Special Theory Of Relativity

Lorentz transformations and special theory of relativity have existed for more than a century and mathematics related to them has been used and applied for innumerous times. Relativistic energy and relativistic momentum equations have been derived and proven to be conserved if energy/momentum transaction is seen from different frames of reference. The set of permissible inertial reference frame velocities from where the energy and momentum of a closed system of particles may be observed to be conserved forms a ball in the velocity vector space. In this paper we use the existing equations of special theory of relativity and Lorentz transformations and the mathematical structure of the observation velocity space to prove that the conservation of kinetic energy implies the conservation of momentum. We also prove that the conservation of momentum implies the conservation of kinetic energy. We further derive many more linearly independent conservation equations directly from the conserva...

As we approach the 125 th anniversary of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 2012, we review experiments that test the isotropy of the speed of light. Previous measurements are categorized into one-way (single-trip) and two-way (round-trip averaged or over closed paths) approaches and the level of experimental verification that these experiments provide is discussed. The isotropy of the speed of light is one of the postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and, consequently, this phenomenon has been subject to considerable experimental scrutiny. Here, we tabulate significant experiments performed since 1881 and attempt to indicate a direction for future investigation.

So far, no convincing experimental evidence for the Lorentz-covariant
electromagnetic force law has been reported. This paper utilizes an
available experiment, which is often claimed as one of the most precise
experiments in modern physics, to analyze the Lorentz-covariant
electromagnetic force law. The Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force
law does not receive convincing confirmation by that experiment; rather,
its analysis suggests that the Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force law
might be only approximately true. A clean experiment is proposed to test
the Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic force law, avoiding ambiguities in
the physical meaning of measures in the experiment and eomplications
by other theoretical bones of contention than Einstein's special relativity
itself. The proposed experiment can be performed with high precision
within present technology.

The electromagnetic interaction governs many aspects of our daily lives. Although the unity of the electric and the magnetic phenomena is established through Maxwell's theory, it is not adequately emphasized in most of the courses on electrodynamics that the electric interaction together with the special theory of relativity provides a firm basis for magnetism, which follows as a natural consequence. In this article is reported a computer simulation of trajectories of charged particles in electromagnetic fields as observed from different inertial frames of references. An examination of these trajectories offers a vivid illustration of charged particle dynamics in electromagnetic fields and reveals the relationship between the electromagnetic interaction and the special theory of relativity.

In this paper we will briefly introduce Apparent Source Theory (AST) as it is applied to the Michelson-Morley experiment and provide a link to animation of AST uploaded on Youtube. The animation will help understand not only why the Michelson-Morley should give a null result but also why small fringe shifts were observed in the Miller experiments, why the Miller's absolute velocity direction differed from the directions determined by the Silvertooth experiment and the CMBR anisotropy experiment.

В работе показана возможность и необходимость распространения принципа движения электромагнитного поля на электродинамические процессы. На основе анализа известных парадоксов электромагнетизма также показано, что закон электромагнитной индукции Максвелла является частным случаем закона электромагнитной индукции Фарадея. Рассмотрены физические причины и условия движения компонент электромагнитного поля.

Lorentz transformations and special theory of relativity have existed for more than a century and mathematics related to them has been used and applied for innumerous times. Relativistic energy and relativistic momentum equations have been derived and proven to be conserved if energy/momentum transaction is seen from different frames of reference. The set of permissible inertial reference frame velocities from where the energy and momentum of a closed system of particles may be observed to be conserved forms a ball in the velocity vector space. In this paper we use the existing equations of special theory of relativity and Lorentz transformations and the mathematical structure of the observation velocity space to prove that the conservation of kinetic energy implies the conservation of momentum. We also prove that the conservation of momentum implies the conservation of kinetic energy. The derivation of the conservation of kinetic energy from the conservation of momentum implies that either potential energy has a momentum thus made of inertial particles or there cannot be a net conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy. This is an important result for classical mechanics because it implies that all fields, which lead to particle interaction must carry momentum in them even in the case of classical mechanics. We further discuss the case of attractive field leading to increase in momentum. In this paper we also show that a similar derivation for conservation of Galilean/Newtonian energy leads to conservation of momentum but applying the derivation on conservation of momentum just leads to conservation of mass.

