Spousal Abuse

Spousal abuse is one of the foremost threats to peaceful coexistence in families the world over.
In Ghana, stakeholders, particularly Christian leaders, have raised concerns about the
increasing violence associated with spousal abuse, which sometimes results in the death of
victims. Although both men and women suffer abuse in marriages, those meted out to women
are prevalent. While substantial effort has been made by biblical scholars to discuss these
problems in the light of the New Testament teachings on marriage, a gap still remains on what
light the Hebrew Bible could shed on these matters. This article, using the distinctive interest
approach of African biblical hermeneutics, examines Psalm 45 as a text of Hebrew Poetry
intended to accompany the marriage ritual. It argues that the portrayal of the bride and groom,
and the admonitions offered in the psalm contain some of the same disturbing elements present
in contemporary Ghanaian marriage celebrations, elements that engender spousal abuse. The
article proposes both a theological and cultural review of these elements as a way of attenuating
their combined negative effect on the marriage institution in contemporary Ghana.

Background:
Reproductive health, crucial for public health and sustainable development, encompasses family planning and contraceptive use. However, global disparities persist in the adoption of family planning, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the complex factors shaping these reproductive health choices.

Materials and Methods:
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases from July to August 2023. Inclusive criteria covered various study designs and populations, ranging from individuals to communities, and encompassed sociocultural factors. The review included open access articles published between 2018 and 2023, utilizing a combination of the keywords: Family planning determinants, Contraceptive use factors, Sociocultural factors in family planning, Individual-level influences on family planning, and Factors affecting contraceptive choices.

Results:
Data from 25 selected studies underscore the critical influence of determinants at both individual and community levels in shaping family planning behaviors. Key drivers at the individual level included education, age, knowledge, and attitudes. At the community level, factors such as geographical disparities and healthcare accessibility played pivotal roles. Sociocultural determinants, including media exposure, gender norms, and spousal dynamics, highlighted the need for culturally sensitive strategies.

Conclusions:
Advancing equitable family planning requires education, improved access, peer influence, and the active participation of husbands and male partners. Comprehensive programs should bridge the gap between knowledge and action, reduce disparities, and ensure equal access to contraception. Context-specific research and evaluating interventions are crucial steps toward achieving global reproductive health objectives.

Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety are outputs of domestic violence and victims should be treated using medical and nonmedical treatment. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety and depression of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran. The study is an empirical research in kind of pretest-posttest plan with a control group. Statistical population consists of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran referred to several psychiatric clinics in Tehran for treatment by 2015. The statistical sample consists of 30 women selected randomly, who were placed into two groups, each group with 15 members. The experimental group was under the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for 8 sessions and control group was in waiting list. Both groups, fulfilled Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in final step and end...

In Indian social phenomenon, role of alcohol in domestic violence is one of the trending and debating issues. The researcher has tried to find out the link between the two variables i.e. alcoholism and domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Further, the researcher examines the social cost of the alcoholism in the state of West Bengal. In the writing of the report views of the 39 women regarding the alcoholism has been taken and analyzed in details. Researcher has received very interesting data and surprising results while examining and analyzing it. The study has revealed that still in Indian society nearly 50 percent women consider alcohol consumption as a social stigma. Further, 31% of women experiences behavioural changes in their partners while they consumed alcohol. Interestingly, about 80% women in India consider alcoholism as responsible for increasing domestic violence in society and 62% consider its responsible of other women related violence. Moreover, the question was asked on the possibility of state ban on alcoholism in West Bengal. On this 77% women opined that the state government should prohibit it.

Background: Intimate partner violence against women is a significant problem in Pakistan associated with an alarming set of mental health issues. Aims: To identify the prevalence of intimate partner violence in Pakistan and the causes, health effects and coping strategies used by women. Methods: A comprehensive search based on the identified keywords was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed. Relevant literature was also searched and included. Abstracts were then shortlisted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and 25 studies were selected. Quantitative studies on intimate partner violence were included in the review. The review comprises only reports published in English from 2008 to 2018. Results: The review accounts for the overall prevalence of violence and its various subtypes against women in Pakistan: psychological 31.3-83.6%, physical 10.0-98.5%, sexual 2.5-77.0%, physical and sexual combined 1.0-68.0% and any other type 6.9-90.0%. Conclusion: The evidence generated will help notify policy-makers and health officials about the determinants and effects of intimate partner violence, making it easier to address these issues and identify victims as early as possible. It also sheds light on the limitations of this study: tools used by the published studies not specifically designed for Pakistan and there is no standardized definition of violence against women. This calls for more studies to be conducted to help find a solution.

