Social Navigation

Modern Web, which is frequently called Social Web or Web 2.0, celebrates the power of the user community. Most frequently it is associated with the power of users as contributors or various kinds of contents through Wikis, blogs, and resource sharing sites. However, the community power impacts not only the production of Web content, but also the access to all kinds of Web content. A number of research groups worldwide work on social information access techniques, which help users get to the right information using "community wisdom" distilled from tracked actions of those who worked with this information earlier. The paper provides an overview of this research stream focusing on social search, social navigation, and social visualization techniques.

In March 1998 an international group of thirty researchers attended a workshop on Roslagens Pärla, a small island in the Swedish archipelago. The topic of the workshop was 'Personal and Social Navigation' of Information Spaces. Although the researchers came from a wide variety of backgrounds -computer science, human-computer interaction, social science, psychology, information retrieval, computer supported co-operative work -they shared an interest in exploring new ways of thinking about the relationships between people, technologies and information. In particular they were interested in the notion of social navigation: how to develop and enrich the experience of dealing with information within the electronic 'worlds' provided by computing and communication technologies. The idea for the workshop arose from discussions within the group working on a research project called PERSONA, a collaboration between the Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS) and Napier University, Edinburgh. David Benyon from Napier and Kristina Höök from SICS had developed the project after their experiences working with intelligent user interfaces. Attempts to get the computer to make sensible interfaces about what people wanted to do, so that it could tailor the provision of information to their needs, had not been successful (Höök and Svensson, this volume). The dream of having intelligent interface 'agents' (Kay, 1991) was still a long way from becoming a reality because the techniques used to build agents and other 'intelligent' user interfaces ignored a fundamental feature of people: people are social beings. The question for the workshop to consider was how to bring the social into information provision. When people need information, they will often turn to other people rather than use more formalised information artefacts. When navigating cities people tend to ask other people for advice rather than study maps (Streeter and Vitello, 1985), when trying to find information about pharmaceuticals medical doctors tend to ask other doctors for advice (Tiimpka and Hallberg, 1996), if your child has red spots you might phone your mother or talk to a friend for an opinion. Even when we are not directly looking for information we use a wide range of cues, both from features of the environment and from the behaviour of other people, to manage our activities. Alan Munro observed how people followed crowds or simply sat around at a venue when deciding which shows and street events to attend at the Edinburgh Arts Festival (Munro, 1998). We might be influenced to pick up a book because it appears well thumbed, we walk into a sunny courtyard because it looks attractive or we might decide to see a film because our friends enjoyed it. Not only do we find our ways through spaces from talking to or following the trails of crowds of people, we also evaluate the things we find in these spaces through understanding them in a social context. We put them in a framework of relevance. During a break at the workshop a group of participants were standing in the winter sunshine. They were considering how the results of the workshop could be more widely disseminated and about where the ideas raised during discussions might ultimately lead. A line of footprints led across the snow and into the woods. As a metaphor both for social navigation and for the unknown destination of this work, it seemed perfect: footprints in the snow. This book is the outcome of the Roslagens Pärla workshop. In addition to papers from many of the workshop participants we invited contributions from others working in the area. The result is fourteen chapters that explore various aspects of social navigation. There is no doubt that the book benefits from the long and interesting discussions from all those who contributed to and attended the workshop:

Paste the appropriate copyright statement here. ACM now supports three different copyright statements: • ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the historical approach. • License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an exclusive publication license. • Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM. This text field is large enough to hold the appropriate release statement assuming it is single spaced in a sans-serif 7 point font. Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be included here. Abstract The goal of our research is to design algorithms that allow robots to use group dynamics and nonverbal behavioral cues to estimate affiliative states of groups. It is important that robots build effective partnerships with people as robots become more integrated into human occupied spaces. To achieve this, robots must understand how humans use social and group dynamics to ...

Navigation lies at the core of social robotics, enabling robots to navigate and interact seamlessly in human environments. The primary focus of human-aware robot navigation is minimizing discomfort among surrounding humans. Our review explores user studies, examining factors that cause human discomfort, to perform the grounding of social robot navigation requirements and to form a taxonomy of elementary necessities that should be implemented by comprehensive algorithms. This survey also discusses human-aware navigation from an algorithmic perspective, reviewing the perception and motion planning methods integral to social navigation. Additionally, the review investigates different types of studies and tools facilitating the evaluation of social robot navigation approaches, namely datasets, simulators, and benchmarks. Our survey also identifies the main challenges of human-aware navigation, highlighting the essential future work perspectives. This work stands out from other review papers, as it not only investigates the variety of methods for implementing human awareness in robot control systems but also classifies the approaches according to the grounded requirements regarded in their objectives.