We present new mathematical foundations
of classical Maxwell–Lorentz electrodynamic models and
related charged particles interaction-radiation problems,
and analyze the fundamental least action principles via
canonical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms. The
corresponding electrodynamic vacuum field theory aspects
of the classical Maxwell–Lorentz theory are analyzed
in detail. Electrodynamic models of charged point
particle dynamics based on a Maxwell type vacuum field
medium description are described, and new field theory
concepts related to the mass particle paradigms are discussed.
We also revisit and reanalyze the mathematical
structure of the classical Lorentz force expression with
respect to arbitrary inertial reference frames and present
new interpretations of some classical special relativity
theory relationships.

Radar guns provide an excellent means of explaining and demonstrating some of Einstein's theories in a very simple and undeniable way. Specifically, radar guns demonstrate how the speed of the emitter cannot add to the speed of the light being emitted, but the speed of light can be combined with the speed of the receiver. In practice, this directly conflicts with basic tenets of mathematicians who somehow believe that all motion is relative, and the speed of light will therefore always be the same for the emitter as for the receiver. A step by step analysis of how radar guns work shatters those tenets.

Within planetary radar astronomy a radio signal is transmitted to a spacecraft, to a planet, and similarly police radar transmits a radio wave to a car, and then radio signal is re-transmitted (or reflected) back and received at the ground (similarly reflected back to the police radar-gun), and, it is assured in the textbooks and in scientific journal publications, that a Doppler shift occurs in the frequency and calculates the spacecraft's speed or the car's speed. It is assured that the radar-gun used by police operate on Doppler phenomena. The Christian Doppler discovery was the relativity of the radiation energy: radiation energy depends on the choice of the reference body. Another phenomena is the Compton scattering of the radiation, that include the reflections from a spacecraft and reflection from planet in motion, and the reflection from a car, under energy-momenta conservation. This rise the question whether the planetary radar astronomy and the radar-gun used by police must operate on Doppler's relativity of energy, or rather on Compton's conservation of energy-momenta.

I know about the universe because it influences me.  Light excites the photoreceptors in my eyes, surfaces apply pressure to my touch receptors and my eardrums are buffeted by relentless waves of air molecules.  My entire sensorium is excited by all that surrounds me.  These experiences are all I have ever known, and for this reason, they comprise my reality.
This essay considers a simple model of observers that are influenced by the world around them.  Consistent quantification of information about such influences results in a great deal of familiar physics.  The end result is a new perspective on relativistic quantum mechanics, which includes both a way of conceiving of spacetime as well as particle “properties” that may be amenable to a unification of quantum mechanics and gravity.  Rather than thinking about the universe as a computer, perhaps it is more accurate to think about it as a network of influences where the laws of physics derive from both consistent descriptions and optimal information-based inferences made by embedded observers.

Lorentz transformations and special theory of relativity have existed for more than a century and mathematics related to them has been used and applied for innumerous times. Relativistic energy and relativistic momentum equations have been derived and proven to be conserved if energy/momentum transaction is seen from different frames of reference. The set of permissible inertial reference frame velocities from where the energy and momentum of a closed system of particles may be observed to be conserved forms a ball in the velocity vector space. In this paper we use the existing equations of special theory of relativity and Lorentz transformations and the mathematical structure of the observation velocity space to prove that the conservation of kinetic energy implies the conservation of momentum. We also prove that the conservation of momentum implies the conservation of kinetic energy. We further derive many more linearly independent conservation equations directly from the conserva...

Time dilation of Special relativity can be easily derived from the thought experiments using the traditional light clock. However, time contraction is also possible to derive but using the "novel" light clock described in this communication. The question is which of these two clocks is right?

