Sports and Exercise Sciences

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the four-week two strength training program on the skin fold thickness and body fat percentage (BFP) characteristics according to the maximal strength and strength endurance principles. Sixteen male volunteers participated in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups as the maximal strength group (MSG, n=8, Age=24.00±3.78 year, Height=172.25±2.19 cm, Weight=75.13±6.60 kg) and the strength endurance group (SEG, n=8, Age=25.13±3.09 year, Height=173.38±2.62 cm, Weight=77.00±7.54 kg). 4 weeks training program was applied to maximal strength group according to maximal strength training principles and applied to strength endurance group according to strength endurance training principles. In both groups, body weight, body mass index (BMI), skin fold thickness (triceps, biceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior and posterior, calf) and body fat percentage measurements were taken one day before and after the 4 week period. Between pre-test and post-test of SEG group, significant change was showed in triceps, biceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior and posterior skin fold thickness measurements and VFM parameters (p < 0.05). Significant change was determined in pre-test and post-test of MSG group in triceps, pectoral, subscapula, abdominal, suprailiac, femur anterior skin fold thickness measurements and VFM parameters (p < 0.05). When the pre-post test differences of the groups were compared, no difference was found between MSG and SEG groups (p > 0.05). As a result, it can be said that 4-week maximal strength training and strength endurance training have positive effects on the skin fold thickness and body fat percentage parameters.

This research is a descriptive study that aims to examine coach communication skills perceived by athletes according to branches. A total of 767 active athletes (517 male, 250 female) in Gaziantep were chosen as the study group on a volunteer basis. Quantitative data were collected using “Coach Communication Scale in Football” developed by Abakay and Kuru (2009) (in order to obtain research data). Data collected from the study group were analyzed and reported according to the athletes’ demographics and other variables discussed in the research. The data obtained from the scale were first transferred to the electronic environment and then calculated using SPSS 22.0 package program. Arithmetic mean, One-Way ANOVA, Spearman’s rho (rs) correlation test and t-test were used for analyzing the data, for comparing the mean scores in the unrelated measures, for examining the relationship between the variables, and for Independent samples, respectively. In conclusion, in this study we conducted to determine the coach communication skills perceived by the team – and individual athletes and to reveal the differences in terms of various variables, it was found that this ratio differed significantly between individual athletes while the coach communication skills perceived by two athlete groups were high. Our findings showed that the perceived coach communication skills tended to decline in situations where the sporting history of individual athletes increased. It has been established that their communication skills improved in the situations where educational background enhanced although there was also no gender difference in both sports groups. It has been concluded that the perceived coach communication skills also improved in the situations where it would tend to increase in some variables such as athlete’s age, coach’s age and duration of training with the same coach.

Football coaches are those who prepare teams for various competitions in technical, tactical, conditioning, strategy and mental contexts by using academic knowledge and experience, and also decide match squad. Football coaches are responsible for the sporting success of the team. Nowadays, a coach is no longer just a technical and tactical coach. From this point of view, football coaching can also be regarded as football business, where the risks associated with professional career are taken the most. Football whose commercial value is increasing day by day is confronted as a workplace where various labor markets take place. In football, labor markets around coaching profession, similar to other labor markets but shaped by the specific characteristics of the profession many experiences are gained by coaches. The aim of this study is to make a general evaluation of the football coach labor market by taking the football coaching profession in the context of the experience of the coaches through their experiences and opinions. Questionnaire technique was applied to obtain data on professional experiences of football coaches in the survey. Survey questions were prepared by us. The obtained data were evaluated in SPSS statistical program and analyzed by frequency and cross tabulation. From this point of view, research is a descriptive model-based research for revealing the general situation of the market. In the findings section of the study, demographic characteristics related to the performance of the coaching profession such as coach license grades, football histories, and educational status are regarded. The quantitative and qualitative findings are related to their professional experience. Although the results of the survey show that football coaches are exposed to practices outside of the regulations related to their working life, that these experiences cause social and economic insecurity, that these regulations, which classify coaches and determine the scope and duration of their work, also cause a number of grievances, experience unemployment at various times, that they do not feel secure, that they are unemployed at any moment, and that they have gone through long steps to practice their profession.

The role of sport in contemporary society needs no emphasis. Sport has become an inexorable part of the modern society with influence being felt in all facets of national life. Sport has also become a symbol of national unity. Governments utilize sport to legitimate themselves. Sport in society is studied because they are closely linked with how people think about and see the world. The overwhelming influence of sports in nations has lent to the evolvement of extensive bureaucracy to support and develop sport. Sociology assists in analyzing and clarifying the different types of relationships within the society.  Man has been able to reduce his tension and to divert a somewhat aggressive behavior to an object instead of towards a friend or a fellow man through participation in sport. This paper therefore, reviews the following: sport and society, the role of sport in the society, social control and sport, socialization and sport, Sport and Socializing Institutions.

The precise influence of serve type and serve ball speed on beach volleyball performance is unclear. We examined the relationship between serve type and speed and their effectiveness during the 2008 Men&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and Women&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Open World Tour Tournament. Three hundred and seventy-eight and 375 serves performed by men and women respectively from the main draw tournament were analysed. Serve speed was recorded using a radar gun. Two expert observers recorded serve speed, serve mode, serve effectiveness and rally outcome. There was no relationship between serve speed and its effectiveness for men (r = -0.047, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) and for women (r = -0.048, P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05). However, there was a relationship between serve ball speed and its effectiveness both for men and women, when speed was categorised into three groups. There was a better balance between negative and positive outcomes at medium speeds for men and at low and high speeds for women. There was a relationship between ranking and serve ball speed only for women and between ranking and type of serve for both genders. There was no relationship between rally outcome and serve effectiveness. The combination of high ball speed and jump serve is characteristic of high ranking women but not of men.

