Sustainable forestry

Currently, the aim of modern forest management is not only timber production but also the protection of biodiversity. The initial effects of clear-cut logging on forest understory vegetation, soil and the diversity of litter beetles have been studied. We examined unstudied effects of clearcutting disturbance on understory vascular plant species abundance, forest soils, and understory vegetation nutrients as well as beetle diversity one year after clear-cutting. Substantial changes in the prominence values and above-ground mass of forest-related vascular plant and moss species were detected. Clear-cuttings resulted in fast appearance of new lightloving plant species. The significant decrease in understory plant biomass influenced the reduction of nutrient pools in clear-cut areas after one year. The clear-cut logging negatively influenced the richness of species and the number of individuals of stenobiontic forest-related beetles in the forest litter. However, forest clear-cuttings were beneficial for eurytopic and open land species.

This study assessed the effects of exploitations in natural forest ecosystem on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. This was achieved by comparing tree species diversity and yield in an unlogged forest (inviolate/strict nature reserve) and part of the forest reserve where active logging is in progress. Both forest types are located in Akure Forest reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. Eight plots (20 × 20m) were located in each site using systematic sampling technique. All living trees with dbh > 10cm were identified in each plot and categorized into families. Ddiameter at breast height was measured from each of the trees in each plot. This was used to compute basal area and volume. Relative frequency, relative density and habitat occupancy were obtained and compared. Shannon-Weiner and species evenness indices were used to assess and compare tree species diversity and abundance. The result shows that the tropical humid forest is very rich in tree species diversity as a total of 54 different tropical hardwood species from 24 families were encountered in both forest types. There are 46 species distributed among 21 families in the inviolate forest while 24 species in 14 families were in the logged forest. Higher values of Shannon-Weiner (3.16 and 3.03 for inviolate and logged respectively) and evenness index (0.83 and 0.81) are also obtained for the inviolate and logged forest respectively. The stand density in the inviolate is 555 stems/ha and that of the logged forest is 132 stems/ha. A mean dbh of 39.35 cm and 14.24 cm, basal area of 10.34 m 2 /ha and 2.14 m 2 /ha and volume of 1235.04 m 3 and 14.81 m 3 were obtained for the inviolate and logged forests respectively. In the inviolate forest, the species with the highest number of occurrence is Mansonia altissima (80stems/ha) and Caesalpinoidae and Sterculiaceae families have the highest number of species (6). In the logged forest, Triplochiton scleroxylon (18 stems/ha) has the highest frequency and Caesalpinoidae family has the highest number of species (4). There are significant differences in all the variables estimated (P < 0.5) with result from the inviolate forest having the highest value. The study concluded that exploitation has affected species diversity in the ecosystem and subsequently, the roles of trees in environmental conservation are affected.

The current study investigated inter-annual growth, biomass production, carbon storage, and sequestration in Eucalyptus tereticornis plantation of different age (1-8 years) in North-west India. Nondestructive sampling using the allometric equation assessed aboveground and belowground biomass of E. tereticornis plantations. The growth, biomass accumulation, and CO 2 assimilation followed the log-normal distribution with age of the plantation. At early stages, E. tereticornis showed rapid growth and within six months 1.4-time increment in DBH and height of one-year tree. Total carbon stock in E. tereticornis increased from 18.7-20.6 Mg C ha -1 in 1-year to 91.8-96.2 Mg C ha -1 after 8-year of planting. The soil organic carbon in 0-15 cm depth showed 34.8% increment in 8 years of plantation cycle highlighting the significance of litter input. Terrestrial C sequestration in the matured plantation (8 years) varied from 85.3 to 88.7 Mg C ha -1 during September 2012 and March 2013, respectively. Total carbon stock (plant+soil) in 8-year plantation ranges from 114.1 to 118.8 Mg C ha -1 . Results confirm that E. tereticornis based plantation forestry offers a low-cost strategy for carbon sequestration besides increasing farm income.

