South-Eastern Europe

The September 2021 edition of the IRMO Brief deals with energy security of the Balkans and the upcoming changes in the energy security of the region. Year 2023 could bring a dramatic overhaul on the energy map of the Western Balkans countries, as by then the derogation from EU environmental regulation for a number of thermal power plants expires while reliability of lignite mines and power plants deteriorates. As the region’s energy supply is to a large extent dependent on lignite-fired power plants, the 2023 will be a turning point for the Balkans in terms of energy supply. At the same time, the Western Balkan countries are aware of the importance of the EU Green Agenda and that the replacement of coal by other energy sources, is at the core of EU climate policy. The author also analyses the energy map Europe after the completion of the Nord Stream 2 and Turk Stream gas pipeline projects as well as closures of nuclear and coal plants and phase out of Groningen gas field , and positions the role of the Balkans in the overall energy security of Europe. Paper address the risk that developments in Balkans affect credibility of the EU promotion of the rule of law, climate change awareness and human rights.  Findings are confirmed by recent failures in gas and power supply across the region and spike in wholesale prices.

THE political events of the day have drawn so much of public attention to the regions which I have lately visited, that a sketch of their actual condition as I saw them in the autumn of last year, may not prove unacceptable at the present moment. I have not written in order to plead either this cause or that one. I am not a Philo-Turk, nor am I a Phil-Hellenic, or a Philo-Wallach, or a PhiloAlbanian, or a Philo-Bulgarian; but I believe that a great change is at hand in the southeastern peninsula of Europe, in which these rising nationalities have each its part to play. The old Ottoman empire-the Mussulman theocracy - is doomed, on this side of the Bosphorus at least. Whether its name and the shadow its power be still allowed to endure, or whether the "bag and baggage" policy be carried out to the bitter end, a new order of things is in process of· evolution. If my jottings by the way can help the reader to a clearer apprehension of the grave events which must sooner or later remodel the map of South-eastern Europe, my journey will not have been undertaken in vain.
Some of the notes embodied in the following pages have already appeared in 'Blackwood's Magazine,' in the 'Pall Mall Gazette, and in the 'Fortnightly Review' and I am indebted to Mr J. Morley for his kind permission to make use of the last.

ПРАИСТОРИЈА БАЧКЕ: ОД ПАЛЕОЛИТА ДО ПОЗНОГ БРОНЗАНОГ ДОБА У в о д Праисторијски период, који почиње са појавом првих хоминида, и траје до појаве првих писаних извора, јесте дуг период у коме су створене основе нашег садашњег свакодневног живота -стална насеља, чврста архитектура, земљорадња, сточарство, обрада камена, металургија и друге технологије, али и период настанка готово свих врста уметности, ликовне, вајарске, музичке, сценске. Археологија, као наука која проучава људску прошлост на основу материјалних остатака, представља основни извор сазнања о овом периоду.

A m întâlnit pentru prima dată numele lui Judit Bretan în arhiva lui Mircea Eliade de la Biblioteca Universităţii din Chicago. L-am reţinut atunci când am alcătuit lista celor care urmau să fie incluşi în ediţia corespondenţei primite de el de la evrei români (sau din România), 1 dar, documentându-mă asupră-i, am aflat că nu întrunea criteriile pentru a fi inclusă în această categorie. Nu peste mult timp, m-am reîntâlnit cu persoana ei în paginile cărţii pe care a publicat-o anul trecut, la Editura Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă din Cluj-Napoca: Uraganul. O viaţă pentru Nicolae Bretan -mărturie în fragmente.

The identification of deviant burials as those of ‘vampires’ is a feature of excavated skeletons from sites across Eastern, Central and Southern Europe as well as the Balkans. Based on a close reading of historic and folkloric sources researchers have sought to match features of excavated sites with narrative descriptions drawn from vampire legend and myth. This study critically reviews the recent claims based on sites in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Italy, Poland and Slovakia. Whilst it is found that there was a widespread belief in vampires across Europe, it is argued that it is difficult to make absolute claims for ‘vampire’ burials on archaeological grounds as in most cases there are alternate and equally compelling interpretations of the data.

KEYWORDS
ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, SIXTEENTH CENTURY, SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, VAMPIRE, DEVIANT BURIAL, PLAGUE, BLACK DEATH, FOLKLORE, PAGAN, BURIAL, WITCH, BALKANS, EASTERN EUROPE, CENTRAL EUROPE, SOUTHERN EUROPE, BULGARIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, POLAND, GREECE, ITALY, SLOVAKIA, LESBOS, VENICE, APOTROPAIC, VAMPIRIDZHIJA, PERPERIKON, SOZOPOL, PROSTEJOV, CELAKOVICE, DRAWSKO, GLIWICI, SOUTHWELL, KILTEASHEEN, LAZZARETTO NUOVO, NACHTZEHRER, KAMIEN POMORSKI

This paper  deals  with  governing  structure  and  scientific  activities of the Centre for South Eastem European Studies, which was initially founded as an institute in 1969 before the reorganisation of its statute into a centre. The contributions made by the centre to the world of science are also briefly d welt on, although it has a short life span.
Keywords:  Jnstitutc/Centre  for  So11th  Eastern  Studies,  Balkans,  history,
archaeology, Journal.for South Eastern Studies, Adriana/op.

