Startup Ecosystems

Bu kitap; duygusal ve davranışsal bozukluklara sahip öğrenciler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen sınıf öğretmenleri, özel eğitim öğretmenleri ve alanda çalışan uzmanlar için hazırlanmış giriş niteliğinde bir uygulama kitabıdır. Her bir bozukluğun nedeni, tanımlanması, güncel araştırmalar ışığında verilmeye çalışılmış ve okul ortamındaki pratik uygulamalarla da anlatım zenginleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak belirli bir bozukluğun tüm yönlerine ilişkin temel yaklaşımla birlikte bilimsel olarak geliştirilmiş müdahele yöntemleri de verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu kitabın alanda yeni çalışmaya başlayan öğretmenler kadar güncel verilerle desteklenen tanı koyma ve müdahele stratejilrine önem vermesi nedeniyle alanda uzun süredir çalışmakta olan öğretmenlere ve uzmanlara da yararlı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Ünlü eğitim psikoloğu Robert Slavin'in Eğitim Psikolojisi kitabının onuncu baskısı, kuramı uygulamaya aktarma konusunda önemli bir eksikliği gidermekte ve öğretmenlerin sınıfta ihtiyaç duyabilecekleri alanlarda uygulayabilecekleri bilgileri içermektedir.

Kitap, yansıtıcı ve bilinçli bir öğretmenin uygulayabileceği en yeni araştırmaları sunarak, bilinçli öğretmen üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Slavin'e göre bilinçli öğretmen, uygulamasını devamlı surette yansıtan ve bu uygulamaların öğrencileri nasıl etkilediği hakkında net bir düşünceye dayalı olarak öğretim kararları veren kişidir.

Bu kitapta okuyucular alanda önemli ve yeni ortaya çıkan bazı konular ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu konulardan bazıları; 21. yüzyıl becerileri, ilk yıllarda dil ve okuma yazmanın gelişimi, iki dilli eğitim, nöroloji alanındaki yeni araştırmalar, iş birliğine dayalı öğrenme konusundaki son araştırmalar, okumada sorun yaşayan okuyucular için özel yardım, küçük gruplarla çalışma ve bilişim alanındaki en yeni araştırmalar, gelişmeler ve uygulamalardır. En ince ayrıntısına kadar güncel olan alıntılar, kitabın en güncel araştırmalar üzerine temellendirildiğinin bir göstergesidir. Bu kitapta, 656 yeni ve güncellenmiş kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynakların % 55'i 2000 yılı sonrasına aittir.

Robert Slavin, akademik derinliğini sergilerken aynı zamanda sanki ders anlatır gibi okuyucuları ile yüz yüze buluşmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Kitap yeni ve farklı bir yaklaşımla pek çok teorik bilgiyi uygulamalı olarak sunan, teorik bilgilerin kavramsal olarak uygulamaya nasıl dönüştürüleceğini göstererek öğretmeyi amaçlayan ve bunda başarılı olduğu açıkça belli olan iyi bir başvuru ve ders kitabı olarak öğrencilere ve eğiticilere önerilmektedir.

Recognizing the need of articulating the startup ecosystem's initiatives, the study was based on qualitative interviews to different members of the startup community, including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, incubators, event organizers and government officials.
The resulting report provided a comprehensive view of the state of entrepreneurship in Costa Rica including determinants such as culture, the startup community, the entrepreneur, the startup and funding.
The mapping provided local entrepreneurs with a consolidated guide of all supporting organizations in the startup ecosystem, their programs, target audience and contact information, as well as a series of best practices reported by more experienced members of the community.

O objetivo central deste livro é abordar, de forma sistematizada e simplificada, os principais aspectos referentes à regulação jurídica de modelos de negócios que, tanto pela particularidade de sua organização,q uanto por seu imenso potencial econômico, tem gradativamente conquistado a atenção de diferentes setores. São empreendedores que, a partir de ideias inovadoras e de impacto, mas que encerram muitas incertezas, desenvolvem modelos de negócios que possam gerar produtos ou serviços escaláveis e repetíveis, nos mais diversos tipos de mercados. Identificadas sob o termo de startup - hoje de quase unânime aceitação e utilização - tais atividades empresariais têm seu regime legal cercado por normas que muitas vezes são desconhecidas - ou, pior, involuntariamente negligenciadas - pelos empreendedores, acarretando em sérios e muitas vezes desnecessários riscos para estas nascentes e promissoras empresas. Tornou-se, desta forma, essencial a elaboração de material que permita aos empreendedores, investidores e demais interessados no ecossistema das startups o conhecimento dos diferentes e indispensáveis aspectos legais inerentes à adequada estruturação de seus empreendimentos. Neste sentido, este livro cobre relevantes assuntos que vão desde a regular constituição do empreendimento até questões como ecossistema empreendedor, a relação entre os sócios, captação de recursos financeiros próprios e de terceiros, proteção jurídica e forma de exploração econômica da tecnologia, além das obrigações de natureza trabalhista e tributária decorrentes destas atividades.

Startups are gaining attention from the policy makers across the globe in the recent years. A
paradigm shift has occurred in the concept of entrepreneurship as they are seen as the spring board for germinating innovation, triggering development and generating employment. The startup wave hit India in the last decade. Each state has started growing an ecosystem understanding the potential of entrepreneurship in the development of the state. The present study compares the startup ecosystem of Karnataka with that of Kerala. Karnataka occupies a unique position in the startup landscape of India. The study was undertaken with the help of secondary data. It was observed that each ecosystem has its own unique features. The increasing number of startups and supporting organizations in Karnataka shows the favorable micro and macro environment supporting startups.
Kerala is an emerging startup hub which is on its maturity stage where as Karnataka has moderately matured when compared with the rest of India.

This paper asks the following: what does Japan’s startup ecosystem look like now, how did it develop, and where is it headed? Japan’s historical postwar economic “catch-up” model revolved around a focus on large firms, which successfully delivered rapid economic growth and relatively high levels of social equity from the late 1950s through 1990 (Okimoto and Rohlen, 1988). However, since 1990, Japan’s economic growth stalled and the country experienced multiple recessions. Many of the factors that had been considered beneficial to Japan’s economic success such as long-term employment and stable corporate groups, were subsequently blamed for its slow growth. This was accentuated when new digital technologies brought new logics of competition and new global market dynamics with the rise of other Asian countries. The need to create a vibrant high growth startup ecosystem in Japan, contrasting that of the postwar large-firm centered model, therefore became one of the key foci of Japan’s policy and social goals since the mid-1990s. In the mid-1990s, when Silicon Valley was the focus of entrepreneurial dynamism worldwide, Japan’s startup ecosystem faced numerous barriers on almost all fronts.

