Text Interpretation

Este estudo combina duas preocupações fundamentais, que são a necessidade de utilização pelos professores das tecnologias móveis, tão do agrado dos alunos, que delas já se apropriaram fora do contexto educativo, e as dificuldades de aquisição de competências de literacia em leitura que os dados têm mostrado nos últimos quatro anos em Portugal. Propomo-nos desenhar, desenvolver, avaliar e implementar um software educativo para dispositivos que promova a aquisição de competências de interpretação textual de textos narrativos e simultaneamente o gosto pela leitura, e monitorizar a sua implementação através de uma formação profissional específica a professores.

Bullying is a phenomenon that is gaining more and more strength in schools. It is a reality that is expressed worldwide, with Latin America having the highest incidence rate. In Ecuador, at the end of 2018, the figures exceed 1400 cases of bullying studied, which is considered alarming, due to the physical, psychological, and social repercussions that this implies. This article is the result of an investigation that aims to explore this phenomenon in two educational units of the Guayaquil Canton, which constitutes a modest contribution of Social Sciences, in general, and of Psychology in particular, to raising awareness with this problem to reduce and eradicate it. It constitutes an exploratory study, with 89 students of Basic Cycle, whose ages are between 7 and 9 years, and the abbreviated Scale of the CIE-A School Bullying Questionnaire, the Participant Observation, and the Semi-structured Individual Interview with nine teachers of said educational establishments. The results show...

The article describes a query system on texts and literary material with advanced information retrieval tools suitable to retrieve the content of a text, either as material specifically organized with respect to linguistic, stylistic and rethoric features, and in its historical, social and cultural context. As a test bed we chose the Dante's characters of al di là. This method of investigation should help a scholar of a literary text to realize part of his interpretative intentions. For this purpose, we will adopt advanced methodologies in knowledge management and knowledge discovery to be applied to a rich representation of the tagged content of a text.

Afin de montrer que les concepts développés dans la section précédente ne sont pas simplement le produit de mon imagination, l'histoire biblique ancienne de Sodome ainsi que les utilisations modernes du langage sexuel sont analysées. Selon la compréhension traditionnelle, lorsque des étrangers sont venus visiter Lot, tous les habitants de Sodome se sont rassemblés et ont exigé que les étrangers soient amenés afin qu'ils puissent les « connaître », car le mot « connaître » est fréquemment utilisé dans la Bible comme euphémisme pour les rapports sexuels, la demande des Sodomites est considérée comme une preuve, non seulement de leurs intérêts sexuels, mais aussi comme une preuve de leur orientation sexuelle. Cette compréhension est surprenante compte tenu du fait que le langage sexuel est utilisé dans toutes les langues et cultures pour suggérer la violence et non les intérêts sexuels, mais ce qui est encore plus surprenant, c’est que l’histoire de Sodome comprend des détails qui agissent comme de puissants bloqueurs de réalité qui rendent impossible de comprendre que les habitants de la ville envisageaient des rapports homosexuels réels avec ces étrangers, comme le fait que, non seulement les hommes étaient présents à cette occasion, mais aussi tous les résidents, du plus jeune au plus âgé, ce qui inclurait les femmes qui ne pouvaient pas avoir des rapports homosexuels avec certains étrangers qui sont décrits comme des hommes.  L’histoire ne porte donc pas sur la prétendue homosexualité universelle des habitants de Sodome, mais plutôt sur la xénophobie qui a caractérisé toutes les civilisations, y compris celles des Américains et des Européens modernes. Bien que l'utilisation d'un langage sexuel pour exprimer la violence dans cette histoire biblique soit étonnamment mal comprise, même par les érudits, malgré leur formation savante en interprétation de textes, lorsqu'un langage similaire est utilisé dans des jurons, il n'est jamais mal compris, même par les gens ordinaires, comme exprimant la violence, bien qu'aucun bloqueur de réalité explicite ne soit présent. La raison pour laquelle le langage sexuel peut être utilisé pour exprimer la violence sans présenter un obstacle à la réalité est que l'activité sexuelle est privée alors que la violence est régulièrement publique, et par conséquent, lorsque le langage sexuel est utilisé en public, puisqu'il ne peut pas exprimer d'intérêts sexuels, il ne peut signifier que de la violence, notamment lorsque cela se produit lors d’un match sur un terrain de football devant des dizaines de milliers de spectateurs. Alors que l’utilisation d’un langage sexuel pour exprimer la violence est interprétée comme signifiant l’homosexualité dans l’histoire de Sodome, interpréter toute description faisant référence au sexe comme une violence contre les femmes dans la Bible est devenue une procédure méthodologique universelle par ce qu’on appelle l’érudition féministe. À titre d'exemple, l'histoire du rituel utilisé pour guérir la jalousie d'un mari qui soupçonne sa femme d'être infidèle est présentée. Cette confusion entre la double fonction du langage sexuel de renvoyer à la fois à la réalité objective du sexe et à la réalité raisonnée de la violence est à l'origine de la confusion entre sexe et genre. Parce que les peuples anciens considéraient la réalité comme étant de deux sortes, c'est-à-dire à la fois naturelle ou objective et créée par les humains ou raisonnée, en tenant compte du fait que la Genèse veut rendre compte de la façon dont le monde tel que nous le connaissons est né, le premier chapitre présent comment Dieu a créé le monde naturel, et dans le deuxième chapitre, Dieu crée les êtres humains dotés de la même capacité de création que le sien en étant dotés de l'image de Dieu qui consiste dans la capacité de créer des choses en utilisant la même rationalité que Dieu a utilisée lorsqu’il a lui-même créé le monde naturel. En conséquence, nous vivons dans un monde double : d’une part, nous vivons dans un monde naturel que Dieu a créé – et personne ne peut dire qu’il y a quelque chose de mal là-dedans – et d’autre part, dans un monde raisonné créé par les humains, où les humains subissent les conséquences de nombreuses choses qu'ils créent pour de mauvaises raisons parce qu'ils ne suivent pas systématiquement le modèle que Dieu a présenté comme modèle dans le premier chapitre lorsqu'il a créé le monde naturel.

