System Management

An OSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative) home gateway system manages the integration of heterogeneous home networks protocols and devices to develop ubiquitous applications. Wired and wireless heterogeneous home networks have different QoS concerns. For instance, jitter and latency are important concerns in web phones, while packet loss ratio is important in on-line video. This study adopts UPnP QoS specification version 1.0 to design an adaptive QoS management mechanism based on the RMD (Resource Management in DiffServ) architecture. This study monitors real-time network traffic, and adaptively controls the bandwidth, to satisfy the minimum but most important quality for each application in home network congestion. Simulation results indicate that the average jitter, latency and packet loss are reduced by 0.1391 ms, 0.0066 s, and 5.43%, respectively. The packet loss ratio is reduced by 4.53%, and the throughput is increased by 1.2% in high definition video stream; the packet loss ratio is reduced by 1.89% for standard definition video stream, and in VoIP (Voice over IP) the jitter and latency are reduced to 0.0407 ms and 0.0209 s, respectively.

An essential function for achieving security in computer networks is reliable authentication of communicating parties and network components. Such authentication typically relies on exchanges of cryptographic messages between the involved parties, which in turn implies that these parties be able to acquire shared seeret keys or certified public keys. Provision of authentication and key distribution functions in the primitive and msmwce-constrained environments of low-function networking mechanisms, portable, or wireless devices presents challenges in terms of resouree usage, system management, ease of use, etBciency, and flexibility that are beyond the capabilities of previous designs such as Kerberos or X.509. This paper presents a family of lightweight authentication and key distribution protocols suitable for use in the low layers of network architectures. All the protocols are built around a common two-way authentication protocol. The paper argues that key distribution may require substantially different approaches in different network environments and shows that the proposed family of protocols offers a flexible palette of compatible solutions addressing many different networking scenarios. The mechanisms are minimal in cryptographic processing and message size, yet they are strong enough to meet the needs of secure key distribution for network entity authentication. Tbe protocols presented have been implemented as part of a comprehensive security subsystem prototype called KryptoKnight, whose software and implementation aspeets are discussed in [16], and which is the basis for the recently announced IBM Network Seeurity Program product. 1. INTROD(JCTION T HE STEADILY growing use of computer networks is fostering increasing concerns about network security. One of the main issues is effective control of access to network components and resources by expanding populations of users, some of which cannot always be trusted to use the network properly. An essential requirement for implementing suitable access controls is a mechanism for reliable authentication of communicating entities and network users. State-of-the-art authentication protocols typically rely on exchanges of cryptographic messages between entities wanting to authenticate one another prior to or during actual communication. Such exchanges in turn demand that the communicating parties be able to acquire cryptographic keys Manuscript

This paper describes possibilities of using a system dynamic model to simulate experience transfer scenarios in a construction and property management organization. This experience transfer simulation model can be used to evaluate potential benefits and establish the processes that improve transferring of knowledge and learning in an Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) organization. The methodology is based on causal loops and trends of the AEC industry in order to illustrate the relationships between selected features of the complexity of experience transfer. The aim is to apply methodologies of system thinking and system dynamics to depict the issues and needs involved in an experience transfer process faced by a fragmented and multifaceted AEC industry, and then decompose the complex process into manageable pieces. Based on prior surveys, the known experiences and costs at the project stage and at the operative and management stage, features are defined and assumptions made. Then relationships are identified to represent experience transferring needs in dynamic conditions. In addition, causal loop diagrams are employed to depict the processes of experience transfer,

