Technique

Pendidikan merupakan suatu kegiatan yang bersifat umum bagi setiap manusia dimuka bumi ini. Pendidikan tidak terlepas dari segala kegiatan manusia. Dalam kondisi apapun manusia tidak dapat menolak efek dari penerapan pendidikan. Proses belajar mengajar tentu menjadi kegiatan yang inti dalam keseluruhan proses pendidikan di sekolah. Namun dalam kenyataan tidak semua siswa dapat mencapai hasil yang diharapkan. (Syamsudin 1981) menyebutkan bahwa ada beberapa siswa yang prestasi belajarnya di bawah ukuran rata-rata atau norma yang ditetapkan, bila dibandingkan dengan prestasi hasil belajar yang diperoleh temanteman dalam kelompoknya. Berdasakan data TIMSS 2003 menunjukkan bahwa prestasi siswa Indonesia (Rata-rata: 411, berdasarkan Skala Matematika TIMSS-Benchmark Internasional yang ditetapkan) agak jauh di bawah Malaysia (Rata-rata: 508) dan Singapura (Rata-rata: 605). Skala Matematika TIMSS -Benchmark Internasional menunjukkan bahwa siswa Indonesia berada pada skala rendah (peringkat bawah). Padahal kita tahu bahwa Matematika merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah dengan presentase jam pelajaran yang paling banyak dibanding dengan mata pelajaran yang lainya. Ironisnya, matematika termasuk pelajaran yang tidak disukai banyak siswa. Bagi mereka pelajaran matematika cenderung dipandang sebagai mata pelajaran yang "kurang diminati" dan "kalau bisa dihindari".

El propósito de este estudio es explicar la evolución de las técnicas de patada del taekwondo y ofrecer un marco histórico para este proceso. Este estudio analiza la primera literatura del kárate y del taekwondo, incluyendo fuentes coreanas diversas y variadas. Además, se realizaron algunas entrevistas a personas relevantes del periodo investigado. El entrenamiento y las técnicas del kárate y del taekwondo han sido muy similares hasta la década de 1960. Sin embargo, el taekwondo se diferenció de las técnicas de kárate con la introducción de las competiciones con contacto pleno durante la década de 1960. Palabras clave: Técnica, competición, combate, reglamento, taekwondo primitivo, taekwondo moderno, kárate.

Geophysical survey techniques are a highly visible part of the scientific toolkit that is now used by archaeologists. In this paper, the history of the use of geophysical techniques in archaeology will be discussed, as will significant research themes associated with the most widely used prospecting devices. It is apparent that while the use of geophysical techniques is at an all-time high, there are many key areas where prospecting is rapidly developing. Some of the advances relate to fundamental aspects of the techniques, while others dictate how we undertake survey in the future. There is a movement away from pre-gridded survey areas towards real-time GPS for navigation. This allows greater integration, or fusion, of disparate data sources using visualization techniques derived from associated disciplines. The analysis of landscapes has become a major component of the application of new technology and there are many challenges to be tackled, including how to analyse and interpret significant archaeology within large-scale, data-rich, multi-technique investigations. The reflective nature of the review acknowledges the important role of Archaeometry in the development of archaeological geophysics.

Clay minerals and iron oxides are intimately related in the process of their natural formation. Their mineralogical composition and physical properties correspond to the physical -chemical conditions of weathering, sedimentation and alteration processes by means of which these minerals are associated giving different types of laterites, ferrolites, ochres, and coloured clays and soils. Very early in human history, these and other clay materials were adopted as mineral pigments. Their structural and mineralogical features are directly related with their natural genesis and provenance and help us in the study of historical painting techniques and materials. This paper gives general information about geological sources and their characteristics, the literary evidence of use of different forms of earthy pigments on historical paintings, about analytical methods suitable in their identification within the ground and colour layers of the painting, and handling with the samples of works of art. The examples focused preferentially on the period of European mediaeval and baroque painting. D