This article deals with the problem of the colonization plans of Moldavia, appeared in the time of the Grand Chancellor and Hetman of the Crown, Jan Zamoyski, after the ascension of Jeremy Mohila (1595–1606) on the throne of Moldavia. We tried to identify the social groups which were to be transferred, the reasons for their transfer, the initiators of the project and the times when they began to be put into practice.

Mittelalterliche Schwerter und Sabel in Siebenburgen und im Banat. (9.-14. Jh).

Der Mensch war zur Zeit des Mittelalters in größerem Maße an seine Waffen gebunden als dieses heute der Fall ist, sein Verhältnis zu diesen Gegenständen war ein betont persönliches und subjektives. Dieser Stand der Dinge läßt sich jedoch anhand der damals herrschenden geschichtlichen Gegebenheiten sowie durch das aus früheren Zeiten stammende geistige Erbe erklären.
Im christlichen Mittelalter wurden mehrere Bräuche, die mit dem Waffenkultus zusammenhingen, in leicht abgewandelter Form beibehalten, wobei man einige davon in ein "christliches Gewand gehüllt" hatte. Die sporadische Beigabe von Waffen mit offensichtlich ritueller Absicht ist archäologisch bewiesen worden; die runischen Inschriften magischen Charakters wurden in christlicher Zeit durch Inschriften ersetzt, die zwar einen christlichen Gehalt aufwiesen, aber die gleiche Bedeutung wie die Runen innehatten: Sie sollten die Gottheit zum Schutz der Waffe aufrufen. Mehr noch, durch die Kreuzform des mittelalterlichen Schwertes wurde letzteres zu einem Gegenstand, den man beim Schwurablegen heranzog; auch der Schlag mit dem Schwert zum Zeichen der Aufnahme in den Ritterstand, das Küssen des Stichblattes, das Berühren der Schultern mit der Klinge - dies alles trug dazu bei, daß diese Waffe zum Symbol der genannten privilegierten Gesellschaftsschicht wurde. Durch das Zusammenführen des Schwertsymbols mit dem des Ritterranges und des Kreuzes, wurde eine weitere privilegierte Gesellschaftsschicht des Mittelalters - jene der Kreuzritter - gekennzeichnet; daraus entwickelte sich der Gedanke eines Heeres Christi und der geistlichen Ritterorden. Im Mittelalter wurde das Schwert, neben der Krone, zu einem bedeutenden Symbol mehrerer europäischer Königshäuser; ein Beweis dafür sind die in den Krönungsschätzen verwahrten Zeremonieschwerter, die einen hohen symbolischen und geistigen Gehalt verkörpern, sowie die Darstellungen derartiger Stücke in der bildenden Kunst. Das Schwertsymbol trat jedoch auf allen Ebenen des mittelalterlichen Alltags in Erscheinung: als Zeichen der politischen oder juristischen Macht, bis hin zu den Schwerttänzen, die ein Teil des Brauchtums der Zünfte und der Bauerngemeinschaften waren.

Die mittelalterlichen, in das 9. bis 14. Jahrhundert datierten Schwerter, die im Raum Siebenbürgen entdeckt wurden und hier erhalten geblieben sind, können in großen Zügen in die Entwicklung dieser Waffenkategorie in Europa eingegliedert werden.
Die bereits für den Großteil Europas erarbeiteten Sachkriterien wurden an dem siebenbürgischen Material angewandt, um eine möglichst vollständige und genaue typologische und chronologische Einordnung durchführen zu können. Um diesem Zweck gerecht zu werden, haben wir die Schwerter anhand ihrer Einzelteile untersucht, wobei das Hauptkriterium jenes der Funktionalität ist, die sich aus der Kombination dieser Einzelteile ergibt.
Eine erste Einteilung der Schwerter nach funktionellen Kriterien kann nach den Eigenschaften der Klinge, dem Hauptelement dieser Waffen, vorgenommen werden; je nach ihrer Klinge unterscheidet man zwischen Schwertern, die als "Hiebwaffe", "Stichwaffe" oder als "Hieb- und Stichwaffe" dienen sollten.
Aufgrund der Griffe (Gefäße), die aus demselben Metallstück wie die Klinge geschmiedet sind, können die Schwerter, je nach ihrer Länge und implizite der Funktionalität ihrer Einzelteile, in solche eingeteilt werden, deren Griffe "für eine Hand (od. einhändige Betätigung)", "für eineinhalb Hände (od. eineinhalbhändige Betätigung)" und für "zwei Hände (od. zweihändige Betätigung)" vorgesehen sind.
Aus der Funktionalität des Knaufs, der Art und Weise wie die Faust den Griff anpackt, um den Schwerpunkt der Waffe in bezug auf das Klingengewicht wirksam zu verlagern, erfolgt die Einteilung in "leichte" und "massive" Knäufe.
Die Parierstangen können desgleichen nach ihrer Funktionalität eingeteilt werden, u.zw. in: "kurze" Parierstangen, die das Abgleiten der Faust in Richtung der Schneiden verhindern, sowie in "lange" Parierstangen, die die Faust zusätzlich vor den gegnerischen Angriffen schützen sollten.
Nachdem die genannten Elemente und ihre Kombinationsweise an dem siebenbürgischen Material des 9. bis 11. Jahrhunderts untersucht wurden, konnten zwei große Gruppen von Schwertern festgelegt werden: Gruppe A: frühmittelalterliche Schwerter (Ende des 8. Jhs. bis Mitte des 11. Jhs.) sowie Gruppe B: Schwerter des Hochmittelalters (Mitte des 11. Jhs. bis Ende des 14. Jhs.).
Aufgrund dieser ersten, an die Funktionalität gebundenen Einteilungen wird im folgenden die Entwicklung (Form und Chronologie) der einzelnen Teile des Schwertes aufgezeigt.
Die Klingen sind in 9 "Kategorien", die Griffe (Gefäße) in 3 "Dimensionen", die Parierstangen in 8 "Varianten" und die Knäufe in 12 "Formen" eingeteilt worden.

