Social Mobility

The observation, analysis and construction of cities and forms of mobility are not always in step with the complexity of urban systems and changes in contemporary societies. It is possible to use time as a key to reading the functioning and dysfunctions of cities and as a springboard for new mobilitiesand sustainable urban development policies. This "chronotopic" perspective makes it possible to approach the complexity of urban systems and reflect on ways of "indwelling" times and mobilities. The researcher, the urban planner, the builder and the citizen are invited to change their outlooks, to think, design and manage the city by simultaneously taking into account urban physicality, flows and timetables in order to imagine, together a "malleable city", a more human, accessible and hospitable one.

We live in an age of movement. More than at any other time in history , people and things move longer distances, more frequently, and faster than ever before. All that was solid melted into air long ago and is now in full circulation around the world like dandelion seeds adrift on turbulent winds. We find ourselves, in the early twenty-first century, in a world where every major domain of human activity has become increasingly defined by motion. 1 We have entered a new historical era defined in large part by movement and mobility and are now in need of a new historical on-tology appropriate to our time. The observation that the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first was marked by an increasingly " liquid " and " mobile modernity " is now something widely recognized in the scholarly literature at the turn of the century. 2 Today, however, our orientation to this event is quite different. Almost twenty years into the twenty-first century we now find ourselves situated on the other side of this heralded transition. The question that confronts us today is thus a new one: how to fold all that has melted back up into new solids. 3

Socioeconomic inequality is a given; its scope varies from country to country and from time to
time. In democratic countries, increasing the prospect of social mobility for those born into low
socioeconomic circumstances is considered a worthy goal. The education system is perceived
to be a key policy tool for reducing disparities in opportunity. In recent years, there has been
a discernible rise in income disparity and in parallel, a rising gap in educational opportunities.
Understanding these mechanisms’ reciprocal influences is important for determining effective
policy.
The Spencer and the Russell Sage Foundations in the United States studied a range of issues
within the context of inequality and education. The rich findings were assembled in a volume
published in 2011, entitled Whither Opportunity: Rising Inequality, Schools and Children’s Life
Chances, which suggest possible explanations for the increasing impact of economic disparity on
the academic achievement gaps in the US.
Inspired by the above study and with encouragement from those responsible for the US project,
the aim of the Initiative activity was to delineate an evidence-based framework for policymakers
to understand the relationships between socioeconomic inequality and educational opportunities
and achievements in Israel and how these are distributed across the population1. Another objective
was to provide information for public and professional discourse on this topic. A steering team
comprised of researchers from the fields of sociology, education, economics and welfare guided
the activity.

The aim of this paper is to examine the evolution of recruitment of elites due to globalization. In the last century, the main change that occurred in the way the Western world trained its elites is that meritocracy became the basis for their recruitment. Although meritocratic selection should result in the best being chosen, we show that meritocratic recruitment may actually lead to class stratification and auto-recruitment. In this paper, I show that due to globalization, the stratification effect will be even stronger. Globalization will bring about the formation of an international technocratic elite with its own culture, norms, ethos, and identity, as well as its private clubs like the Davos World Economic Forum. We face the emergence of a transnational oligarchy.

Over the past few years, the number of schools with relatively high numbers of immigrants' children seems to have increased sharply in certain suburbs of Brussels. No ethnic group is in favor of strongly homogeneous concentration schools, whether they be Turks, Moroccans, or French-speaking Belgians. Despite their poor knowledge of the schooling system, the Turks, Moroccans and unskilled Belgians perceive education as the ultimate vehicle for social integration and social mobility. They also are fully aware that concentration schools are not the answer to social exclusion, nor a path to social integration. Here we are confronted with a situation of involuntary ethnic homogenization through socio-ethnic strati"cation. (L. De Rycke) 0883-0355/99/$ -see front matter 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 8 8 3 -0 3 5 5 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 0 5 -1

