Strength Training

PurposeThe present study aimed to investigate the potential impact of age, gender, baseline strength, and selected candidate polymorphisms on maximal strength training (MST) adaptations.MethodsA total of 49 subjects (22 men and 27 women) aged 20–76 years, divided into five age groups, completed an 8 weeks MST intervention. Each MST session consisted of 4 sets with 4 repetitions at ∼85–90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) intensity in leg-press, three times per week. 1RM was tested pre and post the intervention and blood samples were drawn to genotype candidate polymorphisms ACE I/D (rs1799752), ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), and PPARGC1A Gly482Ser (rs8192678).ResultsAll age groups increased leg-press 1RM (p < 0.01), with a mean improvement of 24.2 ± 14.0%. There were no differences in improvements between the five age groups or between male and female participants, and there were no non-responders. Baseline strength status did not correlate with 1RM improvements. PPARGC1A rs8192678 T al...

Jerrold Petrofsky, PhD, PTA*† Jennifer Batt, BS† Ryan Jones, BS† Vincent Kambe, BS† Natalia Ushak, BS† James P. Tucker, BS† Luke Gentry, BHK† Tamara Billings, BS, AS† Shashi Gunda, MPT* ... *Deptment of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University,Loma Linda, ...

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex, chronic, nondegenerative musculoskeletal disorder of unknown etiology, and it requires a different clinical approach for every patient. Objectives: The present clinical follow-up observes the effect of the central-acting myorelaxant thiocolchicoside (Tiyozid®) on clinical manifestations in patients with primary fibromyalgia.
Methods: The following article presents a prospective clinical follow-up in eighteen ambulatory women with primary fibromyalgia observed in 41 days.
Results: A significant difference between the 1-st and 41-st day of treatment with thiocolchicoside (Tiyozid®) 4 mg tablets in the mean number of pain points (15.4 ± 1.9 vs. 13.17 ± 1.5, p < 0.05), an increase in pain threshold (2.37 ± 0.4 to 2.58 ± 0.3, p > 0.05), and a decrease in the degree of chronic fatigue (7.1 ± 0.8 vs. 3.5 ± 1.3, p < 0.05). On the 41-st day, the overall impact of treatment with thiocolchicoside on quality of life showed a significant improvement (37.5 ± 11 vs. 28 ± 8, p < 0.05).
Conclusion: As a short-term therapy, thiocolchicoside (Tiyozid®) has a positive effect on clinical manifestations in patients with primary fibromyalgia, which affects everyday activities and improves their quality of life.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an intensity progressive strength training program on the performance of two tests related to fall risk: the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test (TUG). Twenty subjects were randomly included in one experimental group (age 73 AE 6 years old) and one control group (age 75 AE 5 years old). Subjects from the experimental group participated in a strength-training program consisting of three sessions each week for a period of 14 consecutive weeks, from 50% to 80% of 1RM. A 2 (group: experimental vs. control)  2 (pre-post: pre-test vs. post-test) repeated measures ANOVA was carried out on subjects in TUG and FRT performance. Mean FRT results from the pre-test were significantly lower than mean results from post-test. The two main effects were qualified by a significant group  pre-post interaction, F (1,18) ¼ 39.23, P < 0.001, identifying markedly different performance profiles. Mean TUG results from the pre-test were significantly lower than mean results from post-test. The two main effects were qualified by a significant group  pre-post interaction, F (1,18) ¼ 50.74, P < 0.001, again identifying markedly different performance profiles. Globally, the obtained results through our progressive strength-training program showed important improvements in functional task performance and in preventing falls. Am. J.

Yağlı ve yağsız vücut dokularının incelenmesi olarak tele alınan vücut kompozisyonu analizleri spor bilimlerinde gerek uygulama alanında gerekse akademik araştırmalarda kullanılan önemli bir ölçme ve değerlendirme yöntemidir. Yapılan çalışmalar vücut kompozisyonu değerlendirmelerinin genel sağlık ve atletik performans açısından önemli olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sporcular üzerinde değerlendirmeler yapmak için günümüzde birçok farklı formda ölçme tekniği geliştirilmiş bunlardan bazıları daha yüksek doğrulukla veri sağlar ancak ölçüm zorlukları içerir. Bazıları ise daha kolay uygulanabilir fakat geçerlilik-güvenilirlilik problemleri gibi önemli sınırlılıkları vardır. Çift enerjili X-ışını absorbsiyometrisi (DEXA), hidrometri, hidro-dansitometri veya havadeplasmanı pletismografisi ve görüntüleme yöntemleri (MRI, tomografi) yüksek doğrulukta ölçme ve değerlendirme olanağı sağlar, ancak pahalıdır ve yalnızca sahada kullanılmaya uygun olmayan laboratuvarlarda yapılabilir. Diğer taraftan ucuz ve pratik olan ancak geçerlilik-güvenilirlik sorunlarıyla ilgili bazı sınırlılıklar içeren biyoelektrik impedans analizi (BIA) ve antropometrik değerlendirmeler uygulama alanında daha çok tercih edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı en yaygın vücut kompozisyonu analiz yöntemlerinin spor bilimcilere ve spor hekimlerine sunduğu avantajları ve dezavantajları sunmaktır. İlgili literatür ışığında, spor bilimlerinde vücut kompozisyonu ölçme ve değerlendirme için önerilebilecek yöntemler imkân ve koşullara göre farklılıklar göstereceği görülmektedir. Vücut kompozisyonunun ana parametre olduğu kapsamlı araştırmalarda DEXA'nın hala en ideal ölçüm yöntemi olduğu görülmektedir. BIA ölçümlerinin de pratik, maliyeti düşük ve kolay uygulanabilir olması yönüyle avantajları olduğu görülmektedir. Bilimsel çalışmalar dışında, uygulama sahasındaki sınırlılıklar göz önüne alındığında (çok sayıda katılımcının olduğu sahada yapılması gereken durumlar) ölçüm prosedürlerine dikkat edilerek antropometrik ölçümlerle veya BIA yöntemi ile değerlendirmeler yapılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Utilizar a extensao universitaria para desenvolver, adequar e validar equipamentos/dispositivos de avaliacao cognitiva (reconhecimento e reacao) de pessoas com necessidades especiais bem como atletas de alto desempenho.  Atraves da integracao realizada entre academicos da Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana com os academicos da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG) foram realizados testes de desempenho utilizando os dispositivos de teste de agilidade e plataforma de salto vertical com diversos tipos de publico diferentes.  Aquisicao dos dados a serem utilizados pelos academicos da UEPG, alem da interacao e integracao entre os academicos das duas universidades.  Interdisciplinaridade tem se mostrado uma das principais formas de desenvolvimento e aplicacao de conhecimentos; dentro da parceria estabelecida foi possivel fazer tanto o desenvolvimento de equipamentos de analise fisica e motora das pessoas, quanto sua aplicacao para diversos ambientes e publicos diferentes; i...

