Substation automation

As pesquisas relacionadas aos ambientes inteligentes tem enfatizado os aspectos tecnicos associados ao controle de dispositivos e a interligacao desses dispositivos em rede, com sistemas de controles domesticos envolvendo questoes relativas ao gerenciamento de dispositivos eletroeletronicos no ambiente domestico, iniciando com a aquisicao e o tratamento de dados provenientes de sensores, ate a modificacao do estado dos atuadores. Esse processo envolve o estudo das caracteristicas desses transdutores, o desenvolvimento de protocolos e mecanismos de transmissao de dados, a criacao de metodos de analise e gerenciamento das informacoes, a criacao de interfaces, etc. Para que isso seja possivel, e necessario prover meios que fornecam a interoperabilidade entre os eletrodomesticos e as aplicacoes de controle. Este trabalho propoe um sistema gateway baseado em servicos para monitoramento e controle de eletrodomesticos em uma rede de comunicacao sem fio. O gateway proposto fornece uma camad...

Overhead bare conductors on concrete poles are utilized in distribution line of bulky electric power. These conductors are bare and do not have any insulated coating over them. To ensure safe operation of the lines, a necessary clearance between metal structure in case of tower and bare conductors, insulators are mounted. Insulators provide support to the bare conductors and also provide insulation of high voltage conductors with metal structures. In this paper, the importance of insulators in power system distribution line is discussed along with the types, failure and choice of insulators.

Changes in the wholesale electricity market alongside the difficulties in upgrading the transmission system have increased the complexity of power networks operations. This fact has placed heavier demands on developing new technologies to manage power systems reliably. Driven by the growing smart grid applications, ICT infrastructures are becoming more important for the communication of monitoring, control and protection information at both the local and wide area levels. IEC 61850 is a standard released by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for power utilities that can provide integrated and interoperable data communications. It defines communication between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in substations and related system requirements. Although it was originally introduced for the automation of substations, the application of IEC61850 is expanding rapidly. In this paper, we present simulation and modelling of a typical power system substation communication infrastructure. Furthermore, the deployment of IEC 61850 for Wide Area Network (WAN) applications, such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), will be investigated.

This book, Advanced Protection Systems for Electrical Power Generation, presents a comprehensive exploration of the evolving landscape of power protection technologies in the context of modern electrical infrastructure. As the global energy landscape shifts toward sustainability and the integration of renewable energy sources, the need for robust and adaptive protection systems has never been more critical. The work delves into the fundamental principles of electrical fault detection, analysis techniques, and the impact of faults on power generation systems, while offering an in-depth examination of various advanced protection strategies, including overcurrent, differential, and distance protection.

In addition, the book highlights the significance of digital protection and automation, underscoring the role of digital relays and SCADA systems in enhancing the reliability of power systems. A particular focus is placed on the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and quantum computing, which hold the potential to revolutionize fault prediction and system optimization.

The discussion extends to the challenges and strategies associated with protecting renewable energy sources, emphasizing the importance of adaptive protection measures that can accommodate the unique characteristics of solar and wind generation. Moreover, the work addresses critical issues such as cybersecurity in power system protection and the implications of regulatory developments and global perspectives on the future of power protection technologies.

Through case studies that exemplify successful implementations of advanced protection systems, this book aims to provide valuable insights and best practices for industry stakeholders. The culmination of this exploration is a vision for the future of electrical power protection—one characterized by resilience, security, and sustainability in an increasingly complex and dynamic energy landscape. This work serves as a vital resource for engineers, researchers, and policymakers committed to advancing the reliability and integrity of electrical power systems worldwide.

Inicio agradecendo a Deus por tudo que sou e pelo que construi na incrível jornada da vida. Agradeço aos meus pais José e Norinda, e também a minha irmã Jacqueline pelo apoio incondicional desde o início. À minha esposa Kátia, muito obrigado pelo companheirismo e dedicação. José, Júlia e João, "donum Dei", filhos de quem me orgulho e que acompanharam minha trajetória de trabalho compreendendo os momentos em que estive ausente. Agradeço ao meu orientador e amigo Prof. Pedro Frosi que soube direcionar meu trabalho com maestria-os vários "cafés" foram fundamentais para enriquecer as discussões. Agradeço ao meu co-orientador e amigo Prof. Flávio Oliveira, pelo exemplo de dedicação e por toda ajuda neste trabalho. Ao Prof. Rui Aguiar, meus sinceros agradecimentos pelos aconselhamentos precisos e pelo apoio amigo em sua terra natal. Agradeço aos amigos que contribuiram de alguma forma para que este objetivo fosse alcançado, não vou citar todos os nomes aqui para não correr o risco de ser injusto esquecendo de fazer menção a alguém, todos foram importantes. Em nome do Prof. Roberto Gil, reitor do IFTM, agradeço a toda aquela comunidade pela boa convivência e pela oportunidade que tive para que pudesse me dedicar, de forma integral, nas atividades deste doutorado. Por fim, agradeço ao Instituto Tecnológico de Aveiro pela receptividade e à CAPES pelo fomento que possibilitou meu estudos no programa de doutorado sanduíche em Portugal.

Trabalho apresentado em Encontro Nacional de Entidades Gestoras de Água e Saneamento, 23 a 26 de novembro, Vilamoura, PortugalCada vez mais a sociedade moderna aposta numa gestão inteligente das suas cidades, com a criação das Smart Cities, também o setor da água se vai, tendencialmente, adequando às novas tecnologias e enquadrando-se no conceito das smart cities. Desta forma, cada vez mais entidades gestoras (EG) recorrem a sistemas de medidores inteligentes ou medidores IoT para a monitorização da qualidade da água, combate às perdas reais e às perdas aparentes de água. O presente artigo apresenta a aplicação de um sistema de medidores inteligentes no combate às perdas aparentes pelo Município de Reguengos de Monsaraz, em parceria com a empresa HT – Water management solutions. Também é feita a comparação entre o sistema implementado, que consiste em leituras dos consumos de água através de recursos humanos, e o sistema de telemetria LoRa (medidores inteligentes de água). No final ...