As wild edibles gain in popularity both on restaurant menus and as a form of recreation through their collection, research on contemporary foragers/wildcrafters/gatherers of wild edibles has so increased from varied disciplinary perspectives. Through an exploration of gatherers in Vermont, I examine the relationships between practice and identity. By employing intersectionality through feminist ethnographic methods, this research recognizes the complex intersections of individuals' identities that challenge a more simplified, additive approach to definitions of race, class, gender and the myriad identities that inform one's experience of privilege and oppression. As prior scholarship has established, people from diverse ethnicities, genders, religions, class affiliations, rural and urban livelihoods, and ages gather wild edibles. This thesis draws connections between the intersectional identities of gatherers and the diversity of their gathering practices. me in pursuit of this thesis. I owe this work to my Graduate Advisor, Pablo Bose, and to my Thesis Committee Members, Teresa Mares, Cheryl Morse, and Marla Emery, for their inspiration, direction, and editing. I acknowledge the motivation provided by the UVM Food Systems Program Chair, Amy Trubek; Program Coordinator, Serena Parneau; and by this (the third!) cohort of intelligent, critical, and innovative Food Systems scholars and practitioners who I've come to call friends. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unwavering confidence, support and encouragement, and particularly my father, Don Johnson, who first taught me the importance of asking questions and listening to the answers.

As wild edibles gain in popularity both on restaurant menus and as a form of recreation through their collection, research on contemporary foragers/wildcrafters/gatherers of wild edibles has so increased from varied disciplinary perspectives. Through an exploration of gatherers in Vermont, I examine the relationships between practice and identity. By employing intersectionality through feminist ethnographic methods, this research recognizes the complex intersections of individuals\u27 identities that challenge a more simplified, additive approach to definitions of race, class, gender and the myriad identities that inform one\u27s experience of privilege and oppression. As prior scholarship has established, people from diverse ethnicities, genders, religions, class affiliations, rural and urban livelihoods, and ages gather wild edibles. This thesis draws connections between the intersectional identities of gatherers and the diversity of their gathering practices. This project include...

The topic of forest sector carbon balance in connection with climate changes currently has both great scientific and political importance for ecological sustainability on a global scalc. The concentration of C02 in the atmosphcre has increased by 1-2 ppm per year in the last few decades. The present paper examines the actual and potential rolc of forest management to deplete atmospheric CO2 concentration, with specific reference to the Italian situation as a case study. Italian carbon emission derived from fossil fuels amounts to 432 Mtlyear, of which 65% comes from burning oil. Annual COz absorption, estimated by combining the 1985 National Forest Inventory data with sclected biomass data, proves to bc quite relevant, amounting to more than 10% of the annual Italian CO2 emission. This is a prudent estimate, since no account is taken of the contributions of non-tree vegetation and soil. Current forest management standards are mainly oriented to conservation. Optimisation of forest managcment specifically purposed also to carbon storage and non-wood products substitution may further enhance the role of

Payments for environmental services (PES) are an innovative approach to conservation that has been applied increasingly often in both developed and developing countries. To date, however, few efforts have been made to systematically compare PES experiences. Drawing on the wealth of case studies in this Special Issue, we synthesize the information presented, according to case characteristics with respect to design, costs, environmental effectiveness, and other outcomes. PES programs often differ substantially one from the other. Some of the differences reflect adaptation of the basic concept to very different ecological, socioeconomic, or institutional conditions; others reflect poor design, due either to mistakes or to the need to accommodate political pressures. We find significant differences between user-financed PES programs, in which funding comes from the users of the ES being provided, and government-financed programs, in which funding comes from a third party. The user-financed programs in our sample were better targeted, more closely tailored to local conditions and needs, had better monitoring and a greater willingness to enforce conditionality, and had far fewer confounding side objectives than governmentfinanced programs. We finish by outlining some perspectives on how both user-and government-financed PES programs could be made more effective and cost-efficient.

Mangrove forests are among the most important ecosystems with high ecological and economic value. In order to better understand and conserve this ecosystem, we aim to provide an overview of mangrove structure along the southern, central and northern parts of Mozambique, in Costa do Sol (CS), Bons Sinais Estuary (BSE) and Pemba-Metuge (PM), respectively. A total of 10 plots/site (10 × 10 m) along a transect perpendicular to the seashore were used. Inside the plots, the stem diameter and height were measured, and the species identified. The phenology and deforestation were categorized, and dead stumps were identified by species and its diameter measured. A total of five mangrove CONTACT Faura M. C.