Hürzeler MB, Zuhr O, Schupbach P, Rebele SF, Emmanouilidis N, Fickl S. The socket-shield technique: a proof-of-principle report. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 855–862. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01595.x.Hürzeler MB, Zuhr O, Schupbach P, Rebele SF, Emmanouilidis N, Fickl S. The socket-shield technique: a proof-of-principle report. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 855–862. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01595.x.AbstractAim: Clinical studies have suggested that retaining roots of hopeless teeth may avoid tissue alterations after tooth extraction. Therefore, the objective of this proof-of-principle experiment was to histologically assess a partial root retention (socket-shield technique) in combination with immediate implant placement.Material and Methods: In one beagle dog, the third and fourth mandibular pre-molar were hemisected and the buccal fragment of the distal root was retained approximately 1 mm coronal to the buccal bone plate. Following application of enamel matrix derivate, a titanium implant was placed lingual to that tooth fragment either with or without contact to the buccal tooth fragment and a healing abutment was connected. Four months after implant placement, histological evaluation, and backscatter scanning electron microscopy were performed.Results: All four implants were osseointegrated without any histologic inflammatory reaction and the tooth fragment was devoid of any resorptional processes. On the buccal side, the tooth fragment was attached to the buccal bone plate by a physiologic periodontal ligament. On the lingual side of the fragment, newly formed cementum could be detected. In the areas where the implant was placed into the fragment, newly formed cementum was demonstrated directly on the implant surface.Conclusions: Retaining the buccal aspect of the root during implant placement does not appear to interfere with osseointegration and may be beneficial in preserving the buccal bone plate.Aim: Clinical studies have suggested that retaining roots of hopeless teeth may avoid tissue alterations after tooth extraction. Therefore, the objective of this proof-of-principle experiment was to histologically assess a partial root retention (socket-shield technique) in combination with immediate implant placement.Material and Methods: In one beagle dog, the third and fourth mandibular pre-molar were hemisected and the buccal fragment of the distal root was retained approximately 1 mm coronal to the buccal bone plate. Following application of enamel matrix derivate, a titanium implant was placed lingual to that tooth fragment either with or without contact to the buccal tooth fragment and a healing abutment was connected. Four months after implant placement, histological evaluation, and backscatter scanning electron microscopy were performed.Results: All four implants were osseointegrated without any histologic inflammatory reaction and the tooth fragment was devoid of any resorptional processes. On the buccal side, the tooth fragment was attached to the buccal bone plate by a physiologic periodontal ligament. On the lingual side of the fragment, newly formed cementum could be detected. In the areas where the implant was placed into the fragment, newly formed cementum was demonstrated directly on the implant surface.Conclusions: Retaining the buccal aspect of the root during implant placement does not appear to interfere with osseointegration and may be beneficial in preserving the buccal bone plate.

This is the first study with acceptable inter-rater reliability to examine specific therapeutic techniques related to change in anxiety disorder patients during short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. The study first examined the effectiveness of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and results showed significant and positive pre-/post-treatment changes on both patient and independent clinical ratings for anxiety, global symptomatology, relational, social, and occupational functioning. Likewise, the majority of patients (76%) reported anxiety symptoms within a normal distribution at termination. Importantly, psychodynamic interventions rated early in treatment (third/fourth session) were positively related to changes in anxiety symptoms. Further, results showed that several individual psychodynamic techniques were meaningfully related to outcome including (1) focusing on wishes, fantasies, dreams, and early memories;

Aim: Clinical studies have suggested that retaining roots of hopeless teeth may avoid tissue alterations after tooth extraction. Therefore, the objective of this proof-ofprinciple experiment was to histologically assess a partial root retention (socket-shield technique) in combination with immediate implant placement. Material and Methods: In one beagle dog, the third and fourth mandibular pre-molar were hemisected and the buccal fragment of the distal root was retained approximately 1 mm coronal to the buccal bone plate. Following application of enamel matrix derivate, a titanium implant was placed lingual to that tooth fragment either with or without contact to the buccal tooth fragment and a healing abutment was connected. Four months after implant placement, histological evaluation, and backscatter scanning electron microscopy were performed. Results: All four implants were osseointegrated without any histologic inflammatory reaction and the tooth fragment was devoid of any resorptional processes. On the buccal side, the tooth fragment was attached to the buccal bone plate by a physiologic periodontal ligament. On the lingual side of the fragment, newly formed cementum could be detected. In the areas where the implant was placed into the fragment, newly formed cementum was demonstrated directly on the implant surface. Conclusions: Retaining the buccal aspect of the root during implant placement does not appear to interfere with osseointegration and may be beneficial in preserving the buccal bone plate.

This article is a review of the necropsy techniques utilized in birds with emphasis on psittacine and passerine species. The aim of this article is to assist the practitioner in systematically performing a gross necropsy in the veterinary practice setting and collecting and submitting appropriate samples with the goal of arriving at meaningful diagnoses. Common disease entities are discussed along with the tissues and other samples required for definitive diagnosis of these disorders.

