System Development

Psychophysiological diagnostic and therapeutic methods, to include biofeedback, have been found to be empirically effective in the treatment of a variety of physical disorders. In many areas of the country, however, certified biofeedback practitioners are not well distributed, limiting patient access to this treatment modality. Psychologists at Tripler Army Medical Center have pioneered efforts to develop and provide these needed

This paper presents and illustrates a reliability analysis method developed with a focus on Controller-Area-Network-based automotive systems. The method considers the effect of faults on schedulability analysis and its impact on the reliability estimation of the system, and attempts to integrate both to aid system developers. We illustrate the method by modeling a simple distributed antilock braking system, and showing that even in cases where the worst case analysis deems the system unschedulable, it may be proven to satisfy its timing requirements with a sufficiently high probability. From a reliability and cost perspective, this paper underlines the tradeoffs between timing guarantees, the level of hardware and software faults, and per-unit cost.

Abstract: Regional modeling of subsurface cadmium and zinc transport in a diffusely polluted area in the south of the Netherlands is the subject of this study. The atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc was caused by three zinc-ore smelters (point sources of emission). ...

This paper provides a complete framework for thread migration using JPDA. In our framework neither we lose portability nor do we insert any artificial code. The system developed based on our framework needs no extra involvement of programming to continue the whole migration system. It is a powerful autonomous system for heterogeneous environment maintaining its portability since Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is not modified.

Miniaturized, portable instrumentation has been gaining popularity in all areas of analytical chemistry. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), due to its main strengths of high separation efficiency, relatively short analysis time and low consumption of chemicals, is a particularly suitable technique for use in portable analytical instrumentation.

Conceptual models are used in understanding and communicating the domain of interest during analysis phase of system development. As they are used in early phases, errors and omissions may propagate to later phases and may be very costly to correct. This paper proposes a framework for evaluating conceptual models when represented in a domain specific language based on UML constructs.

Economic measures such as internal rate of return (IRR), net present value 0, and return on investment (ROI) are commonly used in evaluating commercialbased R&D projects. However, such economic measures in their commercial form are of little use in evaluating weapon systems development efforts. This paper examines challenges faced by the Department of Defense in determining weapon system value during the R&D portfolio selection processes.

Location Fingerprinting (LF) is a promising location technique for many awareness applications in pervasive computing. However, as research on LF systems goes beyond basic methods there is an increasing need for better comparison of proposed LF systems. Developers of LF systems are also lacking good frameworks for understanding different options when building LF systems. This paper proposes a taxonomy to address both of these problems. The proposed taxonomy has been constructed from a literature study of 51 papers and articles about LF. For researchers the taxonomy can also be used as an aid when scoping out future research in the area of LF.

Rising concern over the poor level of blood-pressure (BP) control among hypertensive patients has prompted searches for novel ways of managing hypertension. The objectives of this study were to develop and pilot-test a home BP tele-management system that actively engages patients in the process of care.Phase 1 involved a series of focus-group meetings with patients and primary care providers to guide the system’s development. In Phase 2, 33 diabetic patients with uncontrolled ambulatory hypertension were enrolled in a 4-month pilot study, using a before-and-after design to assess its effectiveness in lowering BP, its acceptability to users, and the reliability of home BP measurements.The system, developed using commodity hardware, comprised a Bluetooth-enabled home BP monitor, a mobile phone to receive and transmit data, a central server for data processing, a fax-back system to send physicians’ reports, and a BP alerting system. In the pilot study, 24-h ambulatory BP fell by 11/5 (±13/7 SD) mm Hg (both P < .001), and BP control improved significantly. Substantially more home readings were received by the server than expected, based on the preset monitoring schedule. Of 42 BP alerts sent to patients, almost half (n = 20) were due to low BP. Physicians received no critical BP alerts. Patients perceived the system as acceptable and effective.The encouraging results of this study provide a strong rationale for a long-term, randomized, clinical trial to determine whether this home BP tele-management system improves BP control in the community among patients with uncontrolled hypertension.