Using the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2013, this study applies the social structure (feminist) and social learning perspective in understanding the severity of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nigeria. About 26,403 married women were analyzed from the 2013 NDHS data. Multinomial regression was used to analyze variables that capture the social structural and social learning perspectives in relation to women's experience of minor and severe physical IPV. The study revealed that primary and secondary educational attainment, and being employed predicted severe physical IPV victimization. Alcohol consumption by the respondents' spouses, being a victim of childhood abuse, and witnessing IPV between parents predicted severe physical IPV. The finding of this study implies that experiences of IPV take place within a sociocultural context that shapes the social realities of the average Nigerian woman.

Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety are outputs of domestic violence and victims should be treated using medical and nonmedical treatment. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety and depression of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran. The study is an empirical research in kind of pretest-posttest plan with a control group. Statistical population consists of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran referred to several psychiatric clinics in Tehran for treatment by 2015. The statistical sample consists of 30 women selected randomly, who were placed into two groups, each group with 15 members. The experimental group was under the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for 8 sessions and control group was in waiting list. Both groups, fulfilled Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in final step and end...

Background: Domestic violence is a major human rights violation and public health crisis. Slums offer scope to understand violence as intertwined with specific material and social configurations. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of domestic violence among women and the scope for public health intervention in the context of the realities of a slum. Methods: Qualitative data were collected through narrative interviews of 30 married women residing in a slum in the Indian city of Kolkata using an unstructured interview schedule. Results: A thematic analysis revealed that all the women faced both physical and sexual violence in their day-today lives. The trajectories of the violence could be traced through their early marriage, lack of financial autonomy, and absence of control over their bodies. Women reported pain and physical injuries, as well as gynecological health problems due to routine violence. It also took an adverse toll on their mental health. There was a dearth of effective community-based help-seeking resources. Conclusions: The study concludes that there is a need for moving beyond solely a justice system approach to more integrative models of promoting health in addressing the issue of domestic violence.

Background and Objective Spousal violence is one of the major problems of women. The personality traits of couples have been mentioned as one of the factors related to spousal violence, although there are contradictory results. The present study aims to determine the relationship between the personality traits of couples and spousal abuse against women of reproductive age. Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants were 156 couples covered by the health centers in Sari, Iran, in 2022, who were selected with a systematic sampling method. The data were collected using a socio-demographic form, the spousal abuse questionnaire, and Goldberg's international personality item pool. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, version 25. The data were reported by using Mean±SD, frequency, and percentage and were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05 Results Mild emotional abuse had the highest prevalence (76.3%). Husband's conscientiousness trait predicted emotional abuse of women. Husband's agreeableness trait and wife's neuroticism trait predicted physical abuse of women, and husband's neuroticism trait predicted sexual abuse of women. Moreover, husband's smoking predicted physical abuse of women. Conclusion The personality traits of couples can predict spousal abuse of women. Identifying the personality traits of couples, along with individual and social factors, can significantly help in prevention, screening, and developing appropriate treatments for abused women.

Casey G. Gwinn supervises the San Diego City Attorney's Domestic Violence Unit which handles 500-600 misdemeanor domestic violence cases each month. He also chairs the San Diego Domestic Violence Council. Sgt Anne O'Dell co-supervises the San Diego Police Department's Domestic Violence Unit. Both have been active with domestic violence issues nationally for many years.