Hacia una información corporativa integrada: evidencias en la industria de productos del cuidado de la salud En los últimos años, ante el nuevo entorno empresarial, ha surgido la necesidad de realizar informes integrados; las empresas de la industria de productos del cuidado de la salud han sido pioneras e impulsoras en su elaboración. Para que la información incluida en este tipo de informes sea comparable, se ha desarrollado recientemente un marco conceptual internacional de información integrada (MCIII). En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar evidencias sobre el gap existente entre el contenido a incluir según el marco conceptual MCIII y lo que los elaboradores de los actuales informes integrados en la industria de productos del cuidado de la salud entienden como tal. Para ello, se analizará y comparará la información incluida actualmente en dichos informes con las recomendaciones incluidas en MCIII. Los resultados muestran el gran gap existente hasta el momento en esta industria, y la necesidad de seguir trabajando en este campo. Palabras clave: reporte integrado, marco conceptual, informe anual, conexión, armonización.

This study estimates the carbon stock of Banja Forest which is natural and dry Afromontane forest type in Banja District, northwest of Ethiopia. A systematic sampling method was used to identify each sampling point through Global Positioning System. A total of 63 plots measuring 20 m × 20 m were employed to collect tree species and soil data. Losses on ignition and Walkley-Black method were used to estimate biomass and soil carbon stock respectively. The carbon stock of trees was estimated using an allometric equation. Results revealed that the total carbon stock of the forest was 639.87 t/ha whereas trees store 406.47t/ha, litter, herbs and grasses (LHGs) 2.58 t/ha and soil 230.82 t/ha (up to 30 cm depth). The carbon pools' carbon stock variation with altitude and slope gradients were not significant (p>0.05) which was similar with other previous studies. The Banja Forest is a reservoir of high carbon and thus acting as a great sink of the atmospheric carbon. It can be concluded that the Forest plays a role in climate change mitigation. Hence, it should be integrated with reduced emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD + ) and clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol to catch monetary benefits.

Over the past several decades, the management of forest ecosystem functions through policies such as "command and control" has not been successful, largely because existing policies and legislation for natural resource management are inadequate and often formulated without consulting local communities such as farmers. However, farmers' decisions to participate in natural resource conservation or watershed conservation more particularly are generally influenced by their knowledge of the problems and perceived benefits of conservation. This study focuses on farmers' perceptions and attitudes toward forest watershed conservation in the North West Selangor Peat Swamp forest of Malaysia. A survey questionnaire was administered to 380 paddy farmers at the North West Selangor irrigation scheme. Dates were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the theory of value and social psychology constructs. The study concludes that farmers have generally positive attitudes toward forest watershed conservation. Therefore, we recommend farmers' involvement in the conservation and management of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF).

Although it is obvious that research regarding Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is context specific and developed over time, not many research papers yet intended to investigate these changes. As a matter of fact, the number of scientific publications addressing SFM is relatively high. Hence, such a wide field cannot be sufficiently covered by traditional literature review approaches. With this paper, we aim at identifying the most convergent narratives within the SFMresearch landscape by applying a text mining methodology to recent scientific literature. By doing so, we generated results that indicate that there may have been three phases in the evolution of SFMresearch: the early phase covers in particular issues regarding land use in tropical and developing countries. Furthermore, papers in this phase tend to focus on general concepts or policy issues. In contrast, the second phase is characterized by a larger share of publications in forestry focused journals. This process is seemingly connected with issues like forest management, certification, forest stand management and the development of sustainability indicators. A third phase can be observed by the relative downturn of publications in forest-focused journals between 2005 and 2010. A new focus in this period is climate change.

This study suggests that Iceland may be able to produce sufficient liquid hydrocarbon fuels from biological sources in the future to substitute the Icelandic 2016 consumption of fossil fuels, by using forest products. The authors evaluate a strategy to put forest on up to 35,000 km 2 in Iceland to 2050. The preliminary study shows that Iceland could reach climate neutrality around 2050, and be a significant net carbon sequester for the next 250 years. Approximate estimates suggest that the total forest biomass production could reach about 10 million m 3 yr -1 , comprising 3.1 million m 3 yr -1 of roundwood, 3.1 million m 3 yr -1 for generic biomass and about 4.2 million m 3 yr -1 woody material for biofuel use. This could result in a net annual carbon dioxide sequestration of 2-2.5 mill ton CO2 yr -1 by 2100. The calculations suggest that such an afforestation and land restoration undertaking would be long term profitable in economic terms, and that the payback time would be about 2050. The method applied in this study is that of a static mass balance calculations at different time points into the future. Parallel to this work, a full integrated regional forest production model is being developed and will be applied to this issue.