We review methodological approaches commonly employed for the determination of human-body-odor (BO) components. As a first step, we evaluate the common types of BO and the sampling and/or preconcentration strategies for them. We also emphasize the potential for odor components as a health-diagnosis tool.

Biological psychiatry has a long history of using somatic therapies to treat neuropsychiatric illnesses and to understand brain function. These methods have included neurosurgery, electroconvulsive therapy, and, most recently, transcranial magnetic stimulation. Fourteen years ago researchers discovered that intermittent electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve produces inhibition of neural processes, which can alter brain electrical activity and terminate seizures in dogs. Since then, approximately 6000 people worldwide have received vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant epilepsy. We review the neurobiology and anatomy of the vagus nerve and provide an overview of the vagus nerve stimulation technique. We also describe the safety and potential utility of vagus nerve stimulation as a neuroscience research tool and as a putative treatment for psychiatric conditions. Vagus nerve stimulation appears to be a promising new somatic intervention that may improve our understanding of brain function and has promise in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Multi-sensor airborne remote sensing has been applied to the Itanos area of eastern Crete to assess its potential for locating exposed and known buried archaeological remains, and to delineate subsurface remains beyond the current limits of ground geophysical data in order to permit future targeted geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations. A range of processing techniques (e.g., Reed–Xiaoli anomaly detection) have been applied to the CASI, ATM and lidar data in order to detect anomalies based on the premise that buried remains are likely to alter the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil compared with those of the surroundings due to variations in soil depth and drainage. Through a combination of CASI, ATM and lidar data, surface remains have been classified and mapped effectively using an object-oriented approach. The detection of subsurface remains is more problematic; however, the thermal data is most promising in this respect. The value of capturing multi- or hyperspectral data at a high spatial resolution has been demonstrated as well as the additional benefits of combining these with airborne lidar.

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is attracting much interest in the soil science community because it has a number of advantages over conventional methods of soil analyses. The techniques are more rapid, timely, cheaper and hence more efficient at obtaining the data when a large number of samples and analysis are required. Moreover, a single spectrum may be used to assess various physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Until now, research in soil spectroscopy has focused on spectral calibration and prediction of soil properties using multivariate statistics. In this paper we show how these predictions may be used in an inference system to predict other important and functional soil properties using pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Thus we propose the use of soil spectral calibration and its predictions as input and as a complement to a soil inference system (SPEC-SINFERS). We demonstrate the implementation of SPEC-SINFERS with two examples. As a first step, soil mid-infrared (MIR) spectra and partial least squares (PLS) regression are used to estimate soil pH, clay, silt, sand, organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity. A bootstrap method is used to determine the uncertainties of these predictions. These predictions and their uncertainties are then used as input into the inference system, where established PTFs are used to infer (i) soil water content and (ii) soil pH buffering capacity together with their uncertainties. An important feature of SPEC-SINFERS is the propagation of both input and model uncertainties.

Metals are common contaminants worldwide. Long-term deposition of metals in soils can lead to accumulation, transport and biotoxicity/zootoxicity caused by mobility and bioavailability of significant fraction of the metals. Contaminant bioavailability is increasingly being used as a key indicator of potential risk that contaminants pose to both environmental and human health. However, the definition of bioavailability and the concepts on which it is based are still unclear, the methods adopted for its measurement vary and as such there is no single standard technique for the assessment of either plant availability of contaminants or their ecotoxicological impacts on soil biota. Moreover, bioavailability is often assumed to be static in nature where most decisions on risk and remediation are based on laboratory estimations of the bioavailable fraction, which may vary with time, nature of species as well as with temporal variation in environmental factors. Because of their immutable nature, strict natural attenuation processes alone may not be sufficient in mitigating the risks from metals. However, accelerating these processes with human interference (i.e., assisted natural remediation) that effectively immobilizes metals might be a viable option. Application to soils of certain amendments that enhance key biogeochemical processes in soils that effectively immobilize metals have already been demonstrated in Europe and North America on a field scale. Case studies using lime, phosphate and biosolid amendments have demonstrated, under field conditions, enhanced natural remediation resulting in substantially improved vegetation growth, invigorated microbial population and diversity, and reduced offsite metal transport. Depending on soil/hydrogeochemical properties, source term and metal form/species, and land use, the immobilization efficacy induced by such assisted natural remediation may be enduring. The use of green plants as a remediation tool in environmental cleanup has also offered some potential. Plants can uptake and bioaccumulate (phytoextraction) as well as immobilize (phytoimmobilization) certain trace elements, in conjunction with their rhizospheric processes. While long-term stability of certain metal complexes, such as metal pyromorphites has been shown in model systems, the influence of plant roots and its microbial and mycorrhizal association on such stability is unknown. A suite of chemical and biological tests are available to monitor the efficacy of assisted natural remediation. D

