Theory of Games

Lernen mit Unsicherheit zu leben -statistisches Denken -ist der wichtigste Teil der Mathematik im wirklichen Leben. Denken ist das Hinterfragen von Gewissheiten, und man lernt es anhand von guten Beispielen. Zu den besten gehören jene Probleme, welche die Entwicklung des statistischen Denkens tatsächlich geprägt haben. Genau dies ist das Programm meines Artikels. Der Beginn der mathematischen Theorie der Wahrscheinlichkeit wird auf 1654 datiert. Anders als die meisten großen Ideen, die bereits in der griechischen Antike entwickelt worden sind, ist das Konzept der mathematischen Wahrscheinlichkeit eine ungewöhnlich späte Entdeckung. Der Philosoph Ian Hacking hat dies als den "Skandal der Philosophie" bezeichnet. Die Geschichte der Wahrscheinlichkeit ist also relativ kurz, und sie ist bestens dokumentiert (z.B. . Ich werde diese Entwicklung hier nicht nacherzählen, sondern einen anderen Weg gehen: eine kurze Geschichte in Form klassischer Denkprobleme und der Bedeutung des statistischen Denkens als dem Einmaleins des skeptischen Denkens, damals und heute. Ich beginne mit einem fanatischen Spieler und zwei großen Mathematikern.

The study contains a brief historical and philosophical analysis of ancient Greek games: the
Dionysian, the Olympic and the Delphic as a harmonic universality of the festivals in the history of
the society. For the definition of this universality the historical analysis includes the subsequent
disintegration of the integral phenomenon of the Greek grandeur in the period of the Roman
imperial culture.
Because the being in the modern holiday was reduced to the ornamentally-entertaining,
culturally-unsuccessful forms and characterizes by the loosening of ties with the sense-forming
values – by the destruction of its existential essence, the author proposes return to the origins of the
Greek festivals; he affirms that the complete spectrum of physically-sports, spiritually-sensual,
spiritual and religious nature of the ancient festival games was a genuine phenomenon of the
grandeur, which can and should be applicable today for the going out of crisis of the festive culture.

Playing games it's an activity that belongs to earlier civilizations and still continues nowadays in schools and outside the environment of classroom. All studies focus on the importance of playing no matter the age, no matter the subject. In spite of the new technologies arrival and the electronic games, board games still continue to play an important role in the developing of the human being. Play it's also, from a biologic point of view, related with the complexity abilities of men to survive. The Theory of Games appears with Jon Von Neuman in 1928 and he had showed that most of the social events related with economy and business could be interpreted by strategic games. Another important aspect is this new era that humankind is living in present days. The present social and economic crisis revel some fragility among youngsters when dealing with money and business. So, being proactive, with a truly mind set focus on always trying, never give up, should be a normal behaviour for a student. But unfortunately this is not the real world aspect. Students need to develop competences that encourage them to be entrepreneurs. We, as investigators, should integrate and teach in our classes this positive attitude. So education needs to prepare adults ready to join a diversity of offers across worldwide market. Our proposal meant to join these two important issues: play games and be an entrepreneur. In this article we focus on the necessary process to implement this project. There is a lemma that will drive us all along: better education through games, to achieve better entrepreneur students and citizens in future.

In this article, we are interested in exploring the history of game theory in France, and particularly the way it was received and was diffused in the 1950s. It will be shown that France was the most fertile soil in continental Europe for a multidisciplinary welcoming to game theory. Reviewing certain aspects of the intellectual trajectory of the mathematician Guilbaud, the ethnologist Lévi-Strauss and the psychanalyst Lacan, we show how each of them, in his own way, played a key role in advancing game theory: (1) Guilbaud for his constancy in disseminating game theory (and mathematics in general), (2) Lévi-Strauss for his original interpretation of game theory that had some impact on social sciences, and (3) Lacan for using the contributions of game theory. Lacan and Lévi-Strauss were particularly convincing since they were instructed on request about the principles of game theory by Guilbaud.

Este trabajo presenta un modelo teórico de determinación del nivel de provisión de bienes públicos regionales (BPR) por parte de gobiernos nacionales que buscan maximizar la probabilidad de ganar las próximas elecciones. Partiendo de la consideración de la constitución de un área monetaria regional como un caso particular de BPR, se demuestra que bajo ausencias de mecanismos de coordinación (instituciones) el equilibrio de Nash del modelo produce un resultado subóptimo, porque los países no tienen incentivos para incorporar dentro de sus decisiones el efecto que sus BPR causan sobre terceros. Una tecnología de compromiso gradual a la Maastricht puede lograr, sin embargo, que los países jueguen una estrategia de Grim Trigger que conduzca a una provisión óptima de BPR, incrementando los niveles de gobernabilidad, aunque bajos niveles de cohesión social (alta heterogeneidad) pueden comprometer el éxito del acuerdo obligando a la introducción de un esquema de transferencias interjurisdiccionales para salvarlo.