As the trend of information dissemination has become more important, the use of mobile communication medium has gained more popularity. Since the number of mobile applications developed had increased tremendously, the technology offers an option to end user with information at their fingertips. Thus the notification methods also change drastically from notice board to Short Messaging System (SMS) based notification system. This paper intends to discuss the development process of e-parcel management system which is integrated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) networks. The whole system utilizes the barcode system, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 and Active Server Pages 3.0 as the interface, and mobile network to realize the intended purpose. The implementation shows that the prototype developed has successfully executed and it is concluded this on-going research requires further improvement on the current prototypes.

Business Process Reengineering (BPR) has been witnessed. This evolution reflects both the increasing maturity of information technology and also the business outlook of firms seeking to use IT for competitive advantage. In this paper we argue that system development is now entering a new phase of maturity with the advent of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software packages.

One of the most important transactions between government and citizens is the taxation. The modernisation efforts of the public sector using information and communication technology (ΙCT) have led to the application of large information systems. TAXIS (TAX Information System) is a major information system in the Greek public financial sector. It supports the Inland Revenue Services' employees to serve the citizens and the state. This study investigated the TAXIS usage and its evaluation by the tax office employees. An appropriate questionnaire was developed and distributed to tax office employees in three branches. The analysis of one hundred responses revealed useful results for governmental policy makers, tax officials as well as public information system developers. Most responders were pleased with TAXIS characteristics except of the handbooks' effectiveness and the system's speed. Gender differences were located in their daily usage, problems' awareness, feelings and considerations about the security of TAXIS.

Extensive field investigations along the Yarlung^Zangbo suture zone in southern Tibet reveal the presence of now fragmented remnants of a south-facing intra-oceanic subduction system. This system developed within Tethys during the Cretaceous. The associated arc, forearc ophiolite, and subduction complex were emplaced onto the leading edge of India at the end of the Cretaceous. Rapid sedimentation in oblique-slip basins and disruption of water-saturated sediments into mëlange was widespread and concomitant with ophiolite emplacement. We describe the tectonic entities that developed during this previously unrecognized phase of Tethys^Tibet evolution and present a new model for the evolution of this portion of Tibet. ß

We are witnessing an interesting era in the history of computing and information technology (IT). Computing, telephone and television on the one hand and data, voice and video on the other hand are converging. Internet, the World Wide Web and mobile computing have made IT truly global. IT has become pervasive -it is increasingly difficult for human beings to live their lives without encountering IT. The applications of IT have expanded from traditional automating (e.g. process control and embedded applications), augmenting (e.g. word processing), informating (information systems proper) and communicating (e.g. email) applications to various accompanying (e.g. computer pets), entertaining (e.g. computer games) and fantasizing applications (e.g. virtual world applications such as Second Life) .

Rapid development methodologies are popular approaches for the development of modern software systems. The goals of these methodologies are the inclusion of the client into the analysis, design and implementation activities, as well as the acceleration of the system development phases through an iterative construction approach. These methodologies also claim to manage the changing nature of requirements. However, during the development of large and complex systems by a small and technically competent development team, there is a danger that certain unforeseen practical implications are introduced into the development process by rapid development methodologies. In this paper we reflect on some observed practical implications of rapid development methodologies after the completion of two projects that involved the construction of large and complex software systems.

Training plays a pivotal role in the manpower development process in organizations. Successful execution of the organizational missions depends on the overall effectiveness of the underlying training programs. The current research is a part of the authors' developmental work in this direction, and addresses the training of instructors in simulation-based flight training systems. A flight simulator complex is usually used to train student pilots as well as flight instructors, and the training requirements and methodologies for these two groups are quite different. In earlier work, the authors modeled the student training process and developed a decision support system for the cost-effective design of instructor operator stations (1OS's) in flight simulators. In this research, the instructor training process is modeled and a methodology for determining instructor training plans is developed. A fkamework for instructor training analysis, in terms of the identification of instructor skill requirements, methods of training instructors, and the development of instructor training plans, is described. The framework is developed from a study of training system characteristics conducted .using a group of experts in flight simulation. The system developed in this research has been integrated with the framework for 10s design developed earlier. The instructor training model and its implications from the 10s characteristics are presented, and directions for future research in this area are provided. R. Ramesh, for a photograph and biography, please see page 403 of the May/June 1990 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.