Migration is not a novel occurrence; it has always been a driving force along with civilization. The main catalyst behind the new era of migration is globalization. Migration is a gendered topic, and in previous academic discourse from which women have often been excluded from it. However, the effect of male migration on female spouses in the home country is an area where research has been scarce. It was not until the last decade that attention was shed on female migrants; and the important role they play in international migration. Therefore this study seeks to explore the effect of male migration on female empowerment in Egypt. This is achieved by investigating two aspects; first, whether the control over remittances increases women’s autonomy, and decision-making thus resulting in empowerment. Secondly, the study also focuses on whether male migration results in a change in traditional gender roles. In order to overcome previous shortcomings, this study compares two groups: women from low-income families and women from middle income families. The main methodology used in this study was qualitative, and that was achieved through interviews. This study uses Naila Al Kabeer’s definition of empowerment as a focal point of analysis. According to Al Kabeer, the ability to make choices is made up of three interconnected areas: resources that are defined as not only access, but also future claims to material and human social resources; agency, which is decision-making or the process of defining goals and acting upon them. Resources and agency together make up what Amartya Sen calls capabilities. Capabilities are the possible abilities or potential that individuals have for living the lives the way they actually want. Lastly, achievements, which are the outcomes, reached. The researcher focused on formulating questions for the women that address these three aspects.

This paper investigates the effect of different levels of neighbourhood housing tenure mix on transitions from unemployment to employment and the probability of staying in employment for those with a job. We used individual level data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS), a 5.3% sample of the Scottish population, covering a 10 year period. We found a strong negative correlation between living in deprived neighbourhoods and labour market outcomes (getting or keeping a job). We found a small, but significant, positive correlation between living in mixed tenure (40-80% social housing) streets and transitions from unemployment to employment. In the conclusion we discuss the extent to which we think these results can be interpreted as 'neighbourhood effects' or selection effects.

Downloadable! Poverty in Bolivia continues to be among the highest in Latin America despite decades of concerted national and international efforts to reduce it. Bolivia has meticulously followed the recommendations of the Washington consensus at the same time as external aid ...

The question whether a socially mobile society is conducive to subjective well-being (SWB) has rarely been investigated. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the SWB effects of intergenerational earnings mobility and equality in educational attainment at the societal level. Using socio-demographic information on 44’000 individuals in 30 OECD countries obtained from the World Values Survey 1997-2001, this study shows that living in a socially mobile society is conducive to individual life satisfaction. Differentiating between perceived and actual social mobility, we find that both exert rather independent effects, particularly in their interplay with income inequality. We identify a positive interaction of perceived social mobility that mitigates the overall SWB lowering effect of income inequality. In contrast to expectations, a high degree of actual social mobility yields an overall impact of income inequality that is SWB lowering, while for low social mobility the effect of ineq...

Este artículo describe la estructura de las clases sociales en Guatemala en el nuevo siglo, caracterizada por una incipiente clase media, que representa menos del 20% de la población. El artículo también aborda el tema de la movilidad social en las áreas educativa y laboral. En ambos casos la movilidad social es baja, existiendo diferencias significativas según género y grupo étnico. La movilidad de la educación es mayor en hombres que en mujeres, así como en el grupo étnico no indígena que en el indígena. En la movilidad ocupacional la situación es inversa.

The majority of young African women involved in prostitution in major European cities today come from Edo State, in Southern Nigeria, where trafficking has become an entire economic model. Despite moral judgment and the stigmatization of prostitutes in Nigeria, sending a girl to Europe represents an opportunity that many families decide to take advantage of, relying on potential financial benefits that would allow collective social climbing. Analyzing prostitution as a family migratory project helps to shed light on the role of parents in the mechanisms that make possible and even reinforce the sexual exploitation of girls in Europe

El artículo analiza la relación entre origen socioeconómico, logro educacional y situación ocupacional (movilidad social) de los jóvenes en Chile. En el plano metodológico se utilizó estadística descriptiva, modelos logarítmicos y la técnica de los “Odds Ratio”. Se utilizó como fuente ...

