Tobacco control policy

Resumen Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el tabaquismo es una de las principales causas de enfermedad crónica y la principal causa de muerte prevenible a nivel mundial. De no abordarse de manera urgente, para el año 2030 podría llegar a matar a 8 millones de personas anualmente, 80% de estas muertes ocurriendo en países de mediano/bajo ingreso. Los datos sobre la prevalencia de tabaquismo en Guatemala son escasos. Según la " Encuesta Global del Tabaco " en el 2008, en los primeros grados de secundaria hay una prevalencia de tabaquismo de 19.7% para hombres y 13.3% para mujeres. (Rev Guatem Cardiol Vol.24, sup 1, 2014, pag:s09-s12) Palabras Clave: Tabaco. Fumar. Tabaquismo. Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), smoking is a major cause of chronic disease and the leading cause of preventable death globally. If not addressed urgently, 2030 might get to kill 8 million people annually, 80% of these deaths occurring in middle / low income countries. Data on smoking prevalence are scarce in Guatemala. According to "Global Survey of Tobacco" in 2008, in the early grades of school is a smoking prevalence of 19.7% for men and 13.3% for women. (Rev Guatem Cardiol Vol.24, sup 1, 2014, pag:s09-s12)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif mengenai iklan rokok di 10 TV swasta yang bersiaran dari Jakarta, termasuk jam tayang, durasi, frekuensi kemunculan, program siaran yang dipakai, tema yang ditampilkan, storyline, dan pelanggaran isi siaran. Penelitian menggunakan metode analisis isi. Iklan yang diteliti adalah iklan rokok pada seminggu pertama selama 4 bulan berturut-turut pada 2012. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa berdasarkan durasi tayangan iklan per minggu, secara berturut-turut stasiun TV yang terbanyak menayangkan adalah Trans TV, RCTI, Trans7, Global TV, MNC TV, ANTV, SCTV, Indosiar, TVOne, dan MetroTV. Mayoritas iklan ditayangkan di program R (Remaja) yang memiliki banyak penonton kaum muda, khususnya acara film, olahraga (sepakbola), sinetron, komedi, musik, dan reality show. Iklan rokok langsung tayang begitu waktu menunjukkan pukul 21.30; pada program yang dimulai jauh sebelum waktu tersebut sehingga sangat mungkin ditonton oleh anak dan remaja.Tema-tema iklan rokok sangat dekat atau khas kaum muda. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa iklan rokok di TV memang menyasar kepada anak muda dari segi waktu tayang, program yang dipilih, tema yang diangkat, serta tampilan yang menarik.

There is a tension in the policy field about the way that the policy process should occur and the manner in which evidence should inform policy decisions. This article presents findings from a qualitative study on the introduction of point-of-sale tobacco display bans in Australia to provide an insight into the way this public policy was introduced and the way that evidence was used and communicated to influence the policy outcome.


This study highlights that tobacco control policy does not merely consist of a series of segmented and unconnected decisions. It is an ongoing process, whereby the acceptability of forms of knowledge has shifted over time. This has enabled the introduction of tobacco control initiatives on the basis of good judgement when there is a paucity of specific evaluation information to support a policy's introduction.

Tobacco use is a major risk factor behind non-communicable diseases and premature deaths. Health education is one way to decrease the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and school-level interventions have yielded promising results in various countries. Health Education and Tobacco Intervention Program (HETIP) has been carried out in Nepal in 2001–2012. The nationwide project has reached hundreds of public schools and hundreds of thousands of people in two thirds of all the 75 districts in Nepal. It has been organized by Scheer Memorial Hospital of Seventh-day Adventists in Banepa, Kavre, with the help of ETRA Association in Finland. The project has been largely funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Finland. The present publication discusses tobacco use in Nepal and evaluates the outcome of the project.

After the introduction by Sami Kivelä the first article written by Heikki Hiilamo presents the strategies of the global tobacco industry and key measures and challenges for tobacco control in Nepal. The second article by Radha Devi Bangdel gives an overview of the health situation in Nepal and recent developments in health policy. Aune Greggas then reveals the history, context and statistics of the Health Education and Tobacco Intervention Program, followed by Sundar Thapa’s article on the actual implementation and working methods of the program. The concluding two articles present the project evaluation carried out by Sami Kivelä and Sakari Kainulainen at Diaconia University of Applied Sciences in Finland. The evaluation consists of qualitative and quantitative data.