Background: β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free acid (HMB-FA) has been ingested prior to exercise to reduce muscle damage, however the effects of HMB-FA supplementation on hormonal, strength and power adaptation are unclear. Methods: Sixteen healthy men were matched and randomized into two groups and performed six-week resistance training while supplementing with either HMB-FA or placebo (3 g per day). The subjects were evaluated for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and leg press and vertical jump (VJ) prior to and after training intervention. In addition, blood samples were obtained before and after resistance training to evaluate resting growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), testosterone (TEST), cortisol (CORT), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses. The HMB-FA supplementation group showed greater gains compared with the placebo group in peak power (effect size ES = 0.26 vs. 0.01) and 1RM leg press (ES = 1.52 vs. 0.96). In addition, the HMB-FA supplementation group indicated greater decrements in ACTH and CORT responses to training in comparison to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Likewise, in GH (ES = 1.41 vs. 0.12) and IGF-1 (ES = 0.83 vs. 0.41), the HMB-FA indicated greater training effects when compared with the placebo group. Conclusions: These findings provide further support for the potential anabolic benefits associated with HMB-FA supplementation.

Aim. Repetitive head impact exposure, from contact and collision sports, are increasingly being attributed to increased risk of neurodegenerative disease in aging athletes. This exploratory study investigated the association of playing career in retired professional contact sport athletes with cortical neurophysiology via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Methods. This study used a cross-correlation design without a control group. Male athletes between the ages of 28-68 years (n=113; mean age [SD] 48.8 [9.7]) who had been retired from professional sport for a minimum of five years were recruited. Cortical excitability was measured using single pulse TMS for motor evoked potentials and paired pulse for short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). Associations were assessed between TMS measures and concussion history, clinical symptom scores, total career length (including junior to complete retirement), and professional career length (elite competition only).
Results. Correlations showed significant associations between motor evoked potentials and clinical symptom reporting (rho: -0.21 – -0.38; P<0.01); and motor evoked potentials and short-interval intracortical inhibition with total career length (rho: 0.26 – -0.33; P<0.01). No significant correlations were observed between single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and professional career length (rho: 0.16 – -0.15), nor the number of concussions (rho: 0.17 – -0.17).
Conclusions. This exploratory study is the first to report pathophysiological outcomes in a cohort of retired professional athletes associated with total career exposure, rather than professional career exposure or concussion history. Without a control group comparison and cross-correlational design, these preliminary results should be viewed with caution, however, TMS assessment could be considered a viable biomarker in future studies of retired athletes classified with traumatic encephalopathy syndrome.

Plant-based diets have emerged as athletic performance enhancers for various types of exercise. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of plant-based diets on aerobic and strength/power performances, as well as on BMI of physically active individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported according to the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A systematic search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus, was performed. On the basis of the search and inclusion criteria, four and six studies evaluating the effects of plant-based diets on aerobic and strength/power performances in humans were, respectively, included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Plant-based diets had a moderate but positive effect on aerobic performance (0·55; 95 % CI 0·29, 0·81) and no effect on strength/power performance (–0·30; 95 % CI −0·67, 0·07)....