It is generally assumed that wage-labour is the most efficient and productive form of work. A well functioning labour-market is seen as a guarantee of achieving economic growth. In Indonesia, however, most work is still organised as selfemployment and as unpaid family labour in the informal sector, or as household work in subsistence production for self-consumption (Evers 1992).

Several studies have consistently linked the Evangelical breakdown in Latin America as a mass movement mainly adopted by impoverished working class individuals. However, little is known about how religious inheritance and recruitment of Evangelical movements is affected when status conditions improve along individuals trajectories. Using Bicentenario Survey from 2006 to 2010 we analyze how intergenerational patterns of religious persistence in Chile relate to individuals' educational attainment and intergenerational mobility. Two mechanisms are evaluated: first, the intergenerational persistence of Evangelicals compared to Catholics and " None's " ; and second, the probability of conversion or reaffiliation to Evangelical Protestantism. Multinomial regression analysis shows that the greater an individual's educational credentials and upward mobility, the lesser their identification with Evangelical movements, regardless of their religious affiliation or educational attainment of origin. This evidence suggests there are obstacles for Evangelical movements' vertical mobility, which could be related to Chile's strong social cleavage in terms of religion.

With rapid economic development, higher income levels, urbanization and other socioeconomic drivers, people's lifestyles in China have changed remarkably over the last 50 years. This paper uses the IPAT model (where I = Impact representing CO 2 emissions, P = Population, A =Affluence, and T = emission intensity) to analyze how these main drivers contributed to the growth of CO 2 emissions over this time period. Affluence or lifestyle change has been variously recognized as one of the key factors contributing to CO 2 emissions. Through comparative analysis of the development of five regions in China, we trace lifestyle changes since the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 until 2002. We find that household consumption across the five regions follows similar trajectories, driven by changes in income and the increasing availability of goods and services, although significant differences still exist between and within regions due to differential policies in China and different possibilities for social mobility. There are considerable differences between the southeast and northwest and between urban and rural areas. We also found that technological improvements have not been able to fully compensate for the increase of emissions due to population growth and increasing wealth, which is also in line with results from other studies. Finally, this paper emphasizes that developing countries such as China, which is home to 22% of the world population and a growing middle class, and which is on a fast track to modernization, need to ensure that people's lifestyles are changing towards more sustainable ways of living. China has been investing heavily in infrastructure and thus creating the emissions of tomorrow. Thus investing, for example, in public transport and low energy building today will help reduce emissions in the future and will support more sustainable lifestyles.

A pioneering paper by Ó hÓgartaigh, C. and Ó hÓgartaigh, M. (2006) ‘Sophisters, economists and calculators’: pre-professional accounting education in eighteenth-century Ireland, Irish Accounting Review 13, no. 2: 63–74, suggests that the teaching of bookkeeping in hedge schools in Ireland during the eighteenth century is indicative of a pre-professional period of accounting education. The objective of this paper is to

Recenti studi antropologici hanno sottolineato l’importanza di sviluppare nuove prospettive d’indagine sulle elites. Questo ambito di studi è tuttavia rimasto marginale sia da un punto di vista teorico che etnografico. Nel campo degli studi Asiatici, i pochi lavori sull’argomento hanno analizzato l’emergere di una nuova classe imprenditoriale transnazionale. Minore attenzione è stata invece dedicata al rapporto fra mobilità internazionale e formazione di nuove elites. L’articolo analizza tale rapporto nel contesto specifico dell’India Meridionale, focalizzandosi sul rapporto fra discorsi e pratiche di emigrazione, formazione di nuove elites e trasformazioni nelle gerarchie tradizionali.

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Recent anthropological work has highlighted the necessity to develop new theoretical and anthropological perspectives on elites, although this field of enquiry has overall remained marginal. In the field of Asian studies, important work has recently explored the development of a transnational business elites. Minor attention has however been paid to the relation between international mobility and new migrant elites. The article explore this relation in the context of South India, focusing particularly on how discourses and practices of migration intertwine with the formation of new elites and the transformation of traditional ones.

