Solid Waste Management

This paper presents results from a survey of waste management authorities aimed at identifying the opportunities and constraints associated with implementing economic instruments (EIs) for solid waste management (SWM) in South Africa (SA). Almost all respondents felt that EIs could lead to reduced waste generation and increased diversion of waste from landfill to recycling, and that they should eventually be implemented in the field of SWM in SA, although opinions varied as to the appropriate timeframe for implementation. The general consensus was that a number of fundamentals had to be in place first, including promulgation of the pending Waste Management Bill, political will, education and awareness, capacity and infrastructure development, cost recovery in waste management practices, and enforcement of existing instruments, such as the Minimum Requirements for landfill design and operation. Furthermore, if and when EIs are implemented, institutional limitations must be taken into account in their selection, design and implementation.

The problem of food waste (FW) has become a global issue nowadays and Malaysia is on the other hand, treating FW as part of MSW just because separation of FW management does not exist.  The country is trying its best to solve the fundamental problem of municipal solid waste management by finding the most environmentally friendly solutions that are acceptable to the public. The methodology used for this study is a literature reviews, variable decision-making tools are used such as Decision Matrix, SUSOP and WRATE and also site visits. Site visits were done to get a clear view of the AD process and the plant management itself. Decision Matrix will compare four technologies that are suitable to implement in Malaysia that are Anaerobic Digestion, Composting, Incineration and Landfilling. Results shows that AD is suitable to implement due to the factor of sustainability, renewable energy, considerate capital cost if build in small scale and the lifetime. AD will solve the problem of kitchen and food waste in Malaysia by diverting the waste from landfill and gain benefit by generating renewable energy.

Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) strategies are becoming widely applied in solid waste management systems; the main purpose is to support a more sustainable – from economic, environmental and social points of view – management of waste flows. Adopting PAYT charging models increases the complexity level of the waste management service as new organizational issues have to be evaluated compared to flat charging models. In addition, innovative technological solutions could also be adopted to increase the overall efficiency of the service. Unit pricing, user identification and waste measurement represent the three most important processes to be defined in a PAYT system. The paper proposes a holistic framework to support an effective design and management process. The framework defines most critical processes and effective organizational and technological solutions for supporting waste managers as well as researchers.

This paper compares solid waste management in Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia; countries that are at different stages in terms of waste management but they share similarities pertaining to waste practices, sources and types of waste, demographics, waste infrastructure, and governing systems. By applying a cross-country comparison, similarities are identified and differences pertaining to the governance of the sector highlighted. The effort would help establish an exchange platform for policy-related issues and lessons learnt.