Actinic keratosis is an incipient form of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Consequently, actinic keratoses must be treated expeditiously to forestall their downward growth. Several classification schemes have been proposed to better categorize actinic keratoses, and to guide their diagnosis and treatment. Among these approaches is the "keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia" (KIN) system developed by Cockerell; Goldberg's concept of the "proliferative actinic keratosis" (PAK), and Berhane's emphasis on the "inflamed actinic keratosis" (IAK). In the future, disparate classification schemes may be unified into a single pragmatic approach which accurately reflects the biological process whereby actinic keratoses devolve into invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

... System Using MATLAB/SIMULINK Dr. Jameel Ahmed*, Dr. Bilal A. Alvi**, Zeeshan Ali khan* *NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan **Sir Syed University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Karachi Email: [email protected] ...

Assessment of the economic value of software systems is useful in contexts such as capitalization on the balance sheet and due diligence prior to acquisition. Current accounting practice in determining software value is based on the cost spent in software development. This approach fails to account for the efficiency with which software has been produced or the quality of the product. This paper proposes three alternative models for determining the production value of software, based on the notions of technical debt and interest. We applied the models to 367 proprietary systems developed by a range of different organisations using a range of different programming languages. We present the valuation results and discuss the weaknesses and strengths of the models.

The skill and efficiency of a numerical model mostly varies with the quality of initial values, accuracy on parameterization of physical processes and horizontal and vertical resolution of the model. Commonly used low-resolution reanalyses are hardly able to capture the prominent features associated with organized convective processes in a monsoon depression. The objective is to prepare improved high-resolution analysis by the use of MM5 modelling system developed by the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR). It requires the objective comparison of high and low-resolution analysis datasets in assessing the specific convective features of a monsoon depression. For this purpose, reanalysis datasets of NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) at a horizontal resolution of 2.5‡ (latitude/longitude) have been used as first guess in the objective analysis scheme. The additional asynoptic datasets obtained during BOBMEX-99 are utilized within the assimilation process. Cloud Motion Wind (CMW) data of METEOSAT satellite and SSM/I surface wind data are included for the improvement of derived analysis. The multiquadric (MQD) interpolation technique is selected and applied for meteorological objective analysis at a horizontal resolution of 30 km. After a successful inclusion of additional data, the resulting reanalysis is able to produce the structure of convective organization as well as prominent synoptic features associated with monsoon depression. Comparison and error verifications have been done with the help of available upper-air station data. The objective verification reveals the efficiency of the analysis scheme.

This paper describes how a database design can play an important role for developing practical industrial maintenance system. The good database design will in return give a better information sharing and good system in term of data accessibility. The design of the database are presented and illustrated by a case. The preliminary result presented to show that is possible to

Direct dating of stone-walled fishtraps has been a methodological challenge in archaeology and is generally considered insurmountable. Dating is usually associative, linking traps to local archaeological sites and geomorphological features of known age. Limited excavation of sediments burying the lower sections of stone-walled fishtrap features has been previously undertaken with limited success. Recent fine-grained excavation and comprehensive AMS dating and analysis of channel in-fill sediments associated with an elaborate freshwater fishtrap complex at Lake Condah, western Victoria, yields reliable insights into the phased construction and use of the feature. An early phase of basalt bedrock removal to create a bifurcated channel was subsequently in-filled with flood sediments incorporating stone artefacts and charcoal dated to c.6600 cal BP. After a hiatus, basalt blocks were added to the sides of the channel to create multi-tiered walls within the past 600e800 years. This site provides the first direct insights into the antiquity of the elaborate fishtrapping and aquaculture system developed by Aboriginal people in the Lake Condah region, and may represent one of the world's oldest known fishtraps.