Orders of protection are regularly utilized to protect victims of domestic violence as well as their children, by restricting the subject from contact or specific activity with the protected parties. Unfortunately, it is common for the adult protected party to facilitate the violation of these orders in an effort to reconcile with the subject, placing children in danger. This undermines the protection that these orders were intended to offer; without penalty to the protected party. This Note proposes a model statute penalizing any party who knowingly endangers children by facilitating the violation of any order of protection; family or criminal. Key Points for the Family Court Community: Nearly one million civil orders of protection are issued annually for domestic violence in the United States. Thirty-eight percent of domestic violence victim households have children under the age of 12 who reside there. Ninety percent of children exposed to domestic violence directly observed the violence as opposed to hearing it. In all, 13.5 percent of subjects threatened to kidnap the protected party's children. Most states do not penalize protected parties for violating orders of protection.

This study investigated the nature and extent of spousal abuse among the different sexes, social classes, religious and non-religious families in Zimbabwe. Five types of spousal abuse were considered: physical, emotional, economical, sexual and psychological. The relationships between these types of spousal abuse by gender, social class and religious affiliation were tested. A total of 130 informants (mean age=33.8 years; s.d= 6.8 years) who knew families with abuse took part in this study. Participants provided quantitative and qualitative data on the types and prevalence of spousal abuse they perceived in families they knew. The prevalence of spousal abuse did not differ by gender. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of spousal abuse between working class and middle class families. The prevalence of spousal abuse was lower among religious families. The study contradicted the view that spousal abuse was higher among the low socioeconomic groups and females.

Objectives This study was undertaken with the aim of delivering/implementing safety promotion and domestic violence prevention advocacy program in organizations, institutions and also individuals' coverage by West Tehran Health Center. Methods This study is an action/operational research and a pilot study undertaken with both quantitative and qualitative research method approach. It is a community-based intervention and Health System Research (HSR). The samples of the pilot study were selected from the key stakeholders including relevant institutions or organizations and their staffs working on domestic violence prevention, together with domestic violence affected married women (victims) in neighborhood were 9 from Tehran. Instruments applied in this study included monitoring and evaluation questionnaire, interview, observation, amount of distribution of educational resources, written documents, meeting reports and staff reports. Results Most of the stakeholders/institutions and organizations supported and have effective collaboration in implementation of safety promotion and domestic violence prevention advocacy program. Other key findings of this study are as follows: Failure in achieving many individual and organizational responsibilities; discontinuing support/helping to battered women; bureaucratic barriers and inefficiency of some organizations; and lack of program/action plan, budget and planning for domestic violence prevention in all organizations except West Tehran Health Center which is supported by Ministry of Health. Conclusion Advocacy program offered in draft of national policy on safety and domestic violence prevention, is acceptable, based on evidence, and is functional in this urban area. However, this study recommends that there is a highly critical need for a strategic decision making and planning at national level considering sufficient administrative authority and budget for supporting victims of domestic violence.

of the academic requirements for the degree of Masters of Laws, in the Faculty of Law, University of Natal, Durban. December 2000 DECLARATION I, Kasturi Moodatiyar, hereby declare that the work contained herein is entirely my own, except where indicated in the text itself, and that this work has not been submitted in full or partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for any other degree or qualification at any other university.

The Indian subcontinent can be divided into four geographical divisions. In this paper, we characterize three of the four divisions; the Northern Plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the Northern Mountains or the Himalayan as regions with dissimilar climatic and physical resources. It is argued that human adaptations to these variations would be varied by differences in social organization of production and consumption resulting in differences in fertility differences across the three divisions. We found significant differences in the median age at motherhood as well as in the total family size. The effects of the three selected fertility determinants, age at marriage, years of woman's education, and level of child loss on family size also varied significantly across the three divisions. There is considerable homogeneity with respect to fertility levels within the zones considered in this study.

Theatre practice in Nigeria is facing a general decline due to factors that are very glaring. One of such factor is the digital culture that has forced citizens to live a private live that is more comfortable and thereby reducing patronage. In spite of this obvious fact our theatre is still ignoring the application of these digital network sites especially the social media in redeeming the declined image of the theatre industry. This study uses the literary and artistic methodologies to examine the video upload of Ahmed Yerima’s The Sisters with a view of creating a template for creating a pocket-friendly theatre through the social media. The study therefore, observes that most of the video uploads posted on social media sites are merely for social reasons without commercial drive. It also observes that theatre practitioners in Nigeria are not profit driven but social driven in the practice of their art. The paper therefore, recommends strongly a culture of video upload for commerci...

