Tin Oxide

High performance amorphous silicon solar cells require high quality undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (diffusion lengths greater than or equal to 0.5 pm), a conductive p layer or n layer window (Op > 10 -6 ~-i cm -1, eopt >~ 2 .0 eV), an effective light trapping geometry such as textured tin oxide, a reflective back contact (e.g. silver) and low contact resistance (less than 0.5 gt cm:). Requirements for high module performance require low interconnect resistance (e.g. less than 5 × 10 -a Ft cm: for the A1-SnO2 contact), large percentage of active area and good uniformity of material properties over large areas. New developments such as superlattice doped layers and improved tin oxide texturing have led to efficiencies as high as 10.9% in small cells (1 cm2). Processing improvements have led to efficiencies of 8.1% in 1 ft 2 modules patterned entirely by laser scribing.

A method is presented to characterize the TCO/p contact and the TCO sheet resistance in a-Si based p-i-n superstrate devices. It requires having scribed TCO strips, which are electrically isolated before a-Si deposition, then fabricating rows of individual devices on each strip. Analysis of 4-terminal measurements in different V-sensing configurations yields the TCO/p contact and TCO sheet resistance in a straightforward manner. The method is applied to devices fabricated on 3 brands of commercial SnO2 substrates. The TCO/p contact resistance is found to be ~2 Ω-cm2 and the sheet resistance decreases by 2-4 Ω/sq after a-Si deposition on all 3 brands of SnO2 substrates.

Conducting antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles were prepared by a nonaqueous solution route, using benzyl alcohol as both the oxygen source and the solvent, and tin tetrachloride and Sb(III)/Sb(V) compounds as tin and antimony sources, respectively. This reaction produced non-agglomerated crystalline particles 3-4 nm in size, which can be easily redispersed in high concentrations in a variety of solvents to form stable transparent colloidal solutions without any stabilizing agents. The introduction of Sb dopant dramatically increased the particle conductivity, which reaches a maximum of 1 10 -4 S cm -1 for 4 % of Sb. Annealing in air at 500 o C further improves the conductivity to 2 10 2 S cm -1 .

Most of the SnO 2-based perovskite cells(PSC) areeither fabricated in a controlled environment or have low energy conversion efficiencies. In this research, we used a low-temperature processed SnO2as an electron transport layer (ETL) and fabricated planar PSC viaa spin coating technique under ambient condition.By adjusting the concentration of SnO2precursor solution, the efficiency of PSC was enhanced from 4% to 9%. Furthermore,different weight ratiosof 3Dstructured crumpled graphene oxide (CGO), which was synthesized usinga one-step furnace aerosol reactor, were introduced into the SnO2 ETL to improve the PSC performance. The 0.25% CGO ratio resulted in a cell with highestJscof 21 mA/cm 2 and the efficiencyof 11%. Photoluminescence measurements also showed the benefit of doping SnO2layer with CGO in charge transfer in the ETLand from the perovskite layer suppressing carrier recombination. The SnO2-based ETL with the presence of CGO can be a promising ETL for low-cost planar PSCs as well as tandem cells, fabricated under ambient condition.

The morphology and some principal details of the crystallographic grain structure of tin dioxide thin (20-300 nm) films obtained from SnCl Ø5H O water solution by spray pyrolysis deposition were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 4 2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. Direct correlation between the pyrolysis temperature and several fundamental nanoscale grain shapes and crystallographic features successively replacing each other with T was shown. These were: (I) separate crystallites with a sphere-like shape (spherulites), existing at 300-350 8C; (II) pyr agglomerated spherulites at Ts350-410 8C; and (III) nanocrystals with regular crystal faceting at Ts410-530 8C. In turn, the nanocrystals can be subdivided into three types of crystal habit: needle or long prismatic, prismatic and pyramidal habits, each of which corresponds to its own temperature range in increasing order. XRD study and crystallographic form analysis of the cassiterite phase allowed us to suggest identification of the grain facets observed in our experiments. An explanation is also suggested for the gas-sensing properties of such films, which are strongly dependent on the crystallographic grain habit {hkl} and may be attributed to surface orientation effects.

In this research, humidity sensors based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Tin Oxide (SnO2) have been designed and fabricated using screen printing. The sensor devices were fabricated on Alumina Substrate (Al2O3) with Silver (Ag) as the electrode material. The number of fingers on the electrodes was varied to obtain different sensor resistance values. SnO2 was added to the PVA sensing layer with variations in the composition. The size of granules formed from mixing PVA-SnO2 material will also be observed.