Weathering rates of base cations are crucial in critical load calculations and assessments of sustainable forestry. The weathering rate on a single site with detailed geological data can be modelled using the PROFILE model. For environmental assessments on a regional scale, the weathering rates for sites are scaled into regional maps. The step from sites to regional level requires focus on the spatial variation of weathering rates. In this paper, a method is presented by which weathering rates are calculated for 25589 Swedish sites with total elemental analysis for the soil. Based on a part of the results, a methodology for creating area covering maps by geostatistical analysis and kriging is described. A normative reconstruction model was used to transform total elemental analysis to mineralogy. Information from the Swedish Forest Inventory database and other databases were used to derive texture and other important information for the sites, e.g. climate, deposition and vegetation data. The calculated weathering rates show a regional pattern that indicates possibilities for interpolation of data in large parts of Sweden. Geostatistical analysis of an area in southern Sweden shows different properties for different base cations. Kriging was performed for potassium to demonstrate the method. It was concluded that different base cations and different regions have to be analysed separately, in order to optimise the kriging method.

Taper and Volume models are used in the estimation of tree growth, stand structure, and timber yield. Forest managers utilize
these tools to help them make well-informed decisions on the planning and harvesting of forest resources. Hence, taper and
volume models were developed for three commercial timber species (Cedrela odorata (28yrs), Cordia alliodora (28yrs), and
Tectona grandis (25yrs)) in Gambari Forest Reserves, Oyo state, Nigeria. Systematic random sampling was used in collecting
the data for this study, with 10% sampling intensity used in each selected plantation. Forty-Eight (48) Temporary Sample
Plots (TSP) of equal size 20m x 20m were laid. All trees with diameter at breast height (Dbh) ≥ 10cm in each TSP were
enumerated. Taper models and volume models were developed using four and five selected models, respectively and the best
fit models were selected based on least Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Alkaike Information Criterion (AIC), highest
Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Weighted Score. In Cedrela odorata plantation, the Dbh and height were 28.85cm and
21.31cm, respectively. The Full Cubic model ( 𝑑 = 2.096 + 0.142𝐷 + 0.003𝐻 + 0.0007𝐷
2 + 0.009𝐻2 + 0.000015𝐷
3 +
0.00026𝐻3 + 0.0138𝐷𝐻 + 0.000013𝐷
2𝐻 + 0.00024𝐷𝐻2
) and Logistic model (𝑉 =
4.263
1+87.892𝑒−0.108𝐷
) were selected as the best
model to develop taper and volume models, respectively for Cedrela odorata; In Cordia alliodora plantation, the Dbh and
height were 21.94cm and 25.30cm, respectively. The Full Cubic model ( 𝑑 = 1.005 + 0.074𝐷 + 0.124𝐻 + 0.0003𝐷
2 +
0.009𝐻2 + 0.00006𝐷
3 + 0.0001𝐻3 + 0.0076𝐷𝐻 + 0.00019𝐷
2𝐻 + 0.00005𝐷𝐻2
) and Gompertz Relation model ( 𝑉 =
45.694−𝑒
1.937−0.227𝐷
) selected as the best model to develop taper and volume models, respectively for Cordia alliodora. In
Tectona grandis plantation, the Dbh and height were 19.82cm and 20.16cm respectively. The Full Cubic model (𝑑 = 1.471 +
0.105𝐷 + 0.287𝐻 + 0.021𝐷
2 + 0.031𝐻2 + 0.00029𝐷
3 + 0.0014𝐻3 + 0.0297𝐷𝐻 + 0.00196𝐷
2𝐻 + 0.00273𝐷𝐻2
) and Logistic
model 𝑉 =
4.985
1+132.608𝑒
−0.102𝐷
) were selected as the best model to develop taper and volume models respectively for Tectona
grandis plantation. The findings of the study will serve as a baseline guide and information that can be used for more accurate
estimation of timber yield of the selected tree species through the use of the developed models in Gambari Forest Reserve.