Resumo-As Redes Inteligentes (Smart Grids) são formadas por inúmeras funcionalidades e novas tecnologias, que são gradualmente incorporadas as redes elétricas tradicionais. A telemedição é uma destas novas funcionalidades, que permite o gerenciamento remoto de consumidores, assim como possibilita o combate a fraudes, a identificação de faltas e desligamentos, o gerenciamento dos transformadores de distribuição, entre outros serviços. Neste contexto, neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados de um sistema de Smart Metering Bidirecional que utiliza a tecnologia Power Line Communication (PLC), considerando o padrão PRIME (PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution), em uma rede urbana típica brasileira. A análise dos resultados mostra que o padrão PRIME, apesar de bastante difundido na comunidade europeia, apresenta diversas restrições operacionais nas redes elétricas brasileiras que afetam seu desempenho em termos de comunicação, porém não inviabilizam o seu uso.

The paper presents a novel demand-responsive control strategy to be equipped centrally at the district level for district heating systems. The demand-responsive feature was maintained as to both the direct and the indirect substation configurations (by basing on their rating measures) in order to achieve lowest possible return temperature degrees from the end-user substations. Different than the traditional weather-compensation based supply temperature resetting, the new control strategy was formulated to adjust the supply temperature at the district level as to the cooling performance at the end-user substations. Two different simulations were carried out in order to quantify the benefits of the novel control strategy as compared to the traditional weather-compensation, equipped both at the substation level and the district level. The results obtained showed that the new control strategy, when considering the electricity loss at the heat production plant, shows superiority when compared to other control strategies.

Cloud Computing is widely used technology in present era. Cloud Computing is mainly used for on demand services over the distributed servers. So it is necessary to manage the working load of participating servers for uninterrupted services. DDOS attack is one of the most important issue in cloud environment which basically focuses on prevention in service providence to the authorize users. A Multi agent based framework cam be used to protect the cloud environment from DDOS attack, but there is a major issue of load distribution among agents participating in Intrusion detection. Here in this paper, another agent is used for load distribution among the agents (Intrusion detection agents) in cloud computing. Using this approach our system may be much stronger and then agent may work in a communicating and co-coordinating manner. For this, we will use a load balancing algorithm and by using this algorithm, an efficient approach to manage load among IDAs in cloud computing can be done. I...

In Nigeria, effective electric power transmission is a top priority. Power generating and the network of power distribution are connected via electric power transmission. A research project was conducted to determine the status of the networks in order to improve performance, which resulted in the performance evaluation of the 132KV Sub-transmission lines. Data from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) substations under investigation were utilized in the research work. The Gombe-Yola Sub-region's 132KV networks are divided into two 132KV active networks and 11 33KV active networks, with a total of 443.617MVA in active loads connected to the 33KV buses. The network was modeled and simulated using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 12.6), and the bus voltages and network power losses were investigated using MATLAB and Simulink. It was discovered during simulation that the bulk of the network's equipment, including transformers, buses, and transmission lines, experience numerous disturbances that result in forced outages and a corresponding loss of load and productivity. All transformers were critically loaded based on the results of the base-case simulation, with several exceeding 100% loading. As bus voltage magnitudes went outside the +/-5% nominal rated values, the percentage operational bus voltages were below threshold. Additionally, the systems had undesirable power factor levels. Threatening discoveries prompted an effort to strengthen the networks. In this study, three system enhancement algorithms-capacitor placement, transformer upgrade, and transformer load tap modifications-were applied. To get the best outcome, these algorithms were successively stacked. As a result of significant system improvements, both networks' performance in the final simulation result was within allowable bounds. System-wide apparent losses decreased to a 50% reduction enhancing the networks' efficiency in the process.

Este artigo apresenta medidas do workload obtidas em uma subestação que se encontra em meio à implantação do padrão IEC 61850 - Communication Networks and Systems in Substations, considerado vital para as redes inteligentes no domínio elétrico ou smart grids. A carga real auxiliará na avaliação dos requisitos da norma e planejamento de capacidade para processos decisórios. É necessário o monitoramento contínuo da rede de comunicação que atende o SAS (Sistema de Automação de Subestação) com suas especificidades, avanços e complexidades em vista de novos requisitos de gerenciamento e segurança no que tange à disponibilidade e confiabilidade. Busca-se contribuir com a análise de carga de dados operacionais com este enfoque integrado da rede de comunicação e a rede de supervisão em uma Subestação do Setor Elétrico.

The complexity of contemporary engineering, allied with the necessity to reduce the distance of communication between the contributors of a project, requires the development of new technologies and methodologies. In this bias, it is noticed the great utility that Virtual Reality

Cascading effects in the power grid involve an uncontrolled, successive failure of elements. The root cause of such failures is the combined occurrence of multiple, statistically rare events that may result in a blackout. With increasing digitalisation, power systems are vulnerable to emergent cyber threats. Furthermore, such threats are not statistically limited and can simultaneously occur at multiple locations. In the absence of real-world attack information, however, it is imperative to investigate if and how cyber attacks can cause power system cascading failures. Hence, in this work we present a fundamental analysis of the connection between the cascading failure mechanism and cyber security. We hypothesise and demonstrate how cyber attacks on power grids may cause cascading failures and a blackout. To do so, we perform a systematic survey of major historic blackouts caused by physical disturbances, and examine the cascading failure mechanism. Subsequently, we identify critical cyber-physical factors that can activate and influence it. We then infer and discuss how cyber attack vectors can enable these factors to cause and accelerate cascading failures. A synthetic case-study and software-based simulation results prove our hypothesis. This analysis enables future research into cyber resilience of power grids. INDEX TERMS Blackout, cascading failures, cyber attacks, cyber resilience, cyber security.

