Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Interface

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt den Versuch dar, aus der detaillierten und systematischen Beschreibung der syntaktischen, semantischen und pragmatischen Eigenschaften von Satzen mit Verbzweitstellung (V2) , die alternativ zu durch „weil“ eingeleiteten Kausalsatzen, Relativsatzen und dass-Komplementen auftreten, eine These zur ubergreifenden Funktion dieser Verbstellung abzuleiten. Der Vergleich der Charakteristika mundet in der Identifizierung eines gemeinsamen funktionalen Kerns, namlich der assertiven Funktion von V2 in [-w]-Kontexten. Diese assertive Operation, die in Anlehnung an Stalnaker (1978/1999) als eine Reduzierung der Welten einer Kontextmenge definiert wird, findet je nach syntaktischem Status des V2-Satzes Anwendung auf unterschiedliche Kontexte. Dabei fuhrt eine syntaktische Desintegration zu einer Anwendung auf die Kontextmenge CS, dem ‚context set‘. Syntaktische Integration, wenn auch in geringerem Grade, beschrankt diese Operation auf Subkontexte der CS, so z.B. auf ...

Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine möglichst informelle semantische Analyse der Plural-Mehrdeutigkeiten. Sütze, in denen pluralische Nominalphrasen (im folgenden PNP) auftreten, können bekanntlich mehrdeutig (ambig) sein, d.h. gleichzeitig mehrere Propositionen ausdrücken. Unter den verschiedenen Interpretationsmöglichkeiten, den sog. Lesarten dieser Sütze, findet man die auch distributive Lesart. Wie sie entsteht and was sie von anderen Lesarten unterscheidet, möchte ich bier nher untersuchen. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich auch die Frage nach den Gründen der Mehrdeutigkeit. Ich werde dafür argumentieren, dass die Quellen der Mehrdeutigkeit in der Semantik der Nominalphrase zu suchen sind. Daher sollen die referenziellen Eigenschaften der NP etwas detaillierter analysiert werden. In Punkt 1 untersuche ich zwei hinsichtlich der Problematik relevante PNP-Charakteristika: ihre Kombinierbarkeit mit kollektiven Prüdikaten and ihre möglichen Skopusrelationen. In Punkt 2 werden die PNP im Rahmen der algebraischen Semantik interpretiert. Der nüchste Punkt widmet sich der Definition der Distributivitüt and leitet die verschiedenen Lesarten der Sütze ohne Skopus-Ambiguitten ab. In Punkt 4 gebe ich schlieBlich die möglichen Lesarten der S tze mit Skopus-Ambiguit ten an. Es lüsst sich zeigen, dass die Mehrdeutigkeiten von Stzen mit oder ohne Skopusrelationen auf gemeinsame Prinzipien zurückgefiihrt werden können.

The paper adopts and further elaborates on the distinction between comparative concepts (CC) and descriptive categories (DC) by proposing a partly new definition of the parts of speech (PoS), and uses that definition to provide a new analysis of PoS in Latin and RV Sanskrit. More, specifically, the paper shows that in Latin three major classes of morphemes are found (nouns, adjectives and verbs), whereas in the RV only two major classes are found (verbal roots and nouns) and the typical "adjective" is a derived stem built on a verbal root meaning a quality (i.e., roughly a nominalization). The data described are then used to contribute to the CC debate in the field of PoS, by showing its relation with historical Indo-European linguistics, by critically analysing traditional labels such as noun, adjective, verb, root, stem and lexeme, and by questioning the alleged incommensurability between CCs and DCs.

In Construction Morphology (CM), a compound is treated as a construction at the word level with a systematic correlation between its form and meaning, in the sense that any change in the form is accompanied by a change in the meaning. Compound words are coined by compounding templates which are called abstract schemas in CM. These abstract constructional schemas generalize over sets of existing compound words and specify how new compound words can be created. The schemas dominate the compounds so that they inherit all predictable morphological and semantic properties from these schemas. Also, CM adopts a paradigmatic approach to word formation, that is, the creation of new compound words is caused by the extension of a systematic form-meaning relationship in a set of existing compound words to new cases resulting in new compounds. Regarding these properties of CM, This paper studies Persian compound nouns in the framework of Construction Morphology. From this perspective, two types ...