Despite its pervasive reputation as a place of religious extremes and war, Afghanistan has a complex and varied religious landscape where elements from a broad spectrum of religious belief vie for a place in society. It is also one of the birthplaces of a widely practiced variant of Islam: Sufism. Contemporary analysts suggest that Sufism is on the decline due to war and the ideological hardening that results from societies in conflict. However, in Sufi Civilities, Annika Schmeding argues that this is far from a truthful depiction. Members of Sufi communities have worked as resistance fighters, aid workers, business people, actors, professors, and daily workers in creative and ingenious ways to keep and renew their networks of community support.

Based on long-term ethnographic field research among multiple Sufi communities in different urban areas of Afghanistan, the book examines navigational strategies employed by Sufi leaders over the past four decades to weather periods of instability and persecution, showing how they adapted to changing conditions in novel ways that crafted Sufism as a force in the civil sphere. This book offers a rare on-the-ground view into how Sufi leaders react to moments of transition within a highly insecure environment, and how humanity shines through the darkness during times of turmoil.

Ru iz d e Alarcón 13, 28014 Mad rid , Sp ain Dock Hou se, Th e Waterfron t, Cap t Town 8001, Sou th Africa h ttp :/ / www.cam brid ge.org Pu blish ed in association with SIGS Books © Cam brid ge Un iversity Press 2 001 All righ ts reserved. Co n t e n t s ix 2.4 Object Stan d ard s 2.5 Th e Object-Orien ted Software Process 2.6 W h at You Have Learn ed 2.7 Review Qu estion s Ch apter 3 • Gath erin g User Requirem en ts 3.1 Pu ttin g Togeth er a Req u irem en ts Mod elin g Team 3.1.1 Ch oosin g Good Su bject-Matter Exp erts 3.1.2 Ch oosin g Good Facilitators 3.1.3 Ch oosin g Good Scribes 3.2 Fu n d am en tal Req u irem en ts Gath erin g Tech n iq u es 3.2.1 In terviewin g 3.2.2 Brain storm in g 3.3 Essen tial Use Case Mod elin g 3.3.1 A Pictu re Says 1,000 Word s: Drawin g Use Case Diagram s 3.3.2 Id en tifyin g Actors 3.3.3 Docu m en tin g a Use Case 3.3.4 Use Cases: Essen tial versu s System 3.3.5 Id en tifyin g Use Cases 3.3.6 Mod elin g Differen t Logic Flows: Altern ate Cou rses of Action 3.4 Essen tial User In terface Prototyp in g 3.4.1 An Exam p le Essen tial User-In terface Mod el 3.4.2 En su rin g System Usability 3.4.3 User In terface-Flow Diagram m in g 3.5 Dom ain Mod elin g with Class Resp on sibility Collaborator (CRC) Card s 3.5.1 Prep arin g to CRC Mod el 3.5.2 Fin d in g Classes 3.5.3 Fin d in g Resp on sibilities 3.5.4 Defin in g Collaborators 3.5.5 Arran gin g th e CRC Card s 3.5.6 Th e Ad van tages an d Disad van tages of CRC Mod elin g 3.6 Develop in g a Su p p lem en tary Sp ecification 3.6.1 Id en tifyin g Bu sin ess Ru les 3.6.2 Id en tifyin g Non fu n ction al Req u irem en ts an d Con strain ts 3.7 Id en tifyin g Ch an ge Cases 3.7.1 Docu m en tin g Ch an ge Cases 3.7.2 Th e Ad van tages of Ch an ge Cases 3.8 Tip s for Organ izin g a Mod elin g Room 3.9 Req u irem en ts Tip s an d Tech n iq u es 3.10 W h at You Have Learn ed 3.10.1 Th e ABC Ban k Case Stu d y 3.11 Review Qu estion s Ch apter 4 • En surin g Yo ur Requirem en ts Are Co rrect: Requirem en ts Validatio n Tech n iques 4.1 Testin g Early an d Often 4.2 Use Case Scen ario Testin g 4.2.1 Th e Step s of th e Use Case Scen ario Testin g Process x The Object Prim er 4.2.2 Creatin g Use Case Scen arios 4.2.3 Actin g Ou t Scen arios 4.2.4 Th e Ad van tages of Use Case Scen ario Testin g 4.2.5 Th e Disad van tages of Use Case Scen ario Testin g 4.3 User In terface Walkth rou gh s 4.4 Req u irem en ts Reviews 4.5 W h at You Have Learn ed 4.6 Review Qu estion s Ch apter 5 • Un derstan din g Th e Basics: Object-Orien ted Co n cepts 5.1 New an d Old Con cep ts Togeth er 5.2 OO Con cep ts from a Stru ctu red Poin t-of-View 5.3 Objects an d Classes 5.4 Attribu tes an d Meth od s 5.5 Abstraction , En cap su lation , an d In form ation Hid in g 5.5.1 Abstraction 5.5.2 En cap su lation 5.5.3 In form ation Hid in g 5.5.4 An Exam p le 5.5.5 W h y Th is Is Im p ortan t 5.6 In h eritan ce 5.6.1 Mod elin g In h eritan ce 5.6.2 In h eritan ce Tip s an d Tech n iq u es 5.6.3 Sin gle an d Mu ltip le In h eritan ce 5.6.4 Abstract an d Con crete Classes 5.