Growing concerns exist regarding water scarcity, preserving water resources and securing water supply worldwide . Water scarcity occurs when water resources cannot adequately supply the current and estimated future demand of users . In this text 'water scarcity' is defined as the lack of volumetric abundance of freshwater resources when compared to water demand. Scarcity is thus region-specific and is human induced. Different types of water scarcity have been identified, including physical water scarcity, where resources become insufficient or depleted, and economic water scarcity, where systems are operated poorly due to human, institutional and financial constraints . As a result, potable water supply may become insufficient, even though adequate raw water is available . A simplified illustration of global water scarcity is presented in Fig. , that was adopted from World Water Assessment Programme (2012). It was estimated that in 2006 that 1.2 billion people faced physical water scarcity, while 1.6 billion people faced economic water scarcity . An expected two thirds of the world population may experience water stress by 2025 (United Nations Environment Programme, 2002), although water stress is defined broadly and includes issues relating to water quality and accessibility. In order to limit water supply and conserve water resources, the practice of intermittent water supply (IWS) is often employed. IWS is a management strategy where water supply in a system, or part thereof, is physically shut off to limit the consumption . Intermittent supply implies that water is often supplied to consumers for less than 24 h per day. About one third of the population with piped water supply in Africa, more than half in Asia and two thirds in Latin America experience IWS (WHO and UNICEF, 2000). Klingel (2012) pointed out that a potable water distribution system (WDS) is normally designed for continuous water supply (CWS), although interruptions in supply may occur due to maintenance such as pipe repair or emergencies. These interruptions in a CWS system may lead to periods of non-supply, but such events occur infrequently. The duration and intensity of such interruptions are limited by performance criteria, which vary from country to country . A deficiency occurs when the water supply authority is unable to provide the necessary services as measured against the performance criteria (Klingel, 2012). Technical deficiencies can lead to IWS, even though the water resource yield may exceed the demand. IWS is relatively more common in developing countries where supply problems go hand-inhand with utilities that are resource-constrained, and with inadequate sanitation infrastructure (Kumpel and Nelson, 2015). proposed three categories of IWS, namely 'predictable intermittency' (water supply shut-offs generally occur on a predictable schedule), 'irregular intermittency' (intermittent supply at unknown intervals within relative short time periods of no more than a few days), and 'unreliable intermittency' (uncertain delivery times and Various challenges, such as limited freshwater resources, climate change impacts, rapid population growth, urbanisation and underinvestment in water supply infrastructure, have led to intermittent water supply (IWS) in potable water distribution systems. Earlier research has confirmed that IWS negatively impacts the consumers, the infrastructure and the water supply authorities. Water supply authorities need tools to help understand IWS and the associated implications. A new indexing framework involving the causes and impacts associated with IWS is presented in this paper. In addition, a novel approach allows for quantification of the severity of IWS based on knowledge of a few readily available inputs. The severity quantification is based on two ratios: the intermittency ratio is a temporal measurement, accounting for supply duration; the connection ratio describes spatial aspects, using the number of service connections affected. The indexing framework and quantification tool could lead to improved understanding of IWS and could assist water supply authorities faced with IWS to make informed decisions. Improved planning of remedial actions to mitigate or avoid risks associated with IWS is aided. The tools presented in this paper could be used as basis for future development of a key performance indicator.

Municipal solid waste generation is a rapidly increasing challenge that is leading to severe pollution and environmental degradation in many urban areas of developing countries. Globally, the solid waste sector accounts for 18% of methane emissions and 3e4% of greenhouse gas emissions overall. Waste handling and disposal systems in most large cities have largely been designed with minimal accounting of environmental issues. This study presents the Waste to Energy Recovery Assessment (WERA) framework, a new quantitative decision support model for initial evaluation and alternative comparisons of different thermochemical treatments of municipal wastes. The framework not only accounts for benefits through electricity generation but also accounts for emissions from facilities and the associated social cost of carbon in a cost-benefit assessment. The assessments are conducted with Monte Carlo simulations that explicitly account for uncertain factors such as future composition and generation of solid waste, technical efficiency of treatment processes, capital and operating costs, as well as future policies. The framework is used to study waste-to-energy (WtE) systems for Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, Tokyo and New York. The results show that WtE systems can fulfill only 1.4e3.6% of 2014 electricity demand in the analyzed cases. Furthermore, the net present value for different technologies can be positive if collection fees and electricity rates (potentially set through feed-in-tariff policies) are sufficiently high. The analysis for Abu Dhabi and Riyadh also reveals that in a limited set of conditions (of technology efficiencies, and waste collection rates etc.) the WtE facilities can be self-sustaining investments.

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

This study was commissioned by Practical Action Nepal Office, under the PRISM (Poverty Reduction of Informal Workers in Solid Waste Management Sector) project. Practical Action aims to reduce poverty in developing countries by introducing appropriate technologies for the communities, demonstrating results, sharing knowledge, building capacity to replicate and influencing others for scaling up. Through the PRISM Project, Practical Action aims to improve the living conditions of the informal waste workers (IWWs) and enhance the social protection of the vulnerable groups dependent on solid waste for their livelihoods in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley. As a part of the PRISM Project, Practical Action commissioned two country studies of Social Protection for Informal Waste Workers. The first study was commissioned for Philippines and the second study for India. The studies were to be based solely on existing secondary sources . It is expected that the study of policies and practices in India and the lessons emerging from it would help Practical Action advocate better policies and practices in Nepal, thereby leading to better social protection for IWWs in Nepal.

This study was carried out in Kisenyi area which is located within Central Division of Kampala District, Uganda. The main objective of the study was to explore the current level of community participation in solid waste management and what more the community can contribute to solid waste management, in the future to achieve proper solid waste management in Kisenyi area, Kampala district, Uganda. This study used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This research took on a descriptive survey design.