моделей і дослідження критеріїв, які впливають на виникнення ризиків з їх наступною трансформацією у матриці SWOT-аналізу. В результаті запроповані ідеї дозволять перетворити стохастичні моральні ризики у більш детерміновані. Ключові слова: Страхування, автомобільне страхування, управління ризиками, фінансовий ризик, моральний ризик, ризик-менеджмент.

The article considers the concepts of risk management, the main processes of risk management. Procedures for the risk management process areproposed. Risk management is one of the components of the organizational process of production, so it must be integrated into this process and haveits own strategy, tactics, operational implementation. At the same time, it is important not only to carry out risk management, but also to periodicallyreview the activities and means of such management. Every organization has its own risk-oriented benefits and identifies risks based on that. Suchactions are called a risk management system. This is a special type of activity aimed at mitigating the impact of risk and the results of the business firm.The stages and advantages of risk management are presented. Today, risk analysis and management is very appropriate and the relevance of riskmanagement is becoming increasingly important, it is necessary for further correct and optimal application of risk ...

Given that the ultimate goal of text interpretation is to understand the author’s intentions, one must consider how to justify the beliefs formed through this process. This paper argues that interpretation relies on explanatory inference. The traditional meaning of words alone cannot definitively determine the author’s intent; therefore, one must propose semantic hypotheses that can account for the textual evidence in order to grasp it. The interpretation that best aligns with this evidence is then regarded as the true meaning of the text. This implies that interpretation, much like the methodology of empirical sciences, is grounded in inferential reasoning. Consequently, both empirical sciences and the interpretation of sacred texts are founded on explanatory inferences drawn from available evidence. Furthermore, it is important to note that both domains, natural phenomena and religious texts, attribute their evidence to God from a religious perspective. Consequently, a faithful believer cannot prima facie give more validity to one domain than the other or favor one over the other, assuming an insurmountable conflict between the two.

Bullying is a phenomenon that is gaining more and more strength in schools. It is a reality that is expressed worldwide, with Latin America having the highest incidence rate. In Ecuador, at the end of 2018, the figures exceed 1400 cases of bullying studied, which is considered alarming, due to the physical, psychological, and social repercussions that this implies. This article is the result of an investigation that aims to explore this phenomenon in two educational units of the Guayaquil Canton, which constitutes a modest contribution of Social Sciences, in general, and of Psychology in particular, to raising awareness with this problem to reduce and eradicate it. It constitutes an exploratory study, with 89 students of Basic Cycle, whose ages are between 7 and 9 years, and the abbreviated Scale of the CIE-A School Bullying Questionnaire, the Participant Observation, and the Semi-structured Individual Interview with nine teachers of said educational establishments. The results show...