The power of the modern Web, which is frequently called the Social Web or Web 2.0, is frequently traced to the power of users as contributors of various kinds of contents through Wikis, blogs, and resource sharing sites. However, the community power impacts not only the production of Web content, but also the access to all kinds of Web content. A number of research groups worldwide explore what we call social information access techniques that help users get to the right information using "collective wisdom" distilled from actions of those who worked with this information earlier. This invited talk offers a brief introduction into this important research stream and reviews recent works on social information access performed at the University of Pittsburgh's PAWS Lab lead by the author.

This research explicates the construct of social ability and describes the relationship between students' academic motivation and social ability in online learning environments. Findings reveal perceived peers social presence, perceived written communication skills, perceived instructor social presence, comfort with sharing personal information, and social navigation as the five factors that define social ability. In addition, the multivariate multiple regression analyses indicate that different motivational constructs vary in their relationships with the multiple social ability factors. Intrinsic goal orientation is related to perceived peers social presence. Self-efficacy explains the variance of perceived instructor social presence and comfort with sharing personal information. Task value is associated with social navigation and both perceived peers and instructor social presence. Additional studies are needed to replicate the current findings and further explicate social ability in online learning, to continue to improve the social ability instrument, and to examine the value of other academic motivation beliefs in predicting social ability as well as that of social ability in predicting learning outcomes.

Autonomous navigation is a key skill for assistive and service robots. To be successful, robots have to comply with social rules, such as avoiding the personal spaces of the people surrounding them, or not getting in the way of human-to-human and human-to-object interactions. This paper suggests using Graph Neural Networks to model how inconvenient the presence of a robot would be in a particular scenario according to learned human conventions so that it can be used by path planning algorithms. To do so, we propose two automated scenario-to-graph transformations and benchmark them with different Graph Neural Networks using the SocNav1 dataset [1]. We achieve close-to-human performance in the dataset and argue that, in addition to its promising results, the main advantage of the approach is its scalability in terms of the number of social factors that can be considered and easily embedded in code in comparison with model-based approaches. The code used to train and test the resulting graph neural network is available in a public repository.

Datasets are essential to the development and evaluation of machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. As new tasks are addressed, new datasets are required. Training algorithms for human-aware navigation is an example of this need. Different factors make designing and gathering data for human-aware navigation datasets challenging. Firstly, the problem itself is subjective, different dataset contributors will very frequently disagree to some extent on their labels. Secondly, the number of variables to consider is undetermined culture-dependent. This paper presents SocNav1, a dataset for social navigation conventions. SocNav1 aims at evaluating the robots’ ability to assess the level of discomfort that their presence might generate among humans. The 9280 samples in SocNav1 seem to be enough for machine learning purposes given the relatively small size of the data structures describing the scenarios. Furthermore, SocNav1 is particularly well-suited to be used to benchmar...