Scandinavian research projects in system development have traditionally put a strong emphasis on user participation as a strategy for increasing working life democracy. The article analyses a few of these projects with respect to this goal. We argue that there has been a development from politics to ethics in system development research, and that the political dimension should be reintroduced. A reorientation of system development strategies aiming at increasing working life democracy can learn from the historical success stories, in particular the combination of global strategy and local action used in the trade union projects in the 60's. Recent development in technology and working life will, however, introduce new challenges to system development.

This article provides a theoretical and methodological framework for matching, and ultimately the comprehensibility and usability of CPGs. Cognitive methods of analysis can help guideline designers and system the use of cognitive analysis to support the representation of biomedical builders throughout the development process, from the conceptual knowledge and the design of clinical systems, using clinical-practice design of a computer-based system to its implementation phases. By guidelines (CPGs) as an example. We propose that propositional and studying how guideline creators and developers represent guidelines, semantic analyses, when used as part of the system-development proboth mentally and in text, and how end-users understand and make cess, can improve the validity, usability, and comprehension of the decisions with such guidelines, we can inform the development of resulting biomedical applications. The framework we propose is based technologies that seek to improve the match between the representations on a large body of research on the study of how people mentally of experts and practitioners. We urge informaticians to recognize the represent information and subsequently use it for problem solving. potential relevance of cognitive analysis methods and to begin more This research encompasses many areas of psychology, but the more extensive experimentation with the their use in biomedical informatics important ones are the study of memory and the study of comprehenresearch. ᭧ 2001 Academic Press sion. Of particular relevance is research devoted to investigating the Key Words: cognitive analysis; propositional analysis; semantic netcomprehension and memory of language, expressed verbally or in text.

We have developed a novel software program called 'Predict Your Child' that, given photographs of potential parent faces, generates plausible looking children. The parent photographs are imported into a PCA-based model of facial appearance to give a set of face parameters that can be mixed together to produce offspring faces. The program is intended for entertainment and has been used commercially, with customers emailing photographs of parents to be bred. In this paper, we describe the system, developed from an evolutionary facial composite system called EvoFIT, outline some of the problems encountered and present some performance data.

The network model approach for rigid and multi-rigid body systems developed recently [1,2] can also be used conveniently in formulating system equations or equations of motion of three-dimensional mechanical systems of interconnected rigid bodies. In this article, this method is further elaborated for establishing only the kinematics of spatial robotic bevel-gear trains. However the dynamic analysis of such systems using the same method is also possible and will be taken up in a future publication.

In the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of north China, Caragana microphylla , a leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species and is widely used in vegetation reestablishment programs to stabilize shifting sand. We collected soil samples and investigated the invaded plant species in an age sequence of 0-, 5-, 13-, 21-, and 28-year-old C. microphylla plantations to assess the effects of the shrub on soil physicochemical properties and development of herbaceous species diversity. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0 Á/5 and 5 Á/20 cm) under the shrub canopy and in the mid-row location between shrubs. Results showed that shrub establishment and development improved soil water holding capacity (WHC), enhanced organic C and total N accumulation, and decreased pH and bulk density. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations increased significantly with increasing plantation age and had increased by 15.3 Á/20.5-fold and 11.1 Á/13.6-fold at 0 Á/5 cm depth at 28 years of plantation compared with non-vegetated dune, although incremental rates were faster in the early establishment stage (0 Á/13 year) than late successional stage (13 Á/28 year). It was found that C. microphylla contributed significant enrichment effects with higher C and N contents under their canopies as compared with alleys. With increased plantation age, the 'islands of fertility' expanded and enrichment ratios decreased. At the same time, C. microphylla facilitated the colonization and development of herbaceous species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Species diversity increased with increasing plantation age. The simple, artificial vegetation system developed toward a complicated, artificial and natural ecosystem capable of reversing desertification. #

In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a webbased tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.