Was die Kampfausrüstungen anbelangt, waren in Siebenbürgen zur Zeit des Frühmittelalters die gleichen Formen wie im restlichen Europa vertreten, die beständig, gemäß den auf diesem Kontinent bestehenden mittelalterlichen militärischen Strukturen, angepaßt werden mußten.
Die mittelalterlichen Schwerter des 9.-14. Jahrhunderts bildeten dabei keine Ausnahme, sie lassen sich in den allgemeinen Strom der europäischen Entwicklung eingliedern, wobei die zonalen Eigenheiten minimal sind. Wie oben bereits erwähnt, waren die morphologischen Merkmale der Schwerter sowohl von der Entwicklung der Schutzausrüstung des potentiellen Feindes als auch von der Anpassungsfähigkeit an die Kampfweise desselben abhängig. Diesbezüglich machten sich im 9. bis 14. Jahrhundert in Siebenbürgen gewaltige Einflüsse aus Mittel- und Westeuropa und in geringerem Maße aus Osteuropa und dem Balkan bemerkbar - ein Umstand, der durch die in jener Zeit herrschenden geschichtlichen und militärischen Ereignisse zu erklären ist.
Im Falle der Schwerter ist im Raum des Karpatenbeckens die gesamte europäische typologische Vielfalt vertreten, es treten allerdings in verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten einige Unterschiede auf. Die ins 8. bis 9. Jahrhundert datierten Stücke sind selten, während jene Exemplare, die den späteren Zeitabschnitten, dem 12.-14. Jahrhundert zuzuordnen sind, zahlreicher auftreten. Außerdem muß hinzugefügt werden, daß die Schwerter des abendländischen Typus im Vergleich zu jenen byzantinischer Art (die übrigens im gesamten mittel- und südosteuropäischen Raum selten sind) überwiegen.

Im 13. Jahrhundert kam es zur ersten "militärischen Niederlage" großen Ausmaßes, den die schwere Reiterei im Kampf gegen die einfallenden Mongolenhorden erlitt; da letztere, die sich der äußerst leicht zu manövrierenden, leichten Reiterei bedienten, nur über eine verhältnismäßig kurze Zeitspanne hinweg Mitteleuropa beherrschten, führte dieses Ereignis zu keinen Veränderungen in der Konfiguration der in Siebenbürgen benutzten Kampfausstattung, so wie dies in Rußland (durch Anpassen an die leichte Reiterei des Feindes) geschehen war. Weder das 14. Jahrhundert noch die Türkengefahr oder die vernichtende Niederlage der schweren Reiterei in Nikopole hatte eine radikale Veränderung in der Beschaffenheit der Bewaffnung in Siebenbürgen zur Folge; die Schwerter entwickelten sich zu immer größeren und schwereren Formen, die den Plattenrüstungen, die auch im darauffolgenden Jahrhundert vorherrschten, angepaßt waren.
Dem Säbel, als Waffe der leichten Reiterei, war im Siebenbürgen des Mittelalters keine "militärische Laufbahn" beschieden. Er wurde nur für kurze Zeit, während jener der ersten landnehmenden Madjaren benutzt und wird zeitlich in die erste Hälfte des 10. Jahrhunderts angesiedelt. Aus diesem Grund sind die wenigen Stücke dieser Art in den Gräbern der genannten Bevölkerung zu finden, genauer gesagt in jenen aus der Zeit ihrer ersten Wanderwelle, die archäologisch - nach den frühesten, in der Stadt am Someş (in der Zápolya / Dostoievski Straße) zutage getretenen Funden (aus den Jahren 1911 und später 1941-1942) - als "Cluj / Klausenburger Gruppe" bezeichnet wurden. Dieser Horizont weist noch starke Einflüsse der Steppenkulturen auf, u.zw. durch Beigabe von Waffen und Teilen von Pferdekörpern in Gräbern. Die wenigen Schwerter, die in Anlagen wie Gâmbaş, Arad-Ceala oder dem bereits erwähnten Gräberfeld in Cluj / Klausenburg entdeckt wurden, zu denen einige Stücke unbestimmter Herkunft hinzugezählt werden müssen, erlauben das Aufstellen einer eigenen Typologie nicht, sondern lassen eventuelle Vergleiche mit den in West-, Mittel- und Osteuropa erarbeiteten, bereits allgemein anerkannten Typologien zu.