Earlier measurements at LEP of isolated hard photons in hadronic Z decays, attributed to radiation from primary quark pairs, have been extended in the ALEPH experiment to include hard photon production inside hadron jets. Events are selected where all particles combine democratically to form hadron jets, one of which contains a photon with a fractional energy z 0:7. After statistical subtraction of non-prompt photons, the quark-to-photon fragmentation function, D(z), is extracted directly from the measured 2-jet rate. By taking into account the perturbative contributions to D(z) obtained from an O(S) QCD calculation, the unknown non-perturbative component o f D (z) is then determined at high z. Provided due account is taken of hadronization eects near z = 1, a good description of the other event topologies is then found.

Web page annotation and adaptive navigation support are two active, but independent research directions focused on the same goal: expanding the functionality of the Web as a hypertext system. The goal of the AnnotatEd system presented in this paper has been to integrate annotation and adaptive navigation support into a single value-added service where the components can reinforce each other and create new unique attributes. This paper describes the implementation of AnnotatEd from early prototypes to the current version, which has been explored in several contexts. We summarize some lessons we learned during the development process and which defined the current functionality of the system. We also present the results of several classroom studies of the system. These results demonstrate the importance of the browsing-based information access supported by AnnotatEd and the value of both the annotation and navigation support functionalities offered by the system.

SummaryNavigation assistance systems are aiming to improve safety and provide traffic optimization and have become more and more popular in a modern vehicular technology. The reason is given by the significant traffic increase and numerous congestion events in large cities, large complexity of road infrastructure, and unexpected or hazardous conditions that can be found on roads. This paper proposes an innovative navigation system solution that intelligently gathers traffic data provided by integrated car sensors and/or onboard security systems and uses it to warn other participants. System concepts, architecture, design, implementation, and performance evaluation aspects are presented, and tasks organization for an embedded cost‐effective implementation using a real‐time kernel is illustrated.

The issue of how users can navigate their way through large information spaces is crucial to the ever expanding and interlinking of computer systems. Computer users live in a world of information spaces but in many situations lack the necessary means to navigate them. To meet this increasing need for navigational support social navigation has been proposed as a possible solution. The term captures everyday behavior used to find information, people, and places-namely by watching, following, and talking to people. This thesis sets out to investigate social navigation from three different perspectives: how it can be defined, how it can be designed, and how it can be evaluated.

Social navigation (SN) emerged as a marriage between one-user-one-system scenarios and CSCW. It is a design approach based on either visualizing traces of other users' activities or on direct or indirect communication between users, with the goal to facilitate locating and evaluating information. Social Navigation has wide-ranging benefits, from social filtering over improving trust in eCommerce all the way to improving the user experience in general. However, as it is a new field many design issues are not properly researched yet. In this paper we outline a possible research agenda for the social navigation field, pointing out areas of social navigation in need of research initiatives.

Recent research in the area of information retrieval hypothesizes that people benefit from social clues, so called social navigation, when they try to navigate information spaces [7]. We have designed an on-line grocery store building upon those ideas manifested in several different ways. The most central feature is that the system uses a combination of content-based and collaborative filtering as the basis for recipe recommendations. This filtering process can in turn be controlled by editors, whose role is to control the content of the "recipe clubs". Other types of social clues are also present, such as displaying how many users that have chosen a recipe. Finally, the system shows information about other users currently present in the system, and allows users to get in direct contact through chat.

The term Social Navigation captures everyday behaviour used to find information, people, and places-namely through watching, following, and talking to people. We discuss how to design information spaces to allow for social navigation. We applied our ideas in a recipe recommendation system. In a follow-up user study, subjects state that social navigation adds value to the service: it provides for social affordance, and it helps turning a space into a social place. The study also reveals some unresolved design issues, such as the snowball effect where more and more users follow each other down the wrong path, and privacy issues.

SummaryNavigation assistance systems are aiming to improve safety and provide traffic optimization and have become more and more popular in a modern vehicular technology. The reason is given by the significant traffic increase and numerous congestion events in large cities, large complexity of road infrastructure, and unexpected or hazardous conditions that can be found on roads. This paper proposes an innovative navigation system solution that intelligently gathers traffic data provided by integrated car sensors and/or onboard security systems and uses it to warn other participants. System concepts, architecture, design, implementation, and performance evaluation aspects are presented, and tasks organization for an embedded cost‐effective implementation using a real‐time kernel is illustrated.