This article offers an overview of zero derivation in Old English, a description of the vocalic alternations that hold between zero derived nouns, adjectives and weak verbs and their bases of derivation as well as an account of the significance of alternations in the wider context of the evolution of the lexicon of English. Alternations are quantified and related to i-mutation and word-formation processes by distinguishing direct from reverse alternations and alternations with a strong verb source from alternations with a weak verb target. The conclusions reflect the synchronic-diachronic character of alternations. On the synchronic axis, alternations represent a relatively generalised phenomenon that affects all classes of both strong and weak verbs, while, on the diachronic axis, they allow us to assess the progress of the change from variable to invariable base morphology.

El procesamiento del lenguaje involucra fenómenos de índole enteramente distinta que, sin embargo, se integran necesariamente para constituir una unidad de sentido. Propiedades fonológicas, sintácticas, semánticas y pragmáticas se acoplan sistemáticamente para dar lugar a una oración, la unidad de comunicación humana que es el punto de partida y centro de la gramática. Es precisamente el rol de la gramática dar lugar a esa integración que se centra alrededor de dos funciones. Caracterizadas muy sucintamente, una es estática y consiste en almacenar símbolos y patrones o esquemas. La otra es dinámica y remite a integrar esa información en una secuencia quizás enteramente inédita y, además, adecuada a un contexto posiblemente único. El procesador de lenguaje se encuentra así frente a la tarea de construir una representación-quizás totalmente novedosa-recuperando categorías y esquemas ya almacenados (efecto 'pinza'; París en prensa). La gramática es de una ayuda esencial. Por un lado, el diseño de las unidades y esquemas almacenados es tal que está abierto a combinaciones nóveles. Por otro lado, la misma gramática incorpora nociones pragmáticas específicamente diseñadas para adecuar ciertos aspectos de las representaciones a las demandas de un contexto individual. En este trabajo analizamos, precisamente, la interacción entre un fenómeno altamente estructural y otro pragmático específicamente diseñado para la adecuación al contexto. Esa interacción está mediada por una misma marca lingüística: el orden de palabras. El fenómeno estructural en cuestión es el enlace sintaxis-semántica. Durante las últimas décadas, se le ha prestado especial atención al estudio de la interfaz sintaxis-semántica ya que es a través del proceso de enlace entre

The traditional observation that Chinese wh-arguments do not exhibit wh-island effects may be only apparent. With new evidence from “how-many” phrases, it is demonstrated that Chinese has wh-island effects even with wh-arguments. What nullifies such effects is in fact the disguise of D-linkedness. Although the lack of wh-island effects seems to pattern Chinese wh-construals with Japanese ones, further tests show that these two languages are still different with respect to strong island effects, (anti-)crossing effects, and multiple wh-interpretations. The finding leads to the need to reinvestigate the mechanisms underlying the scope-taking wh-elements of wh-in-situ languages on the one hand, and those triggering wh-island effects on the other.

This paper argues that there is a one-to-one mapping between the syntax of a causal clause and its semantic type. A causal central adverbial clause (CAC) is base-generated inside its licensing clause in a deep position and refers to a relation between eventualities. A causal peripheral adverbial clause (PAC) is base-generated inside its licensing clause in a high position and refers to a relation between propositions, and a causal non-integrated adverbial clause (NonIC) is a syntactic orphan and refers to a relation between speech acts. The German causal sentence forms considered in this paper occur in certain classes. A weil-verb-final-clause is by default a CAC; if it is supported by certain indicators, it can occur as a PAC or as a NonIC. A da-clause typically occurs as a PAC; if it is supported by certain indicators, it can occur as a NonIC. A weil-V2-clause necessarily occurs as a NonIC. The three domains in which according to Sweetser (1990) causal conjunctions may be interpre...

The Sumarorong language is one of the Toraja languages in the Mamasa Regency, it is assumed to have the same variety of Simbuang language in the Tana Toraja. The phenomenal thing about this language is found in the varied morphological patterns in the prefixation process. This study uses a morphological approach and data analysis is using qualitative descriptive. The results of the analysis found that the morphological patterns due to prefixation on verbs formed 12 morphological patterns, including variations of the active and passive verb. The character of prefix [u-] that binds verbs that start with a consonant causes the initial consonant to form a double consonant (cluster).