This paper suggests a synthetic measure of social mobility that can be used to decompose the residual correlation between parental background and child earnings, left after controlling for backgroundrelated intervening factors. Using the EU-SILC dataset for 8 countries, our analysis shows that country differences concern residual correlations rather than patterns of occupational mobility. Decompositions make it evident that significant residual background correlations observed in the UK and in Southern countries mask respectively penalties to upward mobility and a parachute against downward mobility. In turn, insignificant residual effects encompass penalties to both downward and upward mobility in Germany and France, and no patterns in Nordic countries. In quantile regressions, residual background correlations appear to increase along the distribution, but are much flatter in Southern countries. Even if we are not able to provide causal explanations, we suggest that especially in unequal countries results would hardly agree with a standard human explanation.

Recent research suggests that individuals reward honesty more than they punish deception. Five experiments showed that different patterns of rewards and punishments emerge for North American and East Asian cultures. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Americans rewarded more than they punished, whereas East Asians rewarded and punished in equivalent amounts. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that these divergent patterns by culture could be explained by greater social mobility experienced by Americans. Experiments 4 and 5 examined how certain consequences of social mobility, approach-avoidance behavioral motivations and trust and felt obligation, can lead to disparate reward and punishment decisions within the two cultures. Moreover, Experiment 4 revealed that Americans exhibited stronger evaluative reactions toward deception but stronger behavioral intentions toward honesty; East Asians did not exhibit this evaluative-behavioral asymmetry. The crosscultural implications for understanding rewards and punishments in an increasingly globalized world are discussed.

ABSTRACT Human (HC) and social capital (SC) provide a number of compelling focal points on new business creation (e.g., Reynolds, 1997, Liao & Welsch, 2003; Davidsson & Honig, 2003; Liao & Welsch, 2005; Diochon, et al., 2008). Less attention, however, has been paid to the impact that cultural capital (CC) plays in the nascent entrepreneurial process (Foley, 2008), particularly with respect to the acquisition of funding (e.g., Lounsbury & Glynn, 2001). CC refers to dominant forms of societal knowledge, skills, and level of education that impact social mobility when viewed aggregately; endows individuals differentially with status and power to act; and can be viewed as embodied, objectified, and institutionalized ((Bourdieu (1983, 1986). We extend this line of inquiry via two research questions: 1) how is CC defined within the context of nascent entrepreneurial activity? 2) how does the presence of HC, SC, and CC influence start-up funding acquisition efforts?

The UK's elite law firms have recently seen a shift from talking about equality of opportunity alone to the adoption of a diversity discourse as well. This article examines this transition for what it can tell us about the value of diversity strategies as a means for widening access to the corporate legal profession on the basis of social class, focusing on five elite law firms based in the City of London. A number of studies have demonstrated how cultural practices within the legal sector maintain exclusionary mechanisms based on class. There has been less attention to how this is sustained within an amended institutional framework which outwardly 'celebrates' difference. This research suggests that though diversity strategies do little to change organisational cultures, those that recognise both the depth of professional prejudice within the sector and the reality of educational inequality across the UK may prove relatively progressive nonetheless.

"Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der temporalen Veränderung der sozialen
Mobilität in der Schweiz. Im Rahmen deskriptiver Kohortenanalysen wird der Effekt der
sozialen Herkunft (Bildung und Klasse) auf das Erreichen von Bildungsabschlüssen und
Klassenpositionen mittels multinomialer Logit-Modelle analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass der
Einfluss der Herkunft bei Betrachtung der Anpassungsgüte der Modelle über die Kohortenfolge
tendenziell abgenommen hat, jedoch die Discrete Change Effects der einzelnen
Herkunftsvariablen in der zentralen Tendenz konstant geblieben sind. Als Ausnahme hierfür
kann einzig die Abnahme des elterlichen Einflusses auf die Kategorie keine nachobligatorische
Bildung – wohl eine Folge der Bildungsexpansion – sowie die Zunahme der
Wirkung eines hohen Bildungsabschlusses der Eltern auf den Abschluss einer höheren
Berufsbildung oder einer Hochschulbildung über die Kohortenfolge genannt werden."