A Principia Philosophiae Naturalis sorozatnak ez a kötete Neumann János
tanulmányainak közlésével olyan kérdésköröket is megpróbál bevonni
a természetfilozófia gondolatkörébe, amelyek első látásra talán szokatlannak tűnnek. Arisztotelész Fizikája óta hozzászoktunk ugyanis, hogy természetfilozófiai elvekkel elsősorban a fizika elméleteiben és eljárásaiban találkozhatunk. Ennek a hagyománynak a szellemét követve Neumann esetében is megtehetnénk, hogy kiválasztjuk fizikai írásait, majd azok alapján tanulmányozzuk természetfilozófiai eszméit, és azonosítjuk mai természetfelfogásunkhoz való hozzájárulását. Ez kétségtelenül fontos és érdekes feladatnak látszik, mindazonáltal Neumann rendkívüli tudományos teljesítménye lehetővé teszi természet-, tudomány- és világszemléletének másfajta megközelítését is. Az életmű páratlan sokoldalúsága következtében lehetőségünk van arra is, hogy a fizikához való hozzá járulása mellett felidézzük néhány fontosabb matematikai, kibernetikai, technikai és közgazdaságtani gondolatmenetét is.

With the purpose of promoting creativity and entrepreneurship behavior in primary school children and connecting it to entrepreneurship work develop in a High Education Institute with undergraduate students, Produz@ideia arise has a project that makes the link between the two type of levels of education, proposing a multidisciplinary project in multi-level type of education. This project was implemented during a year of work applying a problem-based learning perspective in both level of education and exploring the creativity and analysis implementing the methodology of the “Six Thinking Hats of Bono” with the primary education schools. By putting into action this project we pretended to prove that the empowerment that young children would embrace after the project, being creative, learning to reflect and analyze all perspectives of making things and trying and experiment how to make them, would create on them the access risk in a different way. The way of development that we used, c...

Playing games it's an activity that belongs to earlier civilizations and still continues nowadays in schools and outside the environment of classroom. All studies focus on the importance of playing no matter the age, no matter the subject. In spite of the new technologies arrival and the electronic games, board games still continue to play an important role in the developing of the human being. Play it's also, from a biologic point of view, related with the complexity abilities of men to survive. The Theory of Games appears with Jon Von Neuman in 1928 and he had showed that most of the social events related with economy and business could be interpreted by strategic games. Another important aspect is this new era that humankind is living in present days. The present social and economic crisis revel some fragility among youngsters when dealing with money and business. So, being proactive, with a truly mind set focus on always trying, never give up, should be a normal behaviour for a student. But unfortunately this is not the real world aspect. Students need to develop competences that encourage them to be entrepreneurs. We, as investigators, should integrate and teach in our classes this positive attitude. So education needs to prepare adults ready to join a diversity of offers across worldwide market. Our proposal meant to join these two important issues: play games and be an entrepreneur. In this article we focus on the necessary process to implement this project. There is a lemma that will drive us all along: better education through games, to achieve better entrepreneur students and citizens in future.

Coopetition is a dual relationship between companies through which they compete and cooperate simultaneously. The objective of the work is to analyze its theoretical foundations and demonstrate its main benefits. The methodology used has been twofold: a bibliometric analysis, carried out through the Web of Science, and from which its evolution, authors and theories and typology have been deduced; and an analysis of cases (automobile and telephony), using different magazines and articles as sources of information, and from which its main benefits and costs have been deduced. The results of the work show the main benefits that can be achieved thanks to the synergies that are achieved with coopetition. With the study of different companies in the automotive sector and specifically the case of Samsung-Apple in the telephone sector, it is concluded that cooperation is a challenge, but at the same time it is a very useful choice to face all the advances technologies in a constantly evolving market, where both companies achieve mutual and proportionally greater benefits. It is necessary to carry out empirical studies, both qualitative and quantitative, that demonstrate the usefulness of coopetition as an innovation strategy in highly technological sectors and as a source of competitive advantage for companies.

In this paper examines the influence of the technological platform and, in a broader sense, the social order on the geopolitical possibilities of the ethno-social system, as well as the reasons for its destruction and conditions of transformation.