Spatially explicit information on tree species composition of any forest provides valuable information to forest managers as well as to nature conservationists. In this study, the potential of three spaceborne sensors: (1) Landsat-8, (2) Sentinel-2, and (3) IRS-Pansharpened were compared by applying Random Forest (RF) classification algorithms to classify the three most common tree species: Pinus taeda, Alnus spp., and Populus spp., in Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Three RF models with optimized parameters of mtry and ntree were used for the classification of trees species. Based on our Overall Accuracy (OA) and Kappa Coefficient (KC) analysis, IRS-Pansharpened data showed the highest accuracy (OA = 84.9% and KC = 79.7%), followed by Landsat-8 (OA = 78.2% and KC = 70.6%), and Sentinel-2 (OA = 77% and KC = 70%). According to the Mean Decrease in Accuracy (MDA) criterion delivered as an output of RF, the near-IR spectral band was found on the top rank (high variable importance) as compared to all other spectral bands for tree species classification. The findings of this study can be used by the researcher, forest managers, economists and policy and decision makers in the context of sustainable forest management of Hyrcanian forest resources.

Attitude of residing people towards a protected forest area was evaluated for sustainable use of natural resources and forest conservation in the Phu Kao–PhuPhan Kham National Park in Thailand. Their economic and social conditions were assessed in three villages of Phukao, NongBua Lamphu Province. Data were collected from 348 households (66.5%) heads or the representatives in the villages with the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: (i) general economic and social information (ii) social grouping and participation and (iii) attitude toward participation in conserving natural resources and tourism management in this area. To evaluate their attitude, the collected data were divided into four categories: (i) level 4 equilibrium/nature (ii) level 3 warning (iii) level 2 risk (iv) level 1 crisis for forest conservation in the protected area. Overall, their attitude towards natural resource conservation, the social grouping and the community participation was very l...

Three 21-year-old Appalachian hardwood stands were strip cut using three cutting widths (2.4-m, 3.7-m, and 4.9-m) and allowed to resprout. One year after strip cutting, we examined the vegetation response within the harvested strips relative to non-treated control areas, focusing on the sprouting ability of young hardwood stems and the herbaceous component for wildlife habitat. Results indicate the width of the strip cutting significantly affected the amount of biomass produced from stump sprouts (p = 0.042) and influenced species composition. Shade-intolerant species accounted for more of the biomass production within the wider cut strip widths, while shade-tolerant and shade-intermediate species were more prominent within the narrower cut strips. Cut strip width did not have a significant effect on the biomass of new seedlings germinating after the cuttings. Herbaceous vegetation was greater within the 4.9-m cut strips than in the control plots (p = 0.046); however, the amount of herbaceous biomass produced did not vary among months during the first growing season. Overall, our initial results suggest that strip cutting can provide benefits to wildlife and can possibly provide for additional biomass as the regrowth is harvested in the future.

Global efforts to combat climate change has led to the establishment of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program (REDD+). This study concerns the implementation of REDD+ among local landscapes and communities in Vietnam. How do affected forest-dependent households perceive their roles in sustainable forest management and REDD+ and how do these perceptions and attitudes influence the (potential) socio-ecological performance of REDD+? Two communes consisting of forest-dependent and indigenous communities in Central Vietnam were selected for this study-the former involved in the UN-REDD program and the latter involved in a REDD + program of Fauna and Flora International (FFI). Here, we differentiated between a 'do no harm' and pro-carbon (UN-REDD), and propoor (FFI-REDD+) approach to REDD+. Employing an applied socioecological systems framework, we conducted household surveys (n = 102) and we adopted qualitative research methods. This study identified the importance of traditional ecological knowledge systems in sustainable forest management. While pro-poor REDD+ was more inclusive, both REDD+ programs in our study were implemented in a top down manner. Lastly, households' attitudes and perceptions towards rulemaking, sanctioning, monitoring, cultural capital (beliefs and worldviews) and forest protection technology were identified as (potential) local drivers for successful REDD+ implementation in both communes.

Thinning and spacing guidelines for blue mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.). Preliminary thinning and spacing guidelines using blue mahoe (Hibiscus elatus Sw.) from the moist limestone region of Puerto Rico are demonstrated. These guidelines are shown to be appropriate for recently introduced plantation species that have not passed through successive rotations under intensive management. Our results show that blue mahoe uses growing space more efficiently as the plantation gets older. This means that trees can be planted at a narrower spacing and that thinning should be lighter in older plantations than what is currently being practiced.