Inequalities, disparity, injustice, exploitation exist in every society in name of caste, colour, gender, reason and religion. Generally exploited community is poor, down-trodden and not much educated and excesses are committed by to mightier people of the society. 1 United Nation prepared a Charter which is known as Universal declaration of Human Rights 1948 in order to have just and equal world. 2 Representative of 48 countries were initial signatories to this Charter on December 10, 1948. This universal declaration reflects the fundamental belief and commitment for the safeguarding Human Rights by all countries. Later majority of nations established the Human Right Commission's body as a member of UN body. 3 These human right bodies are empowering the suppressed classes to some extent. Women constitutes less than 50% population of the world. 4 The women are the worst sufferers of inequality, injustice, sexual violence, rape and atrocities irrespective of caste, colour, class, region, religion. 5,6 Generally, sexual violence (in majority of cases) is committed by their close-ones. 7

Objectives: Spousal violence against women has emerged as a ‘Shadow Pandemic’ during these times (Covid-19).This study was designed to investigate the interplay of socio-demographic factors and economic distress with spousal violence during the lockdown in Pakistan. Methods: A web based cross-sectional study was carried out to test the assumptions. 200 participants (100 women and 100 men) were selected through snowball sampling technique. A questionnaire containing demographic information, a composite abuse scale, and financial stress scale were adapted. Data was collected through Google Forms. Results: The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship among partner violence against women, financial anxiety (r=.60, p<0.001), job insecurity (r=.48, p<0.001), and preserving of financial wellbeing (r=.32, p<0.001). Hierarchal Regression analysis revealed that financial anxiety and efforts to maintain financial wellbeing to ...

Independent samples of 261 women and 138 men in San José, Costa Rica, were screened for involvement in committed sexual relationships during the past year, but not with each other. Females reported on victimization by spousal aggression and males on perpetration. Family structure parameters were also assessed: (1) local density of female kin, (2) local density of male kin, (3) social support provided by local kin, (4) socioeconomic status of close kin, and (5) "culture of honor" (COH) revenge ideology. Previously documented effects of partner mate value on spousal abuse were crossculturally replicated, but the interactive effects of male kin density previously documented in Hermosillo, Sonora, did not predict family deterrence of spousal abuse in San José, Costa Rica. A recent cross-cultural survey had found that San José, Costa Rica, situated within a predominantly farming region, was relatively low in COH but that Hermosillo, Sonora, situated within a predominantly herding region, was relatively high in COH. Thus, individual convictions, such as a personal code of honor, may be ineffective outside of a supportive social context. Individuals with high COH, acting within a low-COH social context, were unable to project the influence they normally exert within a supportive, high-COH, social context.

Domestic violence, when conducted against women, is a type of gender-based violence that negatively impacts a woman’s physical and psychological health, causing insecurity, lack of safety, and loss of health and self-worth. Domestic violence is an important consideration for sexual, reproductive, and child health, as it can affect contraceptive behaviors of couples as well as levels of infant mortality. In the present analysis, an attempt has been made to study the relationship between women’s experience of domestic violence and couple interaction after controlling for certain socioeconomic and demographic variables using logistic regression. This study looks at data from the National Family Health Survey–III conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. Findings reveal that 43% of women suffer from domestic violence in the society as a whole; however, if a couple makes joint decisions in household matters, the prevalence of domestic violence is obs...

Introduction Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May–June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. Results The descriptive res...

Background Gender-based violence (GBV) is a growing epidemic, whose role in HIV transmissions remains minimally addressed by the majority of national HIV response interventions. Methods Statistical and geo-spatial analysis was used to explore the relationship between GBV variables and HIV status using data from Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, 2015-16. Results Women who were ever humiliated by their husbands or partners were 1.45 times more likely to be HIV positive than those who were never humiliated, p = 0.002. The same was true for women whose husbands or partners ever threatened to harm them or someone they love, OR (95%CI) 1.33 (1.04–1.68), p = 0.022. There was a positive association between HIV status and women who reported that their husband or partner, either pushed, shook, or threw something at them or punched them with his fist or with something that could hurt them or kicked, dragged or beat them, or tried to choke or burn them on purpose or threatened or attacked...