The present work is dedicated to the study of attacks and countermeasures in MANET. After a short introduction to what the Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are and network security we present a survey of various attacks in MANETs pertaining to fail routing protocols. We present the different tools used by these attacks and the mechanisms used by the secured routing protocols to counter them. We also study a mechanism of security, named the reputation, proposed for the MANETs and the protocol which implements it. We also propose a secure mechanism which is based on the reputation. Our work ends with a proposal analytical model to the modules of our mechanism.

The problem with complex games is that there are many ways to play them. In other words the group of possible strategies is large. However, if we consider a strategy as a succession of pure strategies through generations in the game (as a game tree), we can solve the problem with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). Furthermore, fitness function which evaluates the individuals needs to know the state of the game, in order to apply the best strategy. Representing discreetly the state of the game (pattern) we can train a Backpropagation Net (BPN) to recognize it.
This research work propose a method to solve games with perfect information from Artificial Intelligence’s perspective. The use of this method will be shown on the development of a hybrid system which can play a chess departure successfully. The advantage between this method and the extensive method  is that the number of individuals in each generation is always the same (only the best strategies survive).

has carried on his battle against these microbes of the soul in the field of literature. … He shouts to all of us the motto of young Joseph Knecht in Das Glasperlenspiel [The Glass Bead Game]: '… Advance, mount higher, conquer yourself! For to be human is to suffer an incurable duality, to be drawn toward both good and evil. And we can achieve harmony and peace only when we have killed the selfishness within us'."-remarks made by Sigurd Curman, President of the Royal Academy of Sciences, at the Nobel Banquet,

The present work is dedicated to the study of attacks and countermeasures in MANET. After a short introduction to what the Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are and network security we present a survey of various attacks in MANETs pertaining to fail routing protocols. We present the different tools used by these attacks and the mechanisms used by the secured routing protocols to counter them. We also study a mechanism of security, named the reputation, proposed for the MANETs and the protocol which implements it. We also propose a secure mechanism which is based on the reputation. Our work ends with a proposal analytical model to the modules of our mechanism.

Ante la evidente incapacidad e ineficiencia demostradas por la gran mayoría de empresas de propiedad pública del país existentes hasta finales de los años ochenta encargadas de la prestación de los servicios públicos de agua potable, alcantarillado y aseo, y con el objetivo de lograr aumentos sustanciales en su calidad y cobertura, el Congreso de Colombia, con base en la recién expedida Constitución política de 1991, aprobó la Ley 142 de 1994 o "Ley de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios". Si centramos nuestra atención en el servicio de aseo (como se conoce en Colombia el servicio de recolección y disposición de residuos sólidos y otras actividades, que veremos más adelante), encontramos que, por las disposiciones de dicha ley, tal servicio, en nuestro país, a diferencia del resto del mundo, se presta en abierta competencia en el mercado.

İnsanlık, tarih boyunca aralarındaki ilişkiler, insanın doğum, büyüme, üreme, yaşlanma ve ölümünden oluşan yaşam döngüsü, fizyolojik, güvenlik, ait olma-sevgi-sevecenlik, saygınlık ve kendini gerçekleştirme ihtiyaçlarından oluşan doğası, bu ihtiyaçları elde etme yöntemlerindeki farklıklar, çevre ve doğa olayları, ideolojiler, sanayi devrimi, kentleşme, küreselleşme, internet dâhil bilgi sistemlerindeki gelişmeler gibi daha birçok sayılabilecek nedenlerle toplumsal yaşantısında değişikliğe uğramıştır. Bu değişimin kaçınılmaz olduğu Antik Yunandan itibaren dile getirilmiştir. Toplumsal değişim genel bir ifade ile bir durumdan diğerine geçişi anlatmaktadır. Çağımızda toplum yaşantısının özellikleri tartışılmaya devam ederken popüler adlandırılması ile postmodernite en çok anılan kavram haline gelmiştir. Gelecek ile ilgili belirsizliklerin muazzam arttığı günümüz toplumunda geleneksel ve modern yaklaşımların da çözümler getirmede yaşattığı zorluklar toplumu artık geçmişi reddetmeyen, evrensel ve bireysel değerleri ön planda tutmaya çalışan, duyguları dikkate alan, muhalif ve özgür yani postmodern bir döneme geçişe götürmüştür. Kitabın bu bölümünde bu yeni dönemin doğuşu, felsefi ve teorik arkaplanı anlatılacak, ülkelerin güvenliklerini sağlamak ve hayatlarını sürdürebilmek için yapmaları gereken savunma planlamasının genel ve uluslararası alanda kendini kanıtlamış bir savunma organizasyonu olan NATO tanımı verilerek bu yeni dönemde savunma yönetimini nasıl gerçekleştirmeleri gerektiği tartışılacak ve birkaç yöntem üzerinde durulduktan sonra savunma yönetimi yapan planlayıcıların önlerindeki gerçeklikler anlatılacaktır.

