Sustainable Livelihoods

The majority of vulnerability and adaptation scholarship, policies and programs focus exclusively on climate change or global environmental change. Yet, individuals, communities and sectors experience a broad array of multi-scalar and multi-temporal, social, political, economic and environmental changes to which they are vulnerable and must adapt. While extensive theoretical—and increasingly empirical—work suggests the need to explore multiple exposures, a clear conceptual framework which would facilitate analysis of vulnerability and adaptation to multiple interacting socioeconomic and biophysical changes is lacking. This review and synthesis paper aims to fill this gap through presenting a conceptual framework for integrating multiple exposures into vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning. To support applications of the framework and facilitate assessments and comparative analyses of community vulnerability, we develop a comprehensive typology of drivers and exposures experienced by coastal communities. Our results reveal essential elements of a pragmatic approach for local-scale vulnerability analysis and for planning appropriate adaptations within the context of multiple interacting exposures. We also identify methodologies for characterizing exposures and impacts, exploring interactions and identifying and prioritizing responses. This review focuses on coastal communities; however, we believe the framework, typology and approach will be useful for understanding vulnerability and planning adaptation to multiple exposures in various social-ecological contexts.

Bangladesh like many other countries of the world is facing the adversities arising from climate change for no fault of its own. There is a growing concern all over the world on the issue of climate change and its adverse impact on countries more vulnerable owing to their respective geographical locations. The country is frequently subjected to cyclones, floods, and storm surges due to the adverse impact of climate change. The purpose of this study is to facilitate local authority, local people, especially women and other most vulnerable people to climate change in developing and implementing adaptation visioning. Developing the participatory architectural design of adaptive infrastructural solutions and livelihood demonstration is another objective. After that, to develop the climate adaptive land-use planning, and resilient structure of the Latachapli Union and Deluti Union. Finally to ensure the environmental, gender and social standards of the resilient infrastructure design. A field survey is the key approach of the study. Primarily climate change impact issues and site morphologies were investigated based on secondary data provided by UNDP and archival research. Later on resiliency indicators were understood respecting site by focus group discussions and semi-structured questioners collaborating with stakeholders as public representatives, common people of all ages and marginality, especially women. Risk measures, vulnerable areas, implication locations have been identified and mapped through discussion and participation of all stakeholders. Design solutions and guidelines generated through co-production with general people. Finally, all recommendations were justified with public hearing in presence of public representatives, selective beneficiaries from localities. The outcome of this study is two climate-resilient landscapes of Latachapli Union and Deluti Union including the design of two women centers as resilient rural infrastructures in both Union. The design of hydroponics is provided as an alternative livelihood option for Deluti Union. Additionally, the design of a gender-responsive rural infrastructure as a social platform is provided.

ABSTRACT: Student-involvement in higher-education is necessary for quality-assurance outcomes, yet such involvement also threatens attainment of quality assured, presenting the paradox of higher-education (HE) systems. With the massification of enrolment-figures across the HE sector has been the need to balance HEI and student-centred perspectives. The notion of students as co-producers, consumers, and products of HEI processes creates discord in the quality assurance arena. Contradictory problems manifest when the producer must satisfy the consumer and audit quality of the products, yet students are all of these. This article explored the extent to which student-involvement fosters quality as well as sets parameters beyond which such participation cannot be done without compromising quality-assurance and desired academic-success. The article drew a line for student-involvement and
quality- assurance as double-barreled and sometimes paradoxical, contradictory pursuits. Data elicited from two HEIs in Zimbabwe
using the questionnaire method and analysed using Microsoft Excel package generated descriptive frequencies and related graphs
and charts to present findings. Documents were analysed using thematic content analysis to glean for relevant secondary data. Student-involvement is marred by unclear parameters at the three confluences of ‘students as co-producers’; ‘students as consumers’; and ‘students as products’ of HEI quality-assurance processes students should participate in, consume, and be products of. Derolling is thus necessary for students to function in various capacities as as co-producers, consumers, or as products. Students as ‘co-producers’ cannot be expected to produce themselves through ‘students as products’, neither can they be ‘consumers’ themselves while being the ‘product’ to be consumed by industry and communities through employment and innovation. The
National Assembly should address contradictions through amending HEI-establishing Acts to cede policy making powers to the University Councils acting jointly with senior management of universities. As co-producers, students involvement should be unlimited at governance levels (by different HEI students) while as consumers (within particular HEIs), student involvement should be limited to lower rungs at consumer level to avoid contradictions that potentially compromise quality. As HEI products, students should be limited to Alumni activities as main function should clearly differentiate among the various roles when crafting HEI
policies that foster student involvement.

KEYWORDS: higher-education-institutions, student-involvement, quality-assurance, students-as co-producers, paradox

India in the recent years have faced an array of severe disasters leaving its footprint on lives, livelihood and on the wellbeing of the ecosystem services. In the aftermath of a disaster, millions of people are on the move to the urban areas to improve their life and livelihood or better their direct living environment. While disaster recovery planning considers building back better in principle in the disaster affected area, but fails to acknowledge increasing stress on the ecosystem services on a distant location not directly impacted by a disaster. This chapter studies the disaster induced rural to urban mobility and its impact on the urban ecology in the last few decades in India. Based on the findings, the chapter lists out various stressors that impact urban ecosystem service in the long term.