RESUMEN La investigación sobre violencia conyugal se ha centrado mayoritariamente en la relación hombre-agresor/mujer-victima. Nuestro trabajo indaga la situación contraria, cuando son los hombres las víctimas y sufren las consecuencias de la violencia. Se analizaron los discursos de seis hombres víctimas de violencia conyugal recogidos en una entrevista en la que se presentaron imágenes de violencia de la mujer hacia el hombre. Los resultados muestran que las mujeres utilizan violencia verbal para exigirles a sus parejas que se comporten de acuerdo al modelo hegemónico de "hombre", cuestionando con ello su masculinidad. Se discute la necesidad de abordar el fenómeno desde la perspectiva de las masculinidades alternativas.

The Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) produced enormous impact on work and family across every sector of life. In order to contain the spread of the disease which occurred with great rapidity, both workplaces and families were globally forced to shut down from public engagement. Lagos, being the epicenter of the disease in Nigeria, was more hit by the impact of the pandemic, amidst great fears and anxiety, in spite of the busy nature of socioeconomic life in the mega city. This study explored couples' experiences and coping strategies as they negotiated the "emergency normal" that confronted them during the first three months of the lockdown. Using interpretive approach, In-depth Interviews were conducted with ten (10) couples, comprising five (5) males and 5 females, with marriage life ranging between four (4) to ten years and drawn from across various occupational sectors of the Nigerian society. We investigated couples' experience of the lockdown using a tripod of approaches: pre-COVID-19 lockdown, COVID-19 lockdown and the futuristic approach of the post-COVID-19 period, all based on couples' experiences. We found that work-life integration, desirable as it is, seemed difficult to practice in Lagos. Beyond the conventional work-life integration (WLI) approaches to and strategies for WLI, there is need to develop more practicable frameworks that can enhance WLI practice, based on the peculiar situation of married couples in Lagos, Nigeria.

This study identifies eight factors: age, gender, education, occupation, place of residence, duration of marriage, number of previous marriages and number of children within the marriage, which can affect the occurrence of emotional divorce. These eight factors are explored through nine dimensions:

134 Uelman, supra note 34, at 51. 135 The state is unaware of the offense until informed by the victim or a third party. Furthermore, unlike a manufacturer who does not know that an injury has occured, a sexual abuse offender is completely aware of the abuse.

Domestic violence is prevalent across the world in diverse cultures and affects hoi polloi of all economic status quo. Over the last few decades, females have become drastically cognizant of the rising domestic violence and its repercussions on their feminine pride and sense of dignity. Survivors of domestic violence may experience a decline in the skills that are direly needed to carry out routine daily activities necessary to live independently in the community. Numerous legal and other agencies have turned up to counsel and assist the victims of domestic violence by means of legislation and other social means. Despite of its intricacy, women attempt to file legal separation to abandon an abusive relationship. The current research venture will primarily focus on establishing healthy, meaningful and evocative connubial relationships and the various successful ways in which spousal abuse can be curbed.

I cannot remember all the times he hit me. I might could count black eyes, how many times I said I ran into doors or fell down or stepped in the path of any flying object except his fist. Once I got a black eye playing softball. The rest were him. Seven, eight. I can name what of me he broke: my nose, my arm, and four ribs in the course of six years' marriage. The ribs were after I said divorce and in spite of a peace bond. I spent the night in the hospital. He did not even spend a night in jail. The sheriff I helped elect does not apply the law to family business. 1 Every indictment in Texas ends with the phrase, "[a]gainst the peace and dignity of the State." 2 This phrase is in recognition of the fact that crimes are not purely personal matters between a defendant and a victim, but are offenses against society as a whole. By enacting changes to its spousal privilege statute, Texas has an opportunity to demonstrate that domestic violence offends the peace and dignity of the state. reluctant to arrest domestic violence offenders 5 and that states are reluctant to prosecute such cases 6 is well-documented. Prevalent societal attitudes diminishing the importance of spousal violence may help explain this reluctance. 7 In Texas, reluctance to pursue criminal sanctions against married abusers is caused in part by the difficulty in procuring the battered spouse's testimony. 8 Although a victim spouse may testify voluntarily, ary, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 116-17 (1990) (testimony of Angela Browne, Ph.D.). The FBI estimates one out of every two women in this country will be in an abusive relationship at some time in her life.