Late talent identification of sport abilities endowed among the little boys and girls especially in under developed nations has delayed the proper attainment of sport prowess among most players. A huge desert of unnoticed talents is created and unknowingly let it grow between the tender ages to junior levels of the child. African education systems are devoid of the expertise or might be incapacitated to identify and tap the sport potentialities born in our children during their early ages of growth. The adoption of Early Child Education by numerous African states is silent about sport talent identification; talented players are picked at adult ages, unfortunately, nearing retirement from sport show-casing. This scenario has not benefited the players as well as the nations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify strategies Early Learning Centers can utilize in identifying sport talents in children enrolled in their centers for the benefit of sport coaches, player-agents, the child a...

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of tennis technique training and games on reaction times of 10-12 years old boys. For this study, 40 subjects who did not perform any physical activity volunteered. Subjects randomly assigned two groups: Experimental group: 20, control group: 20. The experimental group was subjected to 8 week three days a week and 60 minute per session tennis and education with games training program modified according to relevant age group. The control group did not participate any physical activity. Visual, auditory and mix reaction times were measured by Newtest 1000 reaction timer. Subjects’ reaction times were measured twice before and after training program. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for analysis of the data obtained from the study. Independent Sample T test was used for comparison between groups, and paired samples t test was analyzed at p <0.05 significance level. As a result of the study, there was no difference in the control group, and after eight weeks of tenement-specific games and technical training, the research group revealed significant changes between auditory, visual and mixed reaction times in both hands.

The present study was aimed to identify the role of superstitious behavior in performance of basketball players. For this purpose, sixty female basketball players of 19 to 25 years of age were selected. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups; (i.e., N1=20; District, N2=20; State and N3=20 National). To measure the level of superstitions behaviors of the subjects, the superstitions beliefs and behaviour scale constructed by Bleak and Frederick (1998) was administered. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the three groups of basketball. Where F values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. For testing the hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. Summarizing from the above findings we can say that insignificant differences were found in basketball players on the sub-variables of Clothing and Appearance, Fetish, Preparation, Game/Competition, Team Ritual, Prayer, Coach and superstitions behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles of coaches with the satisfaction and motivation of football players in Trabzon universities. In terms of the purpose of the research, it is an applied type, descriptive and correlation one. The statistical society of this research consists of all players of soccer teams of Trabzon universities, with number of 125. Using the Cochran formula, the number of players reached 95 but increased to 100. The method used for sampling was simple random method. In this research, 3 questionnaires were used to collect information. Questionnaire of Leadership Scale in Exercise of Chaldorii and Saleh (1980), Players Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), Remmer and Chaldurai (1998), and Players' Motivation Questionnaire (Bahram et al., 2002). SPSS.20 software was used for data analysis and Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the hypotheses. The results of the research showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the leadership style of education and practice, with satisfaction (r = 70%, p <0.01) and developmental motivation (r = 72%, p <0.01), amorous behavior style with satisfaction = 51%, p <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 60%, p <0.01). Democratic behavior with satisfaction (r = 36%, p <0.01) and developmental motivation (r = 38% P <0.01), social support behavior with satisfaction (r = 64%, p <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 67%, p <0.01) and positive feedback behavior with satisfaction (r = 73%, P <0.01) and progressive motivation (r = 78%, p <0.01), there is. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between satisfaction with the motivation of football players in Trabzon universities (92.9%, p <0.01).

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the future perceptions of the students of the sports management department and their time management behavior. For this purpose, Gazi, Selçuk, Muğla and Fırat University Sports Sciences Faculty, Sports Management students (n = 770) participated in the questionnaire voluntarily. The socio-demographic information form of the volunteers was applied to the future time perception scale developed by Husman and Shell (1996) and the Time Management Behavior Scale developed by Britton and Tesser (1991). The obtained data was recorded with the package program &quot;IBM SPSS 22&quot;. Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman Correlation Analysis for the Correlation between future time sense and time management behavior were applied as a statistical process. As a result, there was a significant Correlation between gender, university and class, time management behaviors, gender, university and class variables. Furthermore, a too weak Co...

Satisfaction in sports has been a critical issue because of its relation to several psychosocial factors like leadership and motivation. Demographic characteristics of the groups under Satisfaction in sports has been a critical issue because of its relation to several psychosocial factors like leadership and motivation. Demographic characteristics of the groups under study have also shown to have impact on the satisfaction levels in physical activity. Based on the self-determination theory, the present study on influence of age on satisfaction of Kenyan volleyball league players hypothesized that there is no significant difference among Kenya volleyball league players of different age categories on the 15 sub-scales of sports satisfaction on the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The study targeted male and female Kenyan volleyball league players in national division one and two. A total of 134 players were sampled for the study. Data were analysed by use of descriptive stat...

The chapter presents a review of the research literature examining perfectionism from a motivational perspective. Taking the two-factor model of perfectionism—differentiating the two higher-order dimensions of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—as a basis, we present analyses of the differential relationships that the two dimensions show with key motivational constructs focusing on achievement motivation and self-determination theory. As regards achievement motivation, we examine the relationships with achievement motives (hope of success and fear of failure) and achievement goals (task and ego goals, 2 × 2 and 3 × 2 achievement goals). As regards self-determination theory, we examine the relationships with autonomous and controlled motivation and with the different regulatory styles associated with intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. Based on the findings of our review, we propose that the differential motivational qualities of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns are important to understand why perfectionism is a “double-edged sword” that may energize or paralyze people, motivating some perfectionists to engage and others to disengage. We conclude that perfectionism research may profit from seeing perfectionism from a motivational perspective, perhaps even regard perfectionism as a motive disposition (need for perfection) whereby perfectionistic strivings represent the approach-oriented and autonomous aspects, and perfectionistic concerns the avoidance-oriented and controlled aspects.