From the late 1990s onwards, the Japanese government enacted a series of legal changes that improved the regulatory environment, lowering many of the barriers to creating a vibrant startup ecosystem in areas of financing, employment, M&A, and industry-university ties. At the same time, Japan’s gradual economic structural shift and performance crises at many large firms began feeding the startup ecosystem by lowering the relative attractiveness of large firms. As the Information Technology (IT) sector grew, it also embraced high labor mobility, as did the growing presence of foreign firms. Social norms began to shift, making it startups a more attractive career choice.

Currently, Japan’s startup ecosystem is more vibrant, with a greater potential to have a larger impact on Japan’s economy as well as industries worldwide, than the past few decades. The overall context of Japan’s economic remodeling since the 1990s, within which the current trajectory of Japan’s startup ecosystem is embedded, is best characterized by that of “syncretism.” While some areas remained traditional, such as regional banks and small-medium industries, new areas emerged, including the massive entry of foreign firms into previously protected areas of the economy, and a new high growth startup ecosystem. Other areas hybridized, combining traditional and new features, such as holding companies enabling financial institutions to enter various sectors, legal changes that allow for more diverse corporate governance structures, and increased variation in employment structures. The point of the concept syncretism, however, is that not everything hybridized; instead the distinct traditional, new, and hybrid areas remain. Japan’s evolving startup ecosystem, the topic of this paper, is part of the “new” areas of development.

Toplumsal etkileşimin olduğu her yerde, anlaşmazlıkların olması doğal ve kaçınılmazdır. Kişiler, gruplar ve toplumlar arası anlaşmazlıklar; doğru bir biçimde yönetildiğinde gelişimin, ilerlemenin, dönüşümün, barışın ve bütünleşmenin hem enerji kaynağı hem de motoru olabilmektir. Ancak, anlaşmazlıklar yanlış ve yıkıcı yaklaşımlarla yönetildiğinde ise; yıkımın, şiddetin, zulmün ve acının kaynağına dönüşmektedir.

Anlaşmazlıkları ortadan kaldırma, farklılığı ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Doğa ve insanlık, farklılığı ve çoklığı kabul etmeyi ve anlamayı gerektirir. Farklılığı ortadan  kaldırmaya çalışmak yerine; onu anlamaya ve nasıl yöneteceğimizi keşfetmeye başladığımızda, yolumuz anlaşmazlıklarımızı nasıl yöneteceğimizden geçmektedir. Anlaşmazlıkları nasıl yöneteceğimiz üzerine odaklandığımızda, karşımıza en temel yaklaşım ve paradigma olan "dönüşümsel arabuluculuk" çıkmaktadır.Dönüşümsel arabuluculuğun alanyazına en önemli katkısı, anlaşmazlık çözüm sürecinin toplumsal değerlerden ve kültürden bağımsız olmadığı,ideolojimizin ve inanç tarzımızın anlaşmazlıklara ilişkin değerlendirmelerimizi, tutumlarımızı ve anlaşmazlıklarımızı ele alış tarzımızı etkilediği düşüncesidir. Yine, dönüşümsel arabuluculuğun en ayırt edici özelliği, anlaşmazlıkları yönetim sürecinin, kişileri dönüştürebileceğine, geliştirebileceğine ve güçlendirebileceğine yönelik yapıcı ve olumlu duruşudur.

Bush ve P. Folger tarafından geliştirilen "dönüşümsel arabuluculuk modeli" ülkemizde, her sene mahkemelere taşınan yüz binlerce anlaşmazlığı, çekişmeyi ve ayrışmayı yüz yüze müzakere ederek yapıcı ve barışçıl olarak çözme kapasitesini güçlendirmek için bir fırsat ve araç olacaktır. Cezalandırıcı adalet anlayışından, onarıcı adalet anlayışına dönme çabalarına ışık tutacaktır.

Bu eser,içerdiği alternatif paradigma çerçevesinde hukuk sistemimize yeni giren arabuluculuk modelinin doğru ve amacına uygun kullanılması için de referans olacak anlamlı ve önemli bir eserdir. Buna ek olarak, anlaşmazlık çözümü üzerine çalışan hukukçulara, psikologlara, psikolojik danışmanlara, eğitimcilere, psikiyatristlere ve sosyal çalışmacılara hem kurumsal anlamda hem de somut anlaşmazlıkların ve çatışmaların yapıcı ve barışcıl yönetimi konusunda yol gösterecek temel bir başvuru kaynağı olacaktır.

There has been a prolonged discussion in Japan, followed by various policy actions, to create an environment conducive to startups in order to accelerate innovation. While much of the policy focus until now has been on how to import or duplicate various aspects of Silicon Valley, it is now time to add another stream of discussion to the conversation: how Japanese policymakers and corporations can best make use of Silicon Valley. In order to add this new stream of conversation, it is critical to first gain a shared in-depth understanding of Silicon Valley itself as an economic ecosystem—not simply how it functions today, but how and why it developed into its current form. Only by understanding the trajectory of development over time can we project how certain changes are likely to happen in the future, and what lessons should be drawn on how to harness the ecosystem for Japan.

This report provides an overview of the Silicon Valley ecosystem. It draws upon existing scholarship and original insights to derive a picture that is only partially well-known in Japan. Characteristics such as the critical role of large firms for the startup firm ecosystem, the role of Japanese firms in creating the US firms’ “open innovation” paradigm, and the severe lack of local government coordination in providing public transportation creating opportunities for disruptive startups such as Uber, are all aspects of Silicon Valley that are not well-known in Japan. This report also delves into industry-university ties in the crucial research universities of
Stanford and University of California Berkeley, highlighting the multifaceted and bidirectional interactions between universities and industry that are often not captured by the common “technology licensing office”-centered view. In the final section, this report briefly reviews a representative set of challenges often cited by large Japanese firms attempting to make use of the Silicon Valley ecosystem, concluding by suggesting areas for further research.

Chandigarh is a city and a union territory in India that serves as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana. The city is unique as it is not a part of either of the two states but is governed directly by the Government of India. Chandigarh is bordered by the state of Punjab to the north, the west and the south, and by the state of Haryana to the east. It is a part of the Chandigarh capital region or Greater Chandigarh, which includes Chandigarh, Panchkula (in Haryana) and cities of Kharar, Kurali, Mohali, Zirakpur (in Punjab). It is located 260 km north of New Delhi.

Chandigarh is also the first planned city in the country with a high standard of civic amenities. As a result, the city is a home to fair amount of business and commercial activity. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country.

The city was also reported to be one of the cleanest in India based on a national government study. The union territory is also one of the leaders among Indian states and territories according to HDI.