... Since the pri-mary focus of this research pertains to the project screening process, in which go/no-go decisions are being made early in the acquisition lifecycle, this linear assumption seems appropriate. ... REFERENCES [1] KM Al-Subhi Al-Harbi, “Application of the AHP in ...

There appears to be generally a broad consensus that the multidimensional nature and complexity underlying the critical problems of Africa such as poverty, food insecurity and disease urge for integrated and holistic views and approaches to deal with the challenges successfully. Innovation systems approaches are promising, but in practice they require new mindsets and competences for systemic thinking, institutional interfaces and partnerships. Often curriculum review is seen as a solution to such new demands, but in reality, even before considering curriculum review, it is critical that universities deal with the basic elements of changing mindsets, and building a new vision and new skills for training and research amongst the academic staff. This paper is based on a 'personal mastery/soft skills experiment towards reorienting mindsets and building complementary skills among university lecturers for holistic and interactive learning; and impact oriented research and consultancy. The initiative was conducted with 26 lecturers from three agriculture related Faculties of Makerere University over a period of two years. Overall enhancement it enhanced personal and professional development profiles of the lecturers which resulted in more interactive teaching, a move towards action research, and more marketable development consultants and facilitators. Specifically, the assessment brought out the following outcomes: enhanced self-awareness and taking action to develop their full potentials; the abilities to influence change in the university system through feedback; taking initiative to work in team and promote peer-learning; facilitation skills for interactive learning and collective action processes; overcoming fear to try out new things as reflective practitioners; communication for problem solving -negotiation, conflict resolution; and thinking beyond disciplinary boundaries to influence development impact through action research and process consultancy.

The design of an IS postgraduate curriculum may take as staring point existing model curricula and guidelines. However, the landscape of Information Systems, as well as the needs of the target market continuously changes. Additionally, the idiosyncrasies of the specific local academic and business environments (e.g. existing undergraduates programmes and local market needs), either purposefully or implicitly, pervade the design of curricula or influence their development. As part of the research undertaken to ascertain the content and direction for a new postgraduate curriculum in IS, several activities were carried out, including a study of existing curricula worldwide, a survey and study of the global and national landscapes of IS curricula, both undergraduate and postgraduate, and of the needs of local IS industry. This paper describes the approach taken and the resulting postgraduate IS curriculum, and highlights how this approach can be used by others and adapted to their needs. Acknowledgements: This work described was carried out as part of a nationally funded project entitled RESINFO (Relationships between Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies and the Labour Market in Information and Communication System)

Efficient and effective response to the requirements of customers is a major performance indicator. Failure to satisfy customer requirements implies operational weaknesses in a company. These weaknesses will damage both the rights of customers and the reputation ...

A procedure for the automatic generation of the robot programming used in manufacturing operations is introduced in the present paper. The off-line programming system developed here includes graphical simulation of the robot and its workcell, kinematic model of the robot, motion planning and creation of the NC code for manufacturing process. The proposed system is applied in a robot with five revolute joints for manufacturing operations and in a robot with six revolute joints for welding operations.

In this study, real time monitoring and controlling of an elevator prototype based on PLC is developed. The software of PLC has been improved in Simatic Version 4.0 and the main control interface is also developed in Visual Basic as more visual. The system has been applied on a laboratory sized elevator prototype which includes a dc motor, sensors for every floor, gas-smoke detectors and temperature sensor. OPC Server protocol is used to transfer data between the PLC and the control interface. The system developed can be used for not only controlling and monitoring an industrial elevator system but also learning the basic principles of a PLC based system and control strategies of elevator systems as an educational material. .