Under-contribution is a problem for many online communities. Social psychology theories of social loafing and goal-setting can lead to mid-level design goals to address this problem. We tested design principles derived from these theories in four field experiments. In experiment 1, members of an online movie recommender community participated in an online discussion group either with others with similar movie tastes or not and were told of conversational topics where they held unique information or not. In experiment 2, members of the movie recommender community were reminded of the uniqueness of their contributions and the benefits that follow from them. In experiment 3, they were reminded of different types of benefits that they or others would gain from rating movies. In experiment 4, they were given a range of individual or group goals for contribution. As predicted by theory, individuals contributed when they were reminded of their uniqueness and when they were given specific and challenging goals. However, other predictions were disconfirmed. For example, in Experiment 4, participants given group goals contributed more than those given individual goals. The paper ends with suggestions and challenges for mining design implications from social science theories. Categories and Subject Descriptors J.4 Social and behavioral sciences, H.4.3 Communications Applications.

In the age of Web 2.0, users are increasingly familar with social tagging or bookmarking where comments and ratings are added by users to objects on the web for public consumption. Such comments and ratings are represented in bookmarks which can be used for information or opinion sharing, user interest discovery, and content recommendation. In this paper, we investigate social bookmarking in digital libraries and derive the design requirements for digital library incorporating social bookmarking. Instead of implementing social bookmarking functions in digital library systems from ground zero, we have chosen to explore the possibilities of integrating pre-existing digital library systems with preexisting social bookmarking systems, and to derive a feasible system architectural design. We also present a case study where G-Portal, a geography digital library system, is integrated with Scuttle, an open source social bookmarking system.

Siden EU udvidelsen i 2004 har Danmark oplevet en stor tilstrømning af arbejdskraft fra de nye EU-lande. Den ny arbejdskraft har rejst debat i Danmark om forringelser af løn- og arbejdsvilkår for danske arbejdstagere, men østeuropæeres egne oplevelser på det danske arbejdsmarked er kun i ringe grad blevet dokumenteret. På baggrund af en spørgeskemaundersøgelse blandt 500 polske arbejdsmigranter i Danmark gennemført i efteråret 2008, sammenlignes polakkernes beskæftigelsesfrekvens, lønniveau, arbejdstider og arbejdsmiljø med danskernes for at vurdere deres arbejdsvilkår og placering på det danske arbejdsmarked. Artiklen viser, at der er store forskelle mellem danske og polske arbejdstageres løn- og arbejdsvilkår, men at dette til en vis grad kan forklares med de jobtyper polakkerne har. På den baggrund peges der afslutningsvis på fremtidige problemstillinger omkring det danske arbejdsmarked og arbejdskraftvandringen i et udvidet EU.

The volume of course-related information available to students is rapidly increasing. This abundance of information has created the need to help students find, organize, and use resources that match their individual goals, interests, and current knowledge. Our system, CourseAgent, presented in this paper, is an adaptive community-based hypermedia system, which provides social navigation course recommendations based on students' assessment of course relevance to their career goals. CourseAgent obtains students' explicit feedback as part of their natural interactivity with the system. This work presents our approach to eliciting explicit student feedback and then evaluates this approach.

The article looks at how migrants and people on the move use 'digital tactics' to mitigate the use of technologies deployed against them. It uses the concept of 'social navigation' developed by Henrik Vigh in order to understand how individuals act and mobilize different kinds of resources in a precarious and unstable environment. Based on 32 semi-structured interviews carried out with political refugees from sub-Saharan Africa, this article shows that: (1) information accessible through NICT is seen as often imprecise and unreliable by migrants; (2) the use of NICT increases the risk for migrants of being victims of racketeering, blackmailing and even kidnapping, so migrants devote time and energy to implementing strategies to limit the risks involved; (3) the use of NICT entails significant constraints for migrants with regard to budgetary and logistical organization. Therefore, rather than perceiving NITC as mere a tool to facilitate the migration of people, it is more accurate to say that they play an equivocal role, which implies a need to develop skills for improvisation, coordination and adaptation on the part of migrants.

This paper examines a New York-based project, Crossing Bridges, that brings together 15 sex-trafficked and homeless young people and 15 award winning Broadway artists to create theatre together. These two participant extremes offer a unique opportunity to contribute considerably to new iterations of both communal practice and the aspirational aims that underpin applied theatre projects. Drawing on Henry Giroux's concept of the culture of cruelty, the paper will consider if this project displaces the impact of cultural capital and elitism and whether it has the potential to enhance accessibility, or if there is something inherently 'cruel' in this offer.