The aim of this study is to be able to discover methodological similarities between the emergence of new tactics in the context of tactical changes in football history and the theory of paradigm shifts related to scientific revolutions in the philosophy of science. In this context, it has been argued that whether the changes in football tactics can be regarded as paradigmatic changes or not, taking into consideration certain points, and the question of whether the changes in football tactics can be handled as paradigm shifts in the scientific framework, and it has been analysed whether changes in soccer tactics can be handled as paradigm shifts in the scientific framework. The work's philosophical framework is based on the views of Thomas Kuhn on the philosophy of science in his work titled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". The paradigm shift in this context is explained in detail through the concepts such as the anomalies in the paradigm, the period of scientific crisis and the scientific revolution. In the second part of the work, it is examined whether the methods (tactics) created to gain success in the football can be taken as paradigm in detail through examples in football history. As a result, it has been shown that football tactics can be regarded as paradigms and tactical changes can be regarded as paradigm shifts. With this study, it was expected to open a new discussion area about the evaluation of sport - especially football - through philosophy.

Qigong is a traditional Chinese exercise system which has many forms and techniques used, applied for health benefits from ancient times to contemporary societies. Globalization and widespread of cultural elements internationally have contributed positively for Qigong practice’s being known more in the West. There are many researches that have been conducted on medical, health aspects of practicing Qigong. In this article the subject is Baduanjin Qigong (Eight Section Brocade) and its socio-cultural dimensions which is going to be discussed from several views. A comprehensive model of Baduanjin will be given and this can be functional to practitioners of Asian martial arts, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and also academics in social sciences, humanities and cultural studies.

Although exercise motivation is a well-established research area in exercise and sport psychology in the West, relatively little work on this topic is available in the Philippines. This study explored motives for exercise among Filipinos using an open-ended methodology. Five hundred ninety-two Filipinos aged 15 to 69 were asked to free-list possible motives for exercise participation. Two thousand ninety-five responses (about four per participant) were coded by two independent judges via direct content analysis and using themes derived from the Exercise Motivation Inventory subscales (EMI-2; Markland & Ingledew, 1997). The most frequently identified motives for exercise were highly extrinsic – Filipinos exercise for weight management, positive health, and strength and endurance. Challenge, social recognition, and competition were the least frequently cited motives. Results also surfaced participation motives outside those in the EMI-2, such as exercising to satisfy a requirement, to...

The present study was focused to contrast the level of Skill-Related Physical Fitness components of Kayaking and Rowing players. For this purpose, eighteen (N=18), male college level  Kayaking and Rowing players of age group 18-25 years participated in the study. All the subjects, after having been informed about the objective and protocol of the study, gave their consent and volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups: Group-A: n1=9 kayaking players and Group-B: n2=9 rowing players. It is to measure the skill related physical fitness (agility, balance, coordination, power and speed) male inter- college kayaking and rowing players. To determine the significant differences between kayaking and rowing, unpaired t-test was employed for data analyses. It is concluded from the  above analysis the study can be concluded that no significant difference were found among Kayaking and Rowing players on the sub- variables; Agility, Balance, Coordination and Power variables of physical fitness and highly Significant difference was found on Speed variable of physical fitness.

The purpose of the study was to " compare the aggression between basketball and volleyball players. Method: Sixty male interuniversity basketball (N1=30) and volleyball (N2=30) players from Punjabi university Patiala, Punjab, India were selected as the subjects for the study. The subjects were represented North zone Inter-varsity competition and all India inter-varsity championship in their respective sports and age ranging from 18 to 24 years. These subjects were selected in terms of purposive sample from respective games. The sport aggression inventory (SAI) standardized by Mr. Anand Kumar and Mr. Prem Shankar Shukla (1998) was used for this study. It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference between basketball and volleyball players on the degree of aggression. The independent 't' test was used to compare the degree of aggression between basketball and volleyball players. The level of significance for testing the hypothesis was set at 0.05 level of confidence. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of the score of basketball players was 14.5 and 1.19 respectively whereas the mean and standard deviation of the score of volleyball players was 11.06 and 1.33 respectively. The calculated t-value was 10.48 which showed significant difference between basketball and volleyball players on the degree of aggression. (tcal=10.48 >ttab=2.009). The aggression level of basketball players was found to be higher than the volleyball players. The t-value required to be significant for 58 degree of freedom was 2.009 at 0.05 level of confidence.

This study aims to analyse the effects of SAQ training on anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players, selected subject from Ramanadan Krishnan Tennis Academy, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Totally twenty participants were selected and randomly divided them into two groups (n=10) namely SAQ training group (age: 10.80 ± 0.78 years, height: 147.90 ± 2.60 cm and weight: 39.95 ± 1.51 kg) and control group (age: 11.10 ± 0.73 years, height: 147.30 ± 2.79 cm and weight: 40.12 ± 2.23 kg). After 12 weeks training, all subjects had tested their anaerobic endurance and flexibility according to Tennis Specific Agility Endurance Test and V-Sit and Reach Test. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, Paired-‘t’ test was used to determine the difference between pre and post mean scores of experimental and control groups and experimental group had improved more significantly (p<0.05) than the control group. The study suggests that SAQ training is more beneficial for anaerobic endurance and flexibility of novice tennis players.