Nanostructured materials have attained incredible interest in recent days due to their distinctive chemical, physical, mechanical, magnetic and optoelectronic properties. In the present study, metal nano particle (SnO2) was doped with graphite, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with various composition (1:100), (1:1) and (100:1) by weight ratio. The citrate-nitrate gel combustion method was used to prepare nanocrystalline SnO2 while GO and rGO were synthesized through modified Hummer's method. The preparation of SnO2-rGO composites was done using a one-step hydrothermal process. The electrical and structural behaviour of the composites of graphite, GO and rGO mixed with SnO2 were elucidated by the impedance analyzer in the frequency range from 10Hz to 1MHz. It is observed that the composite of SnO2 with graphite and reduced graphene oxide have similar broad characteristics while SnO2 mixed with GO is exhibiting different properties which could be attributed to the presence of oxygen functionaries.

The reduction of disordered and ordered tin oxide monolayers and multilayers on Pt(111) by H 2 was studied in situ by ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The disordered tin oxide monolayer was highly reactive and reduced by 5.5 9 10 -7 Torr H 2 at 295 K. However, the ordered monolayer was much less reactive, and nearly inert even in 2.2 Torr H 2 at 295 K. Reduction of the tin oxide monolayer occurred only when the sample temperature increased to above 600 K in 5.5 9 10 -7 Torr H 2 or when the sample temperature was 450 K in 2.2 Torr H 2 . Disordered and ordered multilayers were found to be much less reactive by comparison to the disordered monolayer film. The reduction activity of these ordered and disordered Sn oxide films varied dramatically (by a factor of 10 7 ), demonstrating the structural flexibility of Sn oxides and the key interplay of structure and reactivity.

SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , Dy 3+ phosphor was synthesized by chemical solution route to use as a dopant in TiO 2 layer employed as a photoelectrode for down conversion of ultraviolet and near-ultraviolet to visible and near-infrared light in a dye-sensitized solar cell. Nano-crystalline structure of the SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , Dy 3+ powder was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Monitored at 520 nm, SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , Dy 3+ phosphor showed emission peaks at 460 to 610 nm due to 4f 6 → 4f 7 transitions of Eu 2+ ions. For the study, SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , Dy 3+ phosphor-doped TiO 2 layer was deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass by electrostatic spray deposition. The short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and conversion efficiency of the cells were measured. Experimental results revealed that the device efficiency for the SrAl 2 O 4 :Eu 2+ , Dy 3+ phosphor-doped TiO 2 layer increased to 7.20 %, whereas that of the pure-TiO 2 photoelectrode was 4.13 %.

One significant and elegant method for creating β-amino alcohols, which are useful intermediates for the synthesis of many different natural and synthetic pharmaceutical compounds, is to open the rings of epoxides with amines. When sulfated tin oxide catalyst (2 mol%) is present, epoxides can open their rings and react with amines to produce corresponding β-amino alcohols in good to high yields under mild circumstances. Under clean circumstances and in a short amount of time, the reaction demonstrated high regioselectivity and functioned well with both aromatic and aliphatic amines at room temperature.

Semiconducting Bi2Se, thin films have been prepared from aqueous alkaline bath onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FrO) glass substrates (sheet resistance -7 a-cm 2 ) by chemical bath deposition (CBD) at room temperature (27 °C). The films fo rmed are of nanocrystalline, smooth, homogeneous and well covered to the substrate surface as evidenced from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, respectively. These films are annealed at 200 °C for 4 hr in air. The annealed Bi2Se, films are used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) characterization using polysulphide as an electrolyte and graphite as a counter electrode. The characteristics such as current-voltage (I-V), photovoltaic output and capacitance etc. have been studied and results are reported.

Controlled growth of different sizes of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles over well aligned ZnO nanorods have been performed using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique at room temperature (27 o C) in order to form nano heterostructure solar cells. Deposition of compact layer of zinc oxide (ZnO) by SILAR technique on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate followed by growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods array using chemical bath deposition (CBD) at low temperature (<100 o C). Different characterization techniques viz. X-ray diffractometer, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy have been used to know the structural, optical, morphological and compositional properties of synthesized nano heterostructure. The photovoltaic performance of the cells with variation in SILAR cycles for CdSe and with use of different electrolytes have been recorded as J-V characteristics and the maximum conversion efficiency of 0.63% have been attained with ferro/ferri cyanide electrolyte for 12 cycles CdSe coating over 1-D ZnO nanorods.

