus, resin souvenirs of the Colosseum, T-shirts with gladiators and legionaries etc.). We can single out the theming even in some of its most iconic places. The area of the Colosseum and forums, together with Via dei Fori Imperiali, which crosses and unites them, appears as an invisible and diffused theme park: a specialized district for leisure and cultural consumption where archaeological heritage acts as an attraction. It is not a leisure space themed to archaeology, but an archaeological space used as a theme park. Legionaries and gladiators for pictures and re-enactors act as living attractions.
Other spaces contribute to this process. Cinecittà, the dream machine of a boundless park, has helped to build the image of Rome and to theme the city. Its studios host film sets, which are at the same time a themed environment, an unusual archaeological site and a place where the myth of Rome is continually reshaped. Though distant from the main archaeological area, these studios are tied to it by an invisible thread, since they play an important role in the definition of its image. Outside the city, but inside its territory, there is also a small themed district formed by a Roman-themed outlet, “Castel Romano,” and an amusement park, “Cinecittà World”, themed to the studios that nurtured the golden age of Italian cinema.
Similarly, north of Rome, near Civitavecchia, where giant cruise ships bring huge tourist flows, a group of businessmen is trying to create “Roma Vetus”, a pharaonic theme park with reconstructions of many Roman monuments. In line with the current trends of experiential and sensory tourism, visitors would be allowed to relax in Roman baths, mint coins and grind grain. Groups of re-enactors would give life to the park, but visitors themselves would be enabled to rent costumes of gladiators, centurions and senators. We are clearly in the world of entertainment, far away from the open-air archaeological museums with their reconstructions and living-history activities. Its creators maintain that “Roma Vetus” will be used at the same time as theme park and a set for films and TV series. This park is probably destined to remain the dream of a minor group of daring speculators, but it clearly represents the dynamics at work in our liquid world.

There is a growing interest in the role of animals in tourism linked to conservation and their care as well as their contribution to the tourism experience. This article is based on a review of literature. It presents a general framework of relationships between community-based tourism (CBT) and animals. The framework is based on four themes, namely: management, human perspective, the type of relationship, and the role of animals. Animals can be an attraction on their own; they could be used for traction and can be game (meat) for tourists. The CBTanimal framework is the major contribution of this article. For practice, it is a function of management to guide matters related to animal welfare and inform the livelihood strategies of CBT members.

This paper analyses the cognitive component of the image of a destination from a dual perspective. Firstly, we study its composition by positing three positions on a continuum: functional, mixed and psychological, which are analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Secondly, we study the influence of these components on tourists' overall image of the destination and on their future behaviour intentions, using structural equation analysis. The results show that the psychological and functional components exercise the greatest influence on the overall image of the destination. Overall image was found to influence future behaviour intentions consistently, while the functional component is relevant for revisit intention and the psychological component for the intention to recommend.

Destination knowledge management contributes to destinations' competitiveness. Knowledge mapping is used to organize knowledge in a database so that users can find what they need in a convenient and easy way. This study compares knowledge maps of four destination types (city, mountain, historic and island resort tourism) and suggests different mapping schemes. The supporting data were collected using both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires. Finally, public sector involvement was suggested in building a tourist destination knowledge depository.

h i g h l i g h t s Chinese tourists visiting Amsterdam for commercial cannabis were investigated. A scale was developed to measure Chinese tourists' motivations for drug tourism. 10 interviews and 2 surveys were conducted to construct and validate the scale. 6 dimensions of drug tourism motivation were identified and discussed.

Establishing, developing and maintaining successful buyer-seller relationships constitutes a critical strategic skill in the international travel trade. After conceptualizing the importance of quality distributor-supplier networks that make prepackaged tours possible, this study explores ...