Serum leptin responses after acute resistance exercise ... [9] Serum leptin concentration and fuel homeostasis in ... [10] Nutrition and the older ... [11] Roles for melanocortins and leptin in adipose tissue apoptosis and ... [12] Leptin: A hormone linking activation of neuroendocrine axes with ... [13] Investigation of effect of one session moderate and heavy resistance exercise on acute and ... [14] Effect of resistance exercise (body building) training on serum leptin levels in young ... [15] Effects of short-term resistance training on serum leptin levels obese ... [16] Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and ... [17] Resistance training improves cardiovascular risk factors in obese women despite a significative decrease in ... [18] Strength testing: Predicting a onerep max from ... [19] Strength testing: Predicting a one-rep max from ... [20] Physiology of Sport and ... [21] Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: Effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and ... [22] Effect of longterm endurance and strength training on metabolic control and arterial elasticity in ... [23] Acute effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on serum leptin and some risk factors of coronary heart disease in ... [24] Effect of three-month progressive resistance training on leptin and Interleukin-6 concentration in ... [25] Changes in plasma leptin and insulin action with resistive training in postmenopausal ... [26] Leptin concentrations experience a delayed reduction after resistance exercise in ... [27] Nutritional status and ... [28] Training intensity influences leptin and ... [29] The response of serum leptin, cortisol and ... [30] Effects of mild aerobic exercise and ... [31] NSCA's essentials of ... [32] Strength training in ...

Purpose-To examine the effects of three different frequencies of combined resistance and aerobic training on total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity related energy expenditure (AEE) in a group of older adults. Methods-Seventy-two women, 60 -74 years old, were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1 day/week of aerobic and 1 day/week of resistance (1+1); 2 days/week of aerobic and 2 days/week resistance (2+2); or 3 days/week aerobic and 3 days/week resistance (3+3). Body composition (DXA), feeling of fatigue, depression, and vigor (questionnaire), strength (1RM), serum cytokines (ELISA), maximal oxygen uptake (progressive treadmill test), resting energy expenditure, and TEE were measured before and after 16 weeks of training. Aerobic training consisted of 40 minutes of aerobic exercise at 80% maximum heart rate and resistance training consisted of 2 sets of 10 repetitions for 10 different exercises at 80% of one repetition maximum. Results-All groups increased fat free mass, strength and aerobic fitness and decreased fat mass. No changes were observed in cytokines or perceptions of fatigue/depression. No time by group interaction was found for any fitness/body composition variable. TEE and AEE increased with the 2+2 group but not with the other two groups. Non-exercise training AEE (NEAT) increased significantly in the 2+2 group (+200 kcal/day), group 1×1 showed a trend for an increase (+68 kcal/day) and group 3+3 decreased significantly (-150 kcal/day). indicate that 3+3 training may inhibit NEAT by being too time consuming and does not induce superior training adaptations to 1+1 and 2+2 training.

Methods A three-phase double-blind, placebo-and dietcontrolled randomized intervention study was conducted. Phase 1 was an 8-week-periodized resistance-training program; Phase 2 was a 2-week overreaching cycle; and Phase 3 was a 2-week taper. Muscle mass, strength, and power were examined at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 to assess the chronic effects of HMB-FA; and assessment of these, as well as cortisol, testosterone, and creatine kinase (cK) was performed at weeks 9 and 10 of the overreaching cycle. Results HMB-FA resulted in increased total strength (bench press, squat, and deadlift combined) over the 12-week training (77.1 ± 18.4 vs. 25.3 ± 22.0 kg, p < 0.001); a greater increase in vertical jump power (991 ± 168 vs. 630 ± 167 W, p < 0.001); and increased lean body mass gain (7.4 ± 4.2 vs. 2.1 ± 6.1 kg, p < 0.001) in HMB-FA-and placebo-supplemented groups,

To evaluate the effect of a single bout of power exercise training (PT) on office and ambulatory blood pressure (BP). Methods: Twenty-four older adults with essential hypertension participated in two experimental sessions in a randomized order: the PT composed of 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions in 5 power training exercises and the nonexercise control at seated rest (Con). Both experimental sessions lasted 40 min. Office BP was measured continuously for 1 h in the laboratory and 24 h BP through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results: Compared with Con, office systolic/diastolic BP decreased after PT (Systolic BP: 10 mmHg, p < 0.001; Diastolic BP: 4 mmHg, p = 0.015). A trend toward decrease (p = 0.06) was found in diastolic ambulatory BP during daytime (2 mmHg; p = 0.062) and nighttime (3 mmHg; p = 0.063) after PT. No differences were found between PT and Con sessions for systolic and mean ambulatory BP. Conclusion: A single bout of PT decreases office BP but this hypotensive effect is not sustained under ambulatory conditions in older patients with essential hypertension.

Актуальність. На сьогодні оздоровчі тренування силової спрямованості є ефективним методом збереження та зміцнення здоровʼя. Успішне планування тренувального процесу вимагає розпізнавання й маніпулювання змінними параметрами силового тренування. Мета дослідження – проаналізувати поточну наукову літературу про різні змінні параметри силових тренувань та їх вплив на гіпертрофію мʼязів і надати практичні рекомендації щодо їх призначення в силових програмах. Методи дослідження – аналіз та синтез – застосовані для виокремлення важливих для дослідження даних і їх узагальнення згідно з реалізацією мети дослідження; системний підхід – використовувався з метою визначення змінних параметрів програми та їх впливу на гіпертрофію мʼязів. Результати роботи. Маніпуляція змінними параметрами силового тренування, як-от: режим роботи мʼязів, тренувальний обсяг, тип вправ, структура тренування, інтенсивність навантаження, інтервали відпочинку та частота тренувань, – є необхідною для подальшого стимулювання морфологічної адаптації. На основі аналізу сучасної літератури встановлено, що поєднання концентричного та ексцентричного режимів роботи мʼязів є оптимальним. У програму тренувань потрібно включати багато- й односуглобові вправи. Структуру занять рекомендовано розглядати, як поєднання спліттренувань і тренувань на все тіло в рамках періодизації. Потрібно віддавати перевагу режиму високої інтенсивності (понад 60 % від повторюваного максимуму). Тренувальний обсяг становить 6–10 підходів на одну групу мʼязів у тиждень при 6–12 повтореннях у рамках одного підходу. Інтервали відпочинку встановлюються на рівні 1–2 хв між виконанням односуглобових вправ і 2–5 хв для багатосуглобових вправ. Три тренування на тиждень матимуть найкращий ефект із погляду посилення адаптаційних механізмів після силового тренування. Висновки. На основі цього дослідження розроблено практичні рекомендації для тренерів щодо застосування змінних параметрів під час розробки програм тренування.