The traditional observation that Chinese wh-arguments do not exhibit wh-island effects may be only apparent. With new evidence from “how-many” phrases, it is demonstrated that Chinese has wh-island effects even with wh-arguments. What nullifies such effects is in fact the disguise of D-linkedness. Although the lack of wh-island effects seems to pattern Chinese wh-construals with Japanese ones, further tests show that these two languages are still different with respect to strong island effects, (anti-)crossing effects, and multiple wh-interpretations. The finding leads to the need to reinvestigate the mechanisms underlying the scope-taking wh-elements of wh-in-situ languages on the one hand, and those triggering wh-island effects on the other.

Vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of language learning, and acquiring a rich vocabulary is essential for achieving fluency in the target language (TL). Morphology, the study of word formation, plays a critical role in building vocabulary. Morphology provides learners with an understanding of how words are constructed and how their forms change based on their use in sentences. Possessing sufficient knowledge and awareness of morphology can enhance learners' ability to comprehend and produce words accurately in the TL. This research article provides a comprehensive theoretical explanation of the benefits of using morphology as an approach to constructing vocabulary. The article discusses the different ways new words are coined in various languages and how morphological processes can be used to create new words. Additionally, the article explores how morphological analysis can help learners understand the meaning of unfamiliar words based on their word parts. Moreover, the article emphasizes the importance of morphology awareness for TL learners and provides practical applications for incorporating morphology into vocabulary instruction. The article proposes that learners can benefit from explicitly teaching morphological rules, using morphological analysis to derive meaning from words, and encouraging learners to use morphological clues to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words. In conclusion, possessing morphology awareness is crucial for TL learners to acquire a robust vocabulary. By understanding the principles of word formation and variation, learners can enhance their vocabulary acquisition and usage. This research article provides a theoretical foundation for incorporating morphology into vocabulary instruction and offers practical strategies for enhancing learners' morphology awareness.

The Sumarorong language is one of the Toraja languages in the Mamasa Regency, it is assumed to have the same variety of Simbuang language in the Tana Toraja. The phenomenal thing about this language is found in the varied morphological patterns in the prefixation process. This study uses a morphological approach and data analysis is using qualitative descriptive. The results of the analysis found that the morphological patterns due to prefixation on verbs formed 12 morphological patterns, including variations of the active and passive verb. The character of prefix [u-] that binds verbs that start with a consonant causes the initial consonant to form a double consonant (cluster).

Tae’ language as a communication tool of Luwu society has several linguistic devices that have different functions. Linguistics devices are phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. On this occasion, the author focuses on two linguistic devices, i.e. morphology and syntactic of Tae’ language. That linguistics device is being the main focus in this research because the two linguistics devices have an important role in understanding of structure of Tae' language. Using descriptive-qualitative method is aimed at finding detailed and complete data. The collecting data was using library study and field techniques. It means that the writer has collected the data by reading some books, journals, and other sources that are related with this research, particularly theories and researches of morphology and syntax. Then, the field data was collected by giving an instrument that contains of words, phrases, and sentences to native speakers of Tae’ language. Data analysis is done by class...

The subject of the paper contains hashtags which were collected on Twitter social networking website. This study aims to carry out a morphological analysis of hashtags on Twitter. In order to achieve it three objectives were set: to introduce the characteristics of hashtags and overview the types of word-formation processes; to ascertain the types of word-formation processes found in Twitter hashtags; to create a taxonomy of the type of hashtags found on Twitter. To analyse the data, the quantitative and qualitative methods have been implemented. The scope of the research data includes 101 hashtags from 5 different sources
The study revealed that hashtag word-formation goes beyond traditional word-formation, and more than three-word hashtags start adapting phrase or clause structure. Hashtags reflects the characteristics of recursiveness even within morphological level. The word-formation of hashtags could be divided into 7 types of word-formation: affixation, non-affixation, compounding; reduplication; borrowing; clausal hashtags; phrasal hashtags. The biggest number of hashtags are combined by compounding. Taxonomy is divided into 9 formation types. Each group has subtypes according to the ways of formation used for the hashtag group.