Within the Smart Grids concept, the development of wireless network technologies has been configured as an alternative to wired infrastructure networks. However, the high criticity stablished in the network requirements for the power system applications makes existing wireless networks not always suitable. In this context, the 5th generation wireless network, 5G, provides low latency and high reliability, which makes this technology promising for the electricity sector. This paper presents a survey of the requirements of the electric power system applications that can benefit from the 5G technology. In addition, a Proof of Concept performed in the Enel's distribution network is presented, which aimed to improve connectivity between devices, evaluating the 5G performance in this network. Resumo: Dentro do conceito de Smart Grids, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de rede sem fio vem se apresentando como uma alternativaàs infraestruturas de rede cabeadas convencionais. Porém, a alta criticidade no atendimento aos requisitos de rede para as aplicações do setor elétrico torna as redes sem fio existentes nem sempre adequadas. Nesse contexto, a quinta geração de redes celulares, o 5G, provê aspectos como baixa latência e alta confiabilidade, que fazem essa tecnologia ser promissora para o cenário do setor elétrico. Neste artigo, foi realizado um levantamento dos requisitos para as possíveis aplicações que podem ser beneficiadas pelo uso da tecnologia 5G no setor elétrico. Além disso, são apresentados os resultados de uma Prova de Conceito realizada na rede de distribuição da Enel, que teve como objetivo aprimorar a conectividade entre dispositivos, avaliando o desempenho do 5G nessa aplicação.

Os sistemas de gestão tornaram-se numa das principais ferramentas dos sistemas de informação de uma empresa, tendo em conta que torna o fluxo de comunicação torna-se mais rápido. Este projeto apresenta um protótipo de um sistema de gestão e controlo para uma Empresa que regula a qualidade da água dos seus clientes aderentes. Foi utilizado a metodologia de Engenharia de Software para a realização do Sistema. Foram utilizadas as linguagens de programação Html5, PHP e Java, tendo como banco de dados MySQL no servidor WampServer, e UML para a modelação do sistema. Este sistema deve ser capaz de garantir que um utilizador receba os dados dos parâmetros da qualidade da água em que este esteja a monitorar, através de dispositivos conectados como (Telemóvel, Tablete, Portátil, …) utilizando sensores que fazem a leitura e envia os dados para o sistema de forma que a qualidade da água possa ser interpretada. Por outro lado, alerta para as situações em que a qualidade da água esteja com níveis...

The continuous technological evolution of protection and control systems has allowed improvements in the accuracy, operational flexibility and reduction of the size of equipment. The electricity sector is exploring commercially available solutions for the implementation of a process bus based on IEC61850. Functionally, IEC61850 is an equivalent solution to conventional wired logic systems; however, it has generated great expectations for reductions in the cost of design, construction, operation and maintenance. Several works on specific technical aspects of IEC 61850 are available in the literature, such as latency analysis, network topology, data models, services and types of message. However, when making decisions, a more comprehensive analysis of implementation costs, reliability, regulatory framework, operational context and technical trade-offs is required. This article proposes a mathematical model for the quantitative benefit-cost analysis of a process bus solution based on IEC 61850. In this work, four architectures of a substation automation system are compared in terms of their initial investment, scheduled maintenance, unscheduled maintenance, reliability, and penalties for energy not supplied considering the regulatory framework. The method used to carry out these evaluations is an analysis of the life cycle cost, which allows more objective decisions to be taken when considering the reliability requirements for electric power transmission and distribution systems. The goal of the model is to identify opportunities for companies in the electricity sector to involve themselves in the design and construction of the next generation of substations in such a way that their operation will be safe, reliable and economically efficient.

The requirements for improvement in the stability of electric power systems and reduction in the effect of abnormal system conditions on sensitive customers can be met only by better understanding of the behavior of the system and optimized configuration of the different protection and control systems. The planning, design and implementation of such systems are based on the use of advanced analysis tools. They model the primary and secondary components of electric power systems and analyze its operation under normal or abnormal conditions. The accuracy of the different simulations and the assessment of steady-state and dynamic security is determined to a great extent by the accuracy of the models. The paper describes different types of system security related analysis tools: • Short Circuit • Protection Coordination • Dynamic Stability The models of power system equipment and the requirements for verification of these models in the different types of software are discussed later in the paper. Recording of system parameters during abnormal system conditions and comparison with the results from steady-state or dynamic stability simulations of the same event based on the model system allows the verification of the system models and building confidence in the assessment of possible system disturbances. The recording capabilities of multifunctional intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are described and different recording modes are identified and proposed for the verification of system models. The architecture of a distributed system for recording of local or wide area system disturbances is presented. Requirements and methods for time synchronization of multifunctional IED located throughout the system are discussed.

The use of Ethernet protocols in substations had great impact on copper wires reduction, mainly between the switchyard and the relay room. With the subsequent formulation of the IEC 61850 standard, a level of interoperability has been achieved between devices from different manufacturers that no other protocols couldn’t provide (e.g., Modbus or DNP). This is possible because the IEC 61850 standardized not only how information is transmitted through communication protocols, but also the methods for data acquisition and IED self-description, providing an application point of view on top of these elements. In this context, this standard becomes a key in the digital substations and in the implementation of smart grids to improve the reliability and safety of the electrical system, while reducing the engineering, maintenance effort and facilitates protection and control tests in substations.