The aim of this study was to reveal the factors that constraints and facilitators health and fitness club members in Ankara to attend the leisure activities. The population for the research consists of large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Research samples include 389 participants of 190 (Mage= 31.26; SD= 8.86) women and 199 (Mage= 31.31, SD= 9.06) men selected with convenience sampling method from four large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Leisure Constraint Questionnaire was used in the study to determine the participants’ constraints and Leisure Facilitators Scale to determine the facilitators they face while attending leisure activities. It was determined that though the health and fitness club users have constraints on leisure activity attendance, they use the facilitators to a considerable extent. While the most significant facilitators that enable the participants to attend the leisure activities were the intrapersonal facilitators, the least significant ones were interpersonal facilitators. When the constraints were analysed, the participants were seen to face these, the most on facility level and the least on lack of interest level. It was concluded that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the participants’ leisure constraints and facilitators, and also between the sub dimensions of the scales. This matter shows that the participants face constraints during leisure attendance but still attend or continue using the facilitators.

Introduction and aim: In sports, self-confidence can be characterized by high-grade achievement expectation. In this context, the aim is to determine whether is any difference between the self-confidence levels of middle school students who do individual sports and those who are engaged in team sports. Age groups and gender as well as differences in self-esteem levels are also analyzed.
Method: The study group consisted of 96 students who were engaged in individual and team sports in 5 secondary schools in Istanbul. "Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory", developed by Coopersmith (1967), was used in order to determine self-esteem levels and the personal information form was prepared to collect participants' age, gender and sport type data. First, the Shapiro Wilk test was performed to test the distribution of the data and it was found that the data provided a normal distribution. Independent sample t-test was conducted to determine whether self-esteem levels differed significantly in terms of gender and age variables.
Findings: At the end of the study, the findings obtained from the data analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the self-confidence levels of the secondary school students compared to the sports types (p> 0,05). In the data obtained from other variables, it was determined that the level of self-esteem did not show any significant difference according to age and sex (p> 0,05).
Discussion: There was no significant difference between the presented study and the mean scores of confidence, age, sport type and gender (p> 0,05). It can be said that no definite decision has been reached on whether this self-confidence is influential or not according to the results of this sample and the results of the researches made. It is advisable to add lessons such as communication skills, human relations in order to improve curriculum self- confidence building levels in schools.

The fact that individuals meet sports from early years is an important determinant of their future behaviours and attitudes towards sports. Individual’s meeting sports and their expectations are among some of the important factors in the development of sports and spreading to the masses. The aim of this work in this context is that it aimed to determine the views and expectation of children's tendency towards belt wrestling. The aim was to create resource and contribute to the teachers working in this area by determining expectations for the factors, anticipations and development of 13-14 age group of male-female children who are doing traditional belt wrestling in Turkey. In the qualitatively designed study, a semi-structured interview technique was used to collect data. Individual interviews were conducted with the children and interviews were recorded as voice recordings. A content analysis was carried out for analysis of data. The data have been edited and interpreted in categories. The data was obtained through an interview (voice recording). Interview content was created by getting an expert’s opinions. The universe of the workshop was performed with male and female children aged between 13 and 14 who participated in the 2017 Belt Wrestling Pre-Cadets Turkey Championship, a sportsman from the Traditional Sports Federation Belt Wrestling. As a result of the study, it was determined that the children were firstly directed by the families to the sport and they have do judo sports primarily in parallel with the belt wrestling. It has been considered that the results obtained will create resources for strategic planning while determining sportive performance road maps by creating resources for trainers and athletes who are trained in this field, and for introducing, development and spreading traditional sports towards the masses, for providing criss cross in different sports disciplines, for using criss cross as trigger factor in development of traditional sports, for federations, club managers and trainers about meeting determined expectations for increase the number of elite athletes, as well. It has been thought that identifying similarities of traditional sports to the other Olympic sports, and carrying out joint projects with these federations will be effective for traditional sports to be carried into future and continuation of its sustainability.

The objective of this study is the determination and comparison of the body composition and somatotypes of the elite level Turkish and foreign taekwondo athletes. Totally 93 taekwondo athletes, being 45 Turkish (27 male, 18 female) and 48 foreign (35 male, 13 female) in the age range of 17-27, taking part in the national teams of their countries participated in the study. Sportive ages, heights, body weights, body mass index, body fat percentages, and somatotype of taekwondo players were determined. The difference between the groups was analyzed by t test in independent groups. The analyses were conducted in the SPSS 16.0 package program and 0,05 was accepted as a significance  level. No significant difference was determined between Turkish and foreign athletes in all the measured variables in the male and female athletes (p>0.05). It was determined in the study that Turkish male athletes were mesomorph-ectomorph and that of foreign male athletes were mesomorphic ectomorph, and that of Turkish and foreign female athletes were central. As a result, we can say that the Turkish and foreign national team taekwondo players have similar body composition and somatotype.