In this lecture, first I discuss general aspects of qualitative projects: project planning, thereafter the traditional workspace for hermeneutic textual analysis as a blueprint for software systems such as ATLAS.ti. The last part discusses grounded theory as a comprehensive strategy for the discovery of new theories.

The relevance of this study is due to the need for a more detailed analysis of the setting as a component of the interpretation of the literary text. The definition of time and place of action is closely related to other components of linguistic analysis, such as theme, conflict, and helps to give a more accurate characterization of the characters, reveal their motivation and correctly formulate the author’s idea. This issue was reflected in the works by domestic and foreign linguists, such as Denis Delaney, Cyran Ward, Carla Rio Fiorina, L.G. Babenko, E.N. Merkulova, Y.B. Yasakova and others.It should be borne in mind that the possession of the instruments of interpretation in general and of the situation in particular is a necessary, but insufficient condition for understanding the image of the characters and the idea of the literary text. A more constructive and selective approach to the situation is required in terms of the functions it performs. On the example of the works of E...

The knowledge of instruments of interpretation in general and ways of character description in particular is a necessary but insufficient condition for understanding the image of the characters and the idea of the literary work. It requires a more constructive and careful approach to the methods of characterization in terms of the functions they perform. On the example of the work by famous British writer Catherine Mansfield “Miss Brill” the authors illustrate the relationship between the characteristics of heroes and the means of their characterization with other components of interpretation, consider the role of stylistic devices in characterizing heroes, the protagonist in particular, and determine the role and functions in their characterization. The complex methodology of this study combined the following methods and types of text analysis: a textual analytical method of philological reading (in other words, a slow, thoughtful reading) of a literary work; contextual and semanti...

Drawing from the work of Kurt Godel, this article introduces a set of tools from symbolic logic that can be used to explore the structure of certain kinds of complex meaning, including metaphor, connotation, poetic allusion, and some rudimentary properties of consciousness such as self-reflection. It begins with a brief overview of Godel’s Theorem, and how this theorem revolutionized mathematics, first by developing a simple apparatus to represent previously uninvestigated complexities of number theory, and then by using this same apparatus to show the limits of standard logic. The current article takes this as a starting point, and goes on to illustrates how Godel’s apparatus can be extended to represent the common but complex types of meaning referred to above. Following Godel’s example, the article concludes by commenting on the inadequacy of any exact apparatus in attempting a complete reduction of ordinary human meaning.

Extraits :
Computer tools in scenic design have certainly become widespread. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools and skills are rapidly becoming standard rather than exceptional. For years, stage designers sending their designs to scenic studios have employed technical-drawing applications created for architects. More recently, preliminary sketches, designs for painted drops and detailed drawings of props are being created using painting or photo manipulation programs such as Painter or Photoshop. More and more we are seeing designers use 3D modeling software to create scenic models that had previously been made with cardboard and balsa wood. These 3D applications are then used to render photo-realistic scenic sketches with incredible detail and accuracy.

This paper proposes the design and implementation of a context-based free text interpreter (CFTI), a computer-based natural language understanding (NLU) system that can handle text as generated and used by humans, within a given context. It takes advantage of tracking the contextual meaning of words and phrases during (and after) the development of an ontology for that context, and subsequently uses this information as a knowledge base for interpretation of free text sentences. The system incorporates components of a computer NLU system based on studies of the human understanding processes. Two existing language tools, Link Grammar and WordNet, are examined and incorporated into the system. The CFTI system is designed and implemented through the use of an expert system shell, CLIPS 6.20, to demonstrate the capability of interpretation and representation of the meaning of free text sentences when a context model is provided. The resultant CFTI system successfully demonstrates the capability to interpret and represent the meaning of free text sentences based on a relatively small-sized context model.