The left ventricle morphologically adapts to endurance exercise training (eccentric cardiac remodeling) and strength exercise training (concentric remodeling). In addition, the acceleration of vagally mediated heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise is one of the functional adaptations of the heart in endurance-trained humans. However, the effect of strength training on HR recovery is unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether postexercise HR recovery accelerates in strength-trained athletes. Methods: Subjects were young strength-trained athletes (ST; N = 12), endurance-trained athletes (ET; N = 12), and age-matched sedentary control men (C; N = 12). HR and oxygen uptake were measured during submaximal exercise (cycling exercise, 40% maximal oxygen uptake for 8 min) and 30 s after the exercise (the postexercise period). Results: Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was higher in both types of athletes compared with C, but greater in ET than in ST (C, 4.3 T 0.1 cm; ET, 5.0 T 0.1 cm; ST, 4.8 T 0.1 cm). Left ventricular average wall thickness was greater in ST in comparison with ET, although it was higher in both trained men compared with C (C, 0.85 T 0.02 cm; ET, 0.90 T 0.02 cm; ST, 1.00 T 0.02 cm). The time constant of postexercise HR decay, an index of vagally mediated postexercise HR recovery, was lower in ST and ET compared with C (C, 94.4 T 9.2 s; ET, 65.9 T 4.3 s; ST, 69.1 T 4.0 s). Oxygen pulse was greater in ST and ET than in C (C, 9.4 T 0.6 mL per beat; ET, 13.0 T 0.9 mL per beat; ST, 12.8 T 0.4 mL per beat), and it results in increased oxygen debt for both types of athletes (C, 0.257 T 0.024 L; ET, 0.343 T 0.030 L; ST, 0.331 T 0.017 L). We did not find significant differences in these indices between ST and ET. Conclusions: These results suggest that the HR recovery immediately after exercise is accelerated in both strength-and endurance-trained athletes.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of heavy resistance training on the relationships between power loss and surface EMG (sEMG) indices and blood metabolite concentrations on dynamic exercise-induced fatigue with the same relative load as in pretraining. Methods: Twelve trained subjects performed five sets consisting of 10 repetitions in the leg press, with 2 min of rest between sets before and after a strength training period. sEMG variables (the mean average voltage, the median spectral frequency, and the Dimitrov spectral index of muscle fatigue) from vastus medialis and lateralis muscles and metabolic responses (i.e., blood lactate, uric acid, and ammonia concentrations) were measured. Results: The peak power loss after the posttraining protocol was greater (61%) than the decline observed in the pretraining protocol (46%). Similar sEMG changes were found for both protocols, whereas higher metabolic demand was observed during the posttraining exercise. The linear models on the basis of the relations found between power loss and changes in sEMG variables were significantly different between pretraining and posttraining, whereas the linear models on the basis of the relations between power loss and changes in blood metabolite concentrations were similar. Conclusions: Linear models that use blood metabolites to map acute exercise-induced peak power changes were more accurate in detecting these changes before and after a short-term training period, whereas an attempt to track peak power loss using sEMG variables may fail after a strength training period.

Introduction:Interest in the use of caffeine as an ergogenic aid has increased since the International Olympic Committee lifted the partial ban on its use. Caffeine has beneficial effects on various aspects of athletic performance, but its effects on training have been neglected.Purpose:To investigate the acute effect of caffeine on the exercise-associated increases in testosterone and cortisol in a double-blind crossover study.Methods:Twenty-four professional rugby-league players ingested caffeine doses of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg in random order 1 hr before a resistance-exercise session. Saliva was sampled at the time of caffeine ingestion, at 15-min intervals throughout each session, and 15 and 30 min after the session. Data were log-transformed to estimate percent effects with mixed modeling, and effects were standardized to assess magnitudes.Results:Testosterone concentration showed a small increase of 15% (90% confidence limits, ± 19%) during exercise. Caffeine raised this conc...

The Examination of Relationships Between 35 Meter Maximal Sprints, Vertical Jump and Standing Long Jump in Football Players 24 men football player joined to our research. According to research, player's mean of heigth was 175.2 ± 6.06 cm. , mean of weight was 65.45 ± 5.5 kg. , mean of age was 17.87 ± 0.68 years and use of estimated MaxVO2 was 53.03 ± 4.6 ml.kg.min. Our player's sport age was 6.6 ± 1.6 years. Result of our research, level of corelasyon is P<0.01 between mean of 35 meter maximal anaerobic sprint (5.03 ± 0.20 sec. and 636.24 ± 96.55 watt) and mean of player's weight (65.45 ± 5.5 kg). Level of corelasyon is P<0.01 at value of verticel jump (55 ± 5.7 cm. and 108.46 ± 11.23 kg.m/sec.) and level of corelasyon is 0.01 between max. Anaerobik sprint and score of standing long jump (237.7 ± 19.3 cm ve 155.5 ± 18.04 kg.mt). And end of all, level of corelasyon is P<0.01 between scores of standing long jump and scores of verticel jump with weight.