This research focuses on an analysis of the development of Polish spas and their life cycles. The author discusses hypotheses on the development of Polish spas to contribute to existing knowledge and an evolutionary model of spas. These concepts are based on Butler's model of the tourist area cycle of evolution in order to describe individual stages in the development of the domestic market of spas. The author analyzes the development of Polish spas in the period 1949-2006 by considering the data (statistical and nonstatistical) that relate to health tourism and historical events of this period. r

Sažetak. Autori su suglasni oko senzibilnosti turističke potražnje na promjene u klimi. Predviđa se da će rast temperature prouzrokovati prostornu i vremensku redistribuciju turističke potražnje. Klimatske promjene promijeniti će standardiziranu sliku sezonskog poslovanja priobalnog kupališnog turizma te učiniti će popularne ljetne destinacije manje privlačnim. Očekuje se da će stabilniji vremenski uvjeti u emitivnom području sa pogodnom klimom utjecati na razvoj domaćeg turizma, čime će potreba za putovanjem u inozemna područja opadati. Nadalje, očekuje se da će se klimatske promjene odraziti različitim intenzitetom među regijama. Navedene implikacije klimatskih promjena jasno projiciraju promjene u ustaljenoj slici turističkih aktivnosti. Pod direktnim utjecajem su priobalne odmorišne destinacije sa formiranom ljetnom turističkom sezonom i sezonskim poslovanjem. Zbog navedenih implikacija klimatskih promjena planiranje u turizmu neće biti zamislivo bez njihovog uvažavanja, posebice u segmentu kupališnog turizma koji je pod najvećom prijetnjom klimatskih promjena. Navedeno će izazvati nove odnose na konkurentom turističkom tržištu. Ključne riječi: klima, klimatske promjene, turistička potražnja, sezonalnost poslovanja, priobalna odmorišna destinacija

Today, tourism is one of the largest and dynamically developing sectors ofexternal economic activities. Its high growth and development rates, considerablevolumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, and introductionof new management and educational experience actively affect various sectorsof economy, which positively contribute to the social and economic developmentof the country as a whole.Most highly developed western countries, such as Switzerland, Austria,and France have accumulated a big deal of their social and economic welfare onprofits from tourism.According to recent statistics, tourism provides about 10% of the world'sincome and employs almost one tenth of the world's workforce. All considered,tourism's actual and potential economic impact is astounding. Many peopleemphasize the positive aspects of tourism as a source of foreign exchange, a wayto balance foreign trade, an "industry without chimney" — in short, manna fromheaven.Bu...

This paper proposes a preliminary model of a balanced scorecard for tourism destinations, with a specific emphasis on sustainable development. We begin with a review of the perspectives and critical performance variables for the traditional balanced scorecard. We then present empirical work based upon quantitative analysis techniques. A survey was completed by 1531 Spanish municipalities that are oriented towards tourism and have demonstrated interest in management issues. Based on the constructs emerging from this analysis, we then show how the balanced scorecard can be modified to support the strategic planning of tourism destinations. We conclude by discussing the advantages for long-term strategic planning and sustainable tourism management.

Tourism in China has rapidly developed since the adoption of open-door economic reform policy in 1978. There is still little understanding about the role played by the Chinese government in the development of tourism. This paper represents a "rst attempt to identify the roles played by the Chinese government in developing its international inbound tourism. The period examined is from 1978, a turning point for China's development, to the present. Generally, the Chinese government has played the following roles: Operator } involving ownership and provision of the infrastructure for tourism development and operation of tourism business activities; Regulator } formulating and implementing regulations to control tourism business; Investment stimulator } stimulating tourism investment through the provision of "nancial incentives; Promoter } spending money on the promotion of tourism in the international market; Coordinator } coordinating activities of di!erent government departments with respect to tourism; and Educator } establishing a system of tourism education institutions and providing tourism education and training programs. Analysis of the policies and government roles in China was examined systematically in terms of demands, decisions, outputs and impacts for each of the three historical periods identi"ed, namely 1978}1985, 1986}1991 and 1992 to the present. The framework adopted for examining the policies in terms of demands, decisions, etc. represents the speci"c policy issue components of the tourism policymaking process suggested by Hall's model (1994). Based on China's experiences, some implications of the governmental roles for other developing countries are suggested.