In Germanic languages the linking morpheme, like the ·s· in Afrikaans seun·s·naam ‘boy’s name’, or ·en· in Dutch pann·en·koek ‘pancake’ is quite common. This word element has been the topic of discussion in the past, with no definite consensus about its origin or possible semantic input. There has been a renewed interest in this phenomenon, especially during the last few years, and not exclusively for Germanic languages. The objective of this paper is to categorise the linking morpheme in Afrikaans in terms of principles from Cognitive Grammar culminating in the postulation of the linking morpheme in two categorisation networks. The goal to construct categorisation networks are met in the conclusion to the paper, and it is concluded that the function of the linking morpheme is semantically highly schematic, but not functionally negligible.

Als Teil der Linguistik untersucht die Computerlinguistik Sprache mit Hilfe linguistischer und informationstechnischer Verfahren. Die Vorgehensweise bei der Untersuchung des Problems "Sprache" orientiert sich an den in den klassischen Naturwissenschaften gängigen Methoden: Ein auf empirischen Beobachtungen aufbauendes theoretisches Modell wird in eine algorithmische Entsprechung überführt und kann so durch Simulation auf einem Computer validiert werden. Diese Vorgehensweise hat in der Vergangenheit dazu geführt, daß Sprache als isoliertes Phänomen, ohne weitergehende Einbeziehung des extralinguistischen Kontextes, betrachtet wurde. Dieser Effekt wurde noch verstärkt durch die Nutzung von transkribierten und "bereinigten" Auschnitten natürlicher Sprache als Eingabe in die Computerprogramme. Will man, im Gegensatz dazu, Sprachverstehensprozesse modellieren, wie sie etwa in einer Instruktionssituation auftreten, so ist die Integration von situativen Informationen in die Sprachanalyse unumgänglich. Hierbei sind

In this research, we use machine learning techniques to provide solutions for descriptive linguists in the domain of language standardization. With regard to the personal name construction in Afrikaans, we perform function learning from word pairs using the De-fault&Refine algorithm. We demonstrate how the extracted rules can be used to identify irregularities in previously standardized constructions and to predict new forms of unseen words. In addition, we define a generic, automated process that allows us to extract constructional schemas and present these visually as categorization networks, similar to what is often being used in Cognitive Grammar. We conclude that computational modeling of constructions can contribute to new descriptive linguistic insights, and to practical language solutions.

The traditional observation that Chinese wh-arguments do not exhibit wh-island effects may be only apparent. With new evidence from “how-many” phrases, it is demonstrated that Chinese has wh-island effects even with wh-arguments. What nullifies such effects is in fact the disguise of D-linkedness. Although the lack of wh-island effects seems to pattern Chinese wh-construals with Japanese ones, further tests show that these two languages are still different with respect to strong island effects, (anti-)crossing effects, and multiple wh-interpretations. The finding leads to the need to reinvestigate the mechanisms underlying the scope-taking wh-elements of wh-in-situ languages on the one hand, and those triggering wh-island effects on the other.

This paper examines the interaction between negation and some expressions of bouletic modality. Whereas most other types of modals may scope below negation, expressions of bouletic modality in the form of hortative and optative markers never do. The distribution of high adverbials, as well as co-occurrence possibilities with a negative head, such as French ne, reveal that hortatives and optatives do not target the same position: they occupy two different heads within the left peripheral structure. However, it is argued that the syntax of the bouletic operator, which is analyzed as involving high left-peripheral positions, prevents the negative marker from syntactically and semantically scoping over it. This is shown to also correlate with access to metalinguistic negation interpretations. While with the adequate context, the bouletic operators examined here are compatible with metalinguistic negation, no wide scope interpretation above the bouletic modal content is accessible. This ...

The purpose of these introductory remarks is to complement the following case studies by Ferenc Kiefer on majd 'later (on), sooner or later', Attila Péteri on hadd 'let', and Ildikó Vaskó on persze 'of course'. What we will do is sketch a number of what we consider promising theoretical developments that have a bearing on the issues raised in these studies. In a section addressing issues of form (section 2), we discuss "cartographic" approaches to adverb(ial) hierarchies and the clausal "left periphery", as well as pragmatic markers within clause types. In a section focusing on issues of interpretation (section 3), we deal with pragmatic markers from the perspective of "projective meaning" and "conversational moves".