This chapter considers the relationship between the U.S. federal income tax system and innovation, using the sharing economy as a focal point for analysis. It makes two main points. First, the tax system is currently a questionable tool for encouraging innovation. Regulators are understandably concerned that taxpayers will use tax incentive provisions in unanticipated ways, and thus are inclined to tightly limit such provisions’ scope. This reduces incentive provisions’ net benefit to taxpayers, and can even cause such provisions to miss their marks entirely. Moreover, small and new companies are key drivers of innovation, and evidence suggests that they are relatively unresponsive to tax incentives.

Second, innovation can help improve the tax system. To fix a problem, one must first identify it; innovation provides opportunities to see where tax law is achieving its goals and where it is falling short. The sharing economy experience suggests some strengths, such as the tax system’s definition of income, as well as weaknesses, such as the dividing line between independent contractors and employees.

Anksiyete; kaygı veya başka bir deyişle endişe insanların deneyimlediği bir korku ve gerilim halidir. Bazı görüşlere göre yaşanan iç çatışmaların sonucudur. Bazılarına göre ise öğrenilmiş davranışlardır. Denetim dışına çıkıp kişinin işlevselliğini aksattığında rahatsızlık olarak adlandırılır.

Eskiden insanların ortalama ömürleri otuz beş yılken ve kendi küçücük dünyalarında yaşarken çoğu kez endişeli olmaya fırsatları olmazdı ve anksiyeteden söz edilmezdi. Oysa, globalleşmenin dünyayı adeta kocaman bir ülkeye dönüştürmesi , mobil teknolojilerin ve sosyal medyanın günbegün hayatımıza sirayeti, bilgisayarların gitgide insan gücünün yerini alması, rekabetin hızla artması, stresli yaşam koşulları ve tarihte hiç olmadığı kadar çok sayıda seçenek arasından karar verme mecburiyeti günümüzde anksiyeteyi en yaygın zihinsel rahatsızlık konumuna getirmiştir. Günümüzde sadece ABD'de yılda 40 milyon kişi anksiyete rahatsızlığından muzdarip olmakta, her dört kişiden biri ise hayatının bir noktasında onunla mücadele etmektedir.

Aksiyete Çağı'm adlı kitapta The Atlantic adlı derginin editörü olan yazar Scott Stossel, kendi yaşadığı ve hayatını etkileyen anksiyete sorununu keşfetmek üzere çıktığı cesur yolculuğu okurlarla paylaşmaktadır. Bu yolculukta Stossell, insanlara büyük ısdırap veren , ancak çoğu kez zayıflık olarak görülen bu illeti; arka planda yıllardan beri incelediği genetik ve sinirbilimi bulguları ve anksiyete tarihi olmak üzere kendisinin ve yakın aile bireylerinin şaşırtıcı hayat hikayesi eşliğinde esprili bir dille ve büyük bir içtenlikle anlatmaktadır.Kitapta ayrıca, anksiyete kıskacına sıkışmış dünyaca ünlü kişilere ve onların hikayelerine de yer verilmektedir.

Összefoglalás: A technológiai szektor kulcsszerepet játszhat a Covid-válságot követő gazdasági talpra állásban. Korábbi tapasztalatok alapján a krízis várhatóan új startup-ökoszisztémák felemelkedését is elő fogja mozdítani. A lehetőségek és kihívások értékelésekor Magyarországot és azon belül Budapestet olyan helyszínekkel érdemes összehasonlítani, amelyeket az ország vagy a főváros mérete, a helyi gazdaság fejlettségi szintje, illetve egy globálisan jegyzett ökoszisztéma építésének potenciálja hasonlóvá tesz hazánkhoz. Az elemzés Portugáliával, Észtországgal és Lengyelországgal hasonlítja össze Magyarországot különböző nemzetközi versenyképességi és innovációs rangsorokban elért helyezések alapján. Az összevetés tükrében hazánk mellett szól az általános innovációs teljesítmény, az angol nyelvtudás szintje, a hálózati infrastruktúra kiépítettsége, valamint a javuló finanszírozási lehetőségek. A számos megoldandó feladat közül kiemelkedik a humánerőforrás mennyiségi problémája. A kihívások kezelésében segíthet a Portugáliához hasonló, gyors ütemben fejlődő ökoszisztémák jó gyakorlatainak tanulmányozása.

Over the past few years, the concept of smart cities as a tangible template for sustainable urban development has gained increasing attention. The concept is characterized by a greater use of modern information and communication technologies (ICT), the inclusion of city stakeholders in urban development, and new forms of urban governance. Also of major importance in smart cities is local entrepreneurial innovation, as it contributes to economic growth and provides solutions to urban challenges. Past research has identified the smart city as a city with a higher entrepreneurial activity and shows that key attributes of a smart city favour the activity of startups and SMEs. Yet, it remains unexplored whether all the developmental requirements of startups are, in fact, addressed and answered by the attributes of a smart city.
In this thesis, the author investigates this research gap by focusing on digital startups and using the elements of a local innovation ecosystem as a proxy for startup requirements. Based on an analysis of the quantitative data of 28 European cities from two city indices – the Smart Cities 4.0 Ranking and the European Digital City Index – the author first confirms the theory that smarter cities provide a beneficial environment for the innovation ecosystems of digital startups. Further analysis of this relationship reveals that smart cities fulfil most of the requirements of digital startups. Elements that stand out in particular are the higher living standard and the greater market demand for digital products and services that smart cities provide. However, the two most relevant elements to startups, meaning the access to capital and to mentoring and managerial assistance, remain mostly unaddressed by the smart city. It appears that, the more specific these elements are to an entrepreneurial environment, the less likely it is that the smart city ensures the presence of these elements.
Based on the results, it appears digital startups successfully identify beneficial locations and markets, and policy makers equally successfully target gaps in their support of the innovation ecosystem. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of the relationship to single elements of the ecosystem and the impact of smart city strategies on them over an extended period of time.