The present work is the result of a combination of the author's works in the field of description and modeling of socioeconomic systems for four decades. It was written due to the awareness of the general decline in the level of competence of the scientific intelligentsia and the ruling elites due to a number of objective reasons. Without claiming to be the truth in the last instance, the author has tried to "synchronize" the achievements in various fields of natural science (mathematics, cybernetics, information theory, sociology, economics and history) to understand the modern picture of the world. The conceptual model proposed in the paper is simplified and serves to illustrate certain socioeconomic processes of the past and present. Undoubtedly, there is a "confirmation bias", since there is an element of subjectivism in every analysis,

Pairing the above two books for this review-my own bright idea-has proved to be more unwieldy and perhaps more unfair than I had anticipated. Hard Labour appears to be Caroline Gatrell's first major piece of sociological research. A clumsily written book, it examines transitions to parenthood among twenty highly educated, primarily white, married or cohabiting British heterosexual couples. The Ann Oakley Reader, in contrast, represents a culmination, offering a thoughtfully self-edited retrospective of the author's thirty-year career building feminist sociology. It begins from the earliest distinction of social-construct 'gender' from biological 'sex', through discussions of methodology, to a critique of postmodernism. Selections from each of Oakley's path-breaking empirical projects are included as well. The asymmetry of these two works, if unfair, does allow for useful reflection on the lifespan of feminist sociology. Hard Labour is oddly subtitled with the gender-neutral parenthood. Gatrell claims, in contrast to her title, that her primary focus is on mothers, noting that, 'when writers and governments talk with authority about "parenting," they are by implication (especially in the case of very young children) talking about mothers' (p. 3). I could not help but think of Ann Oakley's explicit titles: Becoming a Mother, Women Confined, Subject Women, Social Support and Motherhood; and of her ironic 1998 observation of the changing field, 'This is also the sense in which women's studies became gender studies and "gender" was substituted for "women" in research grant applications because it was

Competencia en el mercado… Jesús Botero García COMPETENCIA EN EL MERCADO: EL CASO DE LOS SERVICIOS DE ASEO EN COLOMBIA Jesús Botero García 1. Introducción La competencia es, a la vez, el mecanismo que garantiza el uso eficiente de los recursos de una

Playing games it's an activity that belongs to earlier civilizations and still continues nowadays in schools and outside the environment of classroom. All studies focus on the importance of playing no matter the age, no matter the subject. In spite of the new technologies arrival and the electronic games, board games still continue to play an important role in the developing of the human being. Play it's also, from a biologic point of view, related with the complexity abilities of men to survive. The Theory of Games appears with Jon Von Neuman in 1928 and he had showed that most of the social events related with economy and business could be interpreted by strategic games. Another important aspect is this new era that humankind is living in present days. The present social and economic crisis revel some fragility among youngsters when dealing with money and business. So, being proactive, with a truly mind set focus on always trying, never give up, should be a normal behaviour for a student. But unfortunately this is not the real world aspect. Students need to develop competences that encourage them to be entrepreneurs. We, as investigators, should integrate and teach in our classes this positive attitude. So education needs to prepare adults ready to join a diversity of offers across worldwide market. Our proposal meant to join these two important issues: play games and be an entrepreneur. In this article we focus on the necessary process to implement this project. There is a lemma that will drive us all along: better education through games, to achieve better entrepreneur students and citizens in future.