A tletas de diferentes esportes realizam treinamento de força e re sistência aeróbia dentro de seus programas de preparação física num esforço para alcançar adaptações específicas a ambas as formas de treinamento. Entretanto, algumas pesquisas têm mostrado que o desenvolvimento da força muscular pode ser prejudicado quando o treinamento dessa capacidade motora é combinado com o treinamento Resumo Investigouse as respostas agudas induzidas por uma série de treinamento aeróbio sobre o desempenho da força muscular. Para tal, atletas adultos realizaram uma sé rie de trabalho aeróbio e, em seguida, executaram testes para inferir força explosi va e pico de torque de membros inferiores nas seguintes situações: em repouso, imediatamente após o trabalho aeróbio e depois de oito e 24 horas da realização do trabalho aeróbio. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que o tra balho aeróbio realizado durante 20 minutos, a uma intensidade de 90% do limiar lático, não prejudicou o desempenho da força muscular nos diferentes momentos de recuperação, ou seja, nessa intensidade e duração de corrida, não se verificou o fenômeno da interferência para as variáveis analisadas.

Побудова оздоровчих тренувань на основі занять силової спрямованості у поєднанні з режимом харчування та засобами відновлення позитивно впливають на стан здоров’я і фізичний розвиток молодого організму. Такий тип тренувань дає змогу досягти та протягом багатьох років підтримувати на високому рівні силу і витривалість, зменшуючи вплив негативних факторів навколишнього середовища.

В даній публікації було вивчено вплив
змінних параметрів оздоровчих тренувань силової
спрямованості на приріст м’язової маси. . Маніпуляція
змінними параметрами силового тренування, такими як:
режим роботи м’язів, тренувальний обсяг, тип вправ,
структура тренування, інтенсивність навантаження,
інтервали відпочинку та частота тренувань, є необхідною
для подальшого стимулювання морфологічної адаптації

Traditional periodization of training, defined as dividing the whole season in shorter periods of time and training units. This periodization plan was repeated frequently, thus becoming a universal and monopolistic approach to training planning and analysis. Positive experiences over time led to alternative training concepts and, finally, to reconstruction, training reinvention approach, resulting in block periodization.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a six week training period of combined plyometric and resistance training (PRT, n = 13) or resistance training alone (RT, n = 14) on fitness performance in boys (12-15 yr). The RT group performed static stretching exercises followed by resistance training whereas the PRT group performed plyometric exercises followed by the same resistance training program. The training duration per session for both groups was 90 min. At baseline and after training all participants were tested on the vertical jump, long jump, medicine ball toss, 9.1 m sprint, pro agility shuttle run and flexibility. The PRT group made significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater improvements than RT in long jump (10.8 cm vs. 2.2 cm), medicine ball toss (39.1 cm vs. 17.7 cm) and pro agility shuttle run time (-0.23 sec vs. -0.02 sec) following training. These findings suggest that the addition of plyometric training to a resistance training program may be more beneficial t...

Resistance training often is not an inherent component of current dance training for pediatric female dancers. Reasons for this include concerns surrounding injury to the immature skeleton and diminishing dancer aesthetic appearance, as well as questions related to the effectiveness of such training for increasing dancer strength and muscle endurance. Many forms of dance demand sufficient muscle strength and endurance for prolonged periods of high intensity dance, power generation during leaps and jumps, as well as stabilization of the lower extremity to prevent injury. The benefits of resistance training for the pediatric female dancer are multiple, including improved muscle strength and bone health and decreased risk for stress related injuries to the actively growing skeleton. Understanding the biomechanical changes that occur during growth that may predispose the female dancer to injury is important, as well as initiating individualized resistance training protocols early in tra...

Context
This material is created within the project entitled Innovation and dynamic learning for caregivers, social workers and trainers specialized in physical education of elders, through cross-sectoral approach of both CVT fields, project no 2022-1-RO01-KA220-VET-000089776. The project was cofunded by the European Union, under the ERASMUS+Program, Key Action 2 – Partnerships for cooperation, action type KA220-VET - Cooperation partnerships in vocational education and training. This intellectual output was created by a multidisciplinary team of experts from the partner organizations which implemented the project, namely: Asociația Global Help (leader of the partnership, Romania), Universitatea din Craiova (Romania), Euroform RFS (Italy), Fundació Universitària Balmes (UVic Spain), Home Hope Ltd (Bulgaria).
The present project is complementary to a previous project financed also under Erasmus+ program, which supported the innovation in the field of elderly care training in four European countries-Romania, Bulgaria, Italy and Spain. While the materials dedicated to CVT in the first project addressed elderly care from an integrative perspective but in a more general manner, the present project isolates a topic that deserves further study: how to train the professionals in the field to maintain the physical tone and wellbeing of elders they assist.
The training kit starts from two modules of the general curricula of the elderly caregivers’ qualification (Ensuring the comfort and Mobilization techniques) and will develop the subject of increasing physic tone of the elders, maintain general functional capacity, maintaining musculoskeletal integrity, for preventing certain diseases, and ensuring mental tone and wellbeing for increasing the quality of life. The complex kit is composed by the present material in digital format accompanied by 4 hours of graphic and video materials with subtitles in partners’ languages, allowing to learners from Romania, Bulgaria, Spain and Italy to learn more and to better work to any of these countries on the topic of wellbeing and improving physical status of the elders. The DVD will be created following the structure of this training material. Each learner that will go through this training kit will learn the basic principles and methodology of physical activity in old age. He/she will gain a realistic insight of how a program should be shaped according to the elder’s status and conditions (autonomous/semi-autonomous). He/she will find about different materials, devices, equipment and applications used in the field. They will learn about pathologies, restrictions and ways to motivate elders to take action and to eliminate sedentary behaviour, which is on the top of risk factors of global mortality. Thus, they will provide better care services and they will become more attractive human resources for a wide range of employers in social care: NGOs, day centres for leisure or recovery, gyms, nursing homes etc.