Bu kitap, girişimci olarak yeni bir işe başlayan ya da girişimci olup işlerini sistemli ve stratejik olarak büyütmek isteyen kişilere girişimciliğin tüm yönlerini kapsayan pratik bir rehberdir. Özellikle 21. yüzyılda girişimciliğin kaçınılmaz gerekliliği olan fırsatların hızlı olarak geliştirilip, karlı şirketlere dönüşmesinde gerekli olan stratejiyi sistemli olarak okuyucuları adım adım yönlendirmektedir. Başarılı bir işletme oluşturmak için gerekli tüm prosedürler bu kitapta mevcutdur:
Düzgün yasal altyapıyı,
İş modelleri ve planları,
Organizasyon modelleri,
Pazarlama stratejileri,
Güçlü finansal alt yapı,
Fikri Sınai Mülki Haklar
Patentleme ve Lisanslama
Müşteri ihtiyaç analizleri ve müşteri memnuniyeti.
Günümüzde piyasaları büyüten küçük işletme ve girişimcilerin haberleriyle dolu. Girişimcilik özellikle de küçük işletmelerin girişimcilik hareketi küresel ekonomide büyük bir güç haline geldi. Dünya çapında politika yapıcılar artık küçük ama dinamik girişimcilerin, ekonomik gelişme ve refahın artmasında oynadıkları önemli rolden haberdarlar. Yaratıcı, müşteri odaklı, yeni ürün ve hizmetler sunan,kendilerini başarılı olmaya adamış, dinamik, kararlı kadın ve erkek girişimcilerin ellerinde yeni bir girişimcilikten söz edilmekte. İste bu kitap, bu yeni girişimcilik için okuyuculara yol haritası vermekte. Girişimciliğin öğretilebilecek önemli sırlarını vererek, empati yoluyla küçük değerlerden nasıl fark yaratabileceğine vurgu yapmaktadır. Ayrıca kitap sosyal inovasyon ve sosyal girişimcilik ile ekonomik refah sağlamanın ötesinde dünyayı daha yaşanılası bir yer haline getirmedeki sistemi de sunmaktadır. Kitabın en önemli vurgusu ise bu yeni girişimcilik ruhuna sahip olanların daha kolay bir şekilde pek çok insanın yaşam standartlarını artırma becerisini kanıtlayan sosyo-ekonomik-kültürel-çevresel devrime liderlik etme üzerine kurgulanmıştır. Küçük işletmelerin yönetiminde ve/ya girişimcilik derslerinde bu kitabı kullanarak yaşadığımız toplumda ya da dünya çapında kısa-orta-uzun süreli olumlu değişiklikler meydana getirmek mümkün olacaktır. Sosyo-ekonomik-kültürel-çevresel değişim ve dönüşüme katkı sağlayan bu kitap ile iş başarısı ve finansal zenginlik elde etmek ve yeni girişimcilerden olmak için düşünme şeklini değiştiren ve stratejik hedefleri koyarak gerçekleştirmeyi sağlamak kolay olacaktır.

Bu kitapla ilk seanstan son seansa kadar, yardım ilşikisini yapılandırmanın yollarını gösteren bir haritaya sahip olacaksınız. Kitap boyunca ilişki kurma konusunda ilişkinin yapısını ve danışmanlık sürecini; anlama konusunda problemi analiz etmeyi, duyguları, düşünceleri iletişim ve eylemleri değerlendirmeyi; değişim konusunda ise tüm bu alanlarda yapılan müdahaleleri ve belirli teknikleri öğreneceksiniz. Her bir bölümdeki etkinlikler ile ilgili becerileri uygulama yoluyla edinme ve kitap sonunda kazanımlarınızı yeniden değerlendirme imkânı bulacaksınız.

This academic thesis takes into consideration the startup ecosystems of Silicon Valley (United States) and Bangalore (India). Bangalore is a city where considerable efforts have been dedicated to the promotion of the innovation since more than one decade. Today, in India, the city of Bangalore exemplifies a successful and world famous ecosystem of innovation which was comparatively set up decades ago in Silion Valley. Therefore, I took the opportunity of doing an internship at swissnex India in Bangalore to explore this startup ecosystem and depict its features in comparison with Silicon Valley’s. Even though there are differences between United States and India based on culture, society and economy, as to the structure of their respective startup ecosystem we can for sure draw points of analysis to identify and understand the levers by which innovation and entrepreneurship can be fostered to make a startup ecosystem successful and drive economic development in a region: high-impact entrepreneurs, community and culture, government and regulation, universities and education, incubators and accelerators, and capital sources.

Despite the ubiquity of small towns, the forces shaping entrepreneurship in cities of limited size, reach, and scope are unexamined. To address the lack of attention to small town entrepreneurship, a comparative-case study of two small towns (Newton Falls, Ohio and Geneva, Ohio) was conducted. The study examines how and to what extent entrepreneurial activity manifests in small towns and identifies the strategies and contextual forces that promote and hinder small town entrepreneurship. Findings reveal (a) a variety of entrepreneurial activities occur in small towns, (b) community members engage in market and community-based strategies to encourage entrepreneurship, and (c) there is an ecosystem of economic and community dynamics that spur and discourage entrepreneurial activity. The findings contribute to research on entrepreneurship and economic development in small towns and generate practical implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.

India is the second biggest crowded nation on the planet with 1.2 billion populaces. To conceal this huge populace there exist enormous potentiality of job market India. In any case, according to the most recent Asia Pacific Human Development Report, India is confronting serious scarcity of job among young graduates. To tackle this, Government of India in 2016 came up with a new action plan called start-up India. The objective is to encourage the young population of India to take up entrepreneurial role and be job creator rather job seekers. It also hopes to accelerate of the start-ups movement from IT sector to a wide range of sectors including agriculture, manufacturing, etc. By providing various Financial assistance and Incentives, Industry-Academic collaboration.

Vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems – systems of inter-related forces that promote and sustain regional entrepreneurship – are increasingly viewed as sources of innovation, economic development, and community revitalization. Regions with emerging, underdeveloped, or depressed economies are attempting to develop their nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems in the hopes of experiencing the positive benefits of entrepreneurial activity. For nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems to grow requires resources. However, it is not clear how nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems manage their resource dependencies and the tensions that exist between creating and attracting resources. The purpose of this paper is to propose a theory of nascent entrepreneurial ecosystem resource dependence.

This conceptual paper analyzes entrepreneurial ecosystems as meta-organizations and builds on resource dependence theory to explain how nascent ecosystems respond to environmental dependencies and their resource needs through internal and external strategies.

We explore two specific strategies used by nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems to manage resource dependence – bridging and buffering. We propose a positive relationship between the resource dependence of a nascent entrepreneurial ecosystem and its use of bridging and buffering activities. We also identify two ecosystem characteristics that influence the pursuit of bridging and buffering: ecosystem size and the presence of collaborative values. In addition, we theorize that resource dependence strategies influence a key, system-level characteristic of entrepreneurial ecosystems: resilience, the ecosystem’s ability to respond and adapt to internal and external disruptions.

The theory presented generates insights into how nascent entrepreneurial ecosystems create and obtain resources when ecosystems are unmunificent, resource-constrained, or underdeveloped. Our theorizing addresses which resource dependence strategy – buffering or bridging – has a stronger link to resource dependence (and resilience) and under what conditions these linkages occur. We generate insights for research on entrepreneurship in emerging and developed economies and produce practical implications for ecosystem participants, policy-makers, and economic development organizations.