Tae’ language as a communication tool of Luwu society has several linguistic devices that have different functions. Linguistics devices are phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. On this occasion, the author focuses on two linguistic devices, i.e. morphology and syntactic of Tae’ language. That linguistics device is being the main focus in this research because the two linguistics devices have an important role in understanding of structure of Tae' language. Using descriptive-qualitative method is aimed at finding detailed and complete data. The collecting data was using library study and field techniques. It means that the writer has collected the data by reading some books, journals, and other sources that are related with this research, particularly theories and researches of morphology and syntax. Then, the field data was collected by giving an instrument that contains of words, phrases, and sentences to native speakers of Tae’ language. Data analysis is done by class...

This paper aims to investigate the pragmatics of pre-posing a subordinate clause from a relevance-theoretic perspective. In order to pursue this investigation, it initially looks into the case of Modern Greek (MG) causal subordination, as in 'He came back, epiδi (because) he loved her', with a focus on the type of meaning attached to pre-posed subordinate clauses in reversed configurations, as in 'epiδi (because) he loved her, he came back'. Based on the results of this causal exploration, we reach the more general conclusion that the syntax of preposition (of any type, i.e. causal or otherwise) is used to trigger a level of pragmatic meaning, which can be treated rigorously and comprehensively in typical procedural terms. More specifically, we conclude that the pre-posing of a subordinate clause serves as a syntactic constraint on contextual information. This constraint is employed to communicate a procedure that leads to the unobjectionable acceptance of the main clause (while its realization is pending) as potentially relevant to the communicated content of the subordinate clause. In this sense, this procedure can be said to contribute additional import to the overall interpretation of a conjunction.

This journal article explores the interrelation between affixes in Old English in the formation of complex nouns and discusses the constraints posed on their possible combinations. The research is carried out around a series of pre-analytical questions regarding the morphological nature of the Old English affixes and their combinatorial properties, including their origin, the issue of separability and the existence of affix loops and closing affixes. Old English, being a rich language in its inflection, proves itself a suitable target language for the kind of analysis here developed, as it presents a long range of double-affixed nouns. The most relevant conclusions include the identification of independent selectional restrictions for the processes of prefixation and suffixation, the existence of consistently repeated combinations of affixes and the identification of a closing suffix (-estre), which blocks further derivations.

El procesamiento del lenguaje involucra fenómenos de índole enteramente distinta que, sin embargo, se integran necesariamente para constituir una unidad de sentido. Propiedades fonológicas, sintácticas, semánticas y pragmáticas se acoplan sistemáticamente para dar lugar a una oración, la unidad de comunicación humana que es el punto de partida y centro de la gramática. Es precisamente el rol de la gramática dar lugar a esa integración que se centra alrededor de dos funciones. Caracterizadas muy sucintamente, una es estática y consiste en almacenar símbolos y patrones o esquemas. La otra es dinámica y remite a integrar esa información en una secuencia quizás enteramente inédita y, además, adecuada a un contexto posiblemente único. El procesador de lenguaje se encuentra así frente a la tarea de construir una representación-quizás totalmente novedosa-recuperando categorías y esquemas ya almacenados (efecto 'pinza'; París en prensa). La gramática es de una ayuda esencial. Por un lado, el diseño de las unidades y esquemas almacenados es tal que está abierto a combinaciones nóveles. Por otro lado, la misma gramática incorpora nociones pragmáticas específicamente diseñadas para adecuar ciertos aspectos de las representaciones a las demandas de un contexto individual. En este trabajo analizamos, precisamente, la interacción entre un fenómeno altamente estructural y otro pragmático específicamente diseñado para la adecuación al contexto. Esa interacción está mediada por una misma marca lingüística: el orden de palabras. El fenómeno estructural en cuestión es el enlace sintaxis-semántica. Durante las últimas décadas, se le ha prestado especial atención al estudio de la interfaz sintaxis-semántica ya que es a través del proceso de enlace entre