The subject of the research is theoretical and methodological aspects and practical recommendations for improving the system management of farms and agricultural enterprises by supplementing its structure with new components and platforms or frameworks and principles of implementation. The purpose of the work is formulated as a justification of the benefits of system management of agricultural farms and the need to increase its flexibility as a basis for Improving the System Management of Farms and Agricultural Enterprises on the improving productivity by implementing and using the principles of implementation, controlling and situational management, as well as new accounting and information frameworks. The methodological basis of the article were both general and special methods of scientific knowledge. Methods were used: system-structural analysis and synthesis; monographic; accounting; assessment, diagnosis and forecasting based on quantitative accounting and statistical indicators. The article highlights the advantages of system management for farms and agricultural enterprises as system economic entities. That is why system management allows you to take into account their features. Additional types of management and frameworks are defined, the principles which allow to provide flexibility of system management, therefore, to strengthen its efficiency are substantiated. It is determined that with all the obvious advantages, system management needs more flexibility to respond in a timely manner to the challenges of the internal and external business environment, their prevention, leveling. The means of its achievement substantiate certain principles of implementation, use of controlling and situational management, for certain parts of agricultural reproduction, strengthening of other frameworks-accounting, especially for management and control of costs, as well as information on all components of system management. The results and conclusions of the article can be used in the work of managers and owners of farms and agricultural enterprises, in the training of management specialists in colleges and universities. The effectiveness of the use of system management in ensuring the organizational and economic priorities of the development of farms and agricultural enterprises is also determined by its principles: versatility, multidimensionality, hierarchy, diversity of properties, dynamism. Particular attention should be paid to the principle of democratic centralism, which means the delegation of managerial powers to structural units, centers of responsibility, functional managers or departments. Finally, we are talking about the development of accounting and information frameworks as important factors in enhancing the flexibility and, consequently, the effectiveness of system management.

In large networked systems, relationships between applications and the data that they use through multiple tiers of middleware systems are often invisible. While the benefits of knowing such relationships are clear from a systems management perspective, discovery of such relationships is complicated by the widespread adoption of virtualization technologies and the tendency to view each middleware tier as an independent "domain" from a systems management perspective. In this paper we present a methodology and a system for automatic discovery of end-to-end application-data relationships. The key to the methodology is the modeling of data locations from which applications use data and of how middleware systems make data available to software layers above them.

A work in progress of a tool designed to help sports coaches to analyze their players using an RFID technology connected to a 3-layer software is described in this paper. A few ranging techniques available in conventional RFID systems were studied to best fit this application scenario. Together with the RFID equipments, there is a 3-layer system managing all the data. The software bottom layer is responsible for the low-level communication between the software and the hardware. The middle layer is the system engine where all the calculation is performed. Finally, the top layer is the software part responsible for showing reports and the player analyzed. The system has 2 tracking modes, one for 2D player location in the field, and a 3D mode to capture players' movement in small area sports. It has 2 report modes also, one for real-time report displaying each player's actual location in the field; and the other to present reports with statistics of the player such as distance covered, a heat map of the field showing where the player is at a time interval and number of sprints.

School systems worldwide respond in particular ways to students' academic heterogeneity, and different countries have developed different strategies to manage such heterogeneity. Whereas some countries separate children according to distinctive educational routes (or tracks) at early ages, others rely on intensive use of grade retention, while others more commonly use individualized teaching or tutoring.

This paper examines the phenomenon of the oversupply of teachers but shortage of qualified teachers in Indonesia. Using a theoretical framework of governmentdominated market with government-set wage rate and demand for teachers, the analysis explores how teacher supply, particularly the composition of the teaching force with low or high qualification, would be determined by current and future public policies. Using 2001 to 2008 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, the paper further estimates the potential effect of the most recent teacher law, which could give college educated teachers a significant pay increase, on the composition of the Indonesian teaching force with differentiated education backgrounds. Using a sample of workers with college education, the author finds that the relative wage rate of This paper-a product of the Human Development Sector Department, East Asia and Pacific Region-is part of a larger effort in the department to strengthen evidence-based human development policy advisory and dialogue. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at dchen1@ worldbank.org. teachers and that of alternative occupations significantly influence the decision of college educated workers to become teachers. It is also found that the wage rate set by the most recent teacher law would increase the share of teachers approximately from 16 to 30 percent of the college-educated labor force. This increase that is due to the new government-set wage rate, would result in a pupil-teacher ratio of 24 to 25 pupils per teacher with college education, but will require a more than 31 percent increase in the wage bill for teacher salaries. The empirical approach of this paper is derived from a structural model that takes into account the endogeneity of the wage rate and corrects for sample-selection bias due to occupational choice.

File system metadata management has become a bottleneck for many data-intensive applications that rely on high-performance file systems. Part of the bottleneck is due to the limitations of an almost 50 year old interface standard with metadata abstractions that were designed at a time when high-end file systems managed less than 100MB. Today's highperformance file systems store 7 to 9 orders of magnitude more data, resulting in numbers of data items for which these metadata abstractions are inadequate, such as directory hierarchies unable to handle complex relationships among data. Users of file systems have attempted to work around these inadequacies by moving application-specific metadata management to relational databases to make metadata searchable. Splitting file system metadata management into two separate systems introduces inefficiencies and systems management problems.