1. Introduction   2
2. Analytical and Global View   2
2.1 Concept of System   4
2.2 Living Systems   6
2.3 System Characteristics   6
2.3.1 Systematic Maintenance of Identity   7
2.3.2 Systematic Maintenance of Organisation   7
2.3.3 Systematic Maintenance of Goal Orientation  8
2.4 Introspecive Knowledge   8
2.5 Mathematization   9
2.6 Constancy in Change   9
2.6.1 Identitty         10
2.6.2 State of Equilibrium 10
2.6.3 Recognition         11
2.6.4 Self Regulation 12
2.6.5 Autonomy 14
2.6.6 Autopoiesis         15
3. Organisation 15
3.1 Information             16
3.2 Entropy and Redundancy 17
3.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 18
3.4 Structure and Relationships 19
3.5 News and Social Communication 21
4. Political/Social Organisations 22
4.1 Game and Association (Coalition) 23
4.2 Foundations         24
4.3 Teams         24
4.4 Decisions 26
4.5 Power         27
4.6 Evolution 28
4.7 Motivation and Purposefulness 29
5. Decision Theories 31
5.1 Normative Decision Theories 31
5.2 Empirical Decision Theories 32
5.3 Dcision under Risk 36
5.4 The Theory of Social Choice 36
5.5 Game Theory 38
6. Summary 39
6.1 Research Areas 40
6.2 Predictions         41
6.3 Global Modeling 42
6.4 Simulations         43
6.5 Structure, Behavior and Development of Systems 43
6.5.1 Structure of Systems 44
6.5.2 Behavior of Systems 44
6.5.3 Development of Systems 45
6.6 Applications         46

List of my literature extracts and ohp charts in www.academia.edu about 
Anatol Rapoport                                                                    47

In the general frame of an inquiry concerning Lacan and mathematics, the author is interested in the treatment of the probabilities, the theory and decision, all topics that give way to an interpretation of Pascal’s calculus of partition and, in its wake, of the famous argument of betting. Starting from a critical examination of Kant’s transcendental aesthetics, that Lacan propounds to the philosophers to replace by logical space and time of the theory of game (as substitute), the psychoanalyst attempts to prove that Pascal is probably the forefather of the theory of game and decision. What is disturbing in this affair is that a number of interpretations of the “geometer of chance <hasard>”, which will happen in the 1970s, are in debt, perhaps unconsciously, surely in a secrete way, to the Lacanian interpretation that appeared, ten years before. Résumé Dans le cadre général d’une recherche sur Lacan et les mathématiques, l’auteur s’intéresse ici au sort que Lacan réserve aux p...

1. Introduction 2
2 Analytical and Holistic View 2
2.1 Concept of Systems       3
2.2 Living Systems         3
2.3 System Properties 3
2.4 Introspective Knowledge 3
2.5 Mathematization         4
2.6 Constancy in Change         4
3 Organization 5    
3.1 Information                 5
3.2 Entropy and Redundancy 6
3.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 6
3.4 Structure and Relationships 6
3.5 News and Social Communication 7
4 Political/Social Organization 7
4.1 Game and Association (Coalition) 7
4.2 Foundations                 8
4.3 Teams                 8
4.4 Decisions         8
4.5 Power                 8
4.6 Evolution         8
4.7 Motivation and Purposefulness 9
5 Decision Theories 9
5.1 Normative Decision Theories 9
5.2 Empirical Decision Theories 10
5.3 Decision under Risk         10
5.4 Social Choice Theory         10
5.5 Game Theory                 10
6. Summary         12
6.1 Global Modeling         12
6.2 Structure, Behavior and Developments of Systems 13   6.2.1 Structure of Systems         13
6.2.2 Behavior of Systems                 13
6.2.3 Developments of Systems         13
6.3 Applications                 14

1. Introduction                   4
2. Analytical and Holistic View         5
2.1 Concept of System   7
2.2 Living Systems           7
2.3 Systems Properties   8
2.4 Introspective Knowledge   8
2.5 Mathematization   9
2.6 Constancy in Change 10

3. Organization         13
3.1 Information                 14
3.2 Entropy and Redundancy 14
3.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 15
3.4 Structure and Relations 17
3.5 Messages and Social Communication 17

4. Political/Social Organization 18
4.1 Game and Union (Coalition) 18
4.2 Foundations                 19
4.3 Teams                 19
4.4 Choises         20
4.5 Power                 21
4.6 Evolution         22
4.7 Motivation and Targetting 22
5. Decision Theories 24
5.1 Normative Decision Theories 25
5.2 Empirical Decision Theories 28
5.3 Decision under Risk         29
5.4 The theory of social choice 29
5.5 Game Theory         30

6. Summary                   32
6.1 Global Modelling 33
6.2 Structure, Behavior and Developments of Systems 34
6.2.1 Systems Structure 34
6.2.2 Systems Behavior 34
6.2.3 Systems Developments 35
6.3 Applications         37

Inhalt
Spiel und Vereinigung (Koalition) 3
2.  Stiftung, Team und Koalition 4
2.1 Spieltheorie und Teamtheorie 5
2.2 Spieltheorie und soziales Verhalten 6
3. Nichtkooperative Spiele         8
4. Determinierte Spiele         9
5.  Zusammenfassung             10