A polysemic term, the concept of mobility  as this paper attempts to explain  is still commonly confounded with other concepts and ideas, such as circulation, accessibility, traffic, transit and transportation. However, its use in the sciences in general is more recent than these other terms, and its appearance did not replace any of them.
The concept of mobility arose in order to throw fresh light on new social transformations that have become more important as the social divisions of labor have deepened during the past few centuries. 
This concept of mobility has acquired different shapes and can be deployed for assorted purposes and explanations.  Daily mobility entails residential mobility and mobility of labor, and more recently, symbolic mobility.  Other forms of mobility include: commuting, tourism and recreation, extending as far as nomadism and even immobility.
All types of mobility are related systemically to the social and territorial division of labor and to modes of production. These modes of production shape the social and territorial space at many different scales, requiring modern human beings to plunge deeper into the life of relationships, including with objects, which become more numerous and portable. In the course of history, the appearance and predominance of movement become one of the most important key elements to define individuals and societies.
This article reveals theoretical and practical examples of the intense and intimate relationships between the various forms of mobility, thus proposing new approaches of this concept. Focusing on new approaches to the daily mobility concept, the main objective is to overcome dichotomies between sectors and areas of science. Believing that together with people in each location, with social participation, we can improve the knowledge of reality and also improve public policies and contribute with them to reach their target.

Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit sozialen Dynamiken pluralistischer Gesellschaften, wie mit dem ökonomischen Flexibilismus, dem demografischen Wandel und Trends bezüglich Mobilität, Migration und Bürgerrechten. Der zweite Teil diskutiert "flüchtige Kategorien" am Beispiel sich auflösender Begriffe wie "fremde Kulturen", "zweite Generation", "Religion" und "Behinderung". Im dritten Teil wird der Fokus auf "Ausgrenzung" durch Stigma, Menschenfeindlichkeit und Nichtanerkennung, aber auch auf Grund- und Menschenrechte gerichtet. Was transkategoriale Kompetenz in unterschiedlichen Lebensaltern, Lebenswelten und Praxisfeldern bedeutet, wird im vierten Teil des Lehrbuchs exemplarisch in Beiträgen über Mädchenbeschneidung, Traumatisierungen, Migrationskinder und Altern beschrieben. Der fünfte Teil widmet sich der Gesundheitsversorgung mit einem besonderen Fokus auf Frauen und Männer mit Migrationserfahrung, auf Menschen mit kognitiver Beeinträchtigung und psychischen Störungen und einer Migrationserfahrung sowie der Beschreibung eines Pflege- und Versorgungsprozesses für diese komplexen Kontexte. Im sechsten Teil werden diverse kommunikative Aspekte im Umgang mit Vielfalt und Verschiedenheit erläutert. Zahlreiche praxisorientierte Fallbeispiele und selbstreflexive Übungen ebnen den Weg für einen kreativen Umgang mit Diversity im Gesundheitswesen.

The Creative Industries are undoubtedly one of the most successful parts of the UK economy. Their contribution to UK Gross Value Added (GVA) (£116 billion in 2019), our trade balance (£37.9 billion in service exports), the labour market (2.2 million jobs) and our soft power, is widely acknowledged. Most recently, the Government's new 'Plan for Growth' marked them as "a major success story for the UK, and a critical driver of innovation and growth.

This paper discusses the cultivation, harvesting and consumption of
anchote and examines the social and environmental factors that
frame the practice. Anchote, an indigenous tuber crop propagated
by seed, is primarily cultivated for its edible tubers. In addition to
forming part of the dietary staple of the Wallaga Oromo, the tuber
is central to the culture and identity of the people. The tuber is
anthropomorphized and often referred to as a relative of fertile
women. Indeed, the tuber, women and pottery form a nexus of
metaphorical meaning integral to Oromo cosmology. Moreover,
cultivation of the tuber is framed by the daily interaction between
farmers. The perceived agency of farmland is key to
understanding how the Wallaga Oromo struggle to retain, modify
or alter anchote culture in a swiftly changing world. Anchote is
steamed in a clay pot and its processing results in formation of
diagnostic use-alteration. This use-alteration may help to envisage
antiquity of tuber production and consumption in the Wallaga
region of the southwestern Ethiopian highlands.