This research investigates the phenomenon of startup communities, focusing on a single case study of Tokyo, conducted in the spirit of grounded theory. The empirical component is primarily based on 34 semi-structured interviews and participant observations of fourteen events and co-working spaces conducted in Tokyo in January 2016.

This research nuances and enriches our understanding of the phenomenon by finding that startup communities in Tokyo are changing, are compartmentalized, and their role is contingent on goals and stage of development of different types of participants. Moreover, the core analytical category of ‘startup community’ was found to function in either a loose meaning, as an agglomeration of multiple tangible startup communities, or in specific meaning, as a particular space or organization, the latter meaning being more salient and prevalent. Based on the above findings, this research introduces a new definition of startup community, as well as a number of hypotheses on how startup communities in Tokyo can be potentially improved to be more beneficial for their participants.

Further research is necessary to test the proposed hypotheses and to evaluate to what extent the theory generated from the analysis of the case study of Tokyo, is also applicable to startup communities in other cities or regions.

This study aims to articulate the students' perception about cyber bullying, particularly on social media. Even though ICT technology provides a large number of benefits, particularly those who are young, as Campbell (2005) has pointed out that it has also a "dark side" (p. 68). Particularly after the intensive and extensive use of the social media, the impact of the cyberbullying has dramatically increased, but it is rarely discussed and prevented. Hence, in this study, the forty-five participants were selected from two different universities and by using phenomenological analysis (Moustakas, 1994), eight research questions were answered in the semi-structured interviews, which were approximately 45 minutes in length. By gathering theoriginal data were gathered from 'naive' descriptions the experiences related to cyber bullying were taken into account based on reflection and interpretation of the participant's different stories. The collected data were analyzed in Atlas.ti 6 in order to make depth study. Additionally, there were limitations in terms of selecting the participants since a few students wanted to share their personal experiences. As a result, the data showed that the students had inevitably affected by the cyber bullying in the social media in many ways. Among ali these students, the female students had been influenced to a greater degree comparing to male students. Most (96%) of the participants agreed that social relations had changed a lot and they had to have connections with their friends through the social media. The students— particularly females—viewed cyber bullying as a problem, but no one rarely discussed at the university. More importantly a large number (89%) felt loneliness and they did not know how to behave properly. Most (91%) students did not see any helpful resources when dealing with cyber bullying. Students (82%) were currently experiencing the majority of cyber bullying instances outside of the school day, but they had direct relationship with the events at the university. Students (84%) were not able to suggest some basic strategies in order to deal with cyber bullying. They (79%) agreed that they did not know how to respond to cyberbullying. Additionally, a large number of the (94%) participants agreed that the effects would be different on the elite environments comparing to the socially disadvantaged environments. They (96%) pointed out that the future of social media had been changing in terms of education and learning so that they did not have any chance to ignore the social media. Most (85%) of the participants clarified that the university social environment, centres and counselling offices would develop a better network and understanding in order to decrease cyber bullying. Most (88%) participants articulated that cyber bullying on the socail media would develop particuiar problems and would change the culture of social life. Most (81%) claim that social media are important not only for their social life but also for their Professional life so that they did not want to see their private photographs on the walls of their friends. These (61%) participants strongly pointed out that
privacy was remarkably important for the individuals but it was not controlled. Furthermore, most (92%) participants mentioned that the autonomy in the social media would make the individulas aggressive due to the fact that there was not any law and regulations to.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems, the set of forces that generate and sustain regional entrepreneurial activity, are a growing focus of scholars and practitioners. Studies are beginning to draw attention to the role of cultural artifacts, including narratives, in the functioning of entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, the mechanisms driving narratives’ effects on ecosystem participants are unexamined. The purpose of this paper is to develop theory that explains the influence of entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives on how audiences process information. It is theorized that differences among ecosystems can, in part, be explained by differences in the properties of the narratives that take hold in them. Specifically, propositions are developed about four properties that represent sources of variation among ecosystem narratives: their ability to capture attention, influence the cognitive and emotional encoding of information, and be memorable. Further, it is argued that the maturity of the entrepreneurial ecosystem influences the novelty and potency of narrative effects. By integrating theories of cognitive and social psychology, narrative theory, and entrepreneurship, this paper advances our understanding of how narratives about entrepreneurial ecosystems influence audiences.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems – the inter-connected set of organizing forces that produce and sustain regional entrepreneurial activity – are receiving heightened attention. Research finds that narratives about ecosystem participants discursively construct entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, studies do not emphasize ecosystem- and region-level narratives, do not focus on ecosystems in which narratives are contested, and, thus, do not examine how ecosystem narratives compete with other regional narratives. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theory that explains how narratives and entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge and change in response to existing regional narratives.

A longitudinal process model is proposed to explain how entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives emerge and compete with other regional narratives. To illustrate the phases of the model, archival data was collected from three entrepreneurial ecosystems (Warren and Youngstown, Ohio; Chattanooga, Tennessee) where new narratives have had to overcome entrenched economic and cultural narratives.

It is theorized that entrepreneurial ecosystems emerge, in part, through discourse. For an entrepreneurial ecosystem to develop, a narrative must take hold that allows participants to make sense of the new entrepreneurial activities and the changes to the region. A four-phase process model is presented to explain how entrepreneurial ecosystem narratives compete with other regional narratives and, particularly, negative economic narratives.

The theory developed in this paper contributes to research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and organizational narratives and generates practical implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs seeking to promote entrepreneurship as a tool for economic development.