Bi 2 Se 3 thin films have been deposited by simple and less investigated successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates at room temperature (27 • C). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicate that Bi 2 Se 3 thin films are nanocrystalline. These films are used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) characterization in cell with configuration as n-Bi 2 Se 3 /0.1 M polysulfide/C. The studies such as current-voltage characteristics in dark and light, photovoltaic power output, transient photoresponse, and capacitance-voltage have been carried out. The study reveals that fill factor and power conversion efficiency of the cell are low (0.43 and 0.032%, respectively).The flat bond potential is found to be -0.04 V (SCE).

Semiconducting Bi2Se, thin films have been prepared from aqueous alkaline bath onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FrO) glass substrates (sheet resistance -7 a-cm 2 ) by chemical bath deposition (CBD) at room temperature (27 °C). The films fo rmed are of nanocrystalline, smooth, homogeneous and well covered to the substrate surface as evidenced from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies, respectively. These films are annealed at 200 °C for 4 hr in air. The annealed Bi2Se, films are used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) characterization using polysulphide as an electrolyte and graphite as a counter electrode. The characteristics such as current-voltage (I-V), photovoltaic output and capacitance etc. have been studied and results are reported.

Nanoparticles of tin oxide (SnO2) powders were prepared by co-precipitation method at 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C temperature. The sintered SnO2 nanoparticles, structural, optical, magnetic, morphological properties and microbial activity have been studied. XRD studies reveals that sintered powder which exhibits tetragonal crystal structure and both crystallinity as well as crystal size increase with increase in temperature. The morphological studies reveal randomly arranged grains with compact nature grain size increases with sintering temperature. The compositional analyses of SnO2 nanoparticles have been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The optical band gap values of SnO2 nanoparticles were calculated to be about 4.3 eV in the temperature 500 °C, comparing with that of the bulk SnO2 3.78 eV, by optical absorption measurement. Room temperature M-H curve for pure SnO2 nanoparticles exhibits ferromagnetic behaviour. The tin oxide nanoparticles are acted as pote...

The ability to incorporate gas sensing devices into always-on wearable technology such as smart phones, tablets, and wrist watches will revolutionize the environmental health and safety industry by providing individuals with a convenient way to detect harmful chemicals in the environment. Although thin metal oxide films have shown their gas-sensing ability, several challenges must still be overcome in order to enable full CMOS integration with a reduced cost of production. A micromachined tin oxide (SnO 2 ) gas sensor on a suspended membrane is presented and its operation, heat flux away from the membrane, and stress generation are analyzed. The device operates based on the adsorption of oxygen at its surface when heated to temperatures between 250 ∘ C and 550 ∘ C, where the presence of oxygen ions results in the formation of a depletion region inside the SnO 2 layer. The thermal flux away from the heated membrane is calculated, resulting in a total power loss of 32.5 mW. In this calculation, the heat flux through the membrane as well as the air conduction and radiation are accounted for. The stress through the membrane is calculated to be around 500 MPa to 550 MPa with a maximum displacement of 6.6 μm through its middle. The intrinsic stress through the tin oxide layer is analyzed during film growth using the Volmer-Weber model, resulting in a 200 MPa stress and a 1.69 J/m 2 surface free energy of the deposited material. The use of spray pyrolysis, a CMOS-friendly deposition technique, in order to deposit the SnO 2 layer on the membrane resulted in a total thermo-mechanical stress of 380 MPa.

This paper reports a study by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) of very thin films of antimony oxide deposited on sputter-cleaned Al 2 O 3 and SnO 2 substrates. The work aims the determination of the stability of the different oxidation states of antimony and the characterisation of the electronic interactions generated at the interface between substrate and deposited phase. Oxidation of the deposited moieties of the antimony oxide with a plasma of oxygen leads to the formation of a mixed valence compound consisting of a mixture of Sb 3þ and Sb 5þ oxidation states. A quantitative evaluation of this partially oxidised phase by XPS was not possible because the highest oxidised state of antimony was unstable in vacuum under X-ray radiation. Despite this effect, it was possible to show that the remaining Sb 5þ species depicted characteristic features in XPS and REELS spectra that can be clearly differentiated from Sb 3þ related contributions. Stoichiometric Sb 2 O 3 deposits were obtained by direct evaporation of this oxide. The characterization of the Sb 2 O 3 /MO y systems revealed that the electronic parameters determined through photoemission (i.e., binding energy (BE) of the photoemission peaks and Auger parameter (a 0 )) are dependent on the amount of deposited oxide and on the type of substrate on which it is deposited. The changes, much larger on Al 2 O 3 (DBE ¼ 0:7 eV, Da 0 ¼ À1:3 eV) than on SnO 2 (DBE ¼ 0:2 eV, Da 0 ¼ À0:2 eV), have been discussed in the frame of the Wagner plots and the chemical state vector concept. It is also deduced that the electronic and bonding interactions developed at the interface between substrate and deposited phase determine the observed variations of these parameters as a function of surface coverage. The results with the Sb 2 O 3 model system show that the BE or a 0 values cannot be taken as unequivocal parameter to assign oxidation states of cations in deposited oxides.