Αντικείμενο του βιβλίου είναι το ζήτημα των μεταρρυθμίσεων στο χώρο του Οικουμενικού Πατριαρχείου και πιο συγκεκριμένα το πρόβλημα της ερμηνείας των Γενικών Κανονισμών , οι οποίοι επηρέασαν τη διαδικασία ανασυγκρότησης του ορθόδοξου μιλλέτ . Η μελέτη δεν περιορίζεται στην ανάλυση του κειμένου των Κανονισμών, αλλά διερευνά το πολιτικό πεδίο που συγκρότησε ο καταρτισμός τους. Οδηγεί έτσι, όχι μόνο σε πλούσιο πρωτογενές υλικό, αλλά και σε συμπεράσματα που φωτίζουν σημαντικές πλευρές της ζωής της ελληνορθόδοξης κοινότητας στην Κωνσταντινούπολη. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι στόχοι της εργασίας είναι:
- Να αναλύσει τι πολιτικές και κοινωνικές προϋποθέσεις της ανασυγκρότησης του ορθόδοξου μιλλέτ, ξεκινώντας από τα δίκτυα ισχύος και τις ομάδες συμφερόντων που συγκροτήθηκαν ήδη από τη δεκαετία του 1830.
- Να εξετάσει διεξοδικά το σχηματισμό των δύο πτερύγων , της κληρικαλικής και της μεταρρυθμιστικής και την αντιπαράθεσή τους κατά τις εργασίες του Εθνικού Προσωρινού Συμβουλίου.
- Να περιγράψει και να ερμηνεύσει το πεδίο πολιτικών ανταγωνισμών, όπως διαμορφώθηκε στο Πατριαρχείο, μετά τη ψήφιση των Γενικών Κανονισμών.
Σύμφωνα με την ερμηνεία που επιχειρείται εδώ, η ενδεχόμενη «λαϊκοποίηση» της Εκκλησίας δεν σημαίνει απαραίτητα και μια ώθηση στη διαδικασία εκκοσμίκευσης, δηλαδή, στη θεμελιακή διάκριση της θρησκευτικής από την πολιτική σφαίρα . Κι αυτό δεν οφείλεται τόσο στην αδυναμία του λαϊκού στοιχείου να επιβάλει την παρουσία του στον εκκλησιαστικό κόσμο, όσο στην ικανότητα του κλήρου να εγκολπώνεται τα «κοσμικά» ιδεολογικά σχήματα, συμμετέχοντας στη διαμόρφωση της δημόσιας σφαίρας που υπό κανονικές συνθήκες θα έπρεπε να τον περιθωριοποιήσει.

Το Εργαστήριο Έρευνας Νεοελληνικής και Συγκριτικής Φιλολογίας του Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης –σε συνεργασία με το Τμήμα Ρομανικών Γλωσσών και Λογοτεχνιών, Κλασικών και Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Σχολή Ξένων Γλωσσών και Λογοτεχνιών) του Πανεπιστημίου του Βουκουρεστίου, την Ευρωπαϊκή Εταιρεία Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών και τη Δημόσια Κεντρική Ιστορική Βιβλιοθήκη Χίου «Ο Κοραής»– διοργανώνει το «Β΄ Διεθνές Συνέδριο για τους πρώτους Μαυροκορδάτους: Αλέξανδρος ο Εξ Απορρήτων (1641-1709) και οι Ηγεμόνες Μολδοβλαχίας Νικόλαος (1680-1730) και Κωνσταντίνος (1711-1769). H αυγή της Νεοτερικότητας στη Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη».
Το Συνέδριο θα διεξαχθεί στο ιστορικό κτίριο της Βιβλιοθήκης Κοραή στην πόλη της Χίου από 15 έως 17 Ιουλίου 2022. Η έναρξη θα γίνει στο κεντρικό κτίριο της Βιβλιοθήκης και κατόπιν, από την Παρασκευή το απόγευμα ως την Κυριακή, οι εργασίες του συνεδρίου θα συνεχιστούν στην αίθουσα του κτιρίου Β΄ της βιβλιοθήκης. Το συνέδριο θα διεξαχθεί υβριδικά, με δια ζώσης παρακολούθηση στις αίθουσες της Βιβλιοθήκης Κοραή, και διαδικτυακά στην πλατφόρμα Microsoft Teams:

(Διαδικτυακή) κεντρική ομιλία: «Το μεταφραστικό εγχείρημα στο πλαίσιο της πρώιμης νεωτερικότητας. Μια αποτίμηση»: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpFgBfxdTCo&t=167s