Neste artigo apresenta-se uma solução baseada em Merging Unit para a digitalização e modelagem IEC61850 dos principais equipamentos de pátio: disjuntores, chaves seccionadoras e transformadores de instrumentação convencionais. É discutida a interação entre a Merging Unit e os relés de proteção usando os protocolos e padrões IEC61850 e as vantagens de uso e comissionamento decorrentes da adoção das novas tecnologias. São apresentados casos de uso de uma subestação digital com configuração disjuntor e meio que auxiliam a compreensão dos conceitos apresentados e salientam as vantagens propostas.Neste artigo apresenta-se uma solução baseada em Merging Unit para a digitalização e modelagem IEC61850 dos principais equipamentos de pátio: disjuntores, chaves seccionadoras e transformadores de instrumentação convencionais. É discutida a interação entre a Merging Unit e os relés de proteção usando os protocolos e padrões IEC61850 e as vantagens de uso e comissionamento decorrentes da adoção das novas tecnologias. São apresentados casos de uso de uma subestação digital com configuração disjuntor e meio que auxiliam a compreensão dos conceitos apresentados e salientam as vantagens propostas.

Reliability is extremely important for control systems of energy distribution and generation. The IEC 61850 standard specifies an open architecture and communication protocols for such applications. The standard defines an open control architecture for networked control systems composed by intelligent electronic devices, stating some requirements that must be accomplished when developing reliable controllers for such systems. In this work, we present a systematic and formal methodology to be adopted to achieve the correct implementation of the communication requirements of this standard. The methodology consists in five steps: modeling of real-time communication requirements defined by the standard; simulation of the obtained model; formal verification of the model, improved in the previous step; translation of the global model (simulated and verified) into the input language of the real controller; and, finally, application of conformance testing technique to the computational routine implemented in the real controller. Presented research deals with the proposition of a strategy to synthesize and validate models of systems developed under IEC61850 real-time requirements (GOOSE and SMV) through simple operational conditions cases that, once validated, can be used in performance and conformance testing of more complex systems. The proposed methodology allows designers to synthesize reliable systems under IEC61850 real-time communication requirements.

This paper introduces simple experiments on how to implement, test and evaluate "sampled measured values" in basic power system protection, automation and control education at undergraduate level. The focus is on basic system configuration and the use of commercially available measurement and testing solutions to illustrate the simplicity of using process bus. One of the outcomes of these experiments is to emphasize that in spite of the perceived complexity of using process bus, it is in fact much simpler than the conventional approach.

The Smart Grid concept establishes that, in addition to power flow, the utility has a two-way data flow in all sectors of the grid including the consumers facilities. By the system data monitoring, the failure control can be accomplished with greater speed and efficiency. To achieve such a speed, rendering Smart Grid applications viable, the requirements of safety, reliability and low latency of data flow are essential. Considering a high latency communication between the control center to the last mile applications, the control and synchronization of the Smart Meter devices should not be reliable only for administrator hands, allowing be realized automatically. So, palliative actions, taken in an independent way by the network, may reduce the need for human intervention in the management. This article presents the Distributed Network Protocol version 3 commands modeling for synchronization management between Smart Meters, with aim to help the link latency monitoring. The modeling was performed in VHDL language and considered a point-to-point wireless IEEE 802.15.4 network.

The existing Overcurrent Protection Function (OCPF) of distribution systems is vulnerable to Multiple Feeder Faults (MFF), which involve at least two feeders simultaneously, leading to the incoming feeder relay trip faster than the faulted feeder relays, although the OCPF of the relays can be coordinated for all fault current values. In this case, all feeders connected to the power transformer are de-energized, even the healthy ones, directly impacting the network reliability, service quality and availability of the electricity utilities and ultimately leading to outage costs for the customers. In light of this, an IEC 61850-based OCPF scheme with the directional element is proposed to support existing OCPF to deal with MFF and encompass the integration of distributed generation, and can be directly implemented in the digital substations without requiring further equipment installation. Moreover, an hardware-in-the-loop platform is developed for testing the interoperability of the proposed scheme with multi-vendor protection relays, which can assist electricity utilities also in the validation of their protection and control schemes based on their requirements before the field implementation. Test cases are specifically elaborated to study the interoperability of the proposed scheme with three real devices-whose configuration details are also provided to aid protection engineers-in a real distribution system, under different conditions such as switching operations, MFF types, resistance and location, integration of distributed generation. The results show that the proposed scheme manages to enhance the selectivity and reliability of the digital substation protection system, hence representing a valuable complement to existing OCPF schemes.

The increasing implementation of renewable energy sources (RES), along with the diversity of energy source types, has additionally imposed significant operational and management problems in distribution networks. These problems are manifested in voltage regulations, system stability and coordination of protection, both in the distribution and transmission networks. For the medium voltage (MV) network, this includes new energy sources and higher amounts of fault currents, invisibility of several faults in the existing protection scheme, reduction of the range of protection devices and reduction of the possibility of detecting small fault currents with existing protection relays. Such changes significantly reduce the possibility of proper distribution system protection, both in subordinate and superior networks. The subject of this paper is the presentation of a new concept of the use of automation in the management and arrangement of power system protection dependent on the scheme and configuration of an active MV network. The goals of this analysis and research are to find and define the necessary architecture in which the scheme and appearance of the MV network should be automatically detected, and based on network topology to establish new settings of protection devices (ground fault, overcurrent and short circuit protection). The contributions of generation units of RES in the MV network must be considered. This paper specifically analyses the problems of power system management with simultaneous harmonization of protection systems both in the transmission and in the radial distribution network, offering optimization algorithms that have the ability of achieving the optimal solution. The implementation of the proposed technique was tested on a radial connection integrated with a microgrid (MG) which has the possibility of two-way power supply. The obtained results indicate that the proposed technique can solve described problems in the coordination of protection system and network management, even with the dynamic character of operation mode of the networks.