Pretendemos con estas páginas contribuir al debate en torno al papel que hay que adjudicar a Nietzsche en el marco del pensamiento moderno (y, más aún, en el contemporáneo), a través de una adecuada aproximación al sentido de la voluntad de poder. Es decir, si ésta es una estructura de dominación o si, por el contrario, posee un significado emancipatorio. Para ello haremos una reconstrucción histórica de las principales opiniones al respecto y después introduciremos en ellas elementos de crítica, mostrando la actualidad y suma riqueza filosófica de la cuestión, así como su gran relevancia en cuanto a hacernos cargo correctamente de nuestra condición técnica y de las implicaciones políticas de ésta.

For testing the integration of the remote sensing related technologies into the water quality monitoring programs of Lake Garda (the largest Italian lake), the spatial and spectral resolutions of Hyperion and the capability of physics-based approaches were considered highly suitable. Hyperion data were acquired on 22nd July 2003 and water quality was assessed (i) defining a bio-optical model, (ii) converting the Hyperion atsensor radiances into subsurface irradiance reflectances, and (iii) adopting a bio-optical model inversion technique. The bio-optical model was parameterised using specific inherent optical properties of the lake and light field variables derived from a radiative transfer numerical model. A MODTRAN-based atmospheric correction code, complemented with an air/water interface correction was used to convert Hyperion at-sensor radiances into subsurface irradiance reflectance values. These reflectance values were comparable to in situ reflectance spectra measured during the Hyperion overpass, except at longer wavelengths (beyond 700 nm), where reflectance values were contaminated by severe atmospheric adjacency effects. Chlorophyll-a and tripton concentrations were retrieved by inverting two Hyperion bands selected using a sensitivity analysis applied to the bio-optical model. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the assessment of coloured dissolved organic matter was not achievable in this study due to the limited coloured dissolved organic matter concentration range of the lake, resulting in reflectance differences below the environmental measurement noise of Hyperion. The chlorophyll-a and tripton image-products were compared to in situ data collected during the Hyperion overpass, both by traditional sampling techniques (8 points) and by continuous flow-through systems (32 km). For chlorophyll-a the correlation coefficient between in situ point stations and Hyperion-inferred concentrations was 0.77 (data range from 1.30 to 2.16 mg m − 3 ). The Hyperion-derived chlorophyll-a concentrations also match most of the flow-through transect data. For tripton, the validation was constrained by variable re-suspension phenomena. The correlation coefficient between in situ point stations and Hyperion-derived concentrations increased from 0.48 to 0.75 (data range from 0.95 to 2.13 g m − 3 ) if the sampling data from the re-suspension zone was avoided. The comparison of Hyperionderived tripton concentrations and flow-through transect data exhibited a similar mismatch. The results of this research suggest further studies to address compatibilities of validation methods for water body features with a high rate of change, and to reduce the contamination by atmospheric adjacency effects on Hyperion data at longer wavelengths in Alpine environment. The transferability of the presented method to other sensors and the ability to assess water quality independent from in situ water quality data, suggest that management relevant applications for Lake Garda (and other subalpine lakes) could be supported by remote sensing.

Gamification refers to the process whereby game design and game mechanics are applied in non-game contexts to influence behaviour. This research study explores the effects of gamification on piano students' practice of technical elements such as scales, chords, and arpeggios, within the private lesson environment. A control and a treatment group of 10 piano students each were formed across two different private piano studios. A game called Technique Tower was designed for the treatment group, in which the players experienced game elements such as rewards (points, badges, and levels), avatars, and the sharing of their progress in an online social context. Gamification was found to have a positive effect on the number of technical elements students mastered, and on their attitude toward practicing technical elements, while self-efficacy levels were not affected.