El procesamiento del lenguaje involucra fenómenos de índole enteramente distinta que, sin embargo, se integran necesariamente para constituir una unidad de sentido. Propiedades fonológicas, sintácticas, semánticas y pragmáticas se acoplan sistemáticamente para dar lugar a una oración, la unidad de comunicación humana que es el punto de partida y centro de la gramática. Es precisamente el rol de la gramática dar lugar a esa integración que se centra alrededor de dos funciones. Caracterizadas muy sucintamente, una es estática y consiste en almacenar símbolos y patrones o esquemas. La otra es dinámica y remite a integrar esa información en una secuencia quizás enteramente inédita y, además, adecuada a un contexto posiblemente único. El procesador de lenguaje se encuentra así frente a la tarea de construir una representación-quizás totalmente novedosa-recuperando categorías y esquemas ya almacenados (efecto 'pinza'; París en prensa). La gramática es de una ayuda esencial. Por un lado, el diseño de las unidades y esquemas almacenados es tal que está abierto a combinaciones nóveles. Por otro lado, la misma gramática incorpora nociones pragmáticas específicamente diseñadas para adecuar ciertos aspectos de las representaciones a las demandas de un contexto individual. En este trabajo analizamos, precisamente, la interacción entre un fenómeno altamente estructural y otro pragmático específicamente diseñado para la adecuación al contexto. Esa interacción está mediada por una misma marca lingüística: el orden de palabras. El fenómeno estructural en cuestión es el enlace sintaxis-semántica. Durante las últimas décadas, se le ha prestado especial atención al estudio de la interfaz sintaxis-semántica ya que es a través del proceso de enlace entre

We investigate concrete acquisition theories for a derived approach to linking theory development, and explore to what extent two prominent linking theories in the syntactic literature – UTAH and rUTAH – can be derived from the data English children encounter. We leverage a conceptual acquisition framework that specifies key aspects of the child’s acquisition task, including realistic child-directed input and a cognitively-motivated mechanism for inference (the Tolerance Principle). We find a learnability advantage for rUTAH over UTAH if children derive their linking theories from their input as specified here. We discuss the implications of these results for both syntactic theory and acquisition theory. keywords: linking problem, UTAH, rUTAH, argument from acquisition, Tolerance Principle

Статья посвящена анализу оснований формирования базовых логических действий у обучающихся на ступени основного общего образования. Проведен анализ Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта третьего поколения основного общего образования: выделены основные требования, представленные как результат обучения обучающихся на данной ступени образования, место базовых логических действий в данных результатах, составлены схемы для визуализации места базовых логических действий среди иных результатов обучающихся и понимания составляющих элементов понятия «базовые логические действия». Дана характеристика системно-деятельностного подхода, который является основой для формирования всех умений обучающихся. Проанализированы философская и психолого-педагогическая литература практического и теоретического характера. Философская литература дает представления об основных логических операциях, формах логического мышления и законах логики, а также содержит логические задания, примеры технологий для работы на уроках, задания по формированию отдельных логических операций у обучающихся. Педагоги-психологи указывают на познавательные возможности обучающихся, позволяющие применять системно-деятельностный подход в образовании и необходимость формирования базовых логических действий обучающихся. Методисты предлагают различные методы, приемы и технологии, которые помогают формированию базовых логических действий. Данное исследование может быть использовано учителями при методической подготовке к урокам истории. Ключевые слова: метапредметные образовательные результаты, познавательные универсальные учебные действия, базовые логические действия, философия, методика, технологии, история

The Sumarorong language is one of the Toraja languages in the Mamasa Regency, it is assumed to have the same variety of Simbuang language in the Tana Toraja. The phenomenal thing about this language is found in the varied morphological patterns in the prefixation process. This study uses a morphological approach and data analysis is using qualitative descriptive. The results of the analysis found that the morphological patterns due to prefixation on verbs formed 12 morphological patterns, including variations of the active and passive verb. The character of prefix [u-] that binds verbs that start with a consonant causes the initial consonant to form a double consonant (cluster).