The development of the Internet has led to new approaches to production systems management, which replaced the classic "four-wall" organisation to concepts that preceded that of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) such as: the virtual, extended, fractal etc. enterprise. Processes may occur disparately, anywhere in the world, on the entire life cycle of a particular product, beginning with its initial stage, that of demand and continuing with that of conception, design, manufacturing, sale, decommissioning, etc. All of these are possible by a correct and concrete use of information technology in an Intra(Inter)net.

This paper describes design and realization of the fiber sensor system. The metrology system was developed for construction mechanical stress control. The system is based on fiber Bragg gratings as a physical quantity sensors. The major emphasis is placed on sensor system management which is running under the LabView environment. Specific tasks are realized by the programme such as acquiring, processing and visualizing of measurement data from the multiplexed sensor system.

Solar (photovoltaic) powered water pumping has the potential to bring sustainable supplies of potable water to millions of people in developing countries. Unfortunately, in many cases the application of the pump technology ignores the sociological and economic needs of ...

The concept of maintenance in the field of complex equipment was developed in the USA being quickly adopted by European countries and Japan. The American maintenance concept has the significance of creating a support system for industrial equipment functioning. Functional maintenance is one of the most frequent used methods in maintenance management for industrial enterprises. This paper tries to present some aspects related to the systemic approach of the functional maintenance model, starting from technical elements of the maintenance process but also taking into account the economical perspective i.e. maintenance-related expenditure.The final part of the paper presents a systemic method of representation of the model, taking into account the two mentioned aspects.

Inputloutput speed continues to present a performance challenge for high-performance computing systems. This is because technology improves processor speed, memory speed and capacity, and disk capacity at a much higher-rate than mass storage latency. Developments in 1 1 0 architecture have been attempting to reduce this performance gap. The MasPar 110 architecture includes many interesting features. This work presents an experimental study of the dynamic characteristics of the MasPar parallel 110. Performance measurements were collected and compared for the MasPar MP-1 and MP-2 testbeds at NASA GSFC. The results have revealed strengths as well as areas for potential improvements and are helpful to software developers, systems managers, and system designers.

While the concept of safety in risk-sensitive industries such as aviation is familiar, organizations still struggle to define and practice effective safety principles on a daily basis, given the dynamic and inherent nature of aviation hazards. This has given rise to the concept of a systems approach to safety and referred to by global standards and regulatory bodies as safety management systems (SMS). Similar in structure to the concept of quality management systems, although with some significant differences, SMS is becoming a regulatory requirement for air operators around the world in all facets of aviation. The migration from the traditional approach of managing safety through a department or official representative is no longer sufficient for maintaining adequate levels of risk control. Managing safety as a "system" has placed new demands and competency requirements on engineering and technology graduates entering aviation. Terms such as "hazard identification," "risk mitigation," and "proactive performance-based safety" must become working competencies; these should be as familiar to graduates as the knowledge and skills of their own technical degree field, if they are to succeed and contribute to the industry. A logical place to educate and equip future industry leaders to manage safety as a system in the aviation environment is in the classroom at the university level before they enter industry. Development and practical application of principles of SMS within an aviation technology laboratory curriculum at Purdue University is currently underway and has shown promising success in learner fluency and proficiency incorporating risk assessment and system management techniques. Implementation techniques and tools for applying basic risk management in a simulated aviation maintenance laboratory using transport category aircraft and the early results are described here.

The current study presents an intelligent decision support model using rule sets based on a typical building energy management system. In addition, the model's impact on the energy consumption and indoor quality of a typical office building in Greece is presented. The model can control how the building operational data deviates from the settings as well as carry out diagnosis of internal conditions and optimize building's energy operation. In this context, the integrated ''decision support model'' can contribute to the management of the daily energy operations of a typical building, related to the energy consumption, by incorporating the following requirements in the best possible way: (a) the guarantee of the desirable levels of living quality in all building's rooms and (b) the necessity for energy savings. r

This paper o!ers a set of sociotechnical principles to guide system design, and some consideration of the role of principles of this kind. The principles extend earlier formulations by Cherns (1976, Human Relations, 29, 783}792; 1987, Human Relations, 40, 153}162). They are intended to apply to the design of new systems, including those incorporating new information technologies and a range of modern management practices and ways of working. They attempt to provide a more integrated perspective than is apparent in existing formulations. The principles are of three broad types: meta, content and process, though they are highly interrelated. They are for use by system managers, users and designers, and by technologists and social scientists. They o!er ideas for debate and provide devices through which detailed design discussions can be elaborated. The principles are most likely to be e!ective if they are relatively freestanding, but supported by relevant methods and tools. The principles are necessary but not su$cient to make a substantial contribution to design practice.