The functional study of the stone tool artefacts from the Middle Pleistocene site of Isernia la Pineta (Molise, central Italy) revealed microtraces that display certain features that did not fit in with what we know as use-wear traces. The suspicion that these microtraces may be technical traces derived from bipolar flaking, which is prevalent at this site, led us to initiate an experimental programme to check our hypothesis. The experiments conducted allowed us to identify residues associated with bipolar flaking on an anvil and to characterise the microscopic traces derived from this production technique. Our results proved very useful in identifying the artefacts produced by bipolar flaking, as well as in determining the basic lithological features of the anvil. Moreover, these experiments allowed us to assess the possible interferences that these kinds of technical traces can cause when performing the functional analyses of lithic assemblages produced by the bipolar technique.

Due to technical and budget limitations, remote sensing instruments trade spatial resolution and swath width. As a result not one sensor provides both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. However, the ability to monitor seasonal landscape changes at fine resolution is urgently needed for global change science. One approach is to "blend" the radiometry from daily, global data (e.g. MODIS, MERIS, SPOT-Vegetation) with data from high-resolution sensors with less frequent coverage (e.g. Landsat, CBERS, ResourceSat). Unfortunately, existing algorithms for blending multi-source data have some shortcomings, particularly in accurately predicting the surface reflectance of heterogeneous landscapes. This study has developed an enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) based on the existing STARFM algorithm, and has tested it with both simulated and actual satellite data. Results show that ESTARFM improves the accuracy of predicted fine-resolution reflectance, especially for heterogeneous landscapes, and preserves spatial details. Taking the NIR band as an example, for homogeneous regions the prediction of the ESTARFM is slightly better than the STARFM (average absolute difference [AAD] 0.0106 vs. 0.0129 reflectance units). But for a complex, heterogeneous landscape, the prediction accuracy of ESTARFM is improved even more compared with STARFM (AAD 0.0135 vs. 0.0194). This improved fusion algorithm will support new investigations into how global landscapes are changing across both seasonal and interannual timescales.

The Amudian (late Lower Paleolithic) site of Qesem Cave in Israel represents one of the earliest examples of habitual use of fire by middle Pleistocene hominids. The Paleolithic layers in this cave were studied using a suite of mineralogical and chemical techniques and a contextual sedimentological analysis (i.e., micromorphology). We show that the lower ca. 3 m of the stratigraphic sequence are dominated by clastic sediments deposited within a closed karstic environment. The deposits were formed by small-scale, concentrated mud slurries (infiltrated terra rosa soil) and debris flows. A few intervening lenses of mostly in situ burnt remains were also identified. The main part of the upper ca. 4.5 m consists of anthropogenic sediment with only moderate amounts of clastic geogenic inputs. The deposits are strongly cemented with calcite that precipitated from dripping water. The anthropogenic component is characterized by completely combusted, mostly reworked wood ash with only rare remnants of charred material. Micromorphological and isotopic evidence indicates recrystallization of the wood ash. Large quantities of burnt bone, defined by a combination of microscopic and macroscopic criteria, and moderately heated soil lumps are closely associated with the woodash remains. The frequent presence of microscopic calcified rootlets indicates that the upper sequence formed in the vicinity of the former cave entrance. Burnt remains in the sediments are associated with systematic blade production and faunas that are dominated by the remains of fallow deer. Use-wear damage on blades and blade tools in conjunction with numerous cut marks on bones indicate an emphasis on butchering and prey-defleshing activities in the vicinity of fireplaces.

Primary and tension-free closure of a flap is often required after particular surgical procedures (e.g., guided bone regeneration). Other times, flap advancement may be desired for situations such as root coverage. The literature was searched for articles that addressed techniques, limitations, and complications associated with flap advancement. These articles were used as background information. In addition, reference information regarding anatomy was cited as necessary to help describe surgical procedures. This article describes techniques to advance mucoperiosteal flaps, which facilitate healing. Methods are presented for a variety of treatment scenarios, ranging from minor to major coronal tissue advancement. Anatomic landmarks are identified that need to be considered during surgery. In addition, management of complications associated with flap advancement is discussed. Tension-free primary closure is attainable. The technique is dependent on the extent that the flap needs to be advanced.

Training methods in sport usually focus on improving either technical or tactical aspects of performance, ignoring the fact that successful performance requires the athlete to simultaneously decide what movement to perform and how it should be executed. Young elite table tennis players were trained, in a first phase, to improve their forehand and backhand movements and, in a second phase, to make a tactical switch between forehand and backhand movements. Half of the players took part in behavioral training focusing on how to perform the required movements, whereas half received additional video feedback about their technical and tactical performance (decision training). The results indicate that improvements of how decisions (techniques) and what decisions (tactics) can occur as a consequence of combining technical and tactical training. These results were stable in delayed Post-test analyses of competitive matches. It was concluded that a combination of both technical and tactical training is beneficial to elite table tennis performers, particularly during early seasonal training programs.