This is the third in a series of papers on a new theory of relativity [Phys. Essays 4,
68 (1991); ibid [ 194; "Relativistic Kinematics IV,," submitted to Phys. Essays]. This
paper presents, in detail, an application of the new theory of relativity to relativistically
modify Newton's gravitational force law. The new relativistic gravitational force law thus
obtained gives a simple correction factor, 1 - (v/c) 2, to Newton's gravitational force
law; it contains Newton's gravitational force law as a low-speed limit. However, the new
relativistic theory of gravitation differs from Einstein's general relativity of gravitation.
We also discuss experimental tests of general relativity and wish to emphasize that these
experimental tests are not reliable as originally claimed.

Based on historical documents collected over the past decade and my interviews with several key eyewitnesses， I have carefully reexamined the inception and development of the Ｒelativity Criticism Group in the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS) during the Cultural Ｒevolution. This essay first reviews the Soviet criticism of relativity and the Chinese movement of studying dialectical materialism as well as their significant influence on the Chinese youth growing up in the 1950s and early 1960s. Then， it expounds the process of launching and organizing the Group and explores the four stages of its development through the experience of individuals involved with the Group. Moreover， I clarify the connections of Mao Zedong and Chen Boda with the Ｒelativity Criti-cism movement and stress the impact of works by Herbert E. Ives， Herbert Dingle， and Lajos Jnossy. I conclude this essay with an analysis of ideological causes of the Chinese Ｒelativity Criti-cism and a summary of relevant historical lessons. This investigation demonstrates that the erroneous Chinese critique against the special theory of relativity resulted from the dogmatic interpretation of dialectical materialism， the misunderstanding of Einstein's theory， and the ignorance of the history of the theory of relativity. Some of the criticism， however， also exposed gaps and long-ignored problems in Chinese teaching and research on the theory of relativity， which deserve further reflection and ex-ploration． Keywords The special theory of relativity

This paper gives an account of the Gestalt Aether Theory of gravity. Gestalt Aether Theory clearly establishes the connection between electromagnetism and gravity and is able to account for every known or observed property of gravity. It offers a format for extremely precise calculations on the force of gravity.

Special Relativity Theory (SRT) has two postulates, one stating that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, and the other stating that the speed of light is the constant 186,000 miles per second, regardless of any reference frames. As a result of these postulates, SRT renders predictions such as: 1) No object can travel faster than 186,000 miles per second (the speed of light itself); 2) On approaching the speed of light, a moving object contracts in length in the direction of motion, while 3) a clock traveling with the object slows down; 4) The mass of an object multiplied by the square of the speed of light gives energy ( E mc2 ); i.e., mass could be converted to energy and vice versa; 5) Observers do not agree on the simultaneity of events - two events that are simultaneous for one observer might not be simultaneous for another.

There are evident inconsistencies among these predictions. There is also a philosophical problem relating to the nature of reality. Could there be more than one reality in Nature; that is, can reality be subjective, and only a matter of interpretation? This paper explores the evident inconsistencies and the philosophical problem by developing arguments and providing numerical examples.

Space-based experiments today can uniquely address important questions related to the fundamental laws of Nature. In particular, high-accuracy physics experiments in space can test relativistic gravity and probe the physics beyond the Standard Model; they can perform direct detection of gravitational waves and are naturally suited for precision investigations in cosmology and astroparticle physics. In addition, atomic physics has recently shown substantial progress in the development of optical clocks and atom interferometers. If placed in space, these instruments could turn into powerful high-resolution quantum sensors greatly benefiting fundamental physics. We discuss the current status of space-based research in fundamental physics, its discovery potential, and its importance for modern science. We offer a set of recommendations to be considered by the upcoming National Academy of Sciences' Decadal Survey in Astronomy and Astrophysics. In our opinion, the Decadal Survey shoul...

A complete theoretical and mathematical description of how electric fields change due to relative motion that includes an in-depth analysis of relativistic electric fields and the methods to effect motion.

This new description is based on James Maxwell's original bi-quaternion that includes descriptions and examples of how to use these electric field differences to create an all new propellant-less spacecraft propulsion device.