Es ist an der Zeit, Wanderungsbewegungen sowie raumüberspannende Netzwerkbeziehungen als Normalität der Lebenswirklichkeit in afrikanischen Gesellschaften anzuerkennen. Malte Steinbrink und Hannah Niedenführ plädieren für eine translokale Betrachtungsweise von sozialem Wandel und zeigen: Die Translokalität der Existenzsicherung prägt nicht nur das Leben einer halben Milliarde Menschen auf dem Kontinent – sie wirkt sich auch immer deutlicher auf die jeweiligen Gegebenheiten vor Ort aus. Mithilfe eines handlungszentrierten Konzepts analysieren sie die Einflüsse translokaler Livelihoods auf zahlreiche Aspekte des ökonomischen, ökologischen und sozialen Wandels in ländlichen Räumen. Die Studie leistet so einen innovativen Beiträgt nicht nur zur Forschung, sondern ebenso zur Politik und Praxis der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit.

Here we examine the successes, challenges and lessons learned from the Arnavon Islands Community Marine Conservation Area (ACMCA) which was first established in 1995. We review relevant literature and use material from interviews conducted with 28 key informants, all of whom have had a significant involvement in the ACMCA at some stage.
The ACMCA aims to conserve all species inhabiting the Arnavon Islands, but the primary inspiration for funding the work has been the presence of a large hawksbill turtle rookery on the islands. The turtles, were recognised as seriously threatened by hunting by the 1960s, and became the focus of systematic research and protection efforts by the mid-
1970s. After initial conservation failures, the government scientists and conservationists recognised that they needed to involve the adjacent communities of Kia, Wagina and Katupika in the conservation project in order for it to succeed.
A coordinated process of consultation and negotiation therefore commenced in the early 1990s and culminated in the establishment of the ACMCA in 1995. A national ban on the export of hawksbill shells (‘bekko’ or ‘tortoiseshell’) was also enacted into law in 1993.
Recent analysis of long term data on the hawksbill nesting population at Arnavons by Hamilton and collaborators (2015) has demonstrated unequivocally that there has been significant recovery. This review has been commissioned to examine the primary reasons for this, along with remaining challenges and lessons learned thus far from the experience.
Along with most of our interviewees, we are unable to separate the importance of the spatial protection that the ACMCA has afforded nesting female hawksbills, from the broader protective effects of the ban on bekko exports that was implemented two years prior to the commencement of the spatial protection. Both are likely to have been important.
However recent data shows that most of the 20 nesting hawksbill females, fitted with satellite trackers in the last two years at Arnavons swam almost directly to the relative safety of the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. This means that, whilst in the Solomon Islands, the protection afforded by the ACMCA may be more significant than the bekko export ban because the turtles do not move around the rest of the Solomon Islands.
The great majority of our interviewees stressed that there has been a steady increase in local acceptance of the desirability of preventing overharvesting of turtles and other marine resources at Arnavons. But poverty, the failure of a seaweed farming project at Wagina, and the existence of a lucrative black market for bekko will continue to drive a small number of people, particularly at Wagina, to continue poaching turtle, which means that the maintenance of the ranger station on Kerehikapa Island in the Arnavons is important for continued conservation.
There has also been a significant increase in appreciation of the intrinsic or existence value of turtles among many members of the ACMCA communities. This appears to have been largely driven by increased knowledge about them, which can be credited to the efforts of a number of conservationists who have shared their scientific knowledge of turtles
and other marine fauna to community stakeholders.
Community members expressed their appreciation of learning about the biology and ecology of the protected fauna, as well as their desire to learn more. They requested that all visiting scientists in future make greater efforts to engage with the communities to share their research findings and explain their interests to the community.

Declining agricultural productivity, land clearance and climate change are compounding the vulnerability of already marginal rural populations in West Africa. ‘Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration’ (FMNR) is an approach to arable land restoration and reforestation that seeks to reconcile sustained food production, conservation of soils, and protection of biodiversity. It involves selecting and protecting the most vigorous stems regrowing from live stumps of felled trees, pruning off all other stems, and pollarding the chosen stems to grow into straight trunks. Despite widespread enthusiasm and application of FMNR by environmental management and development projects, to date, no research has provided a measure of the aggregate livelihood impact of community adoption of FMNR. This paper places FMNR in the context of other agroforestry initiatives, then seeks to quantify the value of livelihood outcomes of FMNR. We review published and unpublished evidence about the impacts of FMNR, and present a new case study that addresses gaps in the evidence-base. The case study focuses on a FMNR project in the district of Talensi in the semi-arid Upper East Region in Ghana. The case study employs a social return on investment analysis, which identifies proxy financial values for non-economic as well as economic benefits. The results demonstrate income and agricultural benefits, but also show that asset creation, increased consumption of wild resources, health improvements, and psycho-social benefits created more value in FMNR-adopting households during the period of the study than increases in income and agricultural yields.