NOTES 949 VAN PARIJS, S. M., AND P. J. CORKERON. In press. The vocal repertoire and related behaviors of Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousu chinensis. Ethology. ZBIDEN, K., G. PILLERI, C. KRAUS AND 0. BERNATH. 1977. Observations on the behaviour and underwater sounds of the plumbeous dolphin (Soum chinensis G. Cuvier

Dislocation of the shoulder joint is common. The shoulder is affected in up to 60% of all major joint dislocations, one study citing an incidence of 1.7% in the general population. The most common form is anteroinferior dislocation. A variety of techniques to reduce shoulder dislocation has been described. The key to successful relocation is a thorough understanding of the anatomy of both the enlocated and the dislocated shoulder joint.

To review the epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in the National Football League (NFL) and current treatment trends within this population. Type of Study: Descriptive. Methods: Part 1 of this study reviews the data collected in the NFL Injury Surveillance System from 1986 to 1995 with respect to these injuries. Included in this review are the specifics surrounding these injuries such as exposure type (game versus practice), position, mechanism, and playing surface on which the injury occurred. Part 2 of this analysis focuses on present treatment performed on these high-level athletes through a survey that was sent to and completed by all 31 NFL team orthopaedic surgeons. Results: The total number of ACL injuries in this select population has remained constant over the period analyzed. Conclusions: Current preferred treatment technique favors endoscopic patellar tendon autograft reconstruction.

Vegetative thalli of brown and green Kappaphycus alÕarezii were cultivated in Panagatan Ž . Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines, over 60-and 90-day periods using hanging-long line HL , Ž . Ž . fixed off-bottom FB , and hanging long line-fixed off-bottom HL-FB methods to determine the daily growth rate and yield. A completely randomized design experiment with six replicates of 5-m line cultivation rope was used in the study. An economic analysis was prepared to determine the viability of the culture systems used. To determine the effect of strain, culture technique, culture days and culture month on the daily growth rate and yield, a combination of these different factors was treated as a single treatment. Results show that at 60-day culture period, daily growth rate and yield in all techniques were lowest in July-August and highest in January-February. Ž y1 . .ph A.Q. Hurtado . 0044-8486r01r$ -see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 -6 ( ) A.Q. Hurtado et al.r Aquaculture 199 2001 295-310 296 months at 90-day culture period showed positive income, ROI and payback period. The seasonality of cultivating K. alÕarezii is shown in this present study. This paper further shows the best culture technique to be adopted at certain months of the year to produce the highest yield and income. q

Several ink dating methods based on solvents analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were proposed in the last decades. These methods follow the drying of solvents from ballpoint pen inks on paper and seem very promising. However, several questions arose over the last few years among questioned documents examiners regarding the transparency and reproducibility of the proposed techniques. These questions should be carefully studied for accurate and ethical application of this methodology in casework. Inspired by a real investigation involving ink dating, the present paper discusses this particular issue throughout four main topics: aging processes, dating methods, validation procedures and data interpretation. This work presents a wide picture of the ink dating field, warns about potential shortcomings and also proposes some solutions to avoid reporting errors in court.

The composite nature of remotely sensed spectral information often masks diagnostic spectral features and hampers the detailed identification and mapping of targeted constituents of the earth's surface. Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) is a well established and effective technique to address this mixture problem. SMA models a mixed spectrum as a linear or nonlinear combination of its constituent spectral components or spectral endmembers weighted by their subpixel fractional cover. By model inversion SMA provides subpixel endmember fractions. The lack of ability to account for temporal and spatial variability between and among endmembers has been acknowledged as a major shortcoming of conventional SMA approaches using a linear mixture model with fixed endmembers. Over the past decades numerous efforts have been made to circumvent this issue. This review paper summarizes the available methods and results of endmember variability reduction in SMA. Five basic principles to mitigate endmember variability are identified: (i) the use of multiple endmembers for each component in an iterative mixture analysis cycle, (ii) the selection of a subset of stable spectral features, (iii) the spectral weighting of bands, (iv) spectral signal transformations and (v) the use of radiative transfer models in a mixture analysis. We draw attention to the high complementarities between the different techniques and suggest that an integrated approach is necessary to effectively address endmember variability issues in SMA.