ТКАЛЕНКО О. здобувач вищої освіти освітнього ступеня магістр спеціальності 073 Менеджмент Черкаського навчально-наукового інституту ДВНЗ «Університет банківської справи» Анотація. У статті досліджено поняття кібер-ризику, теоретично описано процеси організації страхового захисту від кіберризиків. Розкрито методичні та практичні аспекти участі страхових компаній в розробці та реалізації програми страхового захисту підприємств від кібер-ризиків. Виявлено напрями активізації ролі страхових компаній у забезпеченні страхових інтересів громадян, бізнесу та держави від наслідків кібер-ризиків. Ключові слова. Кібер-ризик, кібер-загроза, страхування кібер-ризиків, система управління ризиками на основі кіберстрахування, функція корисності. Аннотация. В статье исследовано понятие кибер-риска, теоретически описаны процессы организации страховой защиты от кибер-рисков. Раскрыто методические и практические аспекты участия страховых компаний в разработке и реализации программы страховой защиты предприятий от кибер-рисков. Выявлены направления активизации роли страховых компаний в обеспечении страховых интересов граждан, бизнеса и государства от последствий кибер-рисков. Ключевые слова. Кибер-риск, киберугроза, страхование кибер-рисков, система управления рисками на основе кибер-страхование, функция полезности.

Resumo-Este texto apresenta um projeto de investigação para doutoramento em Ciências da Educação, especialidade de Tecnologia Educativa, no âmbito do programa Doutoral Technology Enhanced Learning and Societal Challenges. Propomo-nos investigar o papel dos dispositivos móveis no desenvolvimento de competências de interpretação de texto no 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Para a realização desta investigação utilizaremos uma metodologia de development research, por fornecer a este estudo contributos práticos e, ao mesmo tempo, contributos científicos, sempre com o intuito de encontrar soluções para os nossos problemas educativos. Através de pedagogias de flipped learning, gamification procuramos, em diferentes módulos de formação de professores, construir um novo paradigma no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da leitura de textos e incluir os dispositivos móveis na sala de aula para melhorarmos a aprendizagem de compreensão da leitura. Este projeto faz parte de uma cooperação internacional COST que visa a implementação e desenvolvimento de investigações nas áreas da ciência e tecnologia, em vários países europeus, no que respeita à leitura em ecrãs, evidenciando a importância e atualidade do nosso estudo, no contexto educativo. Pretendemos com este processo investigativo que haja uma efetiva melhoria dos resultados de aprendizagem na área da língua portuguesa, no que respeita a compreensão da leitura.

The purpose of the present research was to analyse the linguistic manipulation in the novel, The Kite Runner, according to the agenda of Critical Discourse Analysis. The researcher employed Huckin’s analytic tools of CDA to make it clear how the author manipulated the text in favour of his objectives. It was analyzed how the social relations, identity, knowledge, and power were constructed through the use of linguistic devices in the text of the novel. The results of the present research revealed that the writer used specific linguistic devices to influence the readers to make them accept ideological message contained in the text. He used the text as a tool of propaganda in favour of the Western Agenda in Afghanistan. He employed linguistic manipulation as a powerful instrument for the construction of his version of reality. This study is an effort to unfold power relations, dominance, oppression, repression, and marginalization in The Kite Runner. It will help the readers in decodi...

The article describes a query system on texts and literary material with advanced information retrieval tools suitable to retrieve the content of a text, either as material specifically organized with respect to linguistic, stylistic and rethoric features, and in its historical, social and cultural context. As a test bed we chose the Dante’s characters of al di là. This method of investigation should help a scholar of a literary text to realize part of his interpretative intentions. For this purpose, we will adopt advanced methodologies in knowledge management and knowledge discovery to be applied to a rich representation of the tagged content

With digital repositories and databases available since the 1990s, Dante scholarship has always been at the forefront of the digital humanities and the digitization of medieval texts and manuscripts. However, the amount of information available about such aspects is imposing, and its location subject to the extreme dispersion of traditional scholarly publications: commentaries first but also academic journals, miscellanies, and so forth. Rather than being based on traditional word searches, a true advancement of knowledge needs to overcome the rigidity of text-based queries (and in-line markup embedded in text). Such paramount evolution is now made possible by the Semantic Web, an extension of the current web by description standards that help machines to understand and connect the information already available on the web. To achieve this, the latter is mapped using formal description and classification patterns, called ontologies. Ontologies are a key factor in managing meaningful search/data extraction, publishing relevant results on the web, search existing web resources, and offering answers to more sophisticated queries. Due to its vastness and complexity, Dante scholarship has calls for an ontology-based mapping, and specific tools have been designed to express the most difficult and articulate aspects of Dante's literary production, such as its use of biblical, classical, and medieval sources. This paper aims to introduce the aims and scope of a new digital library of Dante commentaries, built according to the aforementioned standards and aiming to refine and extend the ontologies developed for Dante's minor works to the more complex world of the Commedia.