I rina Eliade (1920-1998) poartă același nume ca savantul de la Chicago în urma unei înrudiri matrimoniale. 1 Dar, așa cum spunea ea însăși, aceasta era cea de-a doua intrare în casa Eliade. S-a născut la Ploiești, fiică a Mariei (n. Ștefănescu) și a lui Petru Hanciu, dar familia s-a mutat peste câțiva ani la București, într-o impunătoare casă de pe lângă biserica Elefterie. Tatăl era inginer, iar mama... pasionată de flori, pe care le asezona și cultiva în vasta lor grădină. 2 În 1935, pe când era elevă la școala de fete Institutul Pompilian, l-a descoperit pe Mircea Eliade. Apăruse de curând India, pe care a devorat-o, cu pasiune, de mai multe ori. I-a citit apoi romanele-în frunte cu Maitreyi, desigur-și i-a urmărit publicistica din Vremea. Peste puțin timp, Adalgiza, fiica Ninei Mareș, care învăța la aceeași școală și aflase despre obiectul admirației ei, o invită acasă cu prilejul uneia dintre reuniunile prietenilor lui Eliade. Acesta a întâmpinat-o ca pe "domnișoara care mi-a citit de trei ori India". 3 A întrebat-o dacă-i plac cărțile exotice, iar ea a răspuns-spre bucuria autorului-că India nu e o carte exotică. În anii care au urmat, până în 1940, Eliade i-a împrumutat periodic cărți, iar ea i-a audiat unele conferințe publice și a continut să-l viziteze, vrăjită de cuvintele lui. "Când Mircea începea să vorbească și să se uite la tine, era fascinant. Omul contingent și muritor dispărea și nu mai rămânea decât o energie, o flacără, o vibrație; era o prezență atât de 1 Nota aceasta de prezentare-asemenea celor ale corespondenților care vor urma-nuși propune să ofere o biografie exhaustivă a expeditorului și nici să epuizeze raporturile lui cu destinatarul. Scopul ei este numai de a furniza elemente care să permită contextualizarea scrisorilor.

HIGHLIGHTS IN ANGLO-AMERICAN DRAMA: VIEWPOINTS FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE: AN INTRODUCTION

RADMILA NASTIĆ AND VESNA BRATIĆ


The present volume represents viewpoints on some of the aspects of modern Anglo-American drama and dramatists written by scholars from ex-Yugoslav republics, resulting from long years of common interest and cooperation in the field between the corresponding English Departments in the region. The trigger which led us to embark on this project was the Word Across Cultures Conference organised by the Institute of Foreign Languages, University of Montenegro in Podgorica, Montenegro in July 2014.
The scholars who participated in the conference’s literature section were able to witness that most of the papers presented focused on (post)modern Anglo-American drama which led us to conclude that Anglo-American drama is a growing field of interest among regional literature scholars; this gave us the inspiration to work towards creating a book on the topic. What ensued were extensive discussions between the participants and a wide network of drama scholars as to the content and title of the prospective book. Finally, we settled on the title HIGHLIGHTS IN ANGLO-AMERICAN DRAMA: VIEWPOINTS FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE which, we believe, best reflects the joint interests and efforts of our contributors, who range from experienced scholars of international standing, to mid-career specialists, and young scholars with remarkable international references.
We would like to think that this book will appeal both to an academic and non-academic readership. The academic readership will, certainly, benefit from this book since English and, especially, American drama is not appropriately represented by the number of book titles it deserves world-wide. Some authors even go so far as to call American drama (and, mutatis mutandis, the drama scholarship) “a bastard child”, “an illegitimate offspring” of literature (and literature scholarship). While working on our doctoral theses, even the youngest among us had to cope with a noticeable shortage of books or volumes of essays on Anglo-American drama and we had to resort to individual papers spread across diverse journals. Each drama scholar knows how difficult and time consuming it is to search through a variety of journals on mostly general topics in order to find useful drama-based papers, which is why searching for a drama-specific book feels somewhat like hunting for pearls. This is why we believe the book makes a genuine contribution to drama scholarship, not only by the very value of its content but as a source of ideas for prospective young researchers.
The volume can also be used by undergraduate and Masters students to help with seminar and Masters papers, especially bearing in mind the number of students represented by the English departments from which the contributors come, some of which having drama courses as part of their syllabi.
The South-East European perspective on Anglo-American drama also represents a valuable addition to the existing drama scholarship, since all the contributors are from the ex-Yugoslav republics and they write from a standpoint of multiple othernesses. The book might also be of interest to theatre and film scholars and general non-academic readership, notably among theatre and film enthusiasts, because of the variety of approaches adopted in the papers.
The first chapter, as an appropriate introduction to the volume, centres on one of the founders of modern English drama, W. B. Yeats and the perfomative aspect of drama, while the remaining chapters explore a variety of postmodern British and American plays and playwrights. The second chapter dwells on social criticism in Harold Pinter and David Hare and the third on Pinter’s American “counterpart” Mamet and the phenomenon of “(retro)active revenge of the other” explored in his recent plays. The fourth chapter continues in the same vein, exploring how American society is re-created in the tales “told” in the plays of Sam Shepard, where both the norm and the Other are equally elusive in the Mexican dreamland landscape. In the fifth chapter we are back in the UK, exploring the overtly postmodernist plays by Ravenhill and Kane. The chapter centres on Wim Wenders’ film Wings of Desire and follows logically from the previous chapter, as Sam Shepard and Wenders shared postmodern(ist) artistic interests, made apparent in their collaboration on Paris, Texas. The sixth chapter ventures on a journey through the sinister fairy-tale land of McDonagh’s Ireland, commenting on contemporary violence, while the seventh employs a sociological and anthropological approach to marriage and relationships in Anglo-American drama. The eighth chapter opens up the entirely new question of the reception and theatrical publication of Anglo-American plays in the region. It deals with the (non)presence of the scholarly discourse on American drama in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the ninth and the tenth focus on the reception of Harold Pinter’s works in Slovenia and Croatia respectively. The ninth considers a production of The Birthday Party as an intriguing blend of both play and film and the tenth embarks on a venture of further examining of how Harold Pinter’s work is received in Croatia.