In Nigeria, effective electric power transmission is a top priority. Power generating and the network of power distribution are connected via electric power transmission. A research project was conducted to determine the status of the networks in order to improve performance, which resulted in the performance evaluation of the 132KV Sub-transmission lines. Data from the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) substations under investigation were utilized in the research work. The Gombe-Yola Sub-region's 132KV networks are divided into two 132KV active networks and 11 33KV active networks, with a total of 443.617MVA in active loads connected to the 33KV buses. The network was modeled and simulated using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP 12.6), and the bus voltages and network power losses were investigated using MATLAB and Simulink. It was discovered during simulation that the bulk of the network's equipment, including transformers, buses, and transmission lines, experience numerous disturbances that result in forced outages and a corresponding loss of load and productivity. All transformers were critically loaded based on the results of the base-case simulation, with several exceeding 100% loading. As bus voltage magnitudes went outside the +/-5% nominal rated values, the percentage operational bus voltages were below threshold. Additionally, the systems had undesirable power factor levels. Threatening discoveries prompted an effort to strengthen the networks. In this study, three system enhancement algorithms-capacitor placement, transformer upgrade, and transformer load tap modifications-were applied. To get the best outcome, these algorithms were successively stacked. As a result of significant system improvements, both networks' performance in the final simulation result was within allowable bounds. System-wide apparent losses decreased to a 50% reduction enhancing the networks' efficiency in the process.

The Operator of National Power System-ONS (Brazilian ISO) is responsible for the operation and control of power generation and transmission system of Brazilian grid. As such, one of its tasks is the analysis of disturbances which occur in the National Interconnected System-NIS. In order to do that ONS uses data from fault recorders from multiple generation and transmission utilities. The disturbance recording system installed on the NIS is composed by analog and digital fault recorders at power plants and substations owned by these utilities. Its main goal is to record power system voltage and current waveforms for late analysis of fast transient disturbances (mainly faults), and relays and protection systems performance. Digital Fault Recorders-DFRs have intrinsically capacity to be accessed remotely allowing recorded data files, with digital and analog measurements, to be transmitted to utilities data concentrators-UDCs, usually located on utilities central office. The communication media among DFRs and UDCs, the DFR network architecture and how these data is collected by each utility varies immensely. The data gathering can be automatic or requested manually. In most utilities these records are stored on UDCs located in the corporative intranet. These UDCs usually have access to Internet, but seldom can be accessed from it. This paper describes ONS efforts on developing an integrated system to automatically acquire and analyze DFR records. One of its components is SCAP, a web based client-server system for acquiring DFR records from utilities. With SCAP, ONS staff can easily locate any disturbance file, and analyze it using SINAPE. SINAPE is a universal DFR analysis tool developed by CEPEL, the electric energy research center supported by the Brazilian government. Based on SINAPE technology, advanced tools are being added to SCAP in order to achieve automatic and full analysis of DFR records. As examples, an automatic fault analyzer and a two terminal transmission line fault locator are under implementation.

O conceito de redes inteligentes tem trazido uma série de mudanças na concepção dos sistemas de medição de energia elétrica, os quais, além de incorporar rotinas de cálculos de parâmetros de qualidade de energia elétrica, devem permitir e facilitar a interação entre o consumidor, a empresa de distribuição e os sistemas de energia elétrica. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta a descrição da proposta de uma plataforma de medição inteligente atuando como interface de gerenciamento e controle de um sistema de geração distribuída que contempla operação conectada e isolada da rede de distribuição de energia elétrica. O medidor inteligente é instalado no PCC da micro-rede, onde através de uma rede de comunicação sem fio, baseada no protocolo Zigbee, comanda um grupo de inversores Grid-tie com capacidade de injeção de potência ativa e reativa para sustentar a rede principal. Além disso, permite gerenciar o fluxo de potência, comandando a conexão das cargas locais de forma remota, as quai...

In this paper, soil resistivity and ground resistance at two different sites near an electrical substation are measured using a grounding system grid with and without rods. With the Wenner four-pole equal-method, the soil resistivity is measured at both selected sites, one of which contains wet soil while the other contains dry soil. Cymgrd simulation software is then used to determine the acceptability of these measured resistivity values by finding out the root mean square error between the measured and calculated values for both wet and dry soil sites. These values for wet and dry soil sties were found to be only 0 % and 4.92 %, respectively, and deemed acceptable. The measured soil resistivity values were then used to evaluate the ground resistance values of a grounding grid 'with rod' for the wet soil site and 'without rods' for the dry soil site, and then compared with the simulated ground resistance values. These comparisons were also found to be in good agreement. In addition, ground potential rise, maximum permissible step and touch potentials have also been estimated using the simulation software.