Учебно-методическое пособие посвящено изучению интерпретационной деятельности как вида опосредованной межъязыковой коммуникации. В теоретической части основное внимание уделяется анализу видов речевого общения, разграничению формально-грамматической и смысловой структур текста, разработке методики анализа развертывания смыслового содержания, а также рекомендаций по осуществлению интерпретации текста на этапе его понимания. В практической части разработаны три комплекса упражнений и заданий. Цель первого комплекса - развитие техники чтения, навыков многоаспектного понимания иноязычного текста и его перевода. Задачей второго комплекса является развитие умений интерпретации и усовершенствование  коммуникативных навыков. В третьем комплексе реализуется установка на развитие умений интерпретировать на английском языке русскоязычные тексты.
            Предназначено для студентов и аспирантов филологических и лингвистических факультетов высших учебных заведений, переводчиков, преподавателей русского и английского языков.

FB: Academic Press of Georgia -saga krebulSi warmodgenilia aRmosavleT evropis universitetis akademiuri personalis, axalgazrda mkvlevarebisa da saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis sxvadasxva fakultetebis studentebis praqtikuli Rirebulebis mqone statiebi.

In order to show that the concepts developed in the previous section are not just products of my imagination, the ancient biblical story about Sodom as well as modern uses of sexual language are analyzed. According to traditional understanding, when some foreigners came to visit Lot and all the inhabitants of Sodom gathered and demanded that the foreigners be brought out so that they may “know” them, since the word “to know” is frequently used in the Bible as a euphemism for sexual intercourse, the request of the Sodomites is taken as proof not only of their sexual interests but also as proof of their sexual orientation. This understanding is surprising taking into account that sexual language is used in all languages and cultures to suggest violence and not sexual interests, but what is even more surprising is that the story about Sodom includes details that act as powerful reality blockers that make it impossible to understand that the inhabitants of the city contemplated actual homosexual intercourse with those foreigners, such as the fact that not only the males were present on this occasion, but also all the residents, from the youngest to the oldest, which would include women who could not have had homosexual intercourse with some foreigners who are described as men. Therefore, the story is not about the supposed universal homosexuality of the residents of Sodom, but rather about the xenophobia that has characterized all civilizations, including those of modern Americans and Europeans. Although the use of sexual language to express violence in this biblical story is surprisingly misunderstood even by scholars in spite of their expert training in interpreting texts, when similar language is used in swear words, it is never misunderstood even by ordinary people as expressing violence, although no explicit reality blocker is present. The reason sexual language can be used to express violence without presenting a reality blocker is because sexual activity is private while violence is regularly public, and therefore, when sexual language is used in public, since it cannot express sexual interests, it can only mean violence, particularly when it happens during a match on a soccer field in front of tens of thousands of spectators. While the use of sexual language to express violence is read to mean homosexuality in the story about Sodom, interpreting any description that refers to sex as violence against women in the Bible has become a universal methodological procedure by what is called feminist scholarship. As an example, the story about the ritual used to cure the jealousy of a husband who suspects his wife of having been unfaithful is presented. This confusion between the double function of sexual language to refer both to the objective reality of sex as well as the reasoned reality of violence is at the root of the confusion between sex and gender. Because ancient people understood reality as being of two kinds, that is, both natural or objective as well as created by humans or reasoned, taking into account that Genesis wants to provide an account of how the world as we know it came into existence, in the first chapter it presents how God created the natural world, and in the second chapter God creates human beings equipped with the same ability to create as his own by being endowed with the image of God that consists in the ability to create things using the same rationality that God used when he himself created the natural world. As a result, we are living in a double world: on the one hand, we live in a natural world that God created — and no one can tell that there is anything wrong with it — and on the other, in a reasoned world created by humans, where humans suffer the consequences of many things that they create for the wrong reasons because they do not follow consistently the pattern that God presented as a model in the first chapter when he created the natural world.

Обзор книги австралийских специалистов "Проектирование интерпретационных текстов: принципы и практика" (Gianna Moscardo, Roy Ballantyne, Karen Hughes Designing Interpretive Signs: principles in practice. - Fulcrum Publishing, 2007)
Хорошо разработанная система текстов позволяет посетителю чувствовать себя в экспозиции комфортно и помогает лучше воспринимать её содержание. Что же делает музейные тексты (аннотации, этикетки и пр.) «хорошими»? Ответ на эти вопросы дают австралийские специалисты.