The purpose of this study was analyze the effects of strength training on quadriceps muscle electromyographic activity and lower limb power in elderly women. 28 female volunteers aged 65.5 ± 3.6 years old were submitted to strength training for 12 weeks with a frequency of twice a week and were divided into: G1P (n=16, periodized group) and G2NP (n=12, non-periodized group). Electromyographic activity of vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis longus (VLL), oblique (VLO), rectus femoris (RF) muscles in knee extension movement, root mean square (RMS), median frequency (MF) were determined and lower limb power was analyzed by the jump test. There was an increase of RMS in the 30º knee flexion angle in

limb gives rise to enhancements in the performance of the opposite, untrained limb (Carroll, Herbert, Munn, Lee, & Gandevia, 2006). For this reason, unilateral leg training has received a great deal of attention for injury prevention, rehabilitation and performance enhancement training programs in recent times and is commonly used in physiotherapy programs for knee and ankle injuries (Uh, Beynnon, Helie, Alosa, & Renstrom, 2000). It has been reported that the cross-training process is primarily caused by adaptations in the central nervous system for the untrained limb following exercise training (Bezerra, Zhou, Crowley, Brooks, & Hooper, 2009; Dragert & Zehr, 2011; Everaert, Thompson, Chong, & Stein, 2010) and this may also affect the ability of homologous muscle in the untrained limb to sustain a continues contraction over the extend period of time. Thus, it is expected that unilateral resistance exercise training result in an increased time to task failure not only in the exercised muscle, but also in the untrained homologous muscle in the contralateral limb. However, there are no studies that have investigated time to task failure in homologous muscle in the contralateral limb

Background: Changes in the human body due to the aging process, especially the loss of strength and flexibility of the lower limbs can increase the risk of falls. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of selected Pilates, Pilates with Traband and Pilates exercises with both factors such as strength and flexibility of the lower extremities of non-athlete 50-60 years old. Materials and Methods: Thirty participants in this study have been randomly divided into three groups: quasi-experimental, Pilates (10), Pilates Traband (10) and Pilates (10). Before the beginning of the exercises, the strength of the lower limbs and static acceptance and the range of motion of extension and flexion of the thigh have been measured using the test of 30 sitting on a chair, static acceptance and goniometer, respectively. Moreover, all three groups as participated in a course of exercise. These exercises have performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 1 hour and have performed after the participants. Data have been analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA. Results: As result, all three groups show the significant progress due to exercise but there is not any significant variance between the groups, as none of the methods is not better than other training methods. Conclusion: performing Pilates exercises, Weight and Traband based on the availability of training equipment and facilities, is beneficial for the elderly, and this exercise may reduce the negative physical consequences and consequent treatment costs, and helps to slow down the aging process and is effective in improving the daily activities of the elderly.

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of six weeks pilates training on core muscles and BMI of obese children. Ten (10) male children aged 12 to 18 years from Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India have been selected and purposively divided into Pilates Training Group (PTG) (N=05) and Control Group (CG) (N=05) according to WHO BMI Index (Rush, 2004). Six weeks pilates training programme has been formulated to see the effectiveness of training programme on core muscles strength and BMI. The core muscles strength has been tested by ‘Bunkie Test’ through the performance of functional lines before the training starts and after completion of six weeks pilates training programme and BMI has been calculated by height and weight. Significant improvement in core muscles strength as well as on BMI has been found by analysing and comparing the pre-test and post-test score through descriptive analysis and ANCOVA among the obese children of PTG and CG. So it can be concluded that six week...

The aim of this research is to examine all the aspects concerning to the plyometric training, from the meaning of this term and its origin, to this training method history and the current papers published about it, to establish a methodological guideline that could orient to the trainers who seek to include plyometrics into their tranings. Even though it appears to be demonstrated that a concentric contraction preceded by an eccentric contraction may generate a greater strength than an isolated concentric one, there is no general agree concerning the optimum rate of previous stretching, the most appropriate joint angles or the possible contraindications of this sort of training. In this work we analyse the specific bibliography about this topic, focusing not only on neural-muscular factors but also on some aspects more related with organisation and distribution of training loads (programmes' duration, times between training sessions, number and intensity of the series...).