In these days, the energy measurement system for residences in urban areas is carried out by eletromechanical meters, which are read manually. Several problems have been observed in this process, which we can emphasize: reading errors, difficulty to access the measurement place, outdated databases, etc. The reading and the measurement automation processes, based in the current eletromechanical meters or with the electronic version of these equipment, besides solving the mentioned problems, have several advantages, such as: minimization of fraud and robbery of energy, implementation of differentiated rates depending on the time of the day (ex:yellow rate), remote energy switch-off and switch-on, implementation of a prepaid system, possibility to get the load curve of each consumer and elimination of error and costs embedded in the manually reading process. On the other hand, we can observe that in Brazil there are an estimated 43 millions residential meters already installed, and the costs for the current measurement system, and also of the meters, are very low. In this scenario, the implementation of a automated system for residential energy measurement is that the proposed system has a very low cost at the same time provides a high reliability. The proposed automation system will consider the reutilization of the current mechanical meters, with the installation of an electronic systems for the consumption data collection, communicating with local concentrators, which in their turn are linked to a computing systems in the energy company. The results of the present work show that, nowadays, there is a real possibility to get, a trustable and cheap automated measurement system for energy in residential urban area. The proposed work is the development of an automated system, for residential energy measurement in urban area. It's composed of a concentrator module for eight residences, with communication from this point to the energy company's operation center. It will be presented a methodology to implement such a system and also a case study.

IEC 61850 is emerging as a popular communication standard for smart grids. Standardized communication in smart grids has an unwanted consequence of higher vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Attackers exploit the standardized semantics of the communication protocols to launch different types of attacks such as false data injection (FDI) attacks. Hence, there is a need to develop a cybersecurity testbed and novel mitigation strategies to study the impact of attacks and mitigate them. This paper presents a testbed and methodology to simulate FDI attacks on IEC 61850 standard compliant Generic Object-Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) protocol using real time digital simulator (RTDS) together with open-source tools such as Snort and Wireshark. Furthermore, a novel hybrid cybersecurity solution by the name of sequence content resolver is proposed to counter such attacks on the GOOSE protocol in smart grids. Utilizing the developed testbed FDI attacks in the form of replay and masquerade att...

With the integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the distribution networks, the Active Distribution Network Management is becoming quite challenging. The DERs are integrated into the distribution networks through distribution substations. For achieving greater control and ease of operation substations are being automated by employing substation communication network based on standardized communication. IEC 61850 standard has emerged as the most popular standard due to its object-oriented modeling and interoperability features. To ensure smooth and efficient operation of substation automation system, the performance requirements for intra substation communication needs to be evaluated. This paper presents modelling of data traffic in the substation according to IEC 61850 and provides validation through simulation as well as through experimental setup. In the experimental setup, a real bay is replicated in the laboratory for performance validation. The scheme has been validated for VLAN and priority tagging implementation with the obtained simulation results. INDEX TERMS Active distribution system (ADS), IEC 61850, substation communication network (SCN), GOOSE.

This article describes smart grids basically concepts, an introduction to current problems involving traditional distribution problems. With the advances in smart grids, there will be environmental actions, reducing the environment degradation impact and integrating in a conscientious way natural resources and their exploration. Moreover, this work clarifies the basic structure of smart grids, how they Works, the electrical bidirectional behaviour, the benefits in terms of efficiency and transparency, the most relevant aspects that helps in control and management, for industrial and residential consumers. In this work, many related works have been analyzed in order to understand which solutions are being developed in Brazil. As conclusions, one can notice that smart grids are slowing evolving, however it is expected that in a few years it is completely implemented in Brazil.

Substations are increasingly reliant on devices compatible with IEC61850 standards. However, the conformity of a devicewith the standards does not necessarily guarantee interoperability with devices from different manufacturers. The use of devices compatible with IEC61850 standards presents a challenge to many system integrators, especially due to lack of familiarity with features such as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), reporting, sample values and the need for system redundancy. To facilitate a smooth implementation, all the features and the data exchanges between devices need to be tested to ensure the system operates correctly. It is important to determine the compatibility of the devices made by different manufacturers. This paper presents a technique to assess the performance of Merging Units from different manufacturers, when operating with Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) performing a distance protection function. The performance of the process bus with parallel redundancy protocol is evaluated using a closed loop approach involving a Real Time Digital Simulator.

The electrical grid undergoes a fundamental change with the introduction of the Smart Grid; in particular, power substations have been evolving towards automated systems. Power substation communication networks evolved from legacy infrastructures mostly formed by serial devices to Ethernet-based digital communications networks, thanks to the introduction of the IEC 61850 standard. However, this evolution inherited the shortcomings of the traditional decentralized network management. This paper explores the upcoming evolution of IEC 61850 when it meets the ground-breaking programmable network technologies: Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Programmable Data Planes (PDP). Here, we describe how recent proposals leverage SDN to improve network management tasks such as topology discovery, multicast traffic management, QoS provisioning, among others in IEC 61850 based systems. We also outline potential improvements to critical network management tasks in power substations using PDP feat...

Today, the communications network has become an essential element to the operation of any type of organization or infrastructure, such is the case of the electrical power substations. Such networks in particular, demand high levels of availability and reliability, as the substation is a key element in the chain of energy generation and distribution. However, although recent network modernization introduced new features that allow to optimize the operation of the substation, the variety of devices that integrate it (Intelligent Electronic Devices-IED: breakers, switches, Protection and Control, Merging Units-MU, Network Switches, IEEE 1588 Master Clock) and the huge set of application-level protocols (SMV-Sample Measure Value, GOOSE-Generic Object Oriented Substation Event, MMS-Manufacturing Message Specification, PTP-Precision Time Protocols, among others), increase the management complexity. In this context, the Applied Telecommunications Research Group (GITA), has decided to propose the development of S3N-Smart Solution for Substation Networks. S3N is defined as a network architecture that introduces the novel Software Defined Networks (SDN) and virtualization technologies, in order to simplify the management of communication networks in power substations.