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The paper presents the examination of the health condition of beech stands from the aspect of mechanical and abiotic damage on trees. The research was conducted in Forest Management Office Kucevo, in a hillside beech forest Fagetum moesiacae submontanum of generative origin. The research included 505 trees on 28 sample plots. A strong correlation was found between the appearance of fungi and the presence of injuries-51.88%, as well as between the presence of fungi and abiotic damage-47.96%. It was determined that the health condition of high beech forest heavily depended on careful and proper manipulation during logging, while every injury sustained by standing beech trees during felling opened an access point to dangerous microorganisms.

Desde su fundación, Black Star Group ha trabajado para garantizar que sus operaciones cumplan con los más altos estándares de confiabilidad y accesibilidad. Su enfoque se centra en satisfacer las crecientes demandas globales con soluciones energéticas responsables que beneficien tanto a los consumidores como al medio ambiente.

Global forest area is declining rapidly, along with degradation of the ecological condition of remaining forests. Hence it is necessary to adopt forest management approaches that can achieve a balance between (1) human management designs based on homogenization of forest structure to efficiently deliver economic values and (2) naturally emerging self-organized ecosystem dynamics that foster heterogeneity, biodiversity, resilience and adaptive capacity. Natural disturbance-based management is suggested to provide such an approach. It is grounded on the premise that disturbance is a key process maintaining diversity of ecosystem structures, species and functions, and adaptive and evolutionary potential, which functionally link to sustainability of ecosystem services supporting human well-being. We review the development, ecological and evolutionary foundations and applications of natural disturbance-based forest management. With emphasis on boreal forests, we compare this approach wit...

This paper studied the comparison of chemical composition of the two indigenes Bamboo species (Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Yushania alpina) which grown in lowland and highland arias in the north part of Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted to determine extractive yield, Cellulose content, Lignin content and ash content. Chemical characterizations were employed according to the standard outlined in ASTM except Kircjmer-Hoffer. The results were analyzed by using SAS Statistical Software. From the study it showed that except Lignin content at bamboo culm position, The main effect of species with the parameter of extractive and lignin content, while the main effect of culm position with the parameter of cellulose and ash content were observed highly significantly (P&lt;0.001) varied. Interaction effect between bamboo species and culm position highly significantly (P&lt;0.001) influenced on Cellulose and ash content, subsequently significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced on Lignin content. In...

Medicinal plant plays a crucial role in the socioeconomic development and maintaining the human health and culture. Naturally, plant-derivative drugs have an imperative position in both traditional and modern medicine. Jharkhand is rich in biodiversity of medicinal plants. The forest area covers about 30.29% of the total area of Jharkhand. The extensive use of such medicinal plants is nowadays being adopted by almost all the developing and developed countries as therapeutic purpose. It is used to heal various diseases and also prevents the ill effects of synthetic drugs. The main objectives of this article are to identify selected native medicinal properties found in the native forest of Jharkhand and maintain the plants under ex-situ conservation Park for socioeconomic development of the tribal which has been used for multipurpose curative applications and their value addition for different diseases. In the current article a total of 41medicinal plants have been selected for study ...

Selective logging is a frequently used forest use activity that has been shown to have less impact on biodiversity than clear-cutting. However, both the magnitude and direction of ecological change after logging depend on its intensity and subsequent forest dynamics. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies to understand the functioning of different ecosystems after selective logging. This study analyzed forest dynamics in the El Paujil reserve (Middle Magdalena, Colombia) in terms of demography, regeneration, clear-cutting dynamics, biomass accumulation and floristic composition by comparing two one-hectare plots in a fragment of the little disturbed (primary) forest and two one-hectare plots in a fragment of the forest that was selectively logged in the past. As expected, forest structure and biomass accumulation are altered by selective logging, but it did not have a significant impact on the other aspects mentioned, since it seems that the steep slopes of the area cause hig...

This study evaluated the heavy metal concentration in plant tissues of Jatropha curcas grown in crude oil contaminated soil in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria in 2010. 0.0, 2.0 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w of the oil constituted the treatments. The results showed a build up of heavy metals in areas of oil impact as the levels of heavy metals including iron, zinc, cadmium, copper, manganese, lead, chromium and nickel were significantly higher (P0.05) in contaminated soils when compared to the uncontaminated subplots. Plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) analyses also showed significantly higher amounts of heavy metals compared with values obtained from areas not contaminated with crude oil. Although the amounts of metals observed in the present study are below tolerable limits according to World Food and Agricultural Organization and Federal Environmental Protection Agency, with gradual accumulation and biomagnifications of these non-biodegradable elements, a rise to a dangerous or lethal level with their inherent health risks could be envisaged in man and his animals.