In our earlier study, we reported that at 300 • C, a 2.0 wt.% CeO 2 -doped SnO 2 sensor is highly selective to ethanol in the presence of CO and CH 4 gases [F. Pourfayaz, A. Khodadadi, Y. Mortazavi, S.S. Mohajerzadeh, CeO 2 doped SnO 2 sensor selective to ethanol in presence of CO, LPG and CH 4 , Sens. Actuators B 108 (2005) 172-176]. In the present investigation, we report the influence of ambient air humidity on the ethanol selective SnO 2 sensor doped with 2.0 wt.% CeO 2 . Maximum response to ethanol occurs at 300 • C which decreases with the relative humidity. The relative humidity was changed from 0 to 80% for different ambient air temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 • C and the response of the sensor was monitored in a 250-450 • C temperature range. As the relative humidity in 50 • C air increased from 0 to 30%, a 15% reduction in the maximum response to ethanol was observed. A further increase in the relative humidity no longer reduced the response significantly. The presence of humidity improved the sensor response to both CO and CH 4 up to 350 • C after which the extent of improvement became smaller and at 450 • C was almost diminished. The sensor is shown to be quite selective to ethanol in the presence of humid air containing CO and CH 4 . The selectivity passes a maximum at 300 • C; however it declines at higher operating temperatures.

Thin films of SnO :F deposited by spray pyrolysis over glass substrate at 300ЊC, were studied by scanning, conventional and 2 high resolution electron microscopy together with atomic force microscopy. The surface topology and morphology changes detected for films deposited with various fluorine levels are related to the electrical behavior previously reported.

ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) were grown on ZnO seeded fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates at low temperatures (90 °C) from Zn2+ precursors in alkaline aqueous solution. The ZnO seeds were deposited on the FTO substrate heated at 350 °C by spray pyrolysis of a zinc acetate solution in a water ethanol mixture. The structure of seeds was tuned by the ethanol water ratio, Γ, which controls the solvent evaporation rate of drops impinging the substrate. The relationship between the microstructure and optical properties of the ZnO NR films and the photocatalytic antibacterial activity for Escherichia coli abatement, was determined through a detailed characterization of the material. The higher photocatalytic antibacterial activity was performed by ZnO NR films grown on seeds deposited from solutions with Γ in the 0.0–0.03 range. With these films, the population of viable E. coli dropped more than six orders, from 8 × 108 to 4 × 102 CFU. These results show the potential of these materials i...

The present paper deals with the study of the application of the gas phase condensation method to the synthesis of nanostructured tin oxides (SnO and SnO2). The method consists of the evaporation of a precursor compound (Sn, SnO, SnO2) in an inert gas atmosphere (He) to collect an ultrafine powder. The analysis of the obtained materials by XRD (X-ray diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) allows us to determine the experimental conditions that produce the best nanostructured ultrafine powders.

Montmorillonite was pillared with tin oxide. As increase in the surface area was found owing to the deposition of SnO 2 . The pillared clay was used for adsorption of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. As increase in the adsorption was found compared to the initial clay. Solar light decomposes trimethoprim and thus increases its adsorption in small pores.