1. Einleitung                           2
2. Analytische und ganzheitliche Sicht   2
2.1 Systembegriff                           3
2.2 Lebende Systeme                   3
2.3 Systemeigenschaften                           3
2.4 Introspektives Wissen                   4
2.5 Mathematisierung                   4
2.6 Konstanz im Wandel                           4
3. Organisation                   6
3.1 Information                                   6
3.2 Entropie und Redundanz                   6
3.3 Der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik           6
3.4 Struktur und Beziehungen                           7
3.5 Nachrichten und soziale Kommunikation           7
4. Politische/Gesellschaftliche Organisation   8
4.1 Spiel und Vereinigung (Koalition)                   8
4.2 Stiftungen                           8
4.3 Teams                                   8
4.4 Entscheidungen                           9
4.5 Macht                                   9
4.6 Evolution                           9
4.7 Motivation und Zielgerichtetheit           9
5. Entscheidungstheorien                 10
5.1 Normative Entscheidungstheorien                 10
5.2 Empirische Entscheidungstheorien                 12
5.3 Entscheidung unter Risiko                         12
5.4 Die Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wahl                 12
5.5 Spieltheorie                                 12
6. Zusammenfassung                 13
6.1 Globale Modellbildung                 13
6.2 Struktur, Verhalten und Entwicklungen von Systemen         14
6.2.1 Struktur von Systemen                 14
6.2.2 Verhalten von Systemen                 14
6.2.3 Entwicklungen von Systemen                 14
6.3 Anwendungen                         15

1. Einleitung   4

2. Analytische und ganzheitliche Sicht   5
2.1 Systembegriff   7
2.2 Lebende Systeme   7
2.3 Systemeigenschaften   8
2.4 Introspektives Wissen   8
2.5 Mathematisierung   9
2.6 Konstanz im Wandel 10

3. Organisation 13
3.1 Information         14
3.2 Entropie und Redundanz 14
3.3 Der Zweite Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik 15
3.4 Struktur und Beziehungen 17
3.5 Nachrichten und soziale Kommunikation 17

4. Politische/Gesellschaftliche Organisation 18
4.1 Spiel und Vereinigung (Koalition) 18
4.2 Stiftungen 19
4.3 Teams         19
4.4 Entscheidungen 20
4.5 Macht         21
4.6 Evolution 22
4.7 Motivation und Zielgerichtetheit 22

5. Entscheidungstheorien 24
5.1 Normative Entscheidungstheorien 25
5.2 Empirische Entscheidungstheorien 28
5.3 Entscheidung unter Risiko 29
5.4 Die Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wahl 29
5.5 Spieltheorie         30

6. Zusammenfassung 32
6.1 Globale Modellbildung 33
6.2 Struktur, Verhalten und Entwicklungen von
        Systemen                                 34
6.2.1 Struktur von Systemen 34
6.2.2 Verhalten von Systemen 34
6.2.3 Entwicklungen von Systemen 35
6.3 Anwendungen 37

1 Evolución de la comunicación animal Explicación para lo siguiente: Porque un animal le avisa a otro que hay un depredador cerca ¿Los animales mienten? Qué condiciones tiene que tener un mensaje para ser honesto Porque la cola de los pavo real es tan grande Los cuernos de los alces machos Porque los grillos hacen tanto ruido, porque croan los sapos Porque los gatos saltan cuando ven un pepino Porque los huevos de los pájaros cucu son indistinguibles Los símbolos de estatus, porque la gente compara arte Porque el pene humano no tiene hueso El canchero que amenaza con los brazos en la espalda Un cartel en el obelisco de un político que dice que él es honesto 2 Recorrido histórico Porque la cola del pavo real macho es tan grande Recorrido histórico Darwin 1859, selección sexual Hembras elijen a los machos por su atractivo Fisher 1930, síntesis entre evolución y genética Asociación entre genes de preferencia y cola larga No son características arbitrarias Una voz aguda como señal de un cuerpo grande es una señal sin costos 3 Explicación del principio de hándicap Experimentos cortándole las colas y agregando colas Las señales costosas no las puede producir un macho de baja calidad Zahavi, 1975, Principio de Handicap Las señales costosas son honestas y toda señal honesta es costosa Dawkins, 1976, primera edición, 1989, segunda edición Maynard Smith, 1991, The Philip Sidney Game

The translation is on going, it may be have some mistakes.