This paper examines the interaction between negation and some expressions of bouletic modality. Whereas most other types of modals may scope below negation, expressions of bouletic modality in the form of hortative and optative markers never do. The distribution of high adverbials, as well as co-occurrence possibilities with a negative head, such as French ne, reveals that hortatives and optatives do not target the same position: they occupy two different heads within the left peripheral structure. However, it is argued that the syntax of the bouletic operator, which is analyzed as involving high left-peripheral positions, prevents the negative marker from syntactically and semantically scope over it. This is shown to also correlate with access to metalinguistic negation interpretations. While with the adequate context, the bouletic operators examined here are compatible with metalinguistic negation, no wide scope interpretation above the bouletic modal content is accessible. This is exactly the contexts in which the negative head is syntactically banned. It is proposed that these observations constitute evidence for the fact that metalinguistic negation requires specific syntactic conditions, namely access to a high contrast-related position. Metalinguistic negation is obviously triggered by contextual input, but, at least in the cases examined here, is not blind to syntax.

The traditional observation that Chinese wh-arguments do not exhibit wh-island effects may be only apparent. With new evidence from “how-many” phrases, it is demonstrated that Chinese has wh-island effects even with wh-arguments. What nullifies such effects is in fact the disguise of D-linkedness. Although the lack of wh-island effects seems to pattern Chinese wh-construals with Japanese ones, further tests show that these two languages are still different with respect to strong island effects, (anti-)crossing effects, and multiple wh-interpretations. The finding leads to the need to reinvestigate the mechanisms underlying the scope-taking wh-elements of wh-in-situ languages on the one hand, and those triggering wh-island effects on the other.

This Study: Engaging Appropriate Affixation System for English and Anaang: Amorpho-Syntactic Study at Distributional Equivalence for Education and Development in Nigeria Beyond 2020 which is the first in the area, takes a look at all the morphological processes which are involved in affixation; as well as the application of these processes on syntax-related rank scales in order to account appropriately for affixation as a very important aspect of morphology. It also aims at revealing the possible universals of the two languages in the field of word-formation.. The theoretical frameworks used in this study are the three-in –one tool; contrastive analysis (CA), error analysis (EA)and needs analysis (NA) which are identifiable by the researchers to be effectively operational in revealing the linguistic universals between the two languages. The general assumption here, is that the aspect of similarities will facilitate learning the second language, especially if a rule in L1 is identica...

This paper argues that there is a one-to-one mapping between the syntax of a causal clause and its semantic type. A causal central adverbial clause (CAC) is base-generated inside its licensing clause in a deep position and refers to a relation between eventualities. A causal peripheral adverbial clause (PAC) is base-generated inside its licensing clause in a high position and refers to a relation between propositions, and a causal non-integrated adverbial clause (NonIC) is a syntactic orphan and refers to a relation between speech acts. The German causal sentence forms considered in this paper occur in certain classes. A weil-verb-final-clause is by default a CAC; if it is supported by certain indicators, it can occur as a PAC or as a NonIC. A da-clause typically occurs as a PAC; if it is supported by certain indicators, it can occur as a NonIC. A weil-V2-clause necessarily occurs as a NonIC. The three domains in which according to Sweetser (1990) causal conjunctions may be interpre...

The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of negative word formation processes in Spanish and English. The methodology for the description is based upon the conception of word formation in the Lexical Grammar Model, which considers it as a phenomenon with two fundamental perspectives: (i) as a lexicological process of creation of a new lexical unit out of existing lexical material; that is, the derived word is the result of combining predicates, which can be free or bound morphemes; and (ii) as a grammatical process that involves the interplay of different types of conditions that range from the phonological level to the pragmatic one, via the syntactic and the morphological stages.

The aim of the article is to explain the form-function mismatches that occur in the formation of Old English nouns. The analysis identifies pairs of derived nouns that share a lexemic root and represent instances of near-synonymy. Two types of mismatch are found in the formation of nouns, namely convergent derivation due to the competition of suffixes and convergent derivation resulting from the competition of bases. Four types of asymmetry can be distinguished: on the grounds of process, category, productivity and recursivity. The existence of mismatches and the associated asymmetry indicate two waves of word-formation that configure two layers in the lexicon of Old English.