The findings revealed that the current level of community participation in solid waste management in Kisenyi area is low. Most respondents have plastic and metallic containers. There is very low level of sorting of waste. The fee for waste collection is affordable though its payment is somehow low with payments done mostly by traders whose waste is taken from their shops by the City Authority and private waste collectors for a fee. Although residents / traders in Kisenyi area have no plans in place to improve community participation in solid waste management, however, the City Authority and local leaders have plans to improve community participation in solid waste management in the area.

The findings also found that residents / traders are not able to reduce waste they generate in their homes / shops and are not capable of managing waste they generate. They cannot reuse waste they generate but they stressed the need to sort waste for recycling especially the plastics and polythene. Also, all respondents in this study are willing to pay for waste collection in the future.

Therefore, because the current level of community participation in solid waste management process is low, the city authority should come up with strategies of involving people in the study area in planning, implementation and monitoring stages of solid waste management process so as to achieve a state of clean and healthy environment. Further research is suggested into the role played by recycling of plastic bottles in combatting poor solid waste collection and management

The efficiency with which the Solid Waste Management services are provided by urban local bodies has direct bearing on public health, environment and quality of life in urban areas. Efficient segregation, collection, transport, processing and disposal are important requirements for proper solid waste management. The Vijayapura City Corporation (VCC)intends to establish Integrated Solid Waste Management facilities as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, for which Corporation seek financial assistance from the Government under Swachh Bharat Mission .
The project consists of
a. Carrying out IEC activities to create awareness about SWM among the citizens and various stake holders.
b. Carrying out promotion of 3Rs in waste management i.e., Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste
c. Carrying out segregation of waste at source, arranging door to door collection of waste
d. Carrying out secondary collection of waste and transportation of waste
e. Carrying out processing of waste using available and accepted technologies like aerobic composting by windrow method, vermi-composting, bio-methanation etc.
f. Carrying out disposal of only reject/inert waste in sanitary landfills

Though the solid waste management (SWM) system in Phnom Penh city in general has been upgraded since the waste collection service was franchised out to the private sector, the performance of the existing SWM system is still low. Unreliable and irregular collection service still exists. This means that there are shortcomings in the existing SWM system that need correction. This paper is an attempt to identify those shortcomings in order to find ways to improve the existing system. First, the present SWM system is reviewed. Then the system is evaluated to find constraints and shortfalls and finally some appropriate strategies are proposed that may help make SWM in the city more effective and efficient to meet environmentally sound objectives.

В профильной литературе используются очень разные оценки образования в России твердых бытовых отходов (ТБО, также твердые коммунальные отходы, ТКО) - от 30 до 70 млн.тонн в год. Очевидно, что некоторые из этих оценок не соответствуют реальности. В статье сделана попытка оценить объем образования ТБО по региональным данным. (Неотредактированная верстка)

Reliable and safe access to drinking water is important to ensure the financial and social sustainable development of human communities. This task requires a multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method to select alternatives for brand new water supply infrastructure. These alternatives represent sizable economic assets and are established for a long lifespan. To support decision-making inside the context of building new water supplier infrastructure, this have a look at advanced an MCDA method that a hierarchy of non-economic blessings and the expected expenses into a worldwide index. Water utilities especially in the developing nations keep on working with impressive wasteful aspects as far as water and income misfortunes. With expanding water request and shortage, utilities require successful techniques for ideal utilization of accessible water assets. Various water misfortune decrease alternatives exist. The outcomes show that the most favored choices are those that improve water flexibly unwavering quality, general well being and water preservation measures. This investigation exhibits how choice hypothesis combined with operational research procedures could be applied practically speaking to explain complex water the executives and arranging issues.