The document divides in two parts. The second corresponds to a conference that I gave in Navarra about the importance of the process that I have enriched with the criticism to the axiomatic gift game theory of A. Vargas, which I have planted in the first part. In the 2014 when the author came to me after my conference to ask me about my topic he told me he was working in the same field in theory of games… I did not give him so much significance; neither related the subject with the social crises. My subject of study was the creativity, López Quintás and the meeting. But afterwards to pose him by mails some questions on social systemic crises and when receiving only silences… increased my interest for resolving alone or try understanding on my own the root of the problem. I found out a reason to keep me asking about it and establish a relation between the social crises systemic, the theories of gift games and the fear to speak of them in public, especially when they apply to apologetic. Because it was not the only author that refuse establish an open dialogue or documentable on these arguments. I don´t have problems if someone call me silly or naïve, being able to question is the main reason of philosophy, to look for the truth. In that effort I have more than 33 videos in YouTube with colloquial interpretations of his theory of games and the reason to plant here, this document in a formal way my pronouncement is to promote the academic dialogue on the responsibility of the limits and powers of the philosophical analyses for Christian. The limits of the game, part I and part II are then an invitation to ask us, to have a public conversation and concatenate the loose threads that are between philosophies, eschatology, anthropology could can carry us to abysses an also to help us to learning to Be.

The limits of the game part 1 still on going on the translation.Part II

In the document I try to show how the exclusive emphasis in the parameters of material measurement for human works, can shorten or distort the vision on the contributions. Including the technical academic contributions or humanistic, separating or confusing the human gift and his capacity of transformation by means of the meeting with his identity from what makes like person in his discipline of study and the transcendence of the professional or human.
To base it I complement with the theory of the creativity of López Quintás with the capacity of the person of coexist with values originations by means of the virtues that purchases in any human activity that allow him –from the creativity- open to the gift to Be.
At the end I finalized with the conclusion of the document of the Part I of the limit of the game integrate the questions and arguments of the criticism to the gift games of the Part I to generate an invitation to an open dialogue on the responsibility of the Catholics in the philosophical anthropology that directs us to learn to Be.
Keywords:
Theories of game, theory of apologetic games, creativity, social crises systemic

This is my review of Part III of The Blackwell Companion edited by Mark D. Jacobs and Nancy Weiss Hanrahan. They published it in 2005, and my review was part of a group of reviews for the Sociology of Culture Section Newsletter in that same year..

Il BANKING SECONDO LA TEORIA DEI GIOCHI. ANALISI DI CASI Eugenio Bastianon
Introduzione
Questo lavoro analizza, in prima istanza, i paradossi che il regolamento di Basilea pone al mercato bancario, esplicitandone le cause alla luce della teoria dei giochi. Questo lavoro articola poi in modo analitico la prospettiva teoria dei giochi-banking: • con strategie sui crediti e sui mutui, • secondo gli equilibri di Nash/Cournot sulle quantità, • secondo gli equilibri di Nash/Bertrand sui prezzi, • secondo le quantità di Stackelberg, • secondo la strategia dei prezzi predatori, che non rispetta gli equilibri di Bertrand, pensando di poter recuperare in altri mercati quanto perde in un particolare mercato per mettere fuori gioco i competitor che non possono superare Bertrand non avendo possibilità di recupero, • in mercati oligopolistici, • in mercati aperti, • con strategie di vigilanza auto-organizzata, secondo gli equilibri di Aumann Il lavoro fonda la propria opportunità e legittimità sul fatto che è possibile pensare che la crisi dei mutui subprime sia stato il risultato di una violazione dell’equilibrio di Cournot sulla concessione dei mutui stessi: i mutui prodotti sarebbero stati troppi e, come per qualsiasi altra merce, l’eccesso di mutui nel mercato ne avrebbe prodotto la crisi dei prezzi, e, quindi, la copertura del rischio

This essay from Roger Caillois contains a bunch of theoretical reflections which can be found dispersed in his different books. He compairs animal play behaviour with human categories of games: agon, alea, mimicry and ilinx, so he argues, are fundamental types to classify games. Civilisations make a choice in which games they prefer to canalize the energies which are not consumed by productive work.
One of the most challenging ideas in this article is the assumption, that theatre and disguise reveals the need of humans to escape temporary their "real-life-conditions".

meine Folien zum Einblick/Überblick zur Spieltheorie:

Spieltheorie und Glücksspiel-Theorie 2
Nullsummenspiel         3
Nicht-Konstantsummenspiel 4
Der Bettler und der Millionär 5
Gefangenen-Dilemma         6
Ergänzung aus <<<rapoport Allgemeine
Systemtheorie                                            10