This paper presents the design, construction and results of a solar powered incubator and pools for rearing yaca& a specie of the crocodile family, found in notthern Argentina. The desgin was developed by the Research Centre Habitat 8c Energy, Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism, Buenos Aires University in the framework of a Cooperation Agreement with the Argentine Wild Life Foundation. The installation, located in a Wild Life Refuge in a remote subtropical area of the Chaco Province in the northeast region of Argentina, consists of an incubation chamber for hatching the yacark with strict temperature conditions, pools for rearing the young during a year, heated by solar energy, an auxiliary wood-tired water heater and PV system to power the pumps control system and other minimal requirements such as lighting. The concepts, system development and integration, construction process and measured performance am presented together with the fti results of this project which integrates low impact renewable energy systems to support the conservation of an endangered specie. IQ I998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

An advanced vehicle simulator model called ADVISOR has been developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to allow system-level analysis and trade-off studies of advanced vehicles. Because of ADVISOR's fast execution speed and the open programming environment of MATLAB/Simulink, the simulator is ideally suited for doing parametric studies to map out the design space of potential high fuel economy vehicles (3X) consistent with the goals of the Partnership for New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). Five separate vehicle configurations have been modeled including 3 lightweight vehicles (parallel, series, and conventional drivetrains) along with 2 vehicles with 1996 vehicle weights (parallel and conventional drivetrains). The sensitivity of each vehicle's fuel economy to critical vehicle parameters is then examined and regions of interest for the vehicles mapped out through parametric studies. Using the simulation results for these vehicles, the effect of hybridization is isolated and analyzed and the trade-offs between series and parallel designs are illustrated.

Fragile countries score within a half point of non-fragiles on some PEFA dimensions. But more interesting is that both sets of countries score well in some dimensions, like PI 27(iv) which relates to the rules for in-year budget amendment, PI 8(i) pertaining to rules for budgetary allocations to sub-national authorities, and PI 5 where countries score higher where they have formalized modern budget classification systems. On another set of dimensions, both country groups score poorly. These include PI 12(iv) which measures the extent to which macroeconomic forecasts are linked to actual investment decisions, PI 21(i) where countries are assessed based on the actual coverage and measured quality of internal audit reports, and PI 28(iii) which measures the responsiveness of the executive to the legislature, for instance, whether the legislature issues recommendations based on audits and whether the executive implements remedial action. We will say more about this shortly.

The manufacturing, delivery and support of service contracts in defence aerospace industry require a high financial investment. It is essential that the customer has the financial ability to procure and support the contract from the conceptual and manufacturing phase to the end of the project given the budget constraints. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors that affect customer affordability of defence contracts and develop a customer affordability assessment framework which is implemented as a software prototype system. Two major quantitative factors and twelve qualitative factors were identified, out which seven factors (identified as the major factors) were included within the customer affordability system. Following the identification of factors and development of measures for each, suggested actions to improve customer affordability were also proposed. The research methodology combined both case study and literature review approach with industrial collaboration in the customer affordability system development. The customer affordability system was validated through collaboration with industrial partners and a case study from defence sector and the results showed that the customer affordability system was capable of providing a good assessment of customer affordability.

This paper discusses the requirements for developing Mobile Model-based Bridge Lifecycle Management Systems (MMBLMSs). These new systems should link all the information about the lifecycle stages of a bridge (e.g., construction, inspection and maintenance) to a 4D model of the bridge incorporating different scales of space and time in order to record events throughout the lifecycle with suitable levels of details. In addition, MMBLMSs should support distributed databases and mobile location-based computing by providing user interfaces that could be used on thin clients, such as PDAs and tablet PCs, equipped with wireless communications and tracking devices, such as a GPS receivers. A prototype system developed in Java language is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology for realizing these systems.