This research includes studying the possibility of producing a new kind of No-fines concrete by replacing granules of coarse aggregates with grains results from the fragmentation of industrial waste of polystyrene. This replacing were with different volumetric proportions of coarse aggregate, and theses volumetric ratios were equal to (5%, 10%, 15% and 25%). Waste plastic fibers (WPFs) resulting from cutting of soft drinks bottles were added for strengthening this new kind of concrete. Mixing ratio was equal to (1:5) (cement: coarse aggregate) by weight. One reference mix was produced for comparative purpose. Compressive strength, flexural strength and density tests were conducted, it was examined three samples of each examination and taking the average. Compressive strength values of the new sustainable concrete were ranged from 10 MPa to 12.4 MPa at age of test equal to 28 days, while the average value of the density of this concrete at the same age reaches 1930 kg/m3. This average value of modulus of rupture was equal to 2.36 MPa at 28-day age test.

Aim: This research investigated the utilization of livestock manure as nutrient source in maize farming. Place and Duration: The field experiment was carried out at the research field of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lagos State Field Office, Nigeria during the late planting season (July/August) of 2019. Methodology: An experimental field research was conducted to compare the variation in the vegetative parameters and yields of maize grown with different livestock wastes. The experiment consisted of six treatments, cattle, pig, poultry, sheep manures, NPK and control experiment setup in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. The following data were recorded during the experiment: plant height, number of leaves, number of days to first tasselling and silking, number of cob, cob length, effective cob length, cob diameter, cob weight, ear weight, 100 grain weight, grain yield and shelling percentage. Data recorded were exposed to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test.

The Urban Solid Waste Management System (USWMS) is intrinsically complex, because it involves different connected problems and must achieve objectives which are often in conflict . It is difficult to evaluate the various alternatives in planning and managing it . It is thus useful to use mathematical models to provide a tool describing and evaluating the USWMS . This work concerns the development of a location-allocation model for planning USWMS and some heuristic techniques for solving it . The results of the model are the number and the location of waste disposal plants, specifying the technology adopted, the amount of waste processed and the service basin of each plant. Particular care is given to the case of the Italian region Lombardy : the regional USWMS law is in fact a useful stimulus for a constructive comparison between the actual system and possible alternatives.

One of the most critical areas of concern in fast urbanizing India relates to the issue of municipal solid waste management in Indian cities. As per estimates (GOI, 2010) urban India currently produces about 70 million tons of waste and this figure is expected to touch an astounding 370 million tons in 2030 given the current spate in the consumption patterns and materialistic lifestyles. Given the current state of affairs it is estimated that only between 30-60% (Rouse, 2006) of the municipal solid waste generated in Indian cities is actually collected and disposed off by the urban local bodies. Out of this collected waste only a fraction i.e., 7% is recycled through composting or WTE (waste to energy) measures and the rest 93% inclusive of the recyclable dry waste find their way into the dumping sites where they are then rummaged by the ragpickers. Thus though the informal sector operations comprising the ragpickers and other informal actors are crucial to the waste management scen...

Solid fuel gasification, especially for coal and lignite, is a process that converts coal from a solid state to a gaseous state. Air and/or oxygen will be transmitted to the system under control. In the presence of a controlled 'shortage' of oxygen or air, the reducing conditions will be maintained. Gasification is carried out in a gasifier in vacuum, atmospheric or pressurised conditions, and the product is a mixture of CO and H2, called generally syngas. Syngas that is produced can be used to generate electric power or chemicals like ammonia, methanol, fertilizer or synthtetic fuels like gasoline,diesel etc. Cleanest of all solid fuel based electric power technologies, gasification has significantly lower levels of air emissions, solid wastes, and wastewater. The reason of its high efficiencies, solid fuel gasification needs less solid fuel to produce the same amount of energy, resulting in lower carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions. In comparison with combustion technologies, gasification is more environmental friendly and particularly with regard to CO2, SO2, NOx emmissions more advantageous. The sulphur present mainly forms H2S which can be more readily removed than SO2. No NOx, dioxins or furanes are formed. British Gas Lurgi (BGL) Gasifier and related facilities is one of the most important processes to produce energy and chemicals with highest efficiencies.  During the production of chemicals or synthetic fuels from syngas no CO2 will be emitted.