This study analyzes the sustainability of community forest management, representing four forest types of two physiographic region Hills and Terai of Nepal. We assess the sustainability based on species composition, stand density, growing stock volume, and growth-to-removal ratio using inventory data of 109 permanent forest plots from four consecutive intervals of three to five years. In addition, forest users, forest committee members, and forest officials were consulted. We observed increment on the representation of economically valuable tree species in all forest types of both regions. The pole-size tree dominates in all forest types with declining number of trees and regeneration. In case of Hills forests, they were over-harvested until 2013 but were under-harvested in the recent period. In contrary, forests were under-harvested in the Terai. We found that ecological objectives of sustainable management are fully achieved while economic benefits remained unharnessed where harvesting is far below the growth. We conclude that maintaining a large number of trees may contribute to ecological but not on economical sustainability. We argue to rationalize annual harvest in all categories of the forest to enhance resource conditions together with regular benefits to the local communities.

The paper presents the results of the analysis dealing with the impact of plant fertilisation in the first year after planting on the leaf morphological characteristics. The analysis was conducted within the research into the potential introduction and adaptation of paulownia to different sites in Serbia. The results related to the effects of fertilisation on the quality of plant leaves are useful for the cultivation of certain types of soil where the morphometric analysis of leaves reveals structure-function relationships, i.e., more detailed indicators of the species' adaptability. The research was conducted in two localities. Sample plots with Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu. and Paulownia fortunei Seem. Hemsl. were established in Obrenovac and Pambukovica, where leaf material was collected for laboratory analysis. The following morphometric leaf characteristics were measured: leaf area, leaf perimeter, leaf lamina length, central nerve length, maximum leaf width, leaf width at 1 cm from the base of the leaf, petiole length, distance between the 3rd and 4th nerve, the number of nerves to the left side of the midrib, and the number of veins to the right side of the midrib. The obtained results of leaf morphometric measurements were statistically processed in the Statgraphics software. Based on the results of measuring the leaf morphometric characteristics, fertilisation has a positive effect on the size of the leaves of the studied paulownia species.

The paper describes the methodology for determining LAI according to the ICP forest methodology, where hemispherical photographs were taken on a network of fixed points placed on the surfaces of three Sample plots Level II. Hemispherical photographs were processed by the Hemisfer software package. The data obtained by image processing were entered into the ICP Forests database. The obtained LAI values represent the response to the state of vegetation under the influence of different ecological conditions as well as anthropogenic influences, and will be the part of future annual monitoring at Sample plots of the Level II points.

Urban cemeteries represent important human-made special-purpose green areas. On the territory of the city area of the Municipality of Obrenovac, there are two urban cemeteries: the New Cemetery (Serbian: Novo Groblje) and the Old Cemetery (Serbian: Staro Groblje). The New Cemetery with an area of 5.4 ha is at 2.84 km West of the center and Staro Groblje with an area of 4.5 ha lies at 2 km from the city center. In the framework of the development of the Cadastre of Public Green Areas of the Municipality of Obrenovac, 29 woody species with a total of 271 trees were recorded in the New Cemetery. The Old Cemetery had 32 woody species recorded with a total of 348 trees. The paper studies the vitality, the ornamental value, as well as the functionality and adaptability of the species to the existing environmental conditions.

forest from the stand to the landscape, regional, and global scales. Linking stand scale operations to larger scale demands will be the future challenge for the field of silviculture. Concepts, methods, and tools that enable forest managers to link stand and landscape scale management for multiple forest resources have been recently developed.