Time is a simple word, though it remains truly the most mysterious and vicious phenomena where every living and non-living ones are its victim. This antediluvian force of nature shows no mercy as it moves along every path, every corner sniffing over its wounded and marks victory over one after another. Time mystifies us with the maze of moments and wraps up in the illusion that it would last forever. Indeed, some gets time and some even gets the time of their lives but as one stares at the clock know for sure that time is creeping in onto her/his territory. And with the fractured youth and battered adolescent, one finds her/himself feeble against the ultimate ambush of time as it calmly introduces the being to the prime truth of all. Tirelessly, we chase the days as we make it to the journey of life as we know it. The fixture of sunrise and sunset detonates the moments, and all familiarity seems like occasions held seconds ago. There is no escape. The mystic hands of the clock never greet one at the same spot twice.

But, what if we could actually travel back in time and into the future? There has always been a great deal of interest in time-travel. It has been the center of many science fictions. And frankly, who wouldn't want to travel through time and aspire to a part of this surreal experience?  Through time travel and consequently with the aid of time machine, one can explore the different periods of time, both in the context of past as well as of the future and in that way, one can somewhat overlook the existent that is traditionally allocated to him/her.

The idea of time travel has fascinated human beings for quite some time and from scientists to writers to artists, everybody alike fancied the idea of time travel, pondered about going back to the past as well as take a journey into the future and ultimately unlock and master the mysteries of time itself. And, this book timely tells the story of the spectacular journey of the phenomena now known as Time Travel.

It is known that Maxwell's electrodynamics—as usually understood at the present time—when applied to moving bodies, leads to asymmetries which do not appear to be inherent in the phenomena. Take, for example, the recipro-cal electrodynamic action of a magnet and a ...

We examine the possibility of localized propagating tachyonic fields within a properly extended relativity. A possible extension is to include superluminal transformations and reference frames. This leads to complex 4D spacetime, or real 8D spacetime M_{4,4}. The mass shell constraint in M_{4,4} becomes, after first quantization, the ultrahyperbolic Klein-Gordon equation. The Cauchy problem for such equation is not well posed, because it is not possible to freely specify initial data on a 7D hypersurface of M_{4,4}. We explicitly demonstrate that it is possible to do it on a space-like 4-surface for bradyons, and on a time-like 4-surface for tachyons. But then the evolution of a bradyonic field into the four time-like directions, or the "evolution" of a tachyonic field into the four space-like directions, is not uniquely determined. We argue that this is perhaps no so bad, because in quantum field theory (after second quantization) the classical trajectories of fields are not determined anyway, and so it does not matter, if they are not completely determined already in the first quantized theory. A next possible extension of relativity is to consider 16D Clifford space, C, a space whose elements are oriented r-volumes, r=0,1,2,3,4 of real 4D spacetime. Then the evolution parameter can be associated with an extra light-cone coordinate, e.g., with the sum of the scalar and the pseudoscalar coordinate, and initial data can be given on a light-like hypersurface, in which case the Cauchy problem is well posed. This procedure brings us to the Stueckelberg theory which contains localized propagating tachyons in 4D spacetime.

Vi è la diffusa tendenza a considerare la storia della relatività nei rassicuranti termini di una continua accumulazione di trionfi. Nata e cresciuta grazie al lavoro di un solo uomo, tra il 1905 e gli anni Venti la relatività prima generalizzò e unificò meccanica classica ed elettrodinamica poi, in una progressione eminentemente razionale, conquistò la venerabile teoria della gravitazione e infine rivoluzionò la cosmologia. Certo, fin da subito la relatività sollevò anche cruciali e complessi problemi concettuali e curiosi paradossi, ma la sua applicazione non ha quasi mai richiesto le audaci acrobazie formali della meccanica quantistica: è una teoria locale, continua, deterministica, che non genera strani infiniti o inesplicabili energie dal vuoto. Eppure, se esaminiamo la sua storia lungo l'intero arco del ventesimo secolo, la situazione non è così semplice. Ci sono casi in cui "relativizzare" una teoria può essere altrettanto complicato, sottile e ambiguo che

This article discusses an apparent paradox between perceived time and externally measured time during dreamed body movement. An appeal to concepts regarding space in special relativity may help to resolve the puzzle and perhaps point to a two-way perceptual relativity of dream and waking phenomenology.