The ex-Lurgi Technology of Envirotherm GmbH is the unique technology for gasification of solid fuels with low calorific value with high efficiencies. British Gas Lurgi (BGL) Gasifier is one of the most important processes to produce energy and chemicals with highest efficiencies. With long years experience new technologies have been developed,which can convert coal,lignite and their mixture with solid wastes into clean and environmental friendly energy. The most important advantage of the optimised British Gas Lurgi technology is the capability of recycling low grade lignites and a wide range of solid wastes economically and above all in an environmental fiendly way. In this study gasification with solid wastes and solid fuels initially with BGL Gasifier technology whether in our country or in other countries will be described.

Solid waste, which is a consequence of day-today activity of human kind, needs to be managed properly. Jigjiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. This study concerns about analysis of the city's current municipal solid waste management problems, opportunities and existing solid waste management practices and role of community participation. The survey was conducted in 03 and 05 kebeles. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient funds as well as lack of promotion on-waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and/or unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practices.

The paper aims to overview the similarities and differences between the People’s Republic of China, the European Union (EU) and the Republic of Serbia (RS) regarding their membership in the international environmental agreements. At the beginning of the paper, the authors point out to the growing importance of international agreements in the field of environmental protection, as instruments of contemporary politics and environmental law. The focus is on global environmental issues and on international agreements in this area (climate change and ozone layer protection, water resources management, soil protection, biodiversity protection, hazardous chemicals and hazardous waste management, etc.). In the central part of the paper, the authors address the status of China, the EU and the Republic of Serbia in the most important international multilateral environmental agreements. The bases of the analysis are international multilateral agreements with the global character. The length of time required to become a party to certain international agreements of a global character is examined. The general framework of the discussion is determined; on the one hand, by the estimates that China is a country with serious environmental problems and, on the other hand, by the fact that the EU is one of the leaders in global environmental policy. The position of the RS, as a country candidate for the EU membership, is largely determined by the obligations regarding the harmonization of national regulations with the EU regulations, including ratification of a relevant international agreement in the field of environment. In conclusion, it is noted that there are no significant differences between China and the EU in terms of the length of time needed to become a party to the most important global international environmental agreements, but there are differences in terms of the several protocols and the speed of acceptance of amendments to several international agreements. Due to various circumstances, there are some differences in terms of the RS membership in international environmental treaties.

While selecting various additives for different soils in the process of stabilisation or reinforcement, one must also think upon the variations occurring in the permeability parameter because of the after-effect of addition of additives so as to ensure that well drainage function is being maintained within the soil mass. If not, the clogging of pores following the condition of water logging may result as the adverse effect of adding additives. In the present article, the change in hydraulic conductivity has been studied upon different type of soils with different additives.

O presente documento trata-se do Relatório sobre a actividade/experiência profissional da signatária ao abrigo do Despacho Circular n.º 20/2010, de 21 de Julho para obtenção do Grau de Mestre por Licenciatura “Pré-Bolonha”. A signatária terminou a licenciatura em Julho de 2002 tendo, desde então, desempenhado funções em diferentes áreas, nomeadamente: água, energia, resíduos e educação ambiental.
Dentro destas inúmeras tarefas apaixonou-se pelos RCD pelo que consequentemente, a signatária propõe elaborar um “Relatório” que verse sobre a produção e tratamento de RCD em Portugal, em 2009, avaliando o que se tem feito e que preconize uma estratégia que permita incrementar a actual meta de reciclagem.

Today, construction practices with potential damages to the environment are carried out uncontrollably to respond to the rapidly growing population needs. In the construction sector, which is one of the leading sectors closely following technological developments, steps must be taken to protect the world's ecologic balance. The goal of the professionals is not only to put up a building in accordance with its design but also to comply with environmental requirements in a respectful way. Different parameters such as erroneous design decisions, inadequate work schedules, sudden weather oppositions, defects in product supply can directly or indirectly affect the construction process, resulting in the generation of construction waste on the construction site. These wastes negatively affect the living and non-living environment. It is not technically possible to completely eliminate construction wastes generated during the construction process, but it is possible to control and recover these wastes. For this reason, innovative applications are important in the construction sector. This study examines the potential of BIM applications in preventing/reducing wastes in the construction process. For this purpose; articles that talk about the reasons of waste generation in the construction sector and the relationship between BIM technology and construction waste management practices were examined, and the findings obtained were evaluated. BIM applications are being proposed to be developed to prevent/reduce wastes on the construction site.