When in a person’s life does upward social mobility begin? We know from sociological research that people experience the trials and triumphs of mobility at life-stages of adaptation to new contexts, such as school, university, and work. But this chapter is about looking further back. It considers twenty-nine life-narratives of upwardly mobile Australians, demonstrating how the origins of social mobility, and its disruptions, emerge within early experiences of working-class family life. This points to the often overlooked heterogeneous nature of working-class families, and to the early inceptions of a cleft, or divided habitus. The interviewees offered narratives of appreciation and symbolic inheritance from their families, but they also spoke of the darker side of mobility; of emotional distancing and relational separation, of painful conflict, and of ambivalence about themselves and their families. The discussion in this chapter necessarily oscillates between the hopeful benefits and the painful costs of mobility. These are people who simultaneously win and lose, and whose narratives challenge expedient political discourses on increasing social mobility for addressing inequality (see Introduction chapter), and ask that we take into account the ‘cruelty of social mobility’ (Chapter 11).

Housing is central to participation in the economic mainstream, yet housing policy has been fragmented by competing, if not contradictory, goals. This article proposes an expanded policy that incorporates a stronger link between housing and economic inequality. Through examples, it argues that housing policy should be a tool for economic development, strengthening families, and building community.

This paper is an attempt to bridge the gap between, on the one hand, the mobility behaviour of households and their perception of accessibility to urban amenities and, on the other hand, house price dynamics as captured through the hedonic modelling of the Quebec City residential market. Part One focuses on designing a methodology to analyze mobility behaviour of people and to relate their sensitivity to travel time with service places location within the city so as to assess their perceived accessibility. A series of "subjective" measures of accessibility based on actual trips made by individuals and households is built for Quebec City on the grounds of the 2001 origin-destination (O-D) survey. Part Two proposes an empirical test of the impact of accessibility on house prices. Applying hedonic modelling to some 952 single-family houses sold in Quebec City (Pop. 489 820 in 2001) between 1993 and 1996, two accessibility measures are compared (Section 4), the former being based on simulated travel times aggregated through factor analysis while the latter rests on perceived accessibility indices obtained via fuzzy logic on actual travel times.

The cultivation of the body ideal and promotion of thinness values in fashion, media and the diet industry have been repeatedly shown to account for the increased prevalence of eating disorders. It is evident in women in certain sub-cultures where the demand for thinness for career advancement is endemic. There is also a correlation between eating disorders and the level of modernization and urbanization characteristic of western industrialized societies, linking it to increased social mobility, dietary changes as well as changes within family structures. Eating disorders were, therefore, thought to be unique to the 'western culture', an impression that was initially substantiated by the apparent absence of these disorders in non-western societies. However, the notion of the culture specificity of eating disorders began to be challenged following reports from different parts of the world when eating disorders emerged in non-western societies. This was believed at first to be a product of a simple identification with western cultural norms in this respect. However, 'westernization' was too simplistic and needed to be broken down to see the forces that may lie behind it. These included increased consumerism, shift from collectivist to individualist patterns, changing gender roles and increased alienation of the individual. Subsequently, the individual was forced to resort to the 'body' as a new medium for expressing this cultural confusion and distress. Eating disorders are an example of such socio-pathology and needs to be seen now as a marker of 'transition' and symptomatic of cultures caught in a process of change.

Saunders' recent work claiming that contemporary British society is to a large extent 'meritocratic' is criticized on conceptual and technical grounds. A reanalysis of the National Child Development Study data-set, used by Saunders, is presented. This reveals that while merit, de ned in terms of ability and effort, does play a part in determining individuals' class destinations, the effect of class origins remains strong. Children of less advantaged class origins need to show substantially more merit than children from more advantaged origins in order to gain similar class positions. These differences in ndings to some extent arise from the correction of biases introduced by Saunders; but there are also features of his own results, consistent with those reported in the reanalysis, which he appears not to have fully appreciated.