Este texto apresenta um projeto de investigação para doutoramento em Ciências da Educação, especialidade de Tecnologia Educativa, no âmbito do programa Doutoral Technology Enhanced Learning and Societal Challenges. Propomo-nos investigar o papel dos dispositivos móveis no desenvolvimento de competências de interpretação de texto no 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Para a realização desta investigação utilizaremos uma metodologia de development research, por fornecer a este estudo contributos práticos e, ao mesmo tempo, contributos científicos, sempre com o intuito de encontrar soluções para os nossos problemas educativos. Através de pedagogias de flipped learning, gamification procuramos, em diferentes módulos de formação de professores, construir um novo paradigma no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da leitura de textos e incluir os dispositivos móveis na sala de aula para melhorarmos a aprendizagem de compreensão da leitura.  Este projeto faz parte de uma cooperação internacional COST que visa a implementação e desenvolvimento de investigações nas áreas da ciência e tecnologia, em vários países europeus, no que respeita à leitura em ecrãs, evidenciando a importância e atualidade do nosso estudo, no contexto educativo. Pretendemos com este processo investigativo que haja uma efetiva melhoria dos resultados de aprendizagem na área da língua portuguesa, no que respeita a compreensão da leitura.

More than two thousand years ago, the Roman poet Horace claimed that literature is "sweet" and "useful." Since then, literature has been traditionally understood, at least in Western cultures, as having the dual purpose of entertaining and educating its audience. Literary texts are constructed as objects of beauty, sources of pleasure and as conveyors of messages and information. While authors often claim no practical purpose for their works, literature constitutes an attempt at persuasively conveying certain values and ideas. The beauty of literature is therefore a part of its rhetoric, a device intended to strengthen the overall persuasiveness and influence of the work on its audience.
While the entertaining aspect of literature may be rather obvious, understanding the ideas or values which a text advances is not always a simple task. Part of the problem is the fact that the ideas of a literary text are almost always presented in indirect or "symbolic" form.
The fact that literary texts very much seek to convey a message to their audience does not mean that their authors are always fully aware of or even interested in that function of their work. Some of them in fact are quite hostile toward the interpretation of their works and refuse to have anything to do with it.

Este estudo combina duas preocupações fundamentais, que são a necessidade de utilização pelos professores das tecnologias móveis, tão do agrado dos alunos, que delas já se apropriaram fora do contexto educativo, e as dificuldades de aquisição de competências de literacia em leitura que os dados têm mostrado nos últimos quatro anos em Portugal. Propomo-nos desenhar, desenvolver, avaliar e implementar um software educativo para dispositivos que promova a aquisição de competências de interpretação textual de textos narrativos e simultaneamente o gosto pela leitura, e monitorizar a sua implementação através de uma formação profissional específica a professores.

The article describes methodologic premises of the compositional textual analysis of "The Seasons" by Kristijonas Donelaitis. The analysis reveals the unique nature of this text and gives the insight into general features of Donelaitis’ poetics, such as conflicting narrative–time structures (circular and linear), topology of the poetic universe (where ethical categories such as “honesty” or “wickedness” seem to be the basic ones) and the structural discrepancy between the paradigmatic and syntagmatic levels of the text. It also discuss the question of plausibility of different interpretations of "The Seasons", e. g. it is shown, that interpretations of "The Seasons" as a description of the Lithuanian nature or description of the labours of the peasants lack plausibility.

The article provides the micro-compositional textual analysis of the beginning of „The cares of Winter” (a part of The Seasons) by Kristijonas Donelaitis. The analysis reveals the unique nature of this text and gives the insight into general features of Donelaitis’ poetics, such as conflicting narrative–time structures (circular and linear), topology of the poetic universe (where categories of order and disorder seem to be the basic ones) and the structural discrepancy between the paradigmatic and syntagmatic levels of the text. The analysis leads to the conclusion, that The Seasons are not to be considered as one and coherent poem, but as a poetical cycle of four independent poems.

EG UK Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics (2010)John Collomosse, Ian Grimstead (Editors)
Computer Modelling of Theatrical Sets

Authors Dr. Ian Stephenson and Rebecca Pride

Abstract
Here we discuss the design and implementation of a modelling tools specifically targeted for use by designers of theatrical sets. By applying domain specific knowledge and constraints to the design of the software, we demonstrate a system which can be used without signifigant training, by users with no previous computer graphics experience.We present initial end user experiences of using the tool in designing a real production of “The First Arabian Night”.