The effect of Sn-doping on optical, electrical and morphological properties of spray-pyrolysed ZnO films. Perspectivas Online: Exatas & Engenharia, v. 10, n. 29, p. 1-12, 2020. O presente trabalho investigou os efeitos da dopagem com estanho nas propriedades morfológicas e óptico-elétricas dos filmes de óxido de zinco produzidos pela técnica de spray-pirólise. Os filmes exibiram marcas de impacto de gotículas ao longo da superfície. Micrografias de topo revelaram partículas em contraste preto de sais não-decompostos após a dopagem com estanho. Esses aspectos morfológicos não comprometeram o desempenho óptico, embora possam ter contribuído para o aumento da resistividade elétrica devido ao efeito de espalhamento de carga na superfície. A condutividade elétrica foi reduzida à medida que a concentração de dopagem com estanho aumentou. Os íons de estanho ocuparam regiões intersticiais da matriz hospedeira, atuando como defeitos convencionais. A transmitância ótica dos filmes em 550 nm não foi significativamente afetada pela dopagem com estanho, mas uma leve perda de transmitância foi observada após adição de 1 % at. Sn. Estreitamento da banda proibida foi observado após dopagem com estanho. O valor da banda proibida reduziu de 3,25 eV, referente ao filme intrínseco, para 3,16 eV e 3,23 eV, após dopagem com 1% at. Sn e 2 % at. Sn, respectivamente.

Detection of NO 2 through thick film gas sensors • Sensing mechanism comprehension in relation with the specific semiconductor material • Synthesis of new W-Sn mixed oxides also with very high Sn content • Correlation between deepness of defect levels in the band gap and Schottky barriers • Samples with Sn wt.% up to 33% show polarons and high NO 2 electrical responses.

Thin anodic oxide films have been grown on tin by the galvanostatic technique in buffer solutions (pH 4.20 to 12.06) up to 2 to 2.8 VscE. The similarity observed between the anodic-charging curves on tin and those on valve metals indi- cates that an amorphous barrier oxide is first formed on tin, and his oxide undergoes mechanica/ failures that cause 02 evolution as the thickness increases. The behavior of tin during anodic oxi- dation resemb/es in many respects the kinetics of anodization of valve metals. This conclusion hes been deduced from the linearity between the logarithm of current density (CD) and ( ) the logarithm of the oxide formation rate, (2) the reciprocal capacity, and (3) the potential. lonic transport under high electric fields according to the Verwey model is responsible for oxide growth on tin. While the efficiency for oxide formation is high for solutions of pH = 10 and below, it decreases appreciably at pH = 12 because of the increase of oxide dissolution.

In recent years, much attention has been paid to pharmaceuticals as potential toxic bioactive substances in the worldwide environment. These compounds are continuously introduced into the surroundings in small concentrations, which certainly affects the quality of water, ecosystem, and the general health of living organisms. Photocatalysis is a promising technique for treating pharmaceutically active compounds as organic pollutants over traditional technologies. This study proposes the application of photocatalysts composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO 2 ), synthesized using a solid-state method, for the photocatalytic degradation of two selected psychoactive drugs, amitriptyline (AMI) and alprazolam (ALP), under simulated solar and UV irradiation in an aqueous system. The newly synthesized photocatalysts were characterized using the following techniques: SEM/EDS, XRD, DLS, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The obtained data confirmed the successful synthesis and the possible photocatalytic application of the new materials. Concerning the photocatalytic evaluation, the main results indicate that the highest removal efficiency of AMI and ALP was reached in the presence of ZnO/SnO 2 synthesized in a molar ratio of 2:1 and calcined at 700 • C, under 1.0 mg/mL catalyst loading. Based on the reutilization findings, it can be concluded that the mentioned photocatalyst had not lost its efficiency after three successive runs for the photodegradation of ALP. Additionally, pure ZnO powders showed the highest activity after calcination at 500 • C, in the case of both examined pollutants. The experiments with tert-butanol, sodium fluoride, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid suggested that the relative contribution of various reactive species changed in the following order: positively charged holes > OH • free > OH • ads .

Interest in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has grown, with advances in stability and scalability for commercialization. However, in real-world conditions, PSCs can encounter potential-induced degradation (PID), primarily due to sodium ion (Na +) migration from conventional soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates. This study investigates whether PID can be completely avoided using Na +-free substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET and SLG-based PSCs were subjected to-1000 V PID stress. The test was conducted in an inert environment to exclude other degradation factors. After 300 h, PET-based PSCs demonstrated only a 0.11% efficiency loss, staying well below the 5% stability threshold, compared to a 15% loss in SLG-based PSCs. The results confirm that using Na +-free substrates effectively prevents PID, and that Na + migration is the primary cause of degradation during PID stress. These findings support further research to develop PID-resistant PSCs.