During the design of bushings for high voltage applications several important factors have to be considered. This paper has been prepared to simplify the design process of bushings used for different high voltage applications. This paper also explains about the basic requirements needed for the design of various high voltage bushings used for several applications. These requirements needed for the design of high voltage bushings would be useful for the designers and academicians to study and analyze the special requirements for bushings used in high voltage applications, the various problems and its issues in the bushings and the remedial measures to avoid these problems in the bushings.

The Smart Grid concept establishes that, in addition to power flow, the utility has a two-way data flow in all sectors of the grid including the consumers facilities. By the system data monitoring, the failure control can be accomplished with greater speed and efficiency. To achieve such a speed, rendering Smart Grid applications viable, the requirements of safety, reliability and low latency of data flow are essential. Considering a high latency communication between the control center to the last mile applications, the control and synchronization of the Smart Meter devices should not be reliable only for administrator hands, allowing be realized automatically. So, palliative actions, taken in an independent way by the network, may reduce the need for human intervention in the management. This article presents the Distributed Network Protocol version 3 commands modeling for synchronization management between Smart Meters, with aim to help the link latency monitoring. The modeling was performed in VHDL language and considered a point-to-point wireless IEEE 802.15.4 network.

Resumo Atualmente, o sistema responsável pelo controle e operação do sistema elétrico da Aperam South América na planta de Timóteo é o SAE (Sistema de Automação de Energia), sendo este um sistema SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition) e um EMS (Energy Management System), responsável pelo gerenciamento, supervisão e controle de toda energia elétrica consumida na planta. Desenvolvido pela IBM, está há mais de 20 anos em produção, estando completamente descontinuado e com elevado grau de obsolescência. Diante deste cenário, foi necessário adquirir um novo sistema de gerenciamento do sistema elétrico, agora denominado GSE, desenvolvido na plataforma Elipse Power, que permitiu o desenvolvimento e implantação de todas as funcionalidades já existentes, além de funcionar em um modelo híbrido, em que simultaneamente estabelece comunicação com Remotas Cortex 2000 com protocolo Conitel 2020 e com Relés IED´s com protocolo IEC 61850. Este trabalho apresenta todas as etapas, estratégias e resultados alcançados com a implantação deste projeto. Palavras-chave: Sistema Elétrico; SAE (Sistema de Automação de Energia); GSE (Gerenciamento do Sistema Elétrico); Elipse Power.

Because of the increasing number of heterogeneous devices connected to electric power grid, the attack surface increases the threat actors. Game theory and machine learning are being used to study power system failures caused by external manipulation. Most existing works in the literature focus on the one-shot process of attacks and fail to show the dynamic evolution of the defense strategy. In this paper, we focus on an adversarial, multistage, sequential game between the adversaries of the smart electric power transmission and distribution system. We study the impact of the exploration rate and the convergence of the attack strategies (sequences of action that create large-scale blackouts based on the system capacity) based on the reinforcement learning approach. We also illustrate how the learned attack actions disrupt the normal operation of the grid by creating transmission line outages, bus voltage violations, and generation loss. This simulation studies are conducted on IEEE 9-and 39-bus systems. The results show the improvement of the defense strategy through the learning process. The results also prove the feasibility of the learned attack actions by replicating the disturbances created in simulated power systems. Threat Model Criticality index of the transmission lines of IEEE 39-bus system to be selected as the attack actions by the attacker when the defender defends transmission line (a) {8,2,3}. The number of unique optimal policies here is 82, and (b) {8, 27, 37}. The number of unique optimal policies here is 19.

Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) classifies energy consumption measurement and bill processing errors as non-technical losses. When those irregularities are identified, meter imaging and geographic location are requested to a reader. Those images are sent to audit sector. This receives a great volume of images, and its whole analysis is too slow. As an alternative, there is the self-reading, which is the reading done by the customer through digital platforms. To ensure safety in self-reading process, a validation stage (self-audit) is necessary. This work proposes a method based on deep learning for semantic segmentation of energy meters and identification components, aiming to contribute with more efficiency in reading validation. This method obtains 73.10% mean average precision (mAP) for intersection over union (IoU) ≥ 0.50; 42.17% mAP for Iou ≥ 0.75 and 41.28% mAP for IoU ≥ 0.99. Resumo: A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) classifica erros de medição de consumo e processamento de fatura como perdas não-técnicas. Quando essas irregularidades são identificadas,é solicitada a aquisição da imagem do medidor e a captura da localização geográfica do leiturista para registrar a sua presença no local. Essas imagens são enviadas para o setor de auditoria. Este recebe um grande volume de imagens, cuja análise completaé muito lenta. Como alternativa, tem-se a autoleitura, queé a leitura feita pelo próprio cliente através de plataformas digitais. E para garantir a segurança no processo de autoleitura,é necessária uma etapa automática de validação (autoauditoria). Este trabalho propõe um método baseado em aprendizado profundo para a segmentação semântica de medidores de energia e componentes de identificação, almejando contribuir com mais eficiência ao processo de validação de leitura. O método apresenta mean average precision (mAP) de 73,10% para os casos em que intersection over union (IoU) ≥ a 0,50; 42,17% para IoU ≥ 0,75 e 41,28% quando IoU ≥ 0,99.

The rise of cyber threats on critical infrastructure and its potential for devastating consequences, has significantly increased. The dependency of new power grid technology on information, data analytic and communication systems make the entire electricity network vulnerable to cyber threats. Power transformers play a critical role within the power grid and are now commonly enhanced through factory add-ons or intelligent monitoring systems added later to improve the condition monitoring of critical and long lead time assets such as transformers. However, the increased connectivity of those power transformers opens the door to more cyber attacks. Therefore, the need to detect and prevent cyber threats is becoming critical. The first step towards that would be a deeper understanding of the potential cyber-attacks landscape against power transformers. Much of the existing literature pays attention to smart equipment within electricity distribution networks, and most methods proposed are based on model-based detection algorithms. Moreover, only a few of these works address the security vulnerabilities of power elements, especially transformers within the transmission network. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study in the literature that systematically investigate the cybersecurity challenges against the newly emerged smart transformers. This paper addresses this shortcoming by exploring the vulnerabilities and the attack vectors of power transformers within electricity networks, the possible attack scenarios and the risks associated with these attacks.