Exercises are commonly recommended for chronic neck pain, but evidence-based guidelines do not explain what types of exercise. The aim of this randomized study was to evaluate the rate of change in neck strength following high-and low-intensity neck muscle training and their effects on pain and disability. One hundred eighty women with chronic neck pain were randomized into a highintensity strength training group (STG), local muscle endurance training group (ETG), or control group (CG). The neck training consisted of isometric exercises in the STG and dynamic exercises in the ETG. Both groups performed dynamic exercises for the upper extremities. Strength tests, neck pain, and disability indices were evaluated at the baseline, at the follow-ups after 2 and 6 months in the training groups, and after 12 months in all groups. In both groups the greatest gains in neck strength, as well as decrease in neck pain and disability, were achieved during the first 2 months. However, the improvements continued up to 12 months. The STG achieved the greatest strength gains at all follow-ups. The CG showed only minor changes, and significant differences were found in favor of the training groups in all measures. The change in neck pain and disability indices correlated with the isometric neck strength (r ϭ Ϫ0.22 [Ϫ0.36 to Ϫ 0.08] to Ϫ0.36 [Ϫ0.49 to Ϫ0.23]). Neck and shoulder muscle training was shown to be an effective therapy for chronic neck pain, resulting in early improvement in both the strength tests and subjective measures. The results can be maintained and even improved with long-term training.

Background Adaptation to strength training in very old mobility-limited individuals is not fully characterized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a thorough investigation of the adaptation to a lower body strength training regime in this population, with particular emphasis on the relationship between changes in selected variables. Methods Twenty-two mobility-limited older men and women (85 ± 6 years) were randomized to either a group performing 30 min of heavy-load strength training three times a week, with daily protein supplementation, for 10 weeks (ST), or a control group. End points were leg lean mass assessed by DXA, muscle thickness assessed by ultrasound, isometric and dynamic strength, rate of torque development, and functional capacity. Results Leg lean mass increased from baseline in ST (0.7 ± 0.3 kg), along with increased thickness of vastus lateralis (4.4 ± 3.2%), rectus femoris (6.7 ± 5.1%), and vastus intermedius (5.8 ± 5.9%). The hypertrophy was accompanied by improved knee extensor strength (20-23%) and functional performance (7-11%). In ST, neither the change in leg lean mass nor muscle thickness correlated with changes in muscle strength. However, a strong correlation was observed between the change in isometric strength and gait velocity (r = 0.70). Conclusions The mismatch between gains in muscle size and strength suggests that muscle quality-related adaptations contributed to the increases in strength. The correlations observed between improvements in strength and function suggests that interventions eliciting large improvements in strength may also be superior in terms of functional gains in this population.

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Purpose: Resistance training is often performed in a traditional training style using deliberate relatively longer repetition durations or in an explosive training style using maximal intended velocities and relatively shorter repetition durations. Both improve strength, "power" (impulsivity), and speed. This study compared explosive and traditional training over a 6-week intervention in 30 healthy young adult male recreational soccer players. Method: Full body supervised resistance training was performed 2 times a week using 3 sets of each exercise at 80% of one repetition maximum to momentary failure. Outcomes were Smith machine squat 1 repetition maximum, 10 meter sprint time, and countermovement jump. Results: Both groups significantly improved all outcomes based on 95% confidence intervals not crossing zero. There were no between-group differences for squat 1 RM (TRAD = 6.3[5.1 to 7.6] kg, EXP = 5.2[3.9 to 6.4] kg) or 10 meter sprint (TRAD = -0.05[-0.07 to -0.04] s, EXP = -0.05[-0.06 to -0.03] s). Explosive group had a significantly greater increase in countermovement jump compared to the traditional group (TRAD = 0.7[0.3 to 1.1] cm, EXP = 1.3[0.9 to 1.7] cm). Conclusion: Both the traditional training and explosive training performed to momentary failure produced significant improvements in strength, speed, and jump performance. Strength gains are similar independent of intended movement speed. However, speed and jump performance changes are marginal with resistance training.

An inflammatory milieu is characteristic of HIV infection. Chronic inflammation, body composition, comorbidity, and physical activity levels may contribute to functional impairment in middle-aged HIV-infected adults. PURPOSE: To determine the relationship of inflammation (serum IL-6) on physical function, body composition, comorbidity, and physical activity in middle-aged adults with wellcontrolled HIV infection. METHODS: 359 HIV-infected subjects aged 45-65 years with plasma HIV-1 RNA <48 copies/mL, and on antiretroviral therapy >6 months underwent physical function testing. They were classified as low or high function by Fried's frailty phenotype and the Short Physical Performance Battery. A nested cohort matched by low and high function (LF, HF) had measures of serum IL-6 (ELISA) and body composition by densitometry. HIV comorbidity and physical activity (PA) were assessed using the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index and Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire (kcal/2 weeks). Physical function outcomes were 5-repeat chair rise pace (rises/sec), 400-m walk pace (m/min), and grip strength (kg, dynamometer). Appendicular skeletal muscle mass and fat mass were normalized to height (ASMI, FMI; kg/m 2 ). The associations of serum IL-6 with VACS, PA, body composition, and physical function were tested using Spearman's correlation and linear regression with an alpha level < .05. RESULTS: 78 subjects (30 LF, 48 HF), mean age 53 years, CD4 T-cell count 599, 16% female, 77% white, 17% Hispanic were included. Higher serum IL-6 was strongly correlated with slower chair rise (r= -.52), and 400-m walk (r= -.46) pace, and moderately correlated with lower grip strength (r= -.38), less PA (r= -.37), and greater VACS (r= 0.33; all p ≤ .003). IL-6 correlated weakly with lower ASMI (r= -.24, p=.03) and poorly with FMI (r= .10, p=.36). After adjusting for CD4 and smoking, IL-6 significantly (.001 < p < .01) predicted chair rise and 400-m walk pace, VACS, PA, and grip strength but not FI (p=.07) or ASMI (p=.14). CONCLUSIONS: In adults with HIV, serum IL-6 was more strongly associated with physical function than either lean or fat mass. Interventions aimed at increasing physical activity and reducing inflammation may improve the physical function of HIV-infected adults later in life. NIH R03AG040594, CTSA UL1TR000154