Purpose of this special issue on migration of the Romanian Journal of European Studies (RJES) is to look at the ongoing transformations of the European migration system in relation to the European integration processes involving South-Eastern Europe.

This unpublished thesis examines the South East European policy of the European Union, which promoted the prospect of a ‘United Europe’. After the end of the bipolar world system, the ultimate aim of the East European countries has been the integration into the European Union. The transition and integration process, that they initiated in accordance with this aim, made up the basis of their relations with the Union. Nevertheless, the South East European countries, which became a sub-region within East Europe, joined to the process much later, due to the wars and instability, caused by ethnic conflicts within the region. The initiatives, established by the European Union for the region, did not come with the desired outcomes. However, after the Kosovo War, the Union established a deeper framework, with the mechanisms of the Stability Pact and the Stabilization and Association Process. On the other hand, the September-11 events, which led to the gradual withdrawal of the United States from the region, handed the responsibility to the Union. As a result of this, the Union accelerated the Stabilization and Association Process, thus torpedoed the Stability Pact.  Within  this  context,  the  Republic  of  Macedonia  became  a  significant component  of  this  accelerated  process.  Especially,  with  the  Stabilization  and

Association Agreement, came into force in April 2004, and the Mission Concordia, which is the first-ever military operation the Union, the European Union aroused its interest to the country. Consequently, within the regional framework, the Republic of Macedonia made up the essence of the Union’s strategy in the region.

The West has been witnessing a concerning trend of Russian penetration into South Eastern Europe, more palpably since 2008. The beginning of the implementation of the South Stream gas pipeline project seems to have marked a "stealthy" shift in the regional balance. Also, as Russia continues with its global "politicisation" of energy resources and strategic wielding of non-military power other relevant aspects of its Balkan strategy -- most notably its post-1999 defence ties with Serbia as its regional bastion No.1 -- are often overlooked. Russia's Balkan and eastern Mediterranean pattern of resurgence inevitably raises the general question of the western strategic dilemma with the "awakening bear."

Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia during socialism are outlined from many different points of view in this volume. Beyond local and personal trajectories the authors illuminate more general and comparative questions. Was there anything like a "socialist anthropology", common to all three countries? Did Soviet and/or Marxist influences, in the discipline and in society in general, penetrate so deeply as to form an unavoidable common denominator of anthropological practice? The answers turn out to be complex and subtle. While unifying ideological forces were very strong in the 1950s, diversity increased thereafter. Anthropology was entangled with national ideology in all three countries, but the evidence nonetheless calls for "polyphonic" interpretations.

""This article is an ethnographic study of a 29-kilometer stretch of cross-border highway located in South Albania and linking the city of Gjirokaster with the main checkpoint on the Albanian–Greek border. The road, its politics, and its poetics
constitute an ideal point of entry for an anthropological analysis of contemporary South Albania. The physical and social construction, uses, and perceptions of this road uniquely encapsulate three phenomena that dominate social life in postsocialist South Albania: the transition to a market economy, new nationalisms, and massive emigration (mainly to Greece). Taking this cross-border road section as my main ethnographic
point of reference, I suggest the fruitfulness of further discussion of the relationship between roads, narratives, and anthropology.

[roads, globalization, transnationalism, development, postsocialism, materiality, Albania]""

Međunarodne migracije nisu problem koji treba rješavati već proces kojim treba upravljati. Sekuritizacija migracija kao dominanatan odgovor na migrantsku krizu u posljednjem desetljeću postaje pristup koji poduzimaju neke zemlje Jugoistočne Evrope u cilju rješavanja problema ilegalnih migracija unutar vlastitih granica. Pristup ilegalnim migracijama kao sigurnosnoj prijetnji usmjerenoj prema prvenstveno nacionalnoj sigurnosti, inicira i odgovor tih država adekvatnim sigurnosnim mjerama. Teorija sekuritizacije prema Kopenhagenškoj školi smatra da je poduzimanje akcije prema unaprijed utvrđenoj opasnosti u skladu sa osnovnom zadaćom države koja može koristiti sva sredstva za eliminaciju egzistencijalne prijetnje na osnovu odluke političkih elita. Proširivanje sigurnosne agende kako to zagovaraju sekuritizacijske studije na situacije koje nikada nisu bile smatrane sigurnosnim problemima kao što su međunarodne migracije može dovesti i do stvaranja novih sigurnosnih izazova.Sekuritizacija migracija nije adekvatan niti dovoljan odgovor u upravljanju migracijama jer zanemaruje druge dimenzije migracija iako je politički veoma prihvatljiva. Klasifikacija ilegalnih migracija kao sigurnosne prijetnje zavisi prvenstveno od političkih interesa „učesnika” iako ova kategorija migracija zahtijeva određeni krivično pravni odgovor u mnogim slučajevima. U kontekstu teorije sekuritizacije Kopenhagenške škole ilegalne migracije mogu predstavljati tek djelomičnu sigurnosnu prijetnju u izloženim zemljama. Ta djelomična sigurnosna prijetnja se može identifiovati u segmentima prekograničnog kriminala, trgovine ljudima i krijumčarenju dok se veze sa terorizmom mogu uspostaviti samo u strogo izolovanim, pojedinačnim slučajevima a nikako kao generalna pretpostavka.