Ever since it was first observed and especially so in recent years, the phenomenon of the so-called "sticking point'" in resistance training has attracted a substantial amount of sports and exercise science research. Broadly speaking the sticking point is understood as the position in the range-of-motion of a lift at which a disproportionately large increase in the difficulty to continue the lift is experienced. Hence the sticking point is inherently the performance bottleneck and is also associated with an increased chance of exercise form deterioration or breakdown. Understanding the aspects of lifting performance which should be analysed in order to pinpoint the cause of a specific sticking point and therefore devise an effective training strategy to overcome it, is of pervasive importance to strength practitioners and instrumental for the avoidance of injury and continued progress. In this paper we survey a range of physiological and biomechanical mechanisms which contribute to the development of sticking points, and led by this insight review and analyse the findings of the existing observational research on the occurrence of sticking points in three ubiquitous exercises: the bench press, the squat, and the deadlift. The findings of our analysis should be used to inform future research and current resistance training practice.

Background: The most common problems in individuals with autistic spectrum disorders are eye contact, being able to follow objects for a long time and lack of attention. Sports activities are known to prevent the negative symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The Badminton sports branch has a positive effect on the individual's object control, ball focus, and attention, reaction, perception and coordination characteristics. For this reason, racket sports are considered to be an important tool in reducing the lack of attention in individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder.
Aim: The aim of this study, Investigation of the effect of simplified Badminton exercises on attention focus development of individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder and is the assessment of the level of retention of an acquisition.
Material and Method: The study group was randomly selected 3 out of 6 children who are not mentally retarded and responded to commands among 10 children aged 12-14 years in Isparta Gülşen Önal Autistic Children Education Centre. The mean age of children was 12.6 ± 1.15 years, height was 154,3±5,13 cm and weight was 52±3 kg. Benton Visual Memory Test, Bourdon Visual Attention Test and Stroop Effect Test were used as the measurement tool. Children were performed adaptation exercises for 2 weeks and from simple to difficult badminton exercise drills for 10 weeks. For each individual, 3 studies were performed at different times and 60 minutes per week. Tests were performed at 3 different periods, to be 10 weeks Badminton exercise process before and after and also retention test after 8 weeks interval. The obtained data were evaluated by Wilcoxon test.
Results: According to the results of all measurement instruments of the students participating in the research, there is a numerical rise between pre - test and post - test values. When the results of the retention test with the last test are evaluated, there was no decrease in the two participants according to the Benton visual memory test results, but the other participant had also decline, although not at the beginning level. Burdon attention test and Stroop effect test showed that there was no return to baseline in all participants despite a numerical decrease.
Conclusion: We can say that Badminton exercise program has a positive effect on attention level. Individuals with autistic spectrum disorder can be said to have a positive influence on the development of eye contact, long-time focus of objects and attention level development. Badminton exercises can be offered as a model to improve attentiveness to children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder if the duration of participatory study is increased.

Evidence of the last few years demonstrated that the far external focus of attention would lead to better motor performance (e.g., Mc Nevin., et al, 2003; MacKay and Wulf, 2012). According to the Frequency of Movement Adjustment analysis evidence of “Constrained Action Hypothesis”, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of different attentional focuses on the performance of a manipulative-complex motor skill in highly skillful athletes. 12 professional volleyball players completed a 4 blocks of 8 trail (4 trail for accuracy, 4 trail for effectiveness) of jump serve in four experimental conditions (Non-Instruction, Internal focuses on hand movement, Near external focuses on ball, and Far external focuses on target zone or player). The data of accuracy, effectiveness, and self-perception of the performance was acquired by pointed target areas, analyzing volleyball serve effectiveness method, and self-rated manipulative check, respectively. Results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed that accuracy scores, effectiveness, and self-perceived performance of volleyball jump serve in far external condition was better than near external and internal conditions. In addition, the significant differences between non-instructional and far external conditions were observed only in self-perceived performance. In general, these results confirmed recent findings regarding the detrimental effects of internal focus of attention and the facilitative effects of external focus of attention, especially far external on skilled performance.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the problem solving skills of infrastructure athletes playing basketball in the local league in the province of Canakkale. A total of 130 athletes (111 male, 19 female) participated as volunteers in the study. The average age of the participants was 12, 76 ± 1, 72 who are trained in the sports clubs in Çanakkale. In the study, personal information form created by the researchers and "Personal Problem Solving Inventory" developed by Tümkaya and Yerlikaya (2009) were used. The scale is a 5-point likert-type measure consisting of 50 items and 5 sub-dimensions (Progressive Negative Approach, Constructive Problem Solving, Self-Disbelief, Taking No Responsibility and Persistent-Perseverant Approach). The answers to the scale items are ranked from "I do not agree at all" to "I completely agree". SPSS-20: 0 package program was used in the analysis of the data. In binary comparisons, t test was used for independent groups and Pearson correlation analysis was used for interrelated research. The results were considered significant at p <0.05 level. According to the results of the study, problem-solving abilities of basketball players were determined, arithmetic means and standard deviations values were found in the sub-dimensions as stated; according to sex, negative attitude towards problem in males (29.47 ± 4.95), in females (28.63±4.03), constructive problem solving was found in males (26.90 ± 5.22), in females (28.42 ± 4.71), lack of self-esteem was found in males (22.35 ± 5.71), females (24.21 ± 6.07), taking no responsibility was found in males (29.94±5.93), in females (30.10±6.99),  persistent-perseverant approach was observed in males (23.70 ± 5.24), in females (23.63 ± 5.29). There was no significant difference (p>0,05) in problem solving sub-dimensions according to gender. There was no significant relationship between age and problem solving sub-dimensions. As a result; when investigating the problem-solving skills of athletes dealing with the basketball branch, there was no significant relationship between age and sex. In order to determine the problem-solving skills of the players and to develop them with appropriate methods, we believe that it will contribute to out-of-play performance by having the trainees who will provide professional support to coaches and sportsmen in sports.