Intelligent vehicles are the very next future of the automotive sector, which is renewing itself following Industry 4.0 paradigms. Today, car manufacturers are rapidly increasing the number of vehicles that continuously transmit data to the Internet, in order to enable the virtuous feedback paths foreseen by Industry 4.0. Such data are used to improve production (and products) during the entire lifetime of plants (and cars, also). A data link between on board devices and Internet must be created. Currently, the OBD (On Board Diagnostic) interface is available in the majority of cars and trucks. Some Edge devices with OBD and 3G/4G modems have been created, enabling easy Internet connection. However, congestion situation, as well as temporary outages, may create significant holes in the 3G/4G coverage. Recently, the transformation of city into Smart City is begun. An impressive number of new sensors are deployed in urban area. New wireless technologies are on the rise and, among them...

This paper is intended as an overview of automation of gates of water reservoir. Water reservoir are crucial to country's economy as they are the resources of power generation, irrigation, water conservation and so on. This paper is focused on automation the gates of water reservoir and controlling variable parameters like level and flow of water with real time implementation using programmable logic controller. In this paper, a programmable logic controller is act as an industrial computer, playing role of a control device and level sensors provide incoming signals to the control unit. The prototype model is provided with five levels and depending on the level sensor outputs, ladder logic is actuated. This work uses PLC of Semeins-Simatic S7300 with 32 digital I/O and 8 analog I/O.

The last few years have seen considerable investment in the security of industrial control systems. In the power sector, there has been a focus on operational measures directed by NERC, while technical solutions have been proposed through the IEC and the ISA. Many of these proposals use cryptography to secure communications, so that some of the defensive effort can be moved from the perimeter to the end systems. However the security mechanisms need to take into account implementation costs as well as operational challenges. In this paper, we discuss these challenges in the context of protecting communications within substations. Proposals to use digital signatures are impractical because of both performance and cost. We analyse the complexities of these solutions both from security economics as well as engineering perspectives and argue that the right technology for this application is shared-key, namely message authentication codes: it gives the necessary performance at a fraction of the cost.

The focus of Indonesia's G20 Presidency lies on three main pillars, one of them is transition to sustainable energy. The development of these conditions forced State Electricity Company in Indonesia (PLN) to innovate by participating in implementing the latest digitalization technology in distribution electrical energy to customers, one way to do this is by implementing the smart grid concept, which is digital substation technology, is considered capable to response the challenges of digitizing the electricity system in the energy distribution sector. Digital substation technology in Indonesia is still in development stage and there are only six pilot projects in scattered locations, hence in-depth research is needed regarding equipment requirements and the amount of investment needed by PLN to build digital substations, especially the plan for implementing digital substations in Sulawesi. One of methods for developing digital substations in Indonesia is upgrading conventional into digital substation. Research is conducted by studying and observing the existing digital substation in Indonesia. Afterwards in this paper will be explained how to upgrade and what materials, or equipment that must be equipped to upgrading conventional substations. Then, what is the actual value of the investment needed by PLN to build or upgrading into a digital substation in Indonesia, especially in Sulawesi. Furthermore, whether the upgrading plans can be declared financially feasible. The most significant advantages of digital substation compared to conventional substation are reducing the most use of hardwire copper cables for control cables by replacing the use of optical cables. Not only savings in construction costs for the procurement, installation and transportation of cable materials because the amount is much less and is replaced by the use of optical cables, but also construction time savings for laying, wiring and cable termination. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license

Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) classifies energy consumption measurement and bill processing errors as non-technical losses. When those irregularities are identified, meter imaging and geographic location are requested to a reader. Those images are sent to audit sector. This receives a great volume of images, and its whole analysis is too slow. As an alternative, there is the self-reading, which is the reading done by the customer through digital platforms. To ensure safety in self-reading process, a validation stage (self-audit) is necessary. This work proposes a method based on deep learning for semantic segmentation of energy meters and identification components, aiming to contribute with more efficiency in reading validation. This method obtains 73.10% mean average precision (mAP) for intersection over union (IoU) ≥ 0.50; 42.17% mAP for Iou ≥ 0.75 and 41.28% mAP for IoU ≥ 0.99. Resumo: A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) classifica erros de medição de consumo e processamento de fatura como perdas não-técnicas. Quando essas irregularidades são identificadas,é solicitada a aquisição da imagem do medidor e a captura da localização geográfica do leiturista para registrar a sua presença no local. Essas imagens são enviadas para o setor de auditoria. Este recebe um grande volume de imagens, cuja análise completaé muito lenta. Como alternativa, tem-se a autoleitura, queé a leitura feita pelo próprio cliente através de plataformas digitais. E para garantir a segurança no processo de autoleitura,é necessária uma etapa automática de validação (autoauditoria). Este trabalho propõe um método baseado em aprendizado profundo para a segmentação semântica de medidores de energia e componentes de identificação, almejando contribuir com mais eficiência ao processo de validação de leitura. O método apresenta mean average precision (mAP) de 73,10% para os casos em que intersection over union (IoU) ≥ a 0,50; 42,17% para IoU ≥ 0,75 e 41,28% quando IoU ≥ 0,99.