Among prevalent methods of disposal for municipal solid waste, landfilling is the most common one. A landfill requires a piece of land and receive a huge amount of wastes for a certain period of time. Many landfills all around the world are located into or nearby urban areas where the land is scarce and highly demanded. Therefore, an important question arises on how to re-use this piece of threatening land. The aim of this study is to highlight the benefits of landscape work with the roles of landscape architects or equivalent disciplines to succeed a sustainable development of a landfill site not only after the landfill being closed but also from the beginning of it. To achieve this, a comprehensive investigation has been done among related literature to address these issues and prove that landscape work is one of the key factors that can lead a landfill project to a more successful and beneficial one which eventually makes the project sustainable. The findings of the study are use...

Due to the instability of prices of fuels and climate variability, electricity rates are a sensitive aspect for the competitiveness of the country. The use of alternative energy has become an excellent option of self-sufficiency for private companies and a way to lower the electricity bill and a way start a path toward a low carbon national energy system. The present study analyzed the market of biomass for energy purposes in Guanacaste. The study comprised the biomass market in the region, taking the area of Abangares as the forest core and evaluating forest plantations (supply) and corporate biomass consumers (demand) in a 100 km radius from the production core. The assessment of the offer was based on data queried from FONAFIFO and potential projections of plantation waste; for its part, the demand was obtained through surveys and characterizations of companies that currently consume biomass. The results showed that the dominant species in reforestation was Tectona grandis with a 40.3 % of the total area planted in the region, followed by Gmelina arborea with 13.2 % and with a potentially annual generation of waste greater than 98 000 ton for T. grandis and 44 000 ton for G. arborea. On the other hand, demand showed a capacity of over 250 000 ton/year, being that currently, 48 % is supplied by fossil fuels and only 15.1% by forest biomass (usually chips). Analyzing the financial impact of the possible fuel change by biomass, savings of over 50% are found; however, it was also found the limitation that existing biomass (forest management waste) would not be enough to supply more than 57 % of the current market.

The purpose of this paper is to know the perception regarding the post-flood waste management system in Tumpat, Kelantan. A total of 31 respondents which consist 15 men and 16 women are selected at random. Among the criteria taken into consideration during the selection of respondents is 25 years old and above, are the locals, and directly involved with flood in 2014. Respondent was selected from Tumpat. Respondents divided down into several groups of men and women separately ranging from 7 to 8 people. This discussion session held according to the format of the Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and carried out by experienced moderators. The main cause of waste management problems is the amount of mud that very overwhelming than previous floods. Good communication between government agencies and residents become the deciding factor of the effectiveness of waste management according to the respondents view. A delay assistance and management weakness of the authority is the main factor to the failure flood waste management. The health education approaches in flood management is still lacking. And the study also found that no law enforcement in flood waste management. This paper can be used as a basis for determining the policies or guidelines that are needed by the Government in improving the effectiveness of waste management after floods.

Waste characterization is the first step to any successful waste management policy. In this paper, the characterization and the trend of solid waste generated in University of Lagos, Nigeria was carried out using ASTM D5231-92 and Resource Conservation Reservation Authority RCRA Waste Sampling Draft Technical Guidance methods. The recyclable potential of the waste is very high constituting about 75% of the total waste generated. The estimated average daily solid waste generation in Unilag Akoka campus was estimated to be 32.2 tons. The solid waste characterization was found to be: polythene bags 24% (7.73 tons/day), paper 15% (4.83 tons/day), organic matters 15%, (4.83 tons/day), plastic 9% (2.90 tons/day), inert materials 8% (2.58 tons/day), sanitary 7% (2.25 tons/day), textile 7% (2.25 tons/day), others 6% (1.93 tons/day), leather 4% (1.29 tons/day) metals 3% (0.97 tons/day), glass 2% (0.64 tons/day) and e-waste 0% (0.0 tons/day). The volume and distribution of polythene bags generated on campus had a positive significant statistical correlation with the distribution of commercial and academic structures on campus. Waste management options to optimize reuse, recycling and reduce waste generation were discussed.