The aim of this assessment is to discover the significant differences of motor fitness components between batsmen and bowler. A group of thirty (N=30) male subjects aged between 18-28 years were chosen for this appraisal from Guru Nanak Dev university, Amritsar (Punjab), India. The purposive sampling technique was utilized to accomplish the objectives of the appraisal. Every one of the subjects, in the wake of having been educated about objective and protocol of the study, gave their agreement and volunteered to take an interest in this appraisal. They were further partitioned into two group of 15 each (i.e., N1=15; batsmen and N2=15; bowler). Student’s t-test for independent data was utilized to evaluate the between- group differences. The level of p≤0.05 was considered significant. Investigation of data uncovered that there were insignificant differences of speed (p = 0.20), strength (p = 0.096) agility (p = 0.06) and Cardiovascular Endurance (p = 0.21) amongst Batsmen and Bowler, the calculated value of t for all the variables i.e., speed (t=1.30), strength (1.72), agility (1.94) and Cardiovascular Endurance (1.41 is smaller than the tabulated value of t (=2.048) for 28 degree of freedom. In this way, it might be presumed that the group difference between Batsmen and Bowler with respect to speed, strength, agility and endurance observed to be statistically insignificant. Whereas significant differences of static Balance (p = 0.019) between Batsmen and Bowler, since the calculated value of t for static Balance (t=2.50) is higher than the tabulated value of t (=2.048) for 28 degree of freedom. In this manner it might be inferred that the group difference between Batsmen and Bowler in regards to speed, strength, agility and Cardiovascular Endurance observed to be statistically insignificant. Whereas significant differences of static Balance found.

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between the anthropometric variables and throwing skill in among male softball players. Total 150 male university and national level softball players of different universities and states of India were selected thorough purposive sampling technique. The age of subjects ranged between 18 to 30 years. Body weight of the subjects was measured with a portable weighing machine. Height measurements were taken using the standard anthropometric rod. Body mass index was then calculated using the formula weight (kg)/height2 (m). The circumferences of body parts were measured with the help of flexible steel tape. The diameters of the body parts were assessed with sliding caliper. The skinfolds thicknesses of body parts of the subjects were taken with Harpenden skinfold caliper. Percentage body fat as estimated from the sum of skinfolds was calculated using standardized equations. Throwing skill of the players was assessed as given in the AAHPERD softball skill test battery. Karl Pearson’s product moment co-efficient of correlation was computed to assess the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and throwing skill test of softball among the softball players. The result of the study shows that height (p=0.026), weight (p=0.008), total arm length (p=0.001), the upper arm length (p=0.018) and lower arm length (p=0.007) had significant relationship with the throwing skill in softball. The throwing skill was significantly associated with the upper arm circumference (r=0.265, p=0.001), biacromial (p=0.007) and bicondylar humerus (p=0.009) diameters. Lean body mass (p=0.000) was also found to be significantly associated with the throwing skill test in the male softball players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training on repeated sprint ability in amateur soccer players. Twenty amateur soccer players participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to plyometric training group (n=10, age: 19.7±2.26 years) and control group (n=10, age: 18.8±0.6 years). The training group is experienced a plyometric exercise 2 days a week for 12 weeks. Pre- and post-tests assessed 6x35 meters (Repeated Anaerobic Sprint Test) repeated sprint test, body composition, rest heart rate, and peak heart rate in control and plyometric group. For the comparison of groups, paired samples t-test and independent (IBM SSPS 21.0) was used. The results revealed that significant difference in six piece repeated first sprint after the 12 weeks plyometric training were in the plyometric group. The plyometric group also showed a significant difference in rest heart beat rate, peak heart beat rate, right leg fat (%), fat mass, fat free mass, left leg fat mass, and fat free mass. However there was no a significant difference in left leg fat (%), BMI, BMR and total body water. The major finding in the study was the significant improvements in repeated sprint performance and body composition. According to these results, it can be said that practicing of plyometric training develops repeated sprint performance and also increases mass fat loses, in addition to regular soccer training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mental toughness on the performance score of table tennis players. To work on this purpose a total of 24 table tennis players (male and female) were selected as the subjects purposively. The Mental Toughness Questionnaire developed by Goldberg (1995) was used to measure the level of mental toughness of the players. ANOVA and independent t-test was computed to find out the significant relationship. Level of significance was set at 0.05. The results indicate that- there is significant relationship exists for the handling pressure a sub-category of mental toughness among table tennis female and male players, further it was found that there is no significant difference exists between table tennis female and male players in the variables of concentration, mental rebounding, and winning attitude and/or other sub-categories of mental toughness. The comparison between female and male in this study has not shown any significant difference but as a means, the male players have greater mental toughness than their counterpart.

Notre étude s’adresse aux entraîneurs et les éducateurs qui sont en chargé de la détection des jeunes talents footballeurs. Elle vise à déterminer les procédures de détection pratique par nos sélectionneurs, sous la variable du diplôme d'entrainement acquise par ces derniers. Afin de réaliser cette objectif, nous avons élaborée un questionnaire qui a été validé par nos professeurs. Après avoir calculé sa validité et sa fiabilité. Nous avons interviewé un échantillon de 91 entraineurs et éducateurs diplômé, répartie en trois catégorie dépend en leur diplôme (1-CAF "A", CAF "B", CAF "C" 2- TSS 3-FAF). Sur la base du traitement statistique on confirme: 1) tous les entraîneurs de l'Ouest comptent sur l'observation et l'expérience personnelle dans la détection des joueurs, 2) Il n'y a pas de différence statistiquement significative dans les procédures adoptées en fonction de la différence du degré du diplôme.