Categories and Subject Descriptors
(according to ACM CCS) : I.3.8 [Computer Graphics]: Applications

The analysis of Bunin's short story and its manuscript versions allouds to conclude that there is a certain conjunction of realistic tradition and modernist elements in Bunin's late work, an original combination of natiralistic presentation of reality and its symbolic interpretation

Intisari
Makalah ini bertujuan mengungkap keberadaan semangat introspeksi kaum Puritan Amerika seperti yang tercermin dalam teks-teks pelantikan Presiden Amerika dari masa Ronald Reagan to Barrack H Obama dan menelusuri dimensinya dengan cara menganalisa penggunaan istilah-istilah khas Puritan serta fungsi dan konteksnya. Untuk mencapai tujuan makalah ini, data-data yang terkumpul dalam bentuk kata-kata, dokumen dan catatan dianalisa dengan menerapkan metode Frame Analysis oleh Ervin Goffman.  Hasilnya menunjukan bahwa keberadaan semangat introspeksi kaum Puritan menyiratkan dua dimensi yakni dimensi potret dan fungsi.
Kata kunci : Puritan, introspeksi, potret, fungsi.

Abstract
This paper aims at discussing the existence of American Puritan’s spirit of introspection as reflected in the text of the American Presidents’ inaugural addresses particularly those of Reagan to Obama and investigating the dimension by focusing on the typical Puritan terminologies with its function and context. These aims are obtained by applying Goffman’s Frame analysis. The results show that the spirit of introspection is defined into the portrayal and functional dimensions.

Keywords: Puritan, Instrospection, Portrayal, Functional

В статье автор дает краткую характеристику романа Э. М. Ремарка «На Западном фронте без перемен», фокусируется на идее отчуждения и подробно останавливается на описании квалитативных маркеров, выражающих идею отчуждения в романе. Для удобства исследования автор разделяет прямую художественного времени произведения на отрезки, границы которых обозначают переход к качественно новому состоянию внутреннего мира персонажа.
Горожанов А.И. Языковые средства реализации идеи отчуждения в романе Э. М. Ремарка «На Западном фронте без перемен» / Язык в мире дискурсов. Лингвистика. Лингводидактика. Методика. – М.: ИПК МГЛУ «Рема», 2011. – 252 с. (Вестн. Моск. гос. лингвист. ун-та; вып. 4(610). Сер. Языкознание). – С. 151–157

By entering into a process of empathic communion or one-mindedness with an author’s experience, as reflected in the text, a reader can accurately and clearly understand the meaning intended by that author, at least to some extent. No text understanding can be fully comprehensive, exhaustive, precise, or universally identical and unvarying, because meaning is potentially limitless and ever-expanding in its range of variety, implications, nuances, or perspectives, as Derrida seems to correctly suggest, but that need not necessarily preclude developing a reasonably accurate, undistorted, approximate understanding of a particular author’s experiential context and essential intended message communicated through the text. Hasidic teachers maintain that one’s ability to understand a text authored by God or by another human individual is enhanced if one’s conscious attention is fully invested in passionate enthusiastic communion with that text rather than in one’s own separate, detached, narcissistic self-preoccupation.

The major work of the German philosopher Hans Georg Gadamer (1900-2002), Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode, 1960), is one of the most  influential philosophical works of last century, putting in a new perspective the role of the modern hermeneutics. The universal hermeneutics he designates go beyond the Enlightenments’ ideal of objectivity and the scientific model. Gadamer’s review of these ideals however, do not render him a defender of an subjectivistic or relativistic notion of hermeneutics. What he puts forward is a third way which lays between the demand for objectification of the knowledge on the one hand, and the need for conquering the truth, on the other hand. «My real concern», he writes in the foreword to the second edition of Truth and Method,  «was and is philosophic: not what we do or what we ought to do , but what happens to us over and above our wanting and doing.»  Gadamer attempts to represent hermeneutics as the dialogue between discourse on the truth and discourse on the method by which we grasp the truth, indicating that intersubjective communication is the only true reality of human experience

This article illustrates the first steps towards the implementation of a Decision Support System aimed to recreate a research environment for scholars and provide them with computational tools to assist in the processing and interpretation of texts. While outlining the general characteristics of the system, the paper presents a minimal set of user requirements and provides a possible use case on Dante’s Inferno.