Cada vez son más las empresas y organizaciones españolas, que dicen haber adoptado un modelo de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, donde la creación de valor añadido para los grupos de interés con los que interacciona (enfoque a grupos de interés), es el objetivo central.
En muchas ocasiones, cuando se difunde que se adoptan estos modelos, el efecto inmediato buscado por las empresas, es conseguir una importante mejora de la imagen frente a la opinión pública.
Sin embargo, la adopción de un enfoque orientado a la creación de valor añadido para
los grupos de interés, en muchos casos implicará replantear totalmente la forma de gestionar la organización y la revisión de todo su modelo de negocio, dando lugar entre otras, a tareas de reingeniería de procesos, recálculo de costes y ajuste de márgenes.
En este nuevo contexto de actuación, cobran vital importancia, por un lado, los
procesos que permitan una identificación rigurosa de estos grupos de interés y de sus
expectativas y necesidades, y por otro, la gestión adecuada de la comunicación con
cada uno de ellos.
El objetivo de este trabajo es intentar ayudar a cualquier organización a mejorar la
relación con sus grupos de interés, proponiendo una sencilla guía metodológica y
definiendo un conjunto de mecanismos estándar.

This study investigated the combustion and mechanical properties of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) charcoal and three indigenous wood charcoal ( Teak ,Tectona grandis; Afara, Terminali a superba and Omo, Cordia millenii ). Results revealed that there were no significant differences in the properties charcoal produced from bamvboo and the tree indigenous wood. Bamboo and Afara were the most efficient out of the charcoal samples considered in the study. Although the fuel va lue index of Bamboo was quite lower than that of Afara and other samples considered in the study, but its calorific value was higher than Afara. However, it has greater potentials to replace woody biomass as fuel. Bamboo can replace other wood species in the production of charcoal because of its faster growth rate

Forests are one of the major sources of livelihood that need to be conserved. In India, there have been continuous efforts to evolve a scientific basis for sustainable management of forests. In recent century, this has primarily been addressed through "forest management plans," also known as "working plans." To make the plans uniform for each of the forest management units, guidelines have been issued by Government of India in the name of "working plan code,"which are revised periodically to match present days' requirement. A working plan largely deals with the present state of the forest, outcomes of past management, and proposal of future management on a scientific basis. With a significant lapse of time, the role of forests has been recognized beyond mere supply of timber (a major resource) to fulfilling the demands of minor resources and ecological services. This has transformed the basis of forest management and the working plans. With reference to India, we discuss the relevance of working plan for sustainable management of forests; highlights of the most recent working plan code (2014); relevance of the code with reference to climate change and biodiversity, future perspectives, and recommendations for better management of the forests.

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In this paper the vulnerability of Chile's forestry trade to environmental threats is explored. The increasing concern for the environment by consumers, together with the life cycle approach to products has created a new context for forest exploitation. The new trend in consumer based voluntary instruments, requiring an increasing use of eco-labels and forestry certification schemes, that can be used as trade barriers, is discussed. In particular the uncertainty related to the definition of sustainable forestry management is examined. The link between this trend and the interests of social and environmental NGO's, represents a potential threat to forestry sector development. These are not theoretical concerns, as exemplified by Chile's forestry sector development in recent years: at the production stage, the use of chlorine has been banned increasing production costs; native forest exploitation and plantations have come under increasing scrutiny, based on allegedly, unsustainable forestry practices; forestry development in Magallanes is being put under intense pressure by NGO's. The result is an abandonment of native forest by forestry firms, and the reduction in new plantations, even though most allegations have a weak base.

Aqueous and acetone extracts of the plant Butea monospema flowers of the family Leguminosae-Papilioneae.were prepared by adding 25 g of fresh flowers to 100 ml of these solvents. The constituents were extracted by soxhlet extractor for 24 h. After incubation, the extracts were collected and stored at 4°C.In the present study, all the seven groups of the important phytocompounds, viz., cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins, were screened from the plant Butea monospema flowers. Their presence was confirmed through in vitro phytochemical screening of aqueous and acetone extracts of flower. The analysis for the same was carried out by qualitative tests for which the standard protocol was followed. The presence or absence of the phyto-constituents depended upon the solvent used and physiological property of the flowers. From these results, it can be concluded that the B. monosperma flower extracts may be used as broadspectrum bioactive agents after extensive investigation.

The high levels of atmospheric sulfate and nitrogen deposition due to human activities have had a visible impact on forest ecosystems in Sweden. Although these emissions are already being reduced as a result of the introduction of transboundary air pollution protocols, the recovery of forest ecosystems may take a long time. This study describes the development of 16 forest ecosystems in Sweden during and after the emissions peaks. It is found that most of the sites are recovering from the acidification effects, but that the recovery process is very slow. The recovery is found to be slower in southern sites with richer soil than in northern sites. This is probably due to the higher buffering capacity of the southern soil.