This is a prelude to a book which I intend to publish. This paper describes my temporary thoughts on Einstein's pathway to the special theory of relativity. See my papers on my thoughts on Einstein's pathway to his general theory of relativity. Never say that you know how Einstein had arrived at his special theory of relativity, even if you read his letters to his wife and friends, and some other primary documents. Einstein gave many talks and wrote pieces, but at the end of the day, he told very little geographical, historical and biographical details pertaining to the years he had spent in the patent office. I thus bring here my jigsaw puzzle and warn the reader again, this is my creation and not Einstein's...

Having found several erroneities, chimerae, lacunae, malaphors and their sequalae, or (at least generally considered) 'sub-literate' comments and notations in the work of renowned SuperPhysicist Albert Einstein, I have concluded that it is incumbent upon me as a sentient witness, thereof, that I convey and expose the flaws of Mr. Einstein's mildly eccentric ideas to those who are willing to listen and learn.

During the years 1912-1918, the creative efforts of Albert Einstein (b. 1879 - d. 1955) were directed towards the discovery of General Relativity Theory, name under which he meant a comprehensive theory of gravito-dynamic phenomena, including principia, mathematical equations, interconnections between space, time and matter and physical implications at all scales of matter aggregation. Out of this relatively large period

This paper compares Einsteinian physics with Eddington’s interpretation
of the theory of relativity. Firstly, various interpretations of the theory
of relativity are examined and the non-scientific obstacles of the theory are analysed. Secondly, the most important aspects of the theory of relativity are highlighted. Thirdly, Eddington’s crucial observation is explored. Fourthly, Eddington’s philosophical interpretation of the theory of relativity is investigated. Finally, Eddington’s and Einstein’s interpretations are compared.

This article describes two of the major errors of Einstein's reasoning in his 1905 document which founded the Special Theory of Relativity. Einstein contradicted himself by using both the principle of the constancy of speed of light, and a variable speed of light, along with a wrong synchronization method. A 3D animated simulation accompanies and demonstrates the statements of this article, and it is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOjNwuQUOAM

Different cultures around the world have independently discovered time in antiquity and developed calendars and clocks to measure this mysterious unknown. We say 'mysterious' because to this day no one has defined what 'time' is or means. Yet Mathematical Physics, particularly Special and General Relativity, are founded on time; neither can do without this strategic term. Time dilation is one of the three pillars of Special Relativity and the dimension of time is the fourth leg of General Relativity's ubiquitous space-time. What is it that theoreticians are stretching? What are they warping? Is time a dimension? Is it legal to replace height with time on a Cartesian chart and turn it into a Feynman diagram? And if time was born at the Big Bang, what is it that came to life? What does the babe look like? A closer analysis reveals that time is not a dimension. We discover that time cannot do without an observer. More fundamentally, we discover that unless we define this enigmatic word we will never understand what anyone who uses it is talking about.

Combining the formalism of relativistic standing waves with that of the old Bohr model for hydrogen leads to a surprisingly consistent theory, one which retains certain essential features from both classical and relativistic mechanics. Of particular interest is the necessity that the electron speed, taken as a proportion of the speed of light, must also remain invariant for all frames of reference. The model not only appears to predict the correct frequency spectrum for hydrogen but, being already a relativistic theory, also gives the relativistic ' correction' term as an automatic consequence. Thus, the possibility arises that the Bohr model did not represent merely an early classical approximation to the later Dirac model but pointed the way to another formalism entirely. 18 December 2015

“Theory of Grand Settlement” is a new Theory of Everything (TOE) that brings out a fundamental change in the physical and cosmological understanding of the Universe.

Gravity, Space-Time and Origin of the Universe are all redefined. The “Hot Big Bang” concept is denied while giving room for the exponential growth of the Universe from a single (infinitesimal) speck of energy that rose out of a vacuum fluctuation, which finally ended up in a sustained and “Steady State” evolution of the cosmological bodies. The origin is stretched back to an infinitely past-point in time and the end to an infinitely future-point in time with respect to a given (finite) rate of time-flow of the Universe.