După 1920, liberalii folosesc politica de stat pentru dezvoltarea țării. Acesta este, în înțelegerea lui Zeletin, neo-liberalismul. Proiectul de țară liberal era ”dezvoltare prin noi înșine”. Doar că la o scară mult mai mare - toate provinciile unite politic.
Totuși, ce îl contrariază, în interbelic, în modul cel mai vizibil, pe Ștefan Zeletin ?  În Principate se înfiripase o oligarhie burghezo-liberală, ce controla viața economică și politică în timp ce, concomitent, se constituise și o oligarhie culturală, expresie a conservatorismului și care domina instituțiile culturii. Aceasta este, de altfel, fotografia modernizării României: liberalii în fruntea economiei și politicii, conservatorii la pupitrul culturii. Prima construia capitalismul modern, cealaltă critica. Prin Neoliberalismul, publicată în 1927, Ștefan Zeletin intenționează să ofere o explicație acestui paradox al modernizării și, în același timp, să închidă cumva dilema culturală acreditând ideea că liberalismul este singura doctrină ce asigură un viitor european pentru România. / Ionel N Sava, București 2005

A Note from the Guest Editors

With this special issue, we are preparing the path, and looking into topics such as: nationalisms and masculinities in the recent history of Georgia analyzed in Aia Beraia’s article; how “Western” cultural hegemony functions with regards to feminism and the various ways to critically interact with it (Vanya Solovey’s contribution); the relation between “intersectionality” and racism in Greek LGBTQ+ activists’ discourses explored by Anna Carastathis; Myrto Tsilimpounidi’s research on the possibilities of queering (post-socialist) spaces, an analysis centered on Bratislava; the legislative and social obstacles that Hungarian LGBTQ families face within the heteronormative framework of the state (Rita Béres-Deák). The conference and the proceedings have brought forth several relevant topics which form the fundamental basis of queer CEE and SEE research, or research-fused activism. Thus, the “West” is acknowledged as an epistemological and political category still relevant 30-plus years after the symbolical fall of the Berlin Wall, and one with particular relevance to queer research inthe “East”. While much of the understanding of gender and sexuality topics in the “East” has been constructed on the basis of “Western” understanding of those similar words and ideas, there is a polyphony of contexts and experiences within various nation-states or regions in the CEE and SEE which demand critical questioning of this “Western”-based buildup of notions. There are ever more intricate relationships between nationalism, national and ethnical identities, religion and history in the “East”, with intersections of imperialisms that need their own tools of understanding and their own methodology – and this was and continues to be one of the aims and purposes of QueerFemSEE. When Aia Beraia writes about “Hegemony in Post-Soviet Georgia: Types of Nationalisms and Masculinities”, post-imperialist relationships with Russia and a relationship with the Western gaze surface. We do recognize types of masculinities and political affirmations of gender that are quite specific and regional, and can be extended even as far as Central Europe when we now try to understand the formation of anti-“Western”, pro-tradition, neo-nationalist governments in countries as different as Poland, Hungary or Slovenia, or the perpetuity of such governments under different political parties in Romania, for instance. Vanya Solovey’s article, “Whose Feminism? Feminist Movements in Russia and “Western” Cultural Hegemony”, critiques the perceived servitude of Russian feminism to “Western” feminism. In order to take a first step in the unlearning of “Western” feminism, Solovey’s article is published in Russian. This does limit our access to the knowledge in the article, but, at the same time, nuances an important idea: there are many local-specific meanings and histories that may function as an alternative foundation to different, non-western- centric feminisms, which deny western access. We are thus left to question the cliché that, similarly, other CEE and SEE feminist practices are but a shadow or copy of a Western model. Anna Carastathis’s article, “Racism” versus “Intersectionality”? Significations of Interwoven Oppressions in Greek LGBTQ+ Discourses” delves into the analysis of how the term “racism” is used in queer Greek discourses to also mean “homophobia”, so as an almost umbrella term for struggles based on considerations of race, ethnicity, citizenship as well as on considerations of gender identity and sexuality. Carastathis’s text offers us an example of how local-specificity meets intersectional discourses, and how certain vocabularies of the oppressed are built and exist outside specific Western terminologies. From a Romanian activism and language standpoint, the vocabulary of oppressions is quite specific and does not overlap meaning, for instance, while both racism and homophobia intersect in the activism and literature of queer Roma persons. Myrto Tsilimpounidi’s contribution, “Queering Bratislava: On Borders, Otherness and Public Space”, describes the author’s arrival and effort to understand a city they had never visited before: a post-socialist capital city, located in the center of Europe, yet somehow invisible. The author encountered Bratislava in the “refugee summer” of 2015, when the city was still recovering from the (older) financial crisis of 2008. How does queer thought engage a city made of fragments and references – to its post-communist past, to present day alienations – while equally referencing queer visibility in this type of public space? Such questions, and Tsilimpounidi’s non-linear attempt at researching them, are applicable to any post-communist large city in the CEE and SEE, with its different and parallel sets of positionalities. Finally, Rita Béres-Deák writes about “Same-sex Parenting Practices in Hungary as an Assertion of Intimate Citizenship”. The author clarifies from the beginning that, while the sexual/intimate citizenship of LGBTQ persons is often discussed in North-American scholarship, not much focus is set on parenthood. Béres-Deák’s six years study on same-sex couples raising children in Hungary represents a much needed contribution to the literature on parenting and intimate citizenship from a Central European point of view. The lack of parental rights recognition as a social parent, the struggles and activism in Hungary make us think about the nuances that intimate citizenship and parenthood have in countries without positive same-sex legislation, thus reframing ideas of family and kinship.