Strontium isotope data indicate that sediments of the Norwest Bend Formation were deposited within a large estuarine system during the Latest Miocene to Early Pliocene (probably N 5 Ma). The Norwest Bend Formation is divisible into two members; a lower sand-dominated member and an upper oyster coquina member. These two units are separated by an irregular, erosion surface that has no correlative within the adjacent Loxton-Parilla Sands. Tectonism in the western Murray Basin adjacent to the Adelaide Foldbelt has exerted a considerable control over the formation of these estuarine sediments. The Lower Norwest Bend Formation occupies a paleodrainage system that was restricted to a region west of the Hamley Fault and was presumably incised following uplift of this western block. Flooding of this paleodrainage system produced the Lower Norwest Bend estuarine system. Later tectonism on the Hamley Fault resulted in the formation of the erosion surface within the Norwest Bend Formation. We suggest that the Norwest Bend estuarine system owes its existence to marginal tectonism associated with the young uplift of the Mt. Lofty-Flinders Ranges. The paleodrainage system incised prior to deposition of the Norwest Bend Formation differs markedly in geometry from the present Murray River-gorge system. This suggests that the modern Murray River system developed after deposition of the Late Miocene-Pliocene Norwest Bend Formation.

Detection of low concentration of air pollution, like cigarette smoke, cooking fumes, etc. is possible with the combination of an air quality sensor and data acquisition system. In present paper is presented approach for design and implementation of air quality monitoring system based on tin dioxide gas sensor, integrated temperature and humidity sensors, portable modular data acquisition system and graphical

Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) can experience difficulties in adopting Information Systems (IS) and aligning them with their strategic development. Using the concept of bricolage, an improvisational approach that allows learning from concrete experience, we explore IS adoption and organisational change in two SME case studies. The case studies cover IS rationalisations and innovations and smalland large-scale change over a 4-year period, and highlight the roles of different actors, internal and external to the SMEs. We find that bricolage is a useful concept as it deals with the need for SMEs to learn about the possibilities of IS in situ, simultaneously exploiting the can-do approach that is usually found in SMEs. However, bricolage needs organisation space and the possibility for trust to grow between end users, developers and management as visions are explored and revised. The paper concludes with a set of guiding principles that can be adopted by SMEs to enable IS bricolage to contribute to an organisation's strategic direction. q Technovation 26 (2006) 232-241 www.elsevier.com/locate/technovation 0166-4972/$ -see front matter q

A system with potential for middle-ear screening and diagnostic testing was developed for the measurement of wideband energy absorbance ͑EA͒ in the ear canal as a function of air pressure, and tested on adults with normal hearing. Using a click stimulus, the EA was measured at 60 frequencies between 0.226 and 8 kHz. Ambient-pressure results were similar to past studies. To perform tympanometry, air pressure in the ear canal was controlled automatically to sweep between −300 and 200 daPa ͑ascending/descending directions͒ using sweep speeds of approximately 75, 100, 200, and 400 daPa/ s. Thus, the measurement time for wideband tympanometry ranged from 1.5 to 7 s and was suitable for clinical applications. A bandpass tympanogram, calculated for each ear by frequency averaging EA from 0.38 to 2 kHz, had a single-peak shape; however, its tympanometric peak pressure ͑TPP͒ shifted as a function of sweep speed and direction. EA estimated at the TPP was similar across different sweep speeds, but was higher below 2 kHz than EA measured at ambient pressure. Future studies of EA on normal ears of a different age group or on impaired ears may be compared with the adult normal baseline obtained in this study.

Today Machine Translation (MT) systems are commercially available for a variety of language pairs and in price range, which makes them accessible to the nonprofessionals. Yet there is no standard evaluation for any type of translation systems whether automatic or manual especially for the commercial systems that involve Arabic language in the Arabic region. This paper presents a brief survey of evaluation of MT system methods and its importance. It also presents some approaches for developing a comprehensive evaluation system without any developer cooperation. Although we proposed some dimension for MTS's, we concentrated on translation quality evaluation of the MTS not the MTS itself dimension for MTS's, we concentrated on translation quality evaluation of the MTS not the MTS itself. dimension for MTS's, we concentrated on translation quality evaluation of the MTS not the MTS itself 2 The situation in the Arabic region As the globalization of the Arabic world becomes common, more than 180 million speakers around the world, problems caused by lack of communication can seriously affect its situation especially as a receiver of knowledge more than a producer. Thereby its need to MT is essential and there should 1 Some approach for a machine