An intensive course for higher education students was held in Nepal in 2011 as a means for project evaluation. Over 30 Nepalese community schools were visited in the Central Development Region, and extensive data were collected by an international team of researchers and assistants, to be supplemented with later data from the Terai region. A VIP seminar was held in 2012 to enhance the capacity of policy makers in tobacco control.

The results show that the HETIP intervention has succeeded as a preventive tool and in helping to give up the use of tobacco. Secondary school students as well as staff members have often found the program personally beneficial. Furthermore, it has created positive attitudes in the community and in some cases shaped the curriculum. It may be worthwhile to consider separate anti-tobacco programs for male and female students in the future. As such the HETIP program has been competent and efficient in complementing the promotive and preventive health education given by various interest groups in Nepal.

Tembakau adalah tanaman yang bukan asli atau endemik dari Indonesia tetapi masyarakat Indonesia memiliki kreatifitas tersendiri dalam mengolah tembakau menjadi rokok. Rokok kretek adalah rokok yang memang asli dibuat oleh orang-orang terdahulu masyarakat Indonesia. Industri Kretek merupakan satu dari industri manufaktur yang muncul di Nusantara sebelum Indonesia modern merdeka. Indutri kretek boleh dikatan indutri yang sangat mandiri dari segi produksi maupun konsumenya. Dimana dengan bahan baku yang berasal dari Indonesia, diolah oleh orang Indonesia, dibuat di pabrik Indonesia, dan dijual kepada konsumen yang mayoritas orang Indonesia, serta hasilnya dinikmati oleh berbagai lapisan masyarakat Indonesia (cukai, pajak, CSR, gaji buruh, petani, pedagang, dll). Pola Circular and Cumulative Causation dan Core Periphery terjadi ketika segelintir orang atau perusahaan farmasi dengan lembaga penentu kebijakan kesehatan dunia yaitu WHO saling berkaitan dan kemudian mempengaruhi aturan-aturan pertembakauan dunia tidak terkecuali di Indonesia.

Objectives: To review the tobacco governance and national responsibility for control, and existing countering measures to reduce the tobacco use among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. Methods: We reviewed the data in regards to tobacco control efforts and difficulties encountered during implementation of the policies for all the GCC member states from the respective country profile in the WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic. Also, we utilized the measures outlined in the FCTC's MPOWER package to not only assess the degree of national commitment, but also compare it against the level of significance that the legislatures give to this matter. Results: We observed that there have been genuine advancements towards tobacco control in the GCC member states over the past few years. All the countries except Bahrain have national offices committed to tobacco control and 5 nations (excluding Oman) have dedicated support services for smoking cessation accessible to the general public. Similarly, majority of the member states have implemented a national-level ban on tobacco advertisement through national media cells as well as free dissemination of marketing material.

Background The preservation of the economic livelihood of tobacco farmers is a common argument used to oppose tobacco control measures. However, little empirical evidence exists about these livelihoods. We seek to evaluate the economic livelihoods of individual tobacco farmers in Malawi, including how much money they earn from selling tobacco, and the costs they incur to produce the crop, including labour inputs. We also evaluate farmers' decisions to contract directly with firms that buy their crops. Methods We designed and implemented an economic survey of 685 tobacco farmers, including both independent and contract farmers, across the 6 main tobacco-growing districts. We augmented the survey with focus group discussions with subsets of respondents from each region to refine our inquiries. Results Contract farmers cultivating tobacco in Malawi as their main economic livelihoods are typically operating at margins that place their households well below national poverty thresholds, while independent farmers are typically operating at a loss. Even when labour is excluded from the calculation of income less costs, farmers' gross margins place most households in the bottom income decile of the overall population. Tobacco farmers appear to contract principally as a means to obtain credit, which is consistently reported to be difficult to obtain. Conclusions The tobacco industry narrative that tobacco farming is a lucrative economic endeavour for smallholder farmers is demonstrably inaccurate in the context of Malawi. From the perspective of these farmers, tobacco farming is an economically challenging livelihood for most.