Zuerst soll die klassische Kausalität, hier Kausalität2 genannt, die den Stein des Anstosses für alle Evolutionisten darstellt, in einem Minimodell definiert werden. Dieses wiederum erlaubt in einfacher Weise einen Vergleich mit dem Modell der statistischen Verursachung (Kausalität1). Unter Benutzung von systemtheoretischen Bedingungen wird gezeigt, daß sich dieses Modell besonders gut zur Erklärung von evolutionären Verursachungsketten und von gegen-seitiger Verursachung eignet. Der entscheidende Unterschied zwischen Kausalität1 und Kausalität2 zeigt sich klar, wenn man die klassische Kausalität (Kausalität2) wie sie der Newtonschen Theorie zugrunde liegt, einfach ohne Zufallserscheinungen zu berücksichtigen, auf biologische oder soziale Theorien überträgt. Immer dann, wenn wir den Zufall (Zufallsereignisse) in ein streng deterministisches System einführen, wird es, gemäß den alten Vorstellungen von Epikur und Karneades, indeterminis-tisch. 'Indeterministisch' heißt einfach, daß wir das zukünftige Verhalten eines bestimmten Individuums nicht mit einer definitiven Ja-oder Nein-Aussage ausdrücken können, sondern nur mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit p(e l). In typisch biologischen Systemen ist dieser Unbestimmtheitsspielraum der Einzelindividuen durch gegenseitige Beeinflussung, durch Zufall oder durch den Einfluß von übergeordneten Systemen ihrer Umgebung verursacht. Die Kausalität1 erklärt so, wenn sie zu zeitinvarianten, d.h. über Raum und Zeit ihren Zustand oder ihre Form erhaltenden Systemen führt, wie Naturgesetze als 'Invarianzen' verstanden werden können, wie noch eingehend in den nächsten Abschnitten gezeigt wird. Die Annahme einer Kausalität1 führt, wenn sie global gilt, zu einem einzigen kausal1 zusammenhängenden holistischen System (Bio-und Ökosysteme eingeschlossen), dessen Sub-systeme, Systeme und Supersysteme ein einziges offenes, nicht notwendigerweise linear hierarchisches, mit dazwischenliegenden Kausalschlingen, kybernetischen Zyklen etc. zusammengesetztes, kausales Wirkungssystem bilden. Diese Annahme wurde systemtheoretisch zum Aufbau einer Ontologie verwendet (Leinfellner-Leinfellner 1978). Die Annahme, daß das Universum ein kausal1-zusammenhängendes Wirkungssystem ist, kann als Konsequenz des berühmten Bell-Theorems angesehen werden, das hier in einer einfachen, analogen Formulierung benützt wird.

Literaturauszug aus: Anatol Rapoport: Allgemeine Systemtheorie
Die ersten Keime der allgemeinen Systemtheorie erschienen in den Werken von Ludwig von Bertalanffy. Es war auch Deutschland, wo im tiefen Denken von Kant eine klar formulierte Philosophie der modernen Wissenschaft in Verbindung mit einer strengen Theorie der Erkenntnis zuerst erschien. Diesem Boden entstammte die Allgemeine Systemtheorie.
Die Verwendung des Ausdrucks "allgemeine Systemtheorie" legt nahe, daß es in unserer Welt Gebilde gibt, die "Systeme" genannt werden, und daß alle diese, oder wenigstens alle, die besonderen Typen angehören, einige Eigenschaften gemeinsam haben. Entsprechend dieser Ansicht würde es scheinen, daß die Aufgabe einer "allgemeinen Theorie von Systemen" darin bestehen würde, Systeme ztu definieren, eine Taxonomie von Systemen zu formulieren, Eigenschaften auszusondern, die zahlreiche Systeme gemein haben, und zu erklären, wie dieser Zuagng uns zu einem besseren Verständnis unserer Welt verhelfen kann (das letztgenannte Ziel ist natürlich Bestandteil der Rechtfertigung einer jeden substantiellen Theorie).
Wenn man die Literatur sorgfältig liest, welche vorgibt, sich mit allgemeiner Systemtheorie zu befassen, findet man weite Divergenzen in der Definition von Systemen, in den Klassifikationskriterien und der Bewertung der Systembetrachtungsweise als ein Beitrag zum Wissen, Verständnis oder zur Verfolgung spezifischer praktischer Ziele.

An inherent feature of cooperation is fairness, the embodiment of an ethical ideal - which means it is more than mere contacts or discussion possibly insolving competition, too.

Two parties cooperate if they work together or at least share information, yielding equal benefits to both sides.

Though one might be willing to accept this rule in principle, there are several traps that may lead to a contravention of the rules' true spirit.