Virtual Heritage-the use of computer-based interactive technologies to record, preserve, or recreate artifacts, sites, and actors of historic, artistic, religious, and cultural significance and to deliver the results openly to a global audience in such a way as to provide formative educational experiences through electronic manipulations of time and space. 1

Aim. This article presents an ethnographic exploration of technology use among migrants. The main question explored is how migration processes are mediated by communication between migrants and their support network, considering the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Methods. Multi-situated and virtual ethnography have allowed researchers to access and obtain relevant discourse on the experiences, perceptions, and strategies of migrants in a non-invasive way. Results. In pre-digital contexts, support networks of friends and family provided sources of information in the development of migration projects. With the spread of technology, Facebook's virtual communities are a means of facilitating migration strategies. Likewise, ICTs bring migrants and their families closer to the "there", bolstering their bonding social capital and therefore their emotional wellbeing. Despite the language barriers, and the stereotypes and prejudices held by native-born residents, virtual social networks allow migrants to strengthen their Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2023 189 bridging social capital, facilitating the integration of different Latin American migrant groups in the destination society. Conclusion. Today, ICTs have transformed migration strategies and expanded bonding social capital, allowing migrants to share common interests with their family setting, despite the distance. Limited interaction between migrants and native-born residents restricts bridging social capital, but the virtual sphere allows the Latin American diaspora to pursue common interests and overcome cultural barriers.

Based on ethnographic fieldwork on the island of Nusa Lembongan, this paper explores how the emergence of tourist industries influences the local population. Although this kind of development can be found in most of Southeast Asia, this paper analyses ethnographic material from the small island of Nusa Lembongan to argue that the power relationship between foreign guests and local hosts is asymmetrical because it takes place within an unequal, capitalist world system. The morality, globality, and inequality of tourism is at the centre of attention. In this paper, then, we contribute to the ongoing debate on tourism and development by ethnographically situating global tourism in the context of Nusa Lembongan and by showing how the relationship between tourists and locals can be challenging for both sides. The paper argues against reductive econocentric accounts of the impact of tourism as conducive to economic growth and in favour of a more nuanced conceptual model which accounts for interpersonal misrecognition, inequality, and global economic structures.

In this paper, we present a game-like scenario that is based on a model of social group dynamics inspired by theories from the social sciences. The model is augmented by a model of proxemics that simulates the role of distance and spatial orientation in human-human communication. By means of proxemics, a group of human participants may signal other humans whether they welcome new group members to join or not. In this paper, we describe the results of an experiment we conducted to shed light on the question of how humans respond to such cues when shown by virtual humans.

PurposeAt many universities, web lectures have become an integral part of the e‐learning portfolio over the last few years. While many aspects of the technology involved, like automatic recording techniques or innovative interfaces for replay, have evolved at a rapid pace, web lecturing has remained independent of other important developments such as Web 2.0. The aim of this paper is to exemplify and discuss the benefits web lecturing can gain from a Web 2.0 perspective.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes an implementation of three Web 2.0 features for the virtPresenter web lecture interface. These are time‐based social footprints, a mechanism for linking to user created bookmarks in a web lecture from external Web 2.0 applications and a special web lecture player that enables users to embed their own web lecture bookmarks in wikis or blogs.FindingsThe paper shows how conceptual and technical obstacles in bringing Web 2.0 features like social footprints to web lectures ca...

•HHP"* his second sequential issue of the Nordic Journal of Architectural Research focuses on workplace design issues from a B broader and more integrated perspective, examining the contexts from which they emerge and the factors and conditions by which design schemes either function or fail. The articles selected for this issue deal with workplace transformation, upgrading, gentrification, location strategies, and the historical influences of industrial

The past ten years have demonstrated an insurgence and explosive growth of digital libraries. This paper shows how the National Science Foundation STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Education Digital Library (NSDL) initiative can be useful to teachers and students engaged in distance learning and education. It will also explore how the computing component ofNSDL can be a vital tool for the study of computing.

Personalization is one of the emerging ways to increase the power of modern Digital Libraries. The Knowledge Sea II system presented in this paper explores social navigation support, an approach for providing personalized guidance within the open corpus of educational resources. Following the concepts of social navigation we have attempted to organize a personalized navigation support that is based on past learners' interaction with the system. The study indicates that Knowledge Sea II became the students' primary tool for accessing the open corpus documents used in a programming course. The social navigation support implemented in this system was considered useful by students participating in the study of Knowledge Sea II. At the same time, some user comments indicated the need to provide more powerful navigational support, such as the ability to rank the usefulness of a page.