The occurrence of aggressive behavior in intimate relationships carries serious mental and physical health consequences for the victims and children exposed to such events. Studies have been devoted toward understanding the nature and prevalence of the phenomenon; however, there has been a paucity of empirical investigation into the complexities and nuances of the subject matter, and this study seeks to address one of such complexities. This study examines the dynamics of intimate partner violence (IPV) within the context of perpetration and victimization among residents in Bariga Local Community Development Area in Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey, 218 married residents of the area were analyzed through bivariate and multivariate regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that gender and socioeconomic factors were not associated with IPV victimization. Educational differences between the respondent and spouse were associated with IPV victimization. I...

Governments are taking precautions to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, including instituting social isolation policies that cover all aspects of life, such as closing public places such as worship centers, recreational facilities, work, schools, and shopping malls. The restrictions have a variety of sociological and psychological consequences on daily lifestyle of people, including marital conflict. Thus, this study investigates couples’ lifestyles and conflicts during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Nigeria based on the frustration–aggression hypothesis. The study used a sample of 373 adults obtained from a combined offline and online cross-sectional survey that was conducted via face-to-face contact, email questionnaire, and Google form (distributed via social media groups and emails). We used descriptive statistics to analyze the data. The findings reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions (lockdown) led to reduced or lost income, financial uncertainty, job insecuri...

Background: Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) outbreaks experienced by all countries in the world followed by regional and national lockdown. Restriction movement in Indonesia since April 2020 – July 2021 has influenced people’s lives. This situation tends to increase in cases of domestic violence. Methods: Design was quantitatively descriptive research. Population was all married women who living with their partner during the pandemic COVID-19. A number sample of 106 women was recruited by snowball sampling. The study place at Cilegon city Banten Province, Indonesia in June 2021. Instrument for measuring domestic violence was South Asian Violence Screen consist of 11 items; and Scale of Economic Abuse questionnaires Indonesia version consist of 26 items. Data collection was done by online and analysis data performed by frequency distribution Results: The results found that 41 (38.67%) respondents experienced domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most forms violence was psychi...

Both church and state in sixteenth-century Protestant Geneva helped to resolve local disputes, particularly over issues of sex, marriage, and family which dominated the proceedings during John Calvin's tenure from 1541 to 1564. The Genevan Consistory, comprised of pastors and political officials, was a preliminary hearings court with power to summon and examine witnesses and documents, and to issue spiritual sanctions from admonition to excommunication in an effort to reconcile disputants, reform delinquents, and restore legal and moral order in the city. But the Consistory left it to the Genevan City Council to prosecute serious offenses and offenders, and to issue legal orders respecting divorce, inheritance, marital property, child custody, and other legal issues. This Article sketches this new collaborative regime of dispute resolution, and then analyzes several illustrative cases from the Consistory records.

I cannot remember all the times he hit me. I might could count black eyes, how many times I said I ran into doors or fell down or stepped in the path of any flying object except his fist. Once I got a black eye playing softball. The rest were him. Seven, eight. I can name what of me he broke: my nose, my arm, and four ribs in the course of six years' marriage. The ribs were after I said divorce and in spite of a peace bond. I spent the night in the hospital. He did not even spend a night in jail. The sheriff I helped elect does not apply the law to family business. 1 Every indictment in Texas ends with the phrase, "[a]gainst the peace and dignity of the State." 2 This phrase is in recognition of the fact that crimes are not purely personal matters between a defendant and a victim, but are offenses against society as a whole. By enacting changes to its spousal privilege statute, Texas has an opportunity to demonstrate that domestic violence offends the peace and dignity of the state. reluctant to arrest domestic violence offenders 5 and that states are reluctant to prosecute such cases 6 is well-documented. Prevalent societal attitudes diminishing the importance of spousal violence may help explain this reluctance. 7 In Texas, reluctance to pursue criminal sanctions against married abusers is caused in part by the difficulty in procuring the battered spouse's testimony. 8 Although a victim spouse may testify voluntarily, ary, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 116-17 (1990) (testimony of Angela Browne, Ph.D.). The FBI estimates one out of every two women in this country will be in an abusive relationship at some time in her life.