Our study is aimed at coaches and educators who are in charge of the detection of young talented footballers. It aims to determine the detection procedures practiced by our breeders, under the variant of the diploma of training acquired by these. To achieve this goal, we developed a questionnaire that was validated by our professors. After calculating its validity and reliability, we interviewed a sample of 91 certified coaches and educators, divided into three categories depending on their diploma (1- CAF "A", CAF "B", CAF "C" 2- TSS 3-FAF). Based on statistical processing, it is confirmed: 1) all West coaches rely on observation and personal experience in detecting players, 2) there is no statistically significant difference in the procedures adopted by our coaches according to their difference in the degree of the diploma.

In this study, it was aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, some biomotorical performances and basketball-specific skill levels of basketball players who were at different age levels, in adolescence period and were training with the same training methodology. The participants were 41 basketball players who were in the age range of 12-14 years, regularly trained and played basketball in the local youth setup leagues. The participants' body height, body weight, vertical jump, 1-mile run, aerobic power, anaerobic power, skinfold thickness (triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, calf), circumference (biceps flexion, calf), diameter measurements (humerus bicondylar, femur bicondylar) were made. Basketball-specific skills were determined using the Harrison Basketball Skill Test while the somatotype characteristics were determined according to the Heath-Carter method. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to determine whether the data were suitable for normal distribution. One-Way ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the variables and Tukey test was used to investigate the cause of differences. Normality tests and other statistical analyses were performed at the significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was noted in humerus bicondylar diameters according to the age levels of basketball players and a statistical difference was detected in the data of vertical jump and anaerobic power in terms of biomotorical performance (p <0,05). The cause of this difference was found to be due to the fact that the humerus diameter, vertical jump and anaerobic power values in the age group of 14 age years were higher than the values of the other two age groups. No difference was found when the Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science-Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 14 somatotype profiles and basketball-specific skill levels were compared according to age levels (p> 0,05). In conclusion, in our study group, we did not find any difference among other anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, and basketball specific skills except humerus diameter. We suggest that the difference in the vertical jump and anaerobic power values of biomotorical performance is due to the increase in the strength ratio along with the increase in age level.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vibratory platform upon delayed-onset muscle soreness in physically active persons. 24 volunteers were recruited and randomly divided in 3 different groups: control, vibratory platform before exercise, vibratory platform after exercise. Volunteers were submitted to physical training to induce muscle pain. Pain sensation and muscular flexibility were valued in 3 consecutive days. Vibratory platform was able to reduce significantly muscle pain in both platform groups and there were no changes in muscular flexibility in any group.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of physical education teachers, working in Istanbul Bahçelievler, district according to some variables. The sample of the research carried out as descriptive research; It constitutes a total of 98 physical education teachers in 65 middle schools and high schools in Bahçelievler district of Istanbul. In the study, a structured questionnaire consisting of two parts was used as data collection method. In the first part of the questionnaire; questions about the demographics of the participants, in the second part, in order to evaluate the healthy lifestyle behaviors of the physical education teachers Walker and ark(1996) developed by Bahar and ark (2008) used the Turkish version of healthy living behavior scale. The obtained data were recorded in the SPSS package program. Statistical analysis Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H difference analysis were applied. As a result, although significant differences were found in some of the subscales of healthy lifestyle behavior according to gender, age, marital status and professional experience variables, no significant difference was found in some subscales.

Background: Association between physical activity and mental health has been well documented. Both leisure-time physical activity and emotional intelligence are related to health-related quality of life. Hence, it is important to explore the linkage between these two parameters.
Methods: A total of 126 female university students of age 20-30 years participated in the study. The scores regarding leisure-time physical activity were assessed using International Physical activity questionnaire (long form). Emotional intelligence was assessed by administering a 5-point scale developed by Hyde et al (2002). Normality of data was tested using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Spearman’s rank order test was run to see the relationship between non-parametric continuous data.
Results: Leisure-time physical activity level was significantly positively correlated with the overall emotional intelligence and sub-scales: self-awareness, Self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, self-development, value orientation and commitment (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, no significant correlations were assessed between leisure-time physical activity level and subscales: empathy and altruistic behavior.
Conclusions: Findings of the present study revealed that there is a strong positive correlation between leisure-time physical activity and emotional intelligence.

Satisfaction in sports has been a critical issue because of its relation to several psychosocial factors like leadership and motivation. Demographic characteristics of the groups under Satisfaction in sports has been a critical issue because of its relation to several psychosocial factors like leadership and motivation. Demographic characteristics of the groups under study have also shown to have impact on the satisfaction levels in physical activity. Based on the self-determination theory, the present study on influence of age on satisfaction of Kenyan volleyball league players hypothesized that there is no significant difference among Kenya volleyball league players of different age categories on the 15 sub-scales of sports satisfaction on the Athletic Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ). The study targeted male and female Kenyan volleyball league players in national division one and two. A total of 134 players were sampled for the study. Data were analysed by use of descriptive statistics and t test. Independent group t-ratios on the satisfaction scale showed significance (p< .05) on Team Social Contribution (t –2.756, p=0.007), Ethics (t-2.043, p=0.043), Team Integration (t-2.193, p=0.30), Academic Support Services (t -2.961, p=0.004) and External Agents (t -3.303, p=0.001).The study concluded that age influence satisfaction in sports and physical activity with younger and older players showing inclination towards different satisfaction components. It recommended enhancement of varied satisfaction components by coaches and trainers to maximize participation and performance.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the anthropometric measurements among the different groups of throwers. 40 (10 javelin throwers, 10 discus throwers, 10 hammer throwers, 10 shot putters) male university level throwers were assessed during the All India Inter University Athletic Meet. The age of athletes was between 18 to 25 years. All the athletes were measured for height, weight, lengths of body parts, diameters of body parts and circumferences of body parts. One-way ANOVA revealed that the significant differences were reported in height (p<0.05), weight (p<0.05), length measurements (p<0.05), diameters of body parts (p<0.05) and circumferences of the body parts (p<0.05) among the different groups of throwers. Post-hoc analysis revealed that discus throwers were the tallest among the throwers. In the same way, the discus throwers had highest diameters among different groups of throwers. The shot putters had highest weight and circumferences among the different groups of throwers.