Mitler, bazı gizemli olayların neden gerçekleştiğini açıklamak veya nasıl davranmamız ve düşünmemiz gerektiğini doğrulamak amacıyla ortaya çıkan ve nesilden nesile aktarılan hikâyelerdir. Kültürler, etraflarındaki dünyayı açıklamak için mevcut bilgilerden faydalanamadıklarında mitler üretirler. Pek çok insanın yaratıcı olmakla ilgili yanlış inançları vardır. Bu yanlış inanç nedeniyle de yaratıcılıklarını tam olarak kullanamazlar. Yaratıcı bireylerin ve firmaların başarıları üzerindeki en son araştırmalardan biri bu kitabın yazarı David Burks'e aittir.
Elinizdeki bu kitap, yaratıcılık ile ilgili sahip olabileceğimiz yanlış fikirler ve gerçekler ile bizleri yüzleştirip, en iyi fikir ve projeleri, araştırma ve programları bulmak için bizlere pratik bir yöntem sunmaktadır. Özellikle, birçok kişinin ya da organizasyonun yaygın olarak kullandığı 10 yanlış yaratıcılık efsanesinin üzerinde durarak yeni bir sistem önermektedir. Kitapta, tamamıyla yenilikçi stratejileri tasarlayabilmek için yaratıcılık hakkındaki yanlış efsaneleri dolayısıyla da ön yargıları nasıl ortadan kaldırabileceğimiz konusunda cesur fikirler sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca kitap, yaratıcılığın ilham alınarak, bazen tesadüfi gerçekleştiğine ve biraz da şansa bağlı kalındığına dair fikirlerimizi değiştirecek bir kitaptır. Bunun için, özellikle pek çok gence yön veren kişilerin okuması gereken bir kitap konumundadır; gerek büyük gerekse küçük şirketlerde fark oluşturmak isteyen bireyler ve yöneticiler için el kitabı niteliğindedir.
Günümüzde rekabetçi küresel pazarlarda ve ortamlarda kaliteli, hızlı, ihtiyaçlara yönelik yenilikçi ürünler, hizmetler veya süreçler sunmak kaçınılmazdır. Bir diğer anlamda, yenilikçiliğe odaklı yüksek değer oluşturan işler için bizlerden yaratıcı olmamız, yeni ve kullanışlı fikirler geliştirmemiz beklenmektedir. Yenilikçi fikirlerin ortaya çıkması şansa bırakılamaz.
Yaratıcılık ile ilgili ilk dar boğaz, toplumların oluşturduğu mitler ile karşı karşıya kalınmasıdır. Mitlerin ortadan kaldırılacağı yenilikçi fikirler üretmek için kullanılabilecek, bilimsel açıdan kanıtlanmış bir yaratıcılık modeline ihtiyaç vardır. Müthiş fikirler üretmek için bir dış güç inancına bel bağlamak zorunda değiliz. İhtiyacımız olan her şeye zaten kendi içimizde sahibiz. Akıcı bir üslupla ve örneklerle anlatılan bu kitapta, yaratıcılığın efsaneleri, yenilikçiliğe götüren süreçlerin üzerindeki sır perdelerini aralamaktadır.
David Burks, Yaratıcılık Mitleri adlı bu kitabında yenilikçiliği tetikleyen inanışların, engellerin ve güçlerin gizemini çözmeye yardımcı oluyor. Kitap boyunca, her bölümde bilimsel açıdan konuyu destekleyecek farklı örnekler bulabilirsiniz. Yenilik çalışmalarını geliştirmek isteyen herkes için Yaratıcılık Mitleri yeni fikirler bulmak açısından mutlaka okunması gereken önemli bir kitap.

In Turkey, most university administrators and academic staff members are not yet fully aware of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Researchers often have difficulty in licensing opportunities that can provide additional revenue streams due to the lack of either strategic policies set by the administration or a dedicated technology transfer (or licensing) office (TTO). This paper attempts to shed some light
on the relationship between intellectual property rights and licensing awareness in Turkish universities as well as how this is affected by the lack of TTOs. Semi-structured exploratory interviews were conducted with 45 researchers in two different faculties (Medicine and Engineering). Results show that most of the participants, including a higher-than-expected percentage from the Faculty of Engineering,
were not aware of the importance of the technology that they had developed in terms of licensing and royalties that they could earn. In conclusion, it can be said that universities in Turkey have to undergo a policy change regarding managerial issues, especially with regards to Technology Transfer Offices. Increasing the visibility of technology transfer options and agreements, as well as further research on this topic, is recommended.

The notion of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) has garnered considerable attention in the academic discourse. However, quite often this notion is treated as just a biological metaphor that should not be taken too seriously. I challenge this view and ask in a thought experiment what could be learned from the management of natural ecosystems to assist the development of EEs. The outcome is a novel, service-based definition of EEs and five suggested principles for the management of EEs that might advance theorizing on them and future empirical analysis.

Thousands of Calgary jobs have been lost due to the prolonged slump in oil. In fact, economic models demonstrate the impact will not be just in the Calgary region but will impact the broader Canadian economy. The provincial and municipal governments understand the impact of low oil prices on the local economy; both have been focussing on bringing tech companies to the Calgary region as a way to diversify Calgary’s economy. However, Calgary has some catching up to do; after so much focus on oil and gas, the city is behind in term of progress when compared to regions like the Toronto-Waterloo innovation corridor. This research project uses use Silicon Valley’s success factors as a framework to answer the question “can Calgary transition to a technology-based economy? And if so, how?”

There are several preliminary indicators that Calgary is a strong candidate to become a technology innovation hub, but the question remains: Can Calgary transition to a technology-based economy following in Silicon Valley’s footsteps? And what steps will need to be taken by the various groups involved in building this new economy?

This research project has been based on three main parts:

1) A literature review on the various conditions that led to the success in Silicon Valley’s success
2) A set of interviews with local leaders to ascertain the Calgary region’s strengths and weaknesses.
3) An analysis comparing those success factors to the results of the interview with local leaders and a set of recommendations to fill identified gaps within the Calgary eco-system.

While research has been done into various European, African, and Asian communities and the strengths and weaknesses of their approach to technology development, this research project has focussed on the specific strengths and weaknesses of the Calgary region’s economy and technology startup ecosystem.

Interviews were done with leaders who directly participate in the technology ecosystem today, ranging from founders and senior leaders in startups, to senior employees at existing corporations, to support organization leaders, and finally to government and academic employees. Candidates were selected to try and ensure all part of the innovation cluster ecosystem were represented. Interviews were conducted in person or over the phone and interviewees were asked a standard set of forty-nine questions across the six different categories: entry barriers, networks, research entities, social norms, ecosystem supports, and sources of talent. Transcripts were then analyzed for qualitative trends, looking for similar and diverging responses, highlight strengths and gaps in the Calgary region.

Six participants agreed to be interviewed that represented support organizations, startup founders, existing corporations, and post-secondary academic leaders.

After interviewing and analyzing the data, it is clear the Calgary region’s technology ecosystem is young and developing. Looking at the age-adjusted rankings, you can see the picture looks bright for the evolution of a healthy ecosystem. However, when looking at the current ecosystem on a global scale, the Calgary region is quite weak, competitively speaking.

Research participants highlight that Calgary is currently a fifth-tier technology city worldwide. This is a result of the key gaps in the level of talent, research, and corporate involvement in the ecosystem. The support organizations are here to help new companies grow and develop, but those three barriers will prevent a significant development of the ecosystem. The federal, provincial, and municipal governments will need to work together to address those gaps in a coordinated fashion. Local corporations need to step up and become more involved, acting as customers or partners to these new firms.