An educational digital library may store a wealth of diverse educational resources targeting different audiences from young schoolchildren to graduate students to school and college teachers. With the growth of the volume and the diversity of the library, it becomes increasingly difficult for the users to find resources, which are relevant to their age, educational needs, and personal interests. Social navigation techniques could provide valuable help in this context guiding users to the most useful information. Social navigation works by processing traces of past user behavior and using the assembled "collective wisdom" to guide future users. The paper reports our work on the design of social navigation infrastructure for Ensemble, a major educational digital library. We present the organization of both sides of the social navigation process: how social wisdom is collected and how it can be used to guide portal users to valuable resources. We also report the results of our most recent evaluation of the social navigation infrastructure.

This paper investigates the feasibility of maintaining a social information system to support attendees at an academic conference. The main challenge of this work was to create an infrastructure where users' social activities, such as bookmarking, tagging, and social linking could be used to enhance user navigation and maximize the users' ability to locate two important types of information in conference settings: presentations to attend and attendees to meet. We developed Conference Navigator 3, a social conference support system that integrates a conference schedule planner with a social linking service. We examined its potential and functions in the context of a medium-scale academic conference. In this paper, we present the design of the system's socially-enabled features and report the results of a conference-based study. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of social information systems for conference support. Despite the low number of potential users and the short timeframe in which conferences take place, the usage of the system was high enough to provide sufficient data for social mechanisms. The study shows that most critical social features were highly appreciated and used, and provides direction for further research.

In this paper, we present an open architecture that combines different SQL learning tools in an integrated Exploratorium for database courses. The integrated Exploratorium provides a unique learning environment that allows database students to take complimentary advantages of multiple advanced learning tools.

ways: while refugees' depiction moves between victimisation and criminalisation (Fawaz et al. 2018), debates on shrinking cities are often dominated by patterns of 'unequal growth versus shrinkage, and urban triage versus widespread decline' (Ehrenfeucht and Nelson 2020, p. 436). Engaging with refugee-centred regeneration demands critical consideration of public discourses as contextual factors. The potential reciprocity between the city that welcomes refugees and refugees that help revitalise it can contribute to re-scripting the narratives on refugees and shrinkage. Geographically, research on refugee-centred revitalisation has focused predominantly on the US-American (Day 2017; Pottie-Sherman 2020), Australian (Broadbent et al. 2007) and Canadian (Carter and Osborne 2009) national contexts, and their processes of targeted refugee resettlement in depopulated areas. In the USA, shrinking cities increasingly opt for inclusive communication strategies, portraying themselves as welcoming and immigrant-friendly. Two examples are Cleveland's Dream Neighborhood project (Day 2017) and Akron's North Hill district (Blanco 2017; Nightengale 2015). The Great Lakes region is home to numerous similar revitalisation efforts. In Buffalo, New York, refugees are considered essential for tackling population losses and invigorating the economy (Judelsohn et al. 2017). Little work has been conducted on different European national contexts and their systems of refugee accommodation, and no work has taken a cross-national comparative stance on these processes. Furthermore, previous literature on refugee-led revitalisation has mainly investigated strategies of city governments to attract refugees as urgently needed potential homeowners for vacant houses-ideally with entrepreneurial spirits to boost local economies. Authors have justifiably criticised the neoliberal rationale behind strategies which frame refugees primarily as means to halt decline (Watson 2019; Pottie-Sherman 2020). Little attention has been paid to the perspectives of refugees in these cities and to the processes of negotiating their place and belonging under conditions of shrinkage. This is emblematic for urban planning which has been criticised for not engaging with the material and structural challenges that forced migrants face in cities-critically if they are characterised by decline. An increasing amount of research addresses this critique. In his work on undocumented migrants-often left out of formal and informal participation processes in planning-Sandoval (2015, p. 684) urges planners to develop a better understanding of the challenges minorities are faced with if 'immigrant integration efforts [are] to go beyond superficial immigrant "welcoming strategies"' (cited in Kim et al. 2018, p. 7). Based on their work in Dayton, Ohio, Housel et al. (2018, p. 396) call for initiatives that are grounded in an 'ethics of recognition' and aim to be 'welcoming without conditions'. These approaches go beyond discourses of utility. To move towards planning processes founded on intentional recognition, Kim et al. (2018) evoke the importance of engaging with forced migrants and other marginalised groups, so they can be included in the planning process meaningfully. This chapter discusses the impact of shrinkage on negotiations of place and belonging as part of broader critical reflections on the challenges to and opportunities of refugee-led regeneration. It proposes a conceptual framework that links shrinkage, place and belonging as part of a holistic approach to study of the interrelationships of refugees and their shrinking