It resolves the issues around the prevailing theories of Big Bang, Cosmic Inflation/ Accelerated Expansion, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry, Mass Defect and other observed properties of the Universe, like, Isotropy, Flatness and Homogeneity.

It better explains the Quantum weirdness like Uncertainty Principle, Wave-Particle Duality, Entanglement, etc. The new theory once again claims that there is a fundamental space called, “Absolute Empty Space”, that accommodates both “Zero” and “Infinity” and upon which the Universe is fully built. Perhaps, human intellect, which can dwell only in finite and discrete domains can never reach out to this new (hypothetical) entity.

It replaces Einstein’s Space-time with Energy-space-time. It explains the geometrical curvature of space-time around energy bodies as a characteristic of the energy-space-time continuum around them. It reviews the speed of EM Waves and justifies its constancy more practically.

In the present scheme of things, most of the physical (that includes both quantum-physics and astrophysics) phenomena were initially conjectured, hypothesized, mathematised and then experimentally verified. So, the new “Theory of Grand Settlement” gives a new set of conjectures and hypotheses, keeping almost the same mathematics and the experimental observations, Surprisingly, it resolves a lot of hitherto unsolved physical and astrophysical issues, paving the way for a new “Theory of Everything”.

I provide in this document the missing steps (i.e., derivations) from Einstein's original paper, 1905. I have also shown with the detailed derivations the essence of Special Relativity and the exact point whence Einstein established the conviction that the different perspectives of observation are the answer/explanation behind the weird term that shows up in the equations.

The presentation and defination of Time as a concept in the Theory Special Theory of Relativity is remarkably difference to that of Time in the Theory of Classical Mechanics. In Special Relativity, Time is considered as the fourth dimension in the fabric of space-time.However, the presentation of time as such, can be argued upon, as time can be defined as a method of defining events relative to one another. This paper provides an insight into Time Dilation details of its occurrence, and the controversial representation of time.

Science is a work in progress, although the progress that science has made over the past few decades has been vastly limited by the narrow, limited and dogmatic worldviews representing the major paradigms of physics. It is not hard or even overwhelmingly original to conclude that science has followed the wrong direction at a fork in the road and led itself into a corner with little to no room for escape. Both the quantum theory and general relativity have made spectacularly accurate predictions, nearly all of which have been verified, but these two paradigms remain mutually incompatible while the standard model of particles used within the quantum paradigm keeps predicting the existence of particles that are not falsifiable and completely beyond verification. Newer physical models such as the superstring and brane theories have not lived up to their promise and show no signs of settling the problems of unification for which they were designed. This book takes a different route and tells the story of a new form of unified field theory that combines or merges the best parts of the quantum theory and relativity together within a single field theory structure. It covers four primary areas of scientific inquiry: the macrocosm, the microcosm, the everyday world of life, mind and experience, and the abstract world of theoretical and philosophical mathematics and science. In so doing, this book offers the best chance for an alternative physics worldview that is nothing less than the science of our future, a preview of the science that will carry us into a brave new world of being and becoming our own future.

Keywords: Future physics, theory of everything, unified field theory, quantized space-time, consciousness, evolution, paraphysics

The foundations of Modern Physics are derived from the basic Mechanics of waves that propagate at c in a physical medium.  The foundation theories are unified  and all the usual relativistic and quantum paradoxes are removed.  Spacelike causal correlations are identified within the model, without invoking any form of nonlocality or superluminality.

The existence of a Space Rest Frame is discussed. In the past the existence of a stationary luminiferous aether was proposed as the medium for the propagation of light. This idea was discarded when the Michelson-Morley experiment was completed and Special Relativity was founded on the assumption that there is no special frame of reference. Now following the LIGO experiment observing the merger of neutron stars it was observed that the speed of light and the speed of gravitational waves is exactly the same even over 130 million light years of expanding space. This strongly suggests that the medium for the transmission of light is Spacetime. With this in mind, the question of a Space Rest Frame is considered.