Cutmarks found on the fossilised bones of butchered animals provide direct evidence for the procurement of meat through technological means. As such, they hold some of the oldest available information on cognitive ability and behaviour in human evolution. Here we present a new method that allows a three-dimensional reconstruction of cutmark morphology and the quantification of profile parameters. We have tested this new technique on cutmarks that were experimentally inflicted on a pig rib using a steel knife and an un-retouched flint flake at different angles. The method allows for the cross-sectional shape, the sharpness and depths of the resulting cutmarks to be quantified. The data show that knife mark sections are characterised by a V-shape or √-shape depending on the inclination of the knife. Cutmarks produced with the flint flake were less clearly defined and generally less sharp than those produced by the knife. We discuss the method's potential to provide new information on butchery technique and cognitive abilities developed by the human lineage, from the earliest tool-using hominins through to modern Homo sapiens.

An economic engineering approach was used to estimate total aeration cost and to generate average cost curves of aeration. Fixed and variable costs were estirnated for 23 different electric and tractor powered aeration devices. Least-cost aeration devices were selected Jbr va~'ing pond sizes. Below about 250 h of aeration per season, tractor-powered aeration devices were more efficient economically. Above approximately 250 h of aeration, electric aerators were more efficient. However, for ponds less than 2 ha in size, the propeller-aspirator-pumps (1-3 hp) were the leastcost system. For pond sizes above 0.4 ha, electric floating paddlewheels generally were the most cost efficient. NOTATION A AC/kg DO ATC B C E Aquacultural Engineering 0144-8609/89/S03.50 --

Objectives: 1) To describe the hearing status of the at-risk infants in the National Institutes of Health-Identification of Neonatal Hearing Impairment study sample at 8 to 12 mo corrected age (chronologic age adjusted for prematurity). 2) To describe the visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) protocol that was used to obtain monaural behavioral data for the sample.

The 100-m and 400-m swim time, tethered swimming forces, mood states and self-ratings of well-being of 27 competitive swimmers were measured before and after 4 weeks of intense training and after 1 week and 2 weeks of tapering for major competition. The swimmers were divided into three groups. Each group completed one of three taper regimes similar to those currently performed by swimmers in preparation for competition: (a) reduced training frequency according to each athlete's daily ratings of well-being, (b) reduced training volume, and (c) reduced training volume and intensity. Significant improvements in the Profile of Mood States measures of tension, depression and anger (P < 0.05) were observed after 1 week of tapering, with significant improvements in total mood disturbance and fatigue (P < 0.05) and peak tethered swimming force (P < 0.01) after 2 weeks. Non-significant improvements in 100-m and 400-m swim time (P > 0.05) were observed and no significant differences were revealed among the three tapering techniques. These data highlighted the importance of providing sufficient recovery before competition, since 1 week of reduced training was not long enough to maximise the benefits of tapering. However, none of the three types of tapering currently used by competitive swimmers could be shown to be more beneficial than the others.

Aims  To evaluate the agreement between adolescent self-reported cannabis use, “on-site” qualitative urine screening, and quantitative laboratory testing.Design  A cross-sectional study of intake and follow-up data from 248 adolescents entering substance abuse treatment for cannabis use disorders (abuse or dependence). This is part of the multi-site cooperative agreement Cannabis Youth Treatment study.Setting  Data collected from adolescents randomly assigned to one of five outpatient treatments at four sites: Operation PAR, Inc., Florida; Chestnut Health Systems, Illinois; University of Connecticut Health Center, Connecticut; and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Participants  The data represent 248 unique individuals from a sample of 297 adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 18 years.Measurements  Prevalence, agreement, kappa, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value.Findings  The self-report rates were higher at intake than either urine test (82.4% vs. 77.0% vs. 52.7%), but both lower and higher at the 3-month follow-up (55.5% vs. 70.0% vs. 47.3%) and 6-month follow-up (60.2% vs. 73.5% vs. 55.8%). The disagreements went in both directions and the kappa coefficients were only in the moderate range (0.4). Over two-thirds of these frequent cannabis users tested positive when they said they had not used in 1 week and one-third tested positive even though they said it had been more than 4 weeks since last use.Conclusions  The findings suggest both the advantages of multiple sources of information and the need for further work on the latency of cannabis metabolites in clinical populations.