XPS has been used to study the internal glass surfaces of vacuum glazing. In order to retain the vacuum state of the sample and to avoid carbon contamination of the test area, specially evacuated samples were designed in this study. A customized sample holder was made and a lever device was incorporated into the preparation chamber of an XPS system to break these samples in situ. The relative atomic concentration of different elements on commercial low-emittance tin-oxide-coated and uncoated glass was compared. The effect of high temperature outgassing on the carbon concentration on the internal glass surfaces of vacuum glazing has been investigated. The study shows that when the sample is baked at high temperatures, the carbon concentration on the glass surface can be reduced to a low level.

Tin (Sn)-doped beta phase gallium oxide (β-Ga 2 O 3 ) nanostructures at different Sn concentrations (0 to 7.3 at%) are synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The Sn-doped β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and absorbance spectroscopy. In addition, their photocatalytic activity is evaluated by observing methylene blue degradation under ultraviolet light (254 nm) irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of the Sn-doped (0.7 at%) β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures is significantly enhanced compared to that of intrinsic β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures due to the elevated charge separation. Excessive Sn concentrations (exceeding 2.2 at%) above the solid solubility limit of the Sn in β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures lead to SnO 2 and SnO precipitation. The presence of SnO 2 and SnO degrades the photocatalytic efficiency in the β-Ga 2 O 3 nanostructures. The results suggest new opportunities for the synthesis of highly effective β-Ga 2 O 3 -based photocatalysts for applications in environmental remediation, disinfection, and selective organic transformations.

Continuous microreactor-assisted solution deposition is demonstrated for the deposition of CdS thin films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass. The continuous flow system consists of a microscale T-junction micromixer with the co-axial water circulation heat exchanger to control the reacting chemical flux and optimize the heterogeneous surface reaction. Dense, high quality nanocrystallite CdS thin films were deposited at an average rate of 25 2 nm/min, which is significantly higher than the reported growth rate from typical batch chemical bath deposition process. Focused-ion-beam was used for transmission electron microscopy specimen preparation to characterize the interfacial microstructure of CdS and FTO layers. The band gap was determined at 2.44 eV by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Xray photon spectroscopy show the binding energies of Cd 3d312, Cd 3d512, S 2P3/2 and S 2P12 at 411.7eV, 404.8 eV, 162.1 eV and 163.4 eV, respectively.

One of the most destructive diseases of the twenty-first century is cancer, which has given rise to significant concerns among medical professionals and academics alike. In order to achieve victory in the fight against cancer, a multitude of therapeutic modalities are currently being investigated. Nanotechnology has emerged as a significant field of scientific inquiry, with potential applications across a range of disciplines. It draws upon insights from a range of disciplines, including chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering, biology, and health sciences. In recent years, there has been a notable surge in the application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine, with the aim of preventing and treating diseases within the human body. Over the past two decades, manganese oxide nanomaterials (MnONs) and their derivatives have garnered increasing interest for applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug/gene delivery, and tumor therapy. This is due to the tunable structures/morphologies, unique physical/chemical properties, and excellent biosecurity of these materials. The green synthesis of MnNPs using raw materials, vegetables and fruits, plant extracts, microorganisms, and fungi offers several advantages, including non-toxicity, environmental friendliness, cleanliness, and cost-effectiveness. Given the variety of mechanisms through which they act, green-produced MnNPs represent a promising source of new anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds. MnNPs have been demonstrated to exert anti-proliferative activity against a range of cancer cells, including those of the colon, liver, cervix, breast, melanoma, and prostate, by activating apoptotic signal transduction pathways or inhibiting angiogenic signaling. In the context of cancer treatment, research is being conducted into the potential of metal nanotherapy, including the use of MnO NPs. The enhanced tissue penetration and retention properties of MnO facilitate its function as a drug carrier. MnONPs have been proposed to exhibit enzyme-like activities, including peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The biocompatibility obtained through green synthesis indicates the potential for its use not only in specific cancer conditions but also in other types of cancer, without the risk of toxicity associated with these compounds. It is conceivable that these therapeutic strategies may prove beneficial not only in the aforementioned cases of cancer but also in other instances of proliferative disorders. The low risk of toxicity associated with these compounds, as evidenced by the biocompatibility obtained through green synthesis, suggests their potential use in a range of biomedical applications.