This survey aims at revealing the relationship of sources of psychological stress to the level of self-esteem. It focused mainly on the following questions:
• Is there a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem?
• Is there a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem?
The survey suggested a number of hypotheses based on the existence of a correlation between each of the dimensions of psychological stress mentioned above and the level of self-esteem. The study was based on the descriptive correlative approach as it dealt with the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables. The sample of the study consisted of elite referees of the professional football division, which was chosen in a deliberate manner, and reached 80 referees. The following tools have been used: the self-assessment scale prepared by Hussein Abdel Aziz Al-Derini and Mohamad Ahmad Oussama, Abdelwahab Mohamad Kamil which has been applied and adapted by Professor Bachir Mamria on the Algerian environment, psychological sources of stress measure and initial information form. These tools were applied after estimating the psychometric properties that confirmed their suitability for use with the basic study sample. The following statistical methods have been relied on, Pearson correlation coefficient using the statistical software version 20 SPSS for statistical significance.
The study comes out with the following results:
• There is a correlation between fear of physical abuse and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between rewards, incentives, and self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between conflict of social dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between physical condition, time and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between fear of failure and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between personal conflict and level of self-esteem.
• There is a correlation between media dimension and level of self-esteem.
The study outcomes have been discussed in light of the theoretical framework and the results of previous studies and concluded with a set of proposals.

Öz
Bartın üniversitesi fakültelerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin spor yönelik tutumlarının belirlemede, spora ilgi duyma, sporla yaşama ve aktif spor yapma düzeylerinin ne olduğunu amaçlayan bu çalışmanın evrenini, 2015-2016 eğitim sezonunda Bartın üniversitesi fakültelerinde öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu ise 7 fakülteden 573 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Öğrencilerin spora yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek için 25 maddeden oluşan 5’li likert tipli ve 3 alt boyutlu SYT Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin spora yönelik tutum düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde, verdikleri yanıtların ölçek alt boyutlarına göre puan ortalamaları ile demografik değişkenler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sunucunda öğrencilerin “Yaş”, “Fakülte” ve “Sınıf” değişkenlerinin ölçek alt boyut puan ortalamaları ile anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanılmadığı, “Cinsiyet” değişkeni ile ölçek alt boyut puanları arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin spora ilgi duyma düzeyleri iyi seviyedeyken, sporla yaşama ve aktif spor yapma düzeyleri ise orta seviyede olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Öğrencilerin genel anlamda spora olana tutumları olumlu olduğu söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor, tutum, üniversite öğrencisi

Examination of the Attitudes of University Students in Bartin University towards Sports

Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of university students attending to different faculties in Bartın University towards sports, sports activities, and their levels of activities in sports. The sample of the study was composed of 573 students attending to 7 faculties during 2015-2016 education year. In order to find out their attitudes towards sports, a likert-type and 3 sub-scaled questionnaire, Attitude Scale towards Sports, which was composed of 25 items, was adapted to the sample. While analyzing the answers of the students, their score avarages of each sub-scale was calculated and compared through various demographic variables. According to the results of the study, there is no meaningful difference between the participants according to “Age”, “Faculty”, and “Grade” variables, but meaningful difference was found according to the “Gender” variable. Besides, the students’ interest in sports was found to be high, and their interest in active sports participation was found to be average level. In general, it can be stated that the students have a positive attitude towards sports.
Keywords: Sports, attitude, university student

Horseback wrestling is an indispensable combat game played at the festivals, feasts, sports events and assemblies of the Turkic Republics of Central Asia. A popular sport in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, it requires substantial physical strength and will to fight. Its local names include Oodaryş and Audaryspak, pronounced “er-enish”. The present study aims to make a contribution to the wider recognition and embrace of this sport, which is relatively unknown in Turkey, and to help it gain a solid place among traditional Turkish games. Given the rarity of the printed sources on this matter, the study employed interviews to support and complement literature survey. The input gathered were categorized and coded, followed by the analysis stage culminating in the final version of the text. Horseback wrestling was found to be a traditional game played in weddings and festivals in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in particular. In this context, the game is played without any time or space limitation, and continues till one of the players is able to bring the other down through wrestling on horseback. Today, however, a rather professional offshoot is established, where athletes in 4 weight classes compete on an individual as well as team basis, subject to time and space limits, as well as a scoring mechanism, with the scores often determining the winner. Horseback wrestling is essentially a game to prepare for combat, based on the skills to command the horse and overpower as well as neutralize the opponent without using any weapons. In time, a set of rules were developed to govern the game format; yet it still is a traditional sport true in its nature. Even though horse breeding and training as well as associated subcultures had somewhat withered away among Turkish peoples who embraced a more sedentary lifestyle in Anatolia, the Traditional Sports Federation of Turkey has an open perspective for such endeavors, and is expanding its activities. We believe the present study will be useful in this context.