Powerlifters and strongman athletes have a necessity for optimal levels of muscular strength whilst maintaining sufficient aerobic capacity to perform and recover between events. HIIT has been popularized for its efficacy in improving both aerobic fitness and strength but never assessed within the aforementioned population group. The present study looked to compare the effect of exercise modality, e.g. a traditional aerobic mode (AM), and strength mode, (SM), during HIIT upon aerobic fitness and strength. Sixteen well resistance trained male participants, currently competing in powerlifting and strongman events, completed 8 weeks of approximately effort- and volume-matched HIIT in 2 groups: AM (cycling, n=8) and SM (resistance training, n=8). Aerobic fitness was measured as predicted V O_2Max using the YMCA 3 minute step test and strength as predicted 1RM from a 4-6RM test using a leg extension. Both groups showed significant improvements in both strength and aerobic fitness. There ...

The study's purpose was to compare the response of performing 1, 3, and 5 sets on measures of performance and muscle hypertrophy. Forty-eight men, with no weight training experience, were randomly assigned to one of the 3 training groups, 1 SET, 3 SETS, 5 SETS, or control group. All training groups performed 3 resistance training sessions per week for 6 months. The 5 repetition maximum (RM) for all training groups increased in the bench press (BP), front lat pull down (LPD), shoulder press (SP), and leg press (LP) (p # 0.05), with the 5RM increases in the BP and LPD being significantly greater for 5 SETS compared with the other training groups (p # 0.05). Bench press 20RM in the 3-SET and 5-SET groups significantly increased with the increase being significantly greater than the 1-SET group and the 5-SET group increase being significantly greater than the 3-SET group (p # 0.05). LP 20RM increased in all training groups (p # 0.05), with the 5-SETS group showing a significantly greater increase than the 1-SET group (p # 0.05). The 3-SET and 5-SET groups significantly increased elbow flexor muscle thickness (MT) with the 5-SET increase being significantly greater than the other 2 training groups (p # 0.05). The 5-SET group significantly increased elbow extensor MT with the increase being significantly greater than the other training groups (p # 0.05). All training groups decreased percent body fat, increased fat-free mass, and vertical jump ability (p # 0.05), with no differences between groups. The results demonstrate a dose-response for the number of sets per exercise and a superiority of multiple sets compared with a single set per exercise for strength gains, muscle endurance, and upper arm muscle hypertrophy.

The time course of muscular adaptation is unclear, especially for strength parameters measured by interpolated twitch technique, such as peak twitch torque, voluntary activation level and rate of toque development. Two male subjects participated in a longitudinal study over 11 weeks, with one pre-measurement, eight weeks of training and two weeks of detraining (rest). Resting twitch parameters decreased for both participants and only recovered to baseline level and above in the detraining phase. Voluntary quadricsps strength increased with training, with increasing activation level. The study shows the complexity of adaptation to intense strength training, being influenced by fatigue and individual factors and showing the need for a careful consideration of resistance training intensity in athletes prior to competition or scientific settings.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the possible changes in strength by means of a maximal repetition (1RM) with and without visual deprivation. The sample consisted of 20 male participants, aged 23.60 ± 3.15 years, body weight 83.65 ± 8.76 kg, height 1.80 ± 0.07 cm, BMI 25.86 ± 2.40 kg / m 2, healthy, adept at strength training. The test sessions were performed for the exercises: Horizontal supine (SH) and leg press 45 ° (LP). Student&#39;s t test was used to compare the 1RM tests in different methodologies (with and without visual deprivation). The use of eye sales stimulated significant increases in 1RM loading surveys in relation to non-use of horizontal bench press (0.7% p &lt;0.001) and leg press 45 ° (8.5% p &lt;0.001). The results demonstrate that the use of sales (visual deprivation) can result in the increase of the displaced overload, reaching the true capacity of lifting of load in trained men. Concluding that without visual deprivation, individuals are lik...

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Purpose:It is generally believed that sports can play an important role in developing life skills and positive youth development. The purpose of this study was to determine the views of Gomal University students’ athletes on the role that sports played in developing the important life skill of decision making. The time management, planning, dealing with adversity and adapting new situation were taken as decision-making skills. Materials:A sample of n=375 (male=334, female=41 completed questionnaires. The researchers collected the required information with the help of self-administered structured questionnaire encompassing the selected variables of the study. The responses were tabulated and analyzed with the help of computer software. Results:The results showed participants attributed a significant role for sports in developing decision-making skills such as time management, planning, dealing with adversity and adapting new situation (603** at 0.01) and significant correlation betwe...