This journal article addresses the question of the implementation of a dynamic model of expression rules in Functional Grammar (Dik 1997a, b) by considering sintactic discontinuity in Old English, a topic which has far-reaching methodological and theoretical implications and bears on the current debate in the FG community, namely the top-down orientation of a discursive model of grammar. To begin with, this journal article provides a reflection on the role of syntax in FG and revises some aspects of previous approaches to expression rules that are relevant for the discussion of discontinuity. Discontinuous constituency, which is characterized in terms of three functional principles, is considered in the more general setting of the dynamic model of expression rules. The conclusion is reached that the functional features of any tree containing discontinuous constituents must specify the target, the degree of implementation and the degree of overlapping of discontinuous constituency. T...

This paper is concerned with the specifications and the implementation of a particular concept of word-based lexicon to be used for large natural language processing systems such as machine translation systems, and compares it with the morpheme-based conception of the lexicon traditionally assumed in computational linguistics. It will be argued that, although less concise, a relational word-based lexicon is superior to a morpheme-based lexicon from a theoretical, computational and also practical viewpoint.

This paper provides an analysis of word formation processes from the perspective of the Lexical Grammar Model in its more recent versions. In doing so, it proposes a model of derivational morphology to be integrated in Role and Reference Grammar. Such a model deals with word formation processes from two perspectives, as a grammaticalization of the lexicon and as a lexicalization of predication structures. The first view is essentially lexicological in nature, whereas the second one is essentially syntactic. The analyses carried out in this paper will concentrate on the lexicological aspect of the model; specifically, a new proposal for the semantic representation of word formation processes is devised. Such a system of lexical representation involves designing Lexical Templates for both free and bound lexical morphemes and making use of Semantic Redundancy Rules to account for the different semantic values that a derivational pattern may have.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of negative word formation processes in Spanish and English. The methodology for the description is based upon the conception of word formation in the Lexical Grammar Model, which considers it as a phenomenon with two fundamental perspectives: (i) as a lexicological process of creation of a new lexical unit out of existing lexical material; that is, the derived word is the result of combining predicates, which can be free or bound morphemes; and (ii) as a grammatical process that involves the interplay of different types of conditions that range from the phonological level to the pragmatic one, via the syntactic and the morphological stages.

In this paper Gärdenfors's geometric approach to meaning in natural language is compared to Jackendoff's algebraic one, and this is done against the backdrop of formal semantics. Ultimately, the paper tries to show that Jackendoff's framework is to be preferred to all others. The paper proceeds as follows. In Section 2, the common theoretical commitments of Gärdenfors and Jackendoff are outlined, and it is attempted to argue briefly that they are on the right track. In Section 3, the basics of the two frameworks to be compared are laid out, and it is assessed how they deal with some central issues in semantic theory, namely reference and truth, lexical decomposition, and compositionality. In Section 4, we get into the nitty-gritty of how Gärdenfors and Jackendoff actually proceed in semantic analysis, using an example of a noun and a verb (embedded in a sentence). In Section 5, the merits of Gärdenfors's empiricism when it comes to word learning and concept acquisition are assessed and compared to the moderate nativism of Jackendoff, and it is argued that Jackendoff's nativism is to be preferred. In the sixth section, the semantic internalism common to both frameworks is commented on.

Lei-la Luukko-Vinchenzo An con Näf WiLhelm Oppenrieder Eckard Rolf Ir.ger Rosengren Ulrike Scholz D.etmar Zaefferer VII Probleme einer Theorie des Satzmodus 1 Zur Problematik der Konstitution von Satzmodi als Formtypen 22 Verbaler Modus oder Satztyp? Zur grammatischen Einordnung des deutschen Imperativs 57 Zu einer Randgrammatik des Deutschen 75 Konjunktiv II und Sprechereinstellung 96 Modus zwischen Verb und Satz 114 Entscheidungsfragesätze im Finnischen. Mit einem Exkurs ins Deutsche j?^5 Gibt es Exklamativsätze? Aussagesätze im Deutschen Über den Deklarativmodus Konfliktäre Sprachhandlungen und ihre sprachliche Realisierung Wunschsätze im Deutschen-formale und funktionale Beschreibung 234 Satztypen, Satzarten, Satzmodi-Was Konditionale (auch) mit Interrogativen zu tun haben SACHREGISTER 286