This document was created in hopes for a safer, more prosperous future of aeronautics. This document seeks to present an otherwise highly complex topic in the framework of game theory, economic or otherwise with players being governing entities as well as agencies within countries.

The Urban Solid Waste Management System (USWMS) is intrinsically complex, because it involves different connected problems and must achieve objectives which are often in conflict. It is difficult to evaluate the various alternatives in planning and managing it. It is thus useful to use mathematical models to provide a tool describing and evaluating the USWMS. This work concerns the development of a location-allocation model for planning USWMS and some heuristic techniques for solving it. The results of the model are the number and the location of waste disposal plants, specifying the technology adopted, the amount of waste processed and the service basin of each plant. Particular care is given to the case of the Italian region Lombardy: the regional USWMS law is in fact a useful stimulus for a constructive comparison between the actual system and possible alternatives.

This project was carried out on the household waste management system in ward # 8 of Jessore Pourashava. The main work of this project was the characterization of household waste and its management system in the urban areas, starting from the storage to
dumping area of the household waste. It is found that household wastes are not properly managed in ward # 8 and anyone has no tension about the household waste. Different types of household wastes are found during survey time such as biodegradable, nonbiodegradable,
recycling matters, reusable wastes etc. A total of approximately 0.40 ton of solid waste was generated by 53 households
over the 15 days used for the assessment. Half of this total quantity of solid waste emanated from households in the middle income
family whilst low- and high-income households contributed 32% and 18% respectively. The greater proportion of waste emanating from low-income households is due to relatively larger household size as compared to middle- and high-income households. However, the average per capita waste generation rate in the low area (0.13kg/cap/day) was almost equivalent to that of middle and high income family with 0.128 kg/cap/day and 0.133 kg/cap/day respectively. From the project it can be concluded that government need to conscious about the storage, collection, transport and dumping spot of household waste of Jessore Pourashava.

The parameters such as temperature, PH, TSS, TDS, ammonia, phenol, cyanide, sulfide, oil and grease, chloride, DO, COD and BOD were taken to assess the water quality of Sirsiya river, central southern Nepal. Water samples were collected from upstream to downstream from the point receiving industrial effluent to Sirsiya river. It receives wastewater burden of more than 250 industries along Bara/Parsa industrial corridor. All the parameters except oil and grease were found within the generic standard. The study revealed that the physic-chemical characteristic of the river water was changing as a result of the discharge of untreated effluents from different industries. This may impact on water quality of Sirsiya river and also pose human health problems,

Presently in India, about 960 million tonnes of solid waste is being generated annually as by-products during industrial, mining, municipal, agricultural and other processes. Of this 350 million tonnes are organic wastes from agricultural sources; 290 million tonnes are inorganic waste of industrial and mining sectors and 4.5 million tonnes are hazardous in nature. Advances in solid waste management resulted in alternative construction materials as a substitute to traditional materials like bricks, blocks, tiles, aggregates, ceramics, cement, lime, soil, timber and paint. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications. In this paper, present status on generation and utilization of both non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes in India, their recycling potentials and environmental implication are reported and discussed in details.

Microorganisms are key-role player for stabilization of landfill sites. In order to evaluate the availability of T-RFLP(Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) for monitoring microbial community variations during stabilization of landfill sites, the phylogenic diversity of microbial community in the leachate from 4 different full-scale landfills was characterized by T-RFLP based on bacterial 16S rDNA. Main population of microbial community analyzed by T-RFLP was significantly similar with that of microbial community analyzed by clone library analysis. The results of T-RFLP analysis for main population of microbial community in the leachate from landfills with different landfill structures, waste types and landfill ages showed apparently different microbial diversity and structures. Therefore, long-term monitoring of microbial community in leachate from landfill sites by using T-RFLP is expected to be available for evaluation of landfill stability.

The growing population of the Philippines in the urban areas is a potent contributor in the increasing organic wastes, in the advent of solid waste management programs of the local governments in lieu with the passing of solid waste management law in the Philippines. According to the Municipality of Basud, garbage trucks have collected 720 tons of biodegradable wastes from 2010 to 2015 recently despite having a schedule for collecting non-biodegradable wastes and biodegradable wastes separately. Therefore, treatment for the bio-organic waste is deemed necessary to maximize the value of waste management being pursued by the localities. The search for innovative models and cost effective technologies to bring options for the processing of the bio-organic waste materials to achieve the sustainable resources management is in its nature a call to spin-off a value chain for the waste materials.