"Th[is] chapter takes us to the midst of the Cold War environment which separated Greece from its northern neighbours, while inducing antagonism and military competition from the outside South East Europe. During such difficult times, however, the region’s leaders tried, more often than not, to avoid mutual confrontation. Hence the selective attempts by Greece to reengage with its neighbours during the Cold War. Indeed, by the 1970s, ideological rifts mattered less than converging national interests, so much so that Greece reengaged with its neighbours while under a military junta. Alexandros Nafpliotis studies the colonels’ regime, which re-established diplomatic relations with Albania, one of Europe’s most hardline communist dictatorships, after a freeze lasting more than 30 years. Nafpliotis argues that economic cooperation and strategic calculations trumped the logic of ideological rivalries and extreme ideological enemies, such as Enver Hoxha in Tirana and the military the junta in Athens, chose to explore paths of cooperation."

Sera scria: "Quest'uomo che trovò il tempo di conoscere tante lingue, dal sanscrito al rumeno, di addestrarsi in tante discipline, di dettare tanti laboriosi volumi trovò pure il tempo di viaggiare mezzo il mondo." 1 Limba română nu era însă pomenită acolo în legătură cu filoromânismul său. O dovedeşte faptul că, atunci când îi enumeră călătoriile, necrologul nu le aminteşte şi pe cele făcute în România: "viaggiò l'Ungheria e la Transilvania, e si spinse fin nelle Indie". Ea e menţionată ca o limbă orientală şi la fel de exotică precum sanscrita. Expresia "de la sanscrită la română" aproxima de fapt arealul studiilor orientale aşa cum fusese configurat de-a lungul secolului al XIX, când Europa orientală era un domeniu de aplicaţie al orientalismului. 2 Ungaria şi Transilvania apar şi ele ca margini vestice ale acestui "Orient", care se întindeacu un plural conceptual -până în Indii.

A partire dal caso studio del processo di smilitarizzazione di Pola e dalle pratiche d’uso della popolazione e delle associazioni locali, il volume tenta di esplorare la possibilità che le forme di pianificazione effimera, la complessità, l’improvvisazione e la sperimentazione entrino a far parte del contesto di piano.
[Through the case study of the demilitarization of Pula and the reuse of abandoned military sites by the population and local associations, this book aims at
considering the opportunity to take ephemeral forms of planning, complexity, improvisation and experimentation as key elements
of the planning process.]
Keywords: dismissione aree militari, governo del territorio, partecipazione, smilitarizzazione

By focusing on Eliade’s early life and writings (1921–1936), and specifically on his work on Yoga, I address in this paper a question that is frequently asked about the problematic relation between personal belief and scholarship in fields such as the history of religions. Eliade’s interest in Yoga showcases his own personal spiritual quest, of course. But it is also informed by his earlier readings of, and reflections on, two polar aspects of the religious experience: the magical and the mystical. For Eliade, these two categories provide not only a key to unlocking the conceptual and pragmatic dimensions of Yoga, but also the impetus for charting a systematic theory of religion. The last major expression of these early ideas can be seen in Yoga: Essai sur les origines de la mystique indienne (1936). Eliade’s thoughts on Yoga and religion then took different paths, reaching their full expression in works published in Paris after 1945. In his later books on Yoga – Techniques du Yoga (1948), Le Yoga: Immortalité et liberté (1954) – the twofold schema of the magical and the mystical no longer plays a key hermeneutical role. Nonetheless, understanding this early phase of his work is crucial if we are to provide a comprehensive account of the development of his thought on Yoga. This early phase in his scholarly career and experiential transformation, marked by his trip to India, is also very important in terms of understanding the further developments of his ideas on history of religions, as well as to evince the ground on which Eliade built his own – never confessed – private religious belief.