Casey G. Gwinn supervises the San Diego City Attorney's Domestic Violence Unit which handles 500-600 misdemeanor domestic violence cases each month. He also chairs the San Diego Domestic Violence Council. Sgt Anne O'Dell co-supervises the San Diego Police Department's Domestic Violence Unit. Both have been active with domestic violence issues nationally for many years.

This paper reports results from a longitudinal study on the impact of the lockdown on daily self-reported life satisfaction levels during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. A stable panel (N = 1,131) of adult subjects were surveyed during 84 consecutive days (March 29–June 20, 2020). They were asked to report daily life satisfaction and health state levels. Interestingly, daily life satisfaction increased during the lockdown. At the beginning of the experiment, subjects were asked to guess the end-week of the lockdown, against a possible monetary reward for accurate forecasts. Subjects predicting a longer lockdown period reported a higher average level of daily life satisfaction. Females reported on average lower levels of daily life satisfaction, but exhibited a stronger tendency to report higher levels of life satisfaction, the longer their lockdown forecast. Individual heterogeneity in life satisfaction levels can be partly attributed to personality traits, with ne...

This study tested the impact of physical education (PE) teachers’ social capital on job satisfaction and explained levels of social capital for job satisfaction. Study participants were 210 PE teachers. The research methodology used the correlational survey model, and the instruments administered were the Social Capital Scale,and the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale. For conducting scales’ confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling, SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 17.0 software were used. The model’s goodness fit index was: RMSEA = 0.081; SRMR = 0.082; CMIN\DF = 2.523; GFI = 0.922; CFI = 0.923; AGFI = 0.843; NFI = 0.913; Chi squared = 2832.001; df = 976 and p = 0.000. According to these results, the model fit index reached an acceptable and desired level. The effect of social capital on job satisfaction and the rate of explaining job satisfaction were tested. In relation to the study’s first hypothesis, it was revealed that PE teachers’ social cap...

Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety are outputs of domestic violence and victims should be treated using medical and nonmedical treatment. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety and depression of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran. The study is an empirical research in kind of pretest-posttest plan with a control group. Statistical population consists of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran referred to several psychiatric clinics in Tehran for treatment by 2015. The statistical sample consists of 30 women selected randomly, who were placed into two groups, each group with 15 members. The experimental group was under the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for 8 sessions and control group was in waiting list. Both groups, fulfilled Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in final step and end...

This study identifies eight factors: age, gender, education, occupation, place of residence, duration of marriage, number of previous marriages and number of children within the marriage, which can affect the occurrence of emotional divorce. These eight factors are explored through nine dimensions: emotional, intellectual, social-recreational, psychological, temporal, sexual, spiritual, physical and economic. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis and path diagrams are used to extract emotional divorce from the eight factors. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is run to verify the above factor structure and evaluate the influence of each variable on emotional divorce. The corresponding beta coefficients in

Background: The prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) contributed to reproductive health problems worldwide. Data on coping mechanism of women within domestic violence (DV) were unexplored.Methods: The objective of the paper was to explore the perceived cause of DV and coping mechanism of women who reported affectionate nature of husband. A community-based intervention study was carried out in urban slums to screen women with an unmet need for family planning. Women reported of DV in the past one year preceding the survey were counselled on marital communication and family planning methods. During these sessions, women shared their views on the cause of DV and their coping mechanism.Results: The narratives of the sessions threw light into the cause of DV, which includes decision-making, the influence of significant others and fewer time couples spent with each other. Affectionate nature and violence by husbands created a conflict of emotions. Fear of loss of the relationship...

Psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety are outputs of domestic violence and victims should be treated using medical and nonmedical treatment. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety and depression of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran. The study is an empirical research in kind of pretest-posttest plan with a control group. Statistical population consists of women victims of domestic violence in Tehran referred to several psychiatric clinics in Tehran for treatment by 2015. The statistical sample consists of 30 women selected randomly, who were placed into two groups, each group with 15 members. The experimental group was under the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for 8 sessions and control group was in waiting list. Both groups, fulfilled Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in final step and end...