Il Rapporto Nazionale sul Riutilizzo 2021, realizzato dall'Osservatorio del Riutilizzo di Occhio del Riciclone Italia in collaborazione con Labelab e Rete ONU, offre uno stato dell'arte del comportamento, delle innovazioni normative e delle questioni chiave del settore dell'usato e del riutilizzo in Italia.

The rapid economic development and population growth in Macao have resulted in a large increase in refuse generated over the past decade. In 2003, the quantity of solid waste generated reached 249,255 tons, corresponding to 1.52 kg/day per capita. This figure has been gradually increasing. Domestic solid waste is the primary source of solid waste generation. The data showed that a considerable amount of the solid waste generated can be recycled and reutilized. Due to MacaoÕs small geographic area and high cost of land, landfilling has the lowest priority for waste disposal. Solid waste incineration has been given a top priority over other waste disposal methods although it is much more expensive. In the last decade, more than 80% of the total waste in Macao was incinerated. However, the incineration capacity of the Macao Incineration Plant is going to reach its saturation earlier than expected. Waste minimization, the establishment of an effective waste collection and disposal fee system, and alternate ways dealing with the limited capacity of waste treatment facilities are regarded to be major challenges in the future.

Over 24 million plastic bags are consumed in Kenya monthly. More than half of the bags end up in the solid waste stream. Plastic bags now constitute the biggest challenge to solid waste management in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya and home to three million people. As a result, plastic bag waste has attracted great political and public attention, especially because the waste has myriad unique environmental problems. This paper seeks to unravel the problem of plastic bag waste in Nairobi through an urban political ecological perspective. Urban political ecology has done much to excavate economic, political, and cultural processes, as well as ecological dynamics that create and re-create urban environments. Little has been done in this context with respect to urban solid waste problems, with the exception of urban political ecology of environmental justice. However, research done within the context of urban political ecology of environmental justice has mainly focused on solid waste problems in the Western World, particularly USA. Drawing on research conducted in Nairobi, as well literature on business and politics, and solid waste management in Kenya, this paper examines the nature of plastic bag waste problem, its political-economic roots and implications for environmental justice.

Reduction of  the amount of waste deposited  in  the  landfill  is one of  the main aims of Krakow municipal waste  management.  The  principles  of  sustainable  development  and  the  European  Union  regulations for sustainable  waste  management  are  the  main  guidelines  of  municipal  waste  management  policy in Krakow.  The  paper  presents  issues  related  to  the  municipal  waste  management  in  Krakow.  Analysis presented  in  the  article  shows  municipal  waste  collection  system  and  main  installations  for the waste management  and  processing.  Installations  for  composting  biodegradable waste,  segregation  of  recyclable materials, alternative fuel processing and waste storage in the landfill are described as well as the municipal waste incineration plant – the largest of investments in the municipal waste management. 

Ograniczenie  ilości  odpadów  deponowanych  na  składowisku  jest  aktualnie  kierunkiem  priorytetowym gospodarki  komunalnej  w  Krakowie.  Polityka  ta  jest  zgodna  z  zasadami  zrównoważonego  rozwoju i wytycznymi  Unii  Europejskiej  dotyczącymi  zrównoważonego  gospodarowania  odpadami.  W  artykule przedstawiono główne założenia zarządzania odpadami komunalnymi w Krakowie. Zaprezentowano system zbiórki  odpadów  komunalnych  oraz  najważniejsze  instalacje  służące  do  ich  zagospodarowania i przetwarzania.  Opisane  zostały  instalacje  służące  do  kompostowania  odpadów  biodegradowalnych, segregacji  surowców  wtórnych,  przetwarzania  odpadów  na  paliwa  alternatywne  oraz  składowania. Omówiona  została  również  największa  z  realizowanych  inwestycji  w  ramach  gospodarki  odpadami komunalnymi – Zakład Termicznego Przekształcania Odpadów.