The main issues for Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are analyzed, in order to lead to better solutions for future managers, identifying possible areas for improvements and future challenges for the industry. RAS-based production companies, researchers, system suppliers and consultants were interviewed separately, in order to gain an overall understanding of those systems and what developments could assist, in a positive way. Answers and subsequent analysis identified as significant barriers: poor participation by the producers; a disincentive on sharing information; and a lack of communication between different parties. The main issues are poor designs of the systems, as many had been modified after a previous approach was unsuitable; and their poor management, due mainly to an absence of skilled people taking responsibility for water quality and mechanical problems. As RAS will play an important role within the future of aquaculture, their enhancement is needed. Key priorities are the necessity to improve equipment performance, through researching at a commercial scale and further work on the best combinations of devices for each particular situation. Additional recommendations are for a specialized platform, to share knowledge on RAS, together with a more indepth and distinctive education programme.

Hızla değişen rekabet ortamında, firmaların zaman ve kaynaklardan daha fazla yararlanabilmeleri için ürünlerini, hizmetlerini, iletişim tekniklerini, iş yapma yöntemlerini sürekli olarak değiştirmeleri, farklılaştırmaları ve yenilemeleri gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, otomatik nesne tanımlama ve takip sistemleri, veri toplama, yönetim ve analiz teknolojileri firmaların/kurumların uygulamalarını geliştirmelerinde, iş süreçlerini planlamalarında ve yönetmelerinde her zaman bir ihtiyaç olmuştur. Yeniliklere ve ihtiyaçlara temel oluşturan teknolojilerden biri de RFID'dir. Bu bildiride, son yıllarda Dünya'da kullanımı oldukça önemli düzeylerde artış gösteren RFID teknolojisi, temel sistem bileşenleri ve çalışma yapısı tanıtılacak; veri yönetim, analiz ve bilgi sistemleri alanında RFID ile sağlanan avantajlara değinilecektir. Daha sonra RFID teknolojisinin günümüz otomatik nesne tanımlama, veri toplama ve yönetim teknolojilerine göre üstünlükleri ve faydaları hakkında bilgiler verilecektir. Sonuç bölümünde ise RFID kullanımı ile ilgili olarak veri toplama ve sistem yönetimi kapsamında öneriler sunulacaktır.

Greenhouse control computers are an essential part of modern greenhouse operation. Climate, irrigation and nutrient supply must be controlled, in an economical way, to produce the best crop conditions. Current research on CO 2 enrichment and optimal growth strategies implies the use of powerful tools, either based on hardware or software. This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed data acquisition and control system for computerised agricultural management systems that is being developed at Universidade of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real. Different communications platform concepts, such as Controller Area Network (CAN), Wireless Technologies, Ethernet and Internet tools supported by Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and e-mail tools supported by Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) were used to achieve a network with a low-cost, flexible, and functional characteristics. The system management and maintenance tasks are divided into two types of performance levels. At a lower supervision level, a Local Controller placed in the greenhouses performs the monitoring/control and communications actions. The management decisions are performed at the higher level. The techniques and tools, which provide to the user a transparent, friendly and intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) will be presented.

Purpose -This paper seeks to analyse the internal materials flow in lean manufacturing in an assembly line of the Bosch factory, located in Spain. The objective is to develop a handling system in a small space, capable of solving the problems of accumulated intermediate stocks of parts. An improvement is proposed adopting the milkrun handling system, while verifying the advances by means of lean metrics. Design/methodology/approach -Based on this case study, the paper identifies data from value stream mapping and uses lean metrics, such as dock-to-dock time and lean rate. The case study develops a timetable and routing analysis for the milkrun to improve materials flow. Findings -The proposed logistics allows an improvement of lean metrics, without modifying the layout and production planning. The routing flexibility of the milkrun reduced stocks, work-in-process and dock-to-dock time, while increasing lean rate.