The aim of this book is to understand the effects of neo-liberal economies and globalization on education policies where they create inequalities and conflicts. However, the main goal of education is defined as a radical democratization in the schools through the transformation of knowledge. Curriculum plays important role in the transformation of knowledge and it is crucial to build a radical transformation of the societies. From this perspective, three alternative curricula, namely, Peace Education and Conflict Resolution Education, and Peace Education and Conflict Resolution Education combined are implemented and evaluated to investigate the effects on pre-service tecahers' Emotional Intelligence, Self-concept, and Conflict Resolution Skills. The findings indicated that the Peace Education, Conflict Resolution Education, and the Peace Education and the Conflict Resolution Education combined curricula has significant effects on Emotional Intelligence, Self Concept and Conflict Resolution Skills. Among these three curricula, the Peace Education and Conflict Resolution Education combined has the highest effects on Emotional Intelligence, Self Concept and Conflict Resolution Skills.

Psikoloji ve Yaşam'ın Bu 19. Basımı Richard Gerrig ve Philip Zimbardo arasındaki beşinci iş birliğidir. Psikolojiyi insan refahıyla ilgili bir bilim olarak gördüğümüz ve bu alanda ihtisaslaşmanın önemine inandığımız için birlikteliğimiz güçlendi. Psikolojinin bilimsel kesinliğinin çağdaş yaşamın kaygılarına ışık tutması nedeniyle, öğretim deneyimlerimizi de bu metinde ilişkilendirerek, bu kitabı ortaya çıkardık. Dahası , Richard'ın bilimsel psikolojideki uzmanlığı bu kitapta önemli bir tamamlayıcılık sağlamıştır. Baş yazar olarak Richard Psikoloji ve Yaşam kitabında, psikolojideki, özellikle bilişsel ve sinir bilim alanlarındaki hızlı değişimlerden en kapsamlı şekilde haberdar etmektedir. Böylece, Psikoloji ve Yaşam, öğrencilerinizin yaşamlarına önemli psikolojik iç görüleri kazandıran yaklaşımı ile önemli bir geleneği sürdürüyor.19. basım bu güzel iş birliğinin bir ürünüdür.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) are receiving intense attention. However, the revitalization of inactive EEs in unmunificent contexts is understudied. To investigate this phenomenon, an inductive study was conducted of a once-vibrant EE that became dormant because of an undiversified industrial base and a precipitous decline in its regional economy. The study revealed that the community members working to revitalize the city's EE ("EE champions") used a holistic collection of economic, socio-cultural, community, and discursive strategies. The findings have implications for scholars focused on entrepreneurship in atypical contexts, the micro-foundations of EEs, and EE leadership. The study also generates concrete insights for practitioners seeking to reinvigorate EEs.

This article revises the effects of the metacognition development on project-based learning by giving different cases for the graduate level students (n=86) at the innovation and entrepreneurship courses. The objective of the article is to understand clearly and deeply how metacognitive learning methodologies affect the learning process and outcome. As a result, cases in which everyday challenges, such as social, economic, cultural, and environmental are solved develop better environments for the development of metacognition due to the fact that the highest ‘meta-level’ of cognition is implicated. In the project-based learning, by solving different problems it is possible to develop creative ideas while improving highly developed skills.
© 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the ERPA Congress 2014.
Keywords: metacognition; development; project based learning; metacognitive skills; learning process

The study reported in this paper compared the effects of two approaches of blended learning on students’ learning outcomes in courses on intellectual property rights and patents. One group of students followed three weeks of online graduate courses and underwent peer assessment. In a second group of students, the online work and peer assessment were combined with active face-to-face experience-based learning. Pre and post-tests were used to measure the students’ knowledge about intellectual property rights and patents. In addition, a questionnaire was used to gather data on the students’ opinions regarding course arrangement and implementation, digital learning, the learning environment, and their knowledge, understanding, and implementation of intellectual property rights and patents. The data were quantitatively analyzed to determine whether the two blended learning approaches differed in terms of the effects measured. The findings show that the students approved of the online courses and also the face-to-face learning. These findings may reflect approval of the decrease in costs and time. The implication is that active face-to-face experience-based learning should supplement online courses with peer assessment, as this combination led to more successful learning outcomes among students taking courses on intellectual property rights and patents.

The paper, which is related to two previous works, has two objectives. The first objective is the identification of Italian startup companies that are actually financed by external investors (such as venture capital funds, business angel networks or individual business angels, industrial firms operating as financiers of innovative firms). This identification is carried out through the empirical examination of a large sample of articles of association of s.r.l. and S.p.A. registered in the special section of the italian company register in the years 2019-2020.

The second objective is to verify how the by-laws of Italian VC-financed start-ups concretely address some specific problems posed by Italian company law, with particular regard to the reformed s.r.l.
regulations. In this perspective, the study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first empirical contribution to investigate the contractual architecture of the Italian innovative start-up world.

The purpose of the SLAP project is developing ecosystem for processes aimed at improving the efficiency of qualitative pre-assessment of the research and innovation projects in the field of ICT.  The SLAP project displays 3  major benefits:
 Speed to help companies innovate faster, value faster.
 Qualitative evaluation and validation of the science-intensive projects, and reduced uncertainty for value proposition by implementing based on fuzzy inference prediction model.
 Trustable, Transparent, and Secure intellectual property management solution based on BlockChain technology and Smart contracts.

Problem Statement: Transferring technology from university labs to startups at techno-parks is expensive and takes time.Therefore,blended learning has been using to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of technology transfer.
Research Questions: in this study, how the blended learning can significantly affect the technology transfer from the university labs to the startups at the university technology parks is studied.
Purpose of Study: The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative practice model called blended learning at the technology parks to enhance the effective and efficient technology transfer experiences. Hence,the design,methodology,and approach in technology transfer have changed by empowering the blended Iearning-online, mobile, and face to face learning.
Research Methods: in this study, 46 participants were randomly selected and randomly placed into a technology transfer group (n=23) and a control group (n=23). The data were collected through intensive interviews and analyzed by using Atlas.ti 7.The learning experiences and outcomes were articulated and compared through pre and post tests,including the control groups.
Findings: The results shovved blended learning had increased motivation of the participants.Most(89%)of the participants agreed they could not find time and money even though they needed the intensive know-how in terms of the technology transfer in their field that they could reach from the experts at the university .They learnt additional info to improve their products and services.
Conclusions: The experiences in blended learning could öpen new perspectives in empovvering the startups in technology transfer.The shareholders at the university labs and startups could not find enough time and even money to increase efficiency and effectiveness of the technology transfer.Hence,face to face learning on online and mobile can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the technology transfer. Key Words: Technology Transfers,Techno-parks, Higher Education,Blended Learning