In this paper, the effects of annealing temperature on the growth of Ge nanocrystals embedded in GeO x matrix have been investigated. GeO x thin films deposited on Si and quartz substrates using electron beam evaporation were annealed under nitrogen ambience at 650, 750 and 850 C. The pristine and annealed samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy and Semiconductor Device Analyzer (SDA). It is evident from XRD that the asdeposited films are amorphous in nature, whereas the annealed films upto 750 C reveal the coexistence of crystalline Ge and GeO 2 . However, a further increase in temperature reflects only GeO 2 phase and disappearance of Ge peak. The sharp and intense peak at 299 cm À1 for the films annealed up to 750 C in the Raman spectra indicates the formation of Ge nanocrystals and the peak around 436 cm À1 is attributed to crystalline GeO 2 . The optical band gap of pristine and annealed films was calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The I-V measurements of annealed films show the ohmic behavior. The results reveal that the annealing temperature significantly affects the crystallinity, size of nanocrystals and optical band gap of films. The impact of annealing temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties of nc-Ge embedded in GeO x matrix has been reported in detail.

Bipolar switching is reported for the first time using solution deposited amorphous zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO). The impact of compliance current (CC) on the SET voltage, the magnitude of the low and high resistance states, and the switching ratio is investigated for Al/ZTO/Ir resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices.

Bipolar switching is reported for the first time using solution deposited amorphous zinc-tin-oxide (ZTO). The impact of compliance current (CC) on the SET voltage, the magnitude of the low and high resistance states, and the switching ratio is investigated for Al/ZTO/Ir resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices.

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) with Fluorine deped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrat and nanosize-TiO2 layer sensitized by “dye” ,mangosteen pericarp extract, was succesfully fabricated. Gel-Electrolyte as electron regenerator was synthesized by adding Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 1000 to electrolyte solution while nanosize-TiO2 was synthesized by co-precipitation method from TiCl3 solution. The crystal size of TiO2 characterized by X-Ray Diffraction is 10.5 nm in size. The solar absorbance of “dye” mangosteen pericarp was measured using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and it showed that the dye can absorb photon at Near Ultraviolet (NUV) to yellow visible light. Nanosize-TiO2 based DSSC with gel-electrolyte successfully reached short circuit current up to 30.9 μA, open circuit voltage 398.3 mV and performed the long term stability. ©2017 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes have been used in a wide variety of applications that require high optical transparency and low electrical resistance, such as liquid crystal displays, organic light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. 1-4 However, the applications of the ITO electrode often involve the modification of the surface of ITO due to its limited catalytic activity and intrinsic surface heterogeneity. For example, modification of ITO surface with gold nanoparticles was proposed to enhance the activity of ITO toward the oxidation of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), which is the most common cofactor for Ru(bpy)3 2+ electrogenerated chemiluminescence. In addition, formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on ITO was proven to be useful to improve homogeneity of the ITO surface despite the intrinsic surface roughness of the ITO electrode.

Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) Schottky diodes were stressed with a bias of 0 V during 60 Co-g source irradiation with the total dose range from 0 to 500 kGy at room temperature. Tin oxide films on Si exhibited a typical behavior of a MOS structure. The variations in the interface state density and series resistance of the Schottky diode have been studied before and after irradiation. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G/o-V) characteristics confirm that the interface state density (D it ) and series resistance (R s ) of the diode are important parameters that strongly influence the electrical parameters of MOS structures before and after irradiation. It has been found that D it values of MOS structure decreases, while the R s increases with increasing radiation dose. The single-frequency method of Hill-Coleman was used to determine the interface state density. The values, obtained before and after 60 Co-g source radiation for D it , are the order of 10 13 eV À1 cm À2 .

The electrochemical reaction rate of the redox couple iodide/tri-iodide in acetonitrile is characterised by impedance spectroscopy. Different electrode materials relevant for the function of dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) are investigated. Preferably, the reaction with the iodide/tri-iodide couple should be fast at the counter electrode, i.e. this electrode must have a high catalytic activity towards the redox couple, and the same reaction must be slow on the photo electrode. The catalytic activity is investigated for platinum, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI)-all deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. Both Pt and PEDOT are found to have sufficiently high catalytic activities for practical use as counter electrodes in DSSC. The reaction resistance on FTO and anatase confirmed the beneficial effect of a compact anatase layer on top of the FTO glass in lowering the tri-iodide reduction rate.

Modification of Sn-based anode with Cu/SDC improves power density. Cu and SDC improve wetting of Sn on YSZ and reduce anode polarization resistance. Carbon formation has not been observed in SOFCs containing tin-based anodes. Micro-channel structure in the anode reduces gas conversion resistance.

Nanomaterials have gained a lot of interest due to their application in various fields. Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is an important n-type wide band-gap semiconductor in the field of gas sensing devices due to its chemical and mechanical stability. Here, SnO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple chemical co-precipitation method followed by annealing the obtained nanoparticles at different temperatures. Several characterization techniques like powder X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were carried out to analyze the structure, size, morphology, elemental composition and optical properties of the prepared SnO 2 nanoparticles.