Research on navigation and landmarks in physical space, information space and virtual reality environments indicates that landmarks play an important role in all types of navigation. This dissertation tackles the problem of defining and evaluating the characteristics of landmarks in information space. This work validates a recent theory that three types of characteristics, structural, visual and semantic, are important for effective landmarks. This dissertation applies concepts and techniques from the extensive body of research on physical space navigation to the investigation of landmarks on a web site in the World Wide Web. Data was collected in two experiments to examine characteristics of web pages on the University of Pittsburgh web site. In addition, objective measurements were made to examine the characteristics of web pages with relation to the experimental data. The two experiments vi

The World Wide Web contains rich collections of digital materials that can be used in education and learning settings. The collaborative authoring prototype of Walden's Paths targets two groups of users: educators and learners. From the perspective of educators, the authoring tool allows educators to collaboratively build a Walden's Path by filtering and organizing web pages into an ordered linear structure for the common information needs, which can be extended, tailored and modified into a derivative path from its parent version to meet dynamic and evolving educational requirements. From the students' perspective, Walden's Paths provide a shared knowledge space that facilitates collaborative learning. Specifically, collaborative learners can annotate locally and globally on pages and share among group members, where each annotation fosters the initiation of a thread of discussion. Therefore, knowledge transfer can be achieved in the process of social interaction associated with shared annotations. iv DEDICATION To my mother and father, For their immense love and support v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank my advisor, Dr. Richard Furuta, for his invaluable guidance and advice for my research activities. I am deeply encouraged by his patience and supports during my graduate studies. I am also tremendously inspired by his sharing of experience and comments.

In this paper, we describe the use of experience modeling to create gestural protocols for physiological data transfer. This design method has been applied to the development of a wearable computing public art installation called whisper. A series of user-experience workshops were designed with the goal of developing an interaction model for the public installation. These workshops modeled intimacy, social navigation and playful exchange, using performance methods to create gestural protocols. Workshop participants generated movement vocabularies by negotiating permission and control of their own physiological data. Gesture was utilized as an expressive indicator of intentionality, extension of body image, permission, control, exchange and play. We illustrate through video, gestural analysis, and experimental feedback, how the workshops provided an experience model for the interaction, wearable garment design, and body-to-body network protocol used in the public art installation, and how performance methodologies can contribute to the area of interaction design.

Research on navigation and landmarks in physical space, information space and virtual reality environments indicates that landmarks play an important role in all types of navigation. This dissertation tackles the problem of defining and evaluating the characteristics of landmarks in information space. This work validates a recent theory that three types of characteristics, structural, visual and semantic, are important for effective landmarks. This dissertation applies concepts and techniques from the extensive body of research on physical space navigation to the investigation of landmarks on a web site in the World Wide Web. Data was collected in two experiments to examine characteristics of web pages on the University of Pittsburgh web site. In addition, objective measurements were made to examine the characteristics of web pages with relation to the experimental data. The two experiments vi

We present a novel, data-driven framework for planning socially competent robot behaviors in crowded environments. The core of our approach is a topological model of collective navigation behaviors, based on braid groups. This model constitutes the basis for the design of a human-inspired probabilistic inference mechanism that predicts the topology of multiple agents' future trajectories, given observations of the context. We derive an approximation of this mechanism by employing a neural network learning architecture on synthetic data of collective navigation behaviors. Our planner makes use of this mechanism as a tool for interpreting the context and understanding what future behaviors are in compliance with it. The planning agent makes use of this understanding to determine a personal action that contributes to the context in the most clear way possible, while ensuring progress to its destination. Our simulations provide evidence that our planning framework results in socially competent navigation behaviors not only for the planning agent, but also for interacting naive agents. Performance benefits include (1) early conflict resolutions and (2) faster uncertainty decrease for the other agents in the scene.