Problem Statement: Today’s ever-changing educational environment has created a need for new leadership styles
that encourage positive change and improvement. In Turkish universities, the most commonly used leadership models are the classic and/or traditional ones, which lead to stagnation in innovation and entrepreneurship. Only a limited number of universities are actively engaged in innovative research activities and achieve success in terms of entrepreneurship and cooperative work with industry. Abroad effort is needed to improve cooperation and encourage leadership development.
Purpose of Study: This paper attempts to show and critically analyze the role of leadership models of university management in creating a learning environment for innovation and entrepreneurship.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 different faculty members and 12 graduate students over a period of three months at three different universities in
Istanbul. Interviews were centered on 6 core research questions. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the interview outcomes. The data were analyzed using the Atlas.ti 7 software kit.
Findings and Results: A large percent age of the participants,
78%, mentioned that participatory democracy is an important new leadership model that can empower innovation and entrepreneurship. Most respondents, 80%, also identified the important role of intensive collaboration with industry managers. In the transformation of the university, a significant percentage of the participants, 69%, agreed that
experts should be frequently consulted and their views taken into consideration. Slightly more than half of the participants, 54%, said that their university could do more to encourage innovation and innovative ideas from students and faculty members; out of the respondents who expressed this idea, the majority, 86 %, said that new leadership and
management styles would be critical in promoting this change.
Conclusions and Recommendations: As the current study shows, universities that apply new leadership styles create an
environment more conducive to fostering entrepreneurship and innovation. Consistent with previous research, the leadership model of university management plays a vital role
in universities’ readiness to accept innovative and entrepreneurial changes. Universities should adopt new leadership styles instead of using conservative and traditional leadership models that discourage innovation
and entrepreneurship. Generally speaking, democratic leadership models are more effective at fostering open innovation. In the new management framework, leaders can create new environments and spaces, such as technology transfer offices, to collaborate with industry.

Lo studio dell’economia dello sviluppo come sistema complesso e caratterizzato da una grande varietà di fattori fa sì che questa disciplina si presti ad un’analisi di tipo poliedrico, che può portare ad indagini non convenzionali e di fattispecie apparentemente non legate tra loro, ma che in realtà convivono in una situazione di reciproca influenza e dipendenza. Infatti, molti sono i fattori che compongono il concetto di sviluppo economico, e che concorrono alla sua consistenza e velocità. Nel primo capitolo di questo elaborato, indagheremo dapprima tutti quegli aspetti classici che concorrono alla sua configurazione, come la povertà, la disuguaglianza, la modernizzazione, le prassi culturali e demografiche, l’influenza della componente climatica e della conformazione geografica del territorio ed il grado di accesso alle risorse di cui la popolazione gode. Esploreremo dunque come la sicurezza umana assieme al capitale umano sia di fondamentale importanza all’interno del processo di sviluppo, ed in questo senso terremo come sfondo le teorie di Sen rispetto alle capacitazioni degli individui, che permettono loro di fare scelte consapevoli in base alle proprie inclinazioni. Quest’ultimo aspetto si lega fortemente al processo di innovazione tecnologica che, come si vedrà all’interno del secondo capitolo, nelle società più evolute sfocia in un virtuoso processo di innovazione sociale che mette al centro il territorio stesso ed i suoi cittadini, sfruttando le possibilità tecnologiche della presente era ed innescando processi di sviluppo territoriale sostenibile. Esempi validi di innovazione sociale territoriale si riscontrano all’interno delle Smart Cities, ed in particolare verrà presentato il caso dei FabLab di Barcellona, che rappresenta in Europa lo stato dell’arte dell’innovazione sociale, ospitando tra l’altro lo Smart City Expo. Come vedremo, all’interno di questi processi innovativi territoriali si collocano iniziative imprenditoriali ad alto impatto sociale, che quindi coniugano il fine sociale o umanitario al fine imprenditoriale e contribuiscono attivamente allo sviluppo economico del territorio e della comunità di riferimento. Nel terzo capitolo verranno presi in considerazione fattori non del tutto usuali, ma che possono essere determinanti all’interno del processo di sviluppo di un territorio: le emergenze umanitarie in generale, ed in particolare quelle di tipo naturale, possono avere un impatto fortemente negativo sull’andamento delle economie locali e nazionali. Il territorio nazionale italiano si caratterizza per essere fortemente a rischio disastri naturali, vedremo quindi il modo in cui la Protezione Civile Italiana è organizzata e come agisce e si coordina nei processi di pianificazione d’emergenza. All’interno dei processi di prevenzione e gestione delle emergenze e dei disastri naturali, le tecnologie apportano un considerevole contributo, per semplificare il processo decisionale e per rendere le operazioni più snelle, precise e veloci. In particolare, vedremo come l’utilizzo di tecnologie di analisi spaziale (GIS) possono venire in aiuto, come nel caso della comunità di persone e di professionisti in campo GIS si siano uniti nell’Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, un’iniziativa di innovazione sociale che crea un impatto sociale considerevole, agevolando le azioni degli enti sia nazionali che internazionali preposti ai soccorsi in caso di emergenze umanitarie. Il contesto sociale in cui si opera quindi, è determinante rispetto al grado di capacitazioni che un individuo detiene: in questo senso, il contesto milanese - sia a livello universitario che di ecosistema - è stato favorevole per la nascita e la crescita del progetto BRETmaps, il quale si propone tramite la propria azione di efficientare la macchina organizzativa sia nella prevenzione che nella gestione delle emergenze, in particolare rispetto al caso italiano. Analizzeremo il progetto all’interno del quarto capitolo del presente elaborato: trattandosi di un progetto di innovazione ed imprenditoria sociale, l’analisi verrà strutturata in maniera simile a quella di un business plan, per mettere in luce tutti gli aspetti del progetto e, attraverso l’analisi finanziaria, dimostrare come questo sia sostenibile. Lo scopo di questo elaborato è dunque condurre il lettore, dopo una prima introduzione circostanziata, attraverso la tematica dello sviluppo economico territoriale attraverso l’innovazione sociale proveniente dalla stessa popolazione, che beneficia delle capacitazioni derivanti dal contesto, e della tecnologia che - in contesti caratterizzati da elevato rischio emergenziale - può essere coniugata all’imprenditorialità per generare valore ed impatto sociale positivo.

This article provides an innovative interpretation of the rules of Italian limited responsibility companies (s.r.l.), which takes into account not only and not much the phenome-non of crowdfunding, but also and above all the financing via business angels and venture capital. We therefore advance a proposal for a complete re-reading of the subject as reformed in 2012-2015-2017, aimed wherever possible at making venture capital financing feasible. The proposed construction reflects the original intentions of the legislator, reduces the impact of mandatory rules and is consistent with the deeply felt need to modernise Italian company law.