The catalytic activity of fresh Pd and Pt catalysts supported on ␥-alumina in the complete oxidation of CH 4 traces under lean-burn conditions was studied in the presence or the absence of water or H 2 S. Steam-aged catalysts were also studied in order to simulate long-term ageing in real lean-burn natural gas fuelled vehicles (NGVs) exhaust conditions. Without water or H 2 S added to the feed, Pd catalysts exhibit a superior catalytic activity in methane oxidation compared to Pt ones, whatever the catalysts were fresh or aged. The addition of 10 vol.% water vapour to the feed strongly affects the activity of the fresh Pd catalyst, thus being only slightly more efficient than the fresh Pt one. H 2 S has a strong poisoning effect on the catalytic activity of Pd catalysts, while Pt catalysts are more resistant. The fresh H 2 S-poisoned Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst was studied by TPD in O 2 /He. Poisoning species decompose above 873 K as SO 2 and O 2 in relative concentrations consistent with the decomposition of surface sulphate species. However, a treatment in O 2 /He at temperatures as high as 923 K does not allow the complete regeneration of the catalytic activity of H 2 S-poisoned Pd/Al 2 O 3 . A mechanism involving the poisoning of PdO by sulphate species is proposed. Different diffusion processes by which these sulphate species can migrate back and forth between PdO and the support, depending on the experimental conditions, are suggested.

Indoor air pollution is a matter of serious concern at present times. Indoor air pollution or indoor air quality degradation is becoming an issue of discussion among scientists and environmentalists in today's days. As human beings generally spend most of their time indoors, having good indoor air quality and its real time information is critical for maintaining human health and productivity. According to the EPA, indoor air even in centrally air conditioned buildings is more polluted than outdoor air, due to improperly maintained ventilation systems. Hence it's an utmost necessity for human beings. Many reports have come out showing how much harmful is Indoor air quality pollution and the bad effects and diseases caused by such deterioration in the indoor air quality. Many solutions have been devised to tackle this air abuse and reduce its effects, also several methods of analyzing the quality of air and further monitoring through specialized sensors, the quality of air inside our household rooms like bedrooms or drawing rooms, even in classrooms and halls. But each of the other works have their own limitations and restraints, some are gathering data only from the classrooms or hall rooms. Nowhere there was any implementation of such measuring system in a bedroom, drawing room. In this research work, we have proposed a quick and easy solution of monitoring the air quality using dedicated sensors by connecting them to a microcontroller. The entire setup is desired to be placed inside classrooms full of students as well as in household rooms having people in them, at various times of the day with different temperature and humidity conditions. The data collected from the classrooms and drawing rooms or bedrooms under several environmental instances are to be uploaded to a server, from where it would be retrieved into our machines. After this collection of data, this data to be analyzed using some machine learning tool to invigilate the attributes of the air present in the rooms, namely the concentration of CO2, CO, the quantity of dust particles and their relative variations with changes in temperature or humidity or the number of persons present inside the room. Thus we have developed (1) a prototype to measure the indoor air pollutant concentration (2) a wireless sensor network architecture with a microcontroller (3) a data analyzing algorithm using a sophisticated but popular machine learning tool. Advantages of this prototype is that it was of very low cost and measurement was effective, also the presentation of the data was not at all robust but easy to view and monitor.

One of the most important components that influences the performance of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is conductive glass. Conductive glass is required to have high optical transmittance and low electrical resistance. One of the conductive glass that is being researched at this time is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) which has a cheaper price than conductive glass from other materials. FTO requires further research in order to have a transmittance above 80% and electrical resistance below 30 Ω/sq. Parameters that can affect the characteristic value of FTO are the deposition temperature and mass ratio (NH4F:SnCl2.2H2O). This research varied the mass ratio of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) at the 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% with a fixed sintering temperature of 400 o C. In addition, the variation of sintering temperature at 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 o C in a fixed mass ratio of 4 wt% NH4F were also studied. FTO was made by spray pyrolysis deposition method using the OMRON NE-C28 Nebulizer. This method was chosen because the easy installation and uniform layer thickness. The best results were obtained at the sintering temperature of 400 o C and mass ratio of 8 wt% with the electrical resistance of 9.186 Ω/sq and the highest transmittance of 90.047% at a wavelength of 800 nm.