In this paper we present an empirical analysis to test whether organisation configurations and management accounting systems change simultaneously. Using the original application of the fuzzy logic methodology, we analyse the level of development and implementation of the management accounting system and the organisational configuration on a sample of 501 Italian firms. Even though we employ a cross-sectional approach, the results may be interpreted according to the life cycle model. Our findings show that the evolution of the organisational configurations is not always coherent with the relevance assumed by management accounting systems. In particular, we find a large group of companies with a simple organisational configuration and a well-developed management accounting system. We interpret the presence of this cluster dynamically as an intermediate stage of growth towards more complex forms of organisation.

Greenhouse control computers are an essential part of modern greenhouse operation. Climate, irrigation and nutrient supply must be controlled, in an economical way, to produce the best crop conditions. Current research on CO 2 enrichment and optimal growth strategies implies the use of powerful tools, either based on hardware or software. This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed data acquisition and control system for computerised agricultural management systems that is being developed at Universidade of Tra ´s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real. Different communications platform concepts, such as Controller Area Network (CAN), Wireless Technologies, Ethernet and Internet tools supported by Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and e-mail tools supported by Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) were used to achieve a network with a low-cost, flexible, and functional characteristics. The system management and maintenance tasks are divided into two types of performance levels. At a lower supervision level, a Local Controller placed in the greenhouses performs the monitoring/control and communications actions. The management decisions are performed at the higher level. The techniques and tools, which provide to the user a transparent, friendly and intuitive Graphical User Interface (GUI) will be presented.

Agroforestry—the practice of growing trees and crops in interacting combinations—is recognized worldwide as an integrated approach to sustainable land-use. It is estimated to be practiced over 1 billion hectares in developing countries, and to a lesser extent in the industrialized countries. Agroforestry systems (AFSs) are believed to have a higher potential to sequester carbon (C) because of their perceived ability

Solid sorption short cycle heat pump (610 kW) which uses physical adsorption and is of interest to the space and domestic application is designed and tested. This heat pump has a very short (12 min), nonintermittent, two adsorber heat recovery cycles with an active carbon ®ber as a sorbent bed and ammonia as a working¯uid. It has two energy sources: solar and gas¯ame. The system management consists only in actuating the special type valves to change the direction of the heating circuit and water valves to change the water cooling circuit. Ó

Renewable energy is becoming economic in all markets as its rapid growth results in more competitive prices. It is particularly appropriate and increasingly being adopted for providing electric power services to rural areas in developing countries unlikely to be served by grid electricity. Policies needed to implement renewable energy systems in rural areas are discussed in this paper. Most prominent are removal of subsidies to traditional energy primarily benefiting the wealthiest; involving the local populace in decision making; educating financial institutions about the economics of investing in renewable energy systems and creating investment vehicles appropriate to financing them in poor localities; training personnel on management, maintenance and drafting contracts; requiring vendor provision of maintenance and parts; and effective regulation and oversight of system management and financing.

Though ERP has gained some prominence in the IS literature over the past few years and is a significant phenomenon in practice, through a) historical analysis, b) metaanalysis of representative IS literature, and c) a survey of academic experts, we reveal dissenting views on the phenomenon. Given this diversity of perspectives, it is unlikely that at this stage a broadly agreed definition of ERP can be achieved. We thus seek to increase awareness of the issues and stimulate further discussion, with the ultimate aim being to: (1) aid communication amongst researchers and between researchers and practitioners; (2) inform development of teaching materials on ERP and related concepts in university curricula and in commercial education and training; and (3) aid communication amongst clients, consultants and vendors. Increased transparency of the ERP-concept within IS may also benefit other aligned fields of knowledge. Keywords (MISQ): transaction processing systems; management information systems; management support systems; production planning information systems; information system evolution; enterprise resource planning; literature review subject area. This situation will improve as research on ERP accumulates, and awareness across the IS academic community grows. 4 Perceptions of ERP: an Expert Opinion Survey With the objective of gaining further insight into perceptions of ERP, we contacted and received email responses from twelve notable researchers working in the area. Whether a requirement or not, all experts surveyed were assured in the original e-mail that "Respondent names will not be recorded in our survey database […]. No data reported will be related to individual respondents." The twelve senior researchers whom graciously responded are:

The main issues for Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are analyzed, in order to lead to better solutions for future managers, identifying possible areas for improvements and future challenges for the industry. RAS-based production companies, researchers, system suppliers and consultants were interviewed separately, in order to gain an overall understanding of those systems and what developments could assist, in a positive way. Answers and subsequent analysis identified as significant barriers: poor participation by the producers; a disincentive on sharing information; and a lack of communication between different parties. The main issues are poor designs of the systems, as many had been modified after a previous approach was unsuitable; and their poor management, due mainly to an absence of skilled people taking responsibility for water quality and mechanical problems. As RAS will play an important role within the future of aquaculture, their enhancement is needed. Key priorities are the necessity to improve equipment performance, through researching at a commercial scale and further work on the best combinations of devices for each particular situation. Additional recommendations are for a specialized platform, to share knowledge on RAS, together with a more indepth and distinctive education programme.► RAS companies, researchers and consultants all over the world were surveyed. ► Poor system designs, water quality issues and mechanical problems are the main constraints. ► 50% of the surveyed companies have been rebuilt or redesigned due to RAS system's failure. ► More than 8 years are needed to get back initial investment. ► In the future, information platforms, their availability and specialized education will be required.

Abstract -Subsequent revisions to the JDL model modified definitions for model usefulness that stressed differentiation between fusion (estimation) and sensor management (control). Two diverging groups include one pressing for fusion automation (JDL revisions) and one advocating ...

In 2001, the four global change research programmes ‘urgently’ called for ‘an ethical framework for global stewardship and strategies for Earth System management’. Yet this notion of ‘earth system management’ remains vaguely defined: It is too elusive for natural scientists, and too ambitious or too normative for social scientists. In this article, I develop an alternative concept that is better grounded in social science theory: ‘earth system governance’. I introduce, first, the concept of earth system governance as a new social phenomenon, a political programme and a crosscutting theme of research in the field of global environmental change. I then sketch the five key problem structures that complicate earth system governance, and derive from these four overarching principles for earth system governance as political practice, namely credibility, stability, adaptiveness, and inclusiveness. In the last part of the article, I identify five research and governance challenges that lie at the core of earth system governance as a crosscutting theme in global change research. These are the problems of the overall architecture of earth system governance, of agency beyond the state, of the adaptiveness of governance mechanisms and of their accountability and legitimacy, and of the modes of allocation in earth system governance—in short, the five A’s of earth system governance research.

The paper has looked at traditional systems of forestry and agricultural system management in the central himalayan region. Based on a detailed analysis of traditional ecological knowledge that is linked with biodiversity, natural and human-managed, various possibilities for sustainable management of natural resources, with concerns for sustainable livelihood of local communities have been explored for the Garhwal region in the central himalayas. It is concluded that if the development interests of local people are marginalized for a long period of time, they might adopt actions detrimental to the goal of conservation. Capitalizing on the positive dimensions of traditional knowledge and overcoming its negative dimensions through conventional science-based inputs could ease the difficult process of securing people's participation in environmental conservation together with the socio-economic development of local communities.

We present in this paper the language NoFun for stating component quality in the framework of the ISO/IEC quality standards. The language consists of three different parts. In the first one, software quality characteristics and attributes are defined, probably in a hierarchical manner. As part of this definition, abstract quality models can be formulated and further refined into more specialised ones. In the second part, values are assigned to component quality basic attributes. In the third one, quality requirements can be stated over components, both context-free (universal quality properties) and context-dependent (quality properties for a given framework-software domain, company, project, etc.). Last, we address to the translation of the language to UML, using its extension mechanisms for capturing the fundamental non-functional concepts.

Conservation of biodiversity provides for economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Intentional management is designed to manage conflicts among groups with conflicting interests. Our goal was to ascertain if intentional management and principles of conservation of biodiversity could be combined into upland and riparian forest management strategies that would be applicable to various land ownerships and, consequently, help resolve land allocation problems associated with timber supply and threatened wildlife.

When applied to a system, the doctrine of successive refinement is a divide-and-conquer strategy. Complex systems are sucessively divided into pieces that are less complex, until they are simple enough to be conquered. This decomposition results in several structures for describing the product system and the producing system. These structures play important roles in systems engineering and project management. Many of the remaining sections in this chapter are devoted to describing some of these key structures. Structures that describe the product system include, but are not limited to, the requirements tree, system architecture and certain symbolic information such as system drawings, schematics, and data bases. The structures that describe the producing system include the project's work breakdown, schedules, cost accounts and organization.