Les migrations étudiantes se situent au coeur des débats actuels sur l’immigration. Adoptant généralement un point de vue géopolitique, les études portant sur ce phénomène oublient souvent de s’intéresser à son objet principal : l’individu. Au-delà des chiffres, il existe le vécu, l’expérience individuelle de celles et ceux qui partent étudier dans un pays étranger.
Cet ouvrage se propose d’explorer le vécu d’étudiants d’origine chilienne
ou colombienne au cours de leurs études à Paris, New York ou Boston.
Bien que les trajectoires individuelles ne soient pas complètement libres -puisque la migration internationale est soumise à des règles juridiques et institutionnelles précises, qui laissent une place réduite à l’improvisation - l’analyse des biographies éclaire le réagencement des déterminismes sociaux par les individus.
Cette recherche va à l’encontre de plusieurs idées reçues sur les migrations  étudiantes : la garantie pour les étudiants d’une réussite assurée à leur retour, l’assouplissement des conditions de séjour pour les migrants très qualifiés, l’existence d’une classe internationale sans ancrages locaux, ou encore l’expatriation forcée des chercheurs des pays du Sud. Ces phénomènes apparaissent en effet clairement à nuancés grâce à la prise en compte de la subjectivité des individus d’une part, et des effets des investissements des pays émergents dans la société du savoir, d’autre part.

The paper seeks to explore via a series of interview-based case studies aspects of the emergence of an entrepreneurial middle-class in Russia. The paper notes the origins of those studied in the professional or highly skilled workers in the former Soviet Union. The paper reveals the complexity and fragility of the circumstances of these entrepreneurs and suggests that commentary in both Russia and the West that pins its hopes for social stability on the emergence of a new property owning middle class in Russia are, at best, premature.

Ancien prof de lycée dans le « 9-3 » devenu sociologue, Fabien Truong a pendant dix ans – des émeutes de 2005 aux attentats de janvier 2015 – suivi et accompagné une vingtaine d’anciens élèves, du bac jusqu’à la fi n de leurs études. Tour à tour prof, enquêteur, témoin, conseiller et confi dent, il dresse ici le portrait tout en finesse d’une certaine jeunesse française, celle des banlieues populaires issues de l’immigration.
Loin des clichés médiatiques, du fatalisme politique ambiant et des prophéties catastrophistes de la « désintégration sociale », ce livre observe la dilution quotidienne de cette jeunesse dans la société française. De la fac aux grandes écoles, en passant par les cycles plus courts, ces jeunes incarnent la face cachée d’une passion nationale : sortir de sa condition par l’école. Confrontés au stigmate des origines, à l’impératif de rentabilité assigné aux études longues et à la précarité massive, ils mènent un combat ordinaire pour gagner l’estime de soi et apprendre à naviguer entre les multiples frontières du monde social.
En offrant une véritable plongée dans l’intimité de ces jeunes étudiants en quête d’échappée, ce livre peut se lire aussi comme un récit initiatique, déroulant dans le temps long leurs rêves d’ascension sociale, leurs questionnements identitaires, les peines et les joies de l’apprentissage intellectuel, leur rapport à la religion ou leurs histoires d’amour. Car, dans ces territoires de la République, rien n’est jamais gagné ni perdu d’avance.

Most Americans expect the nation's colleges and universities to promote the goal of social mobility to make it possible for anyone with ability and motivation to succeed. But according to Robert Haveman and Timothy Smeeding, income-related gaps both in access to and in success in higher education are large and growing. In the top-tier colleges and universities, almost three-quarters of the entering class is from the highest socioeconomic quartile. The pool of qualified youth is far greater than the number admitted and enrolled; hence America's top colleges could enroll more moderate- and low-income students without lowering their selection standards. Higher-income parents make enormous efforts to ensure their children's academic success, while children of poor parents begin the "college education game" later and with fewer resources. Students in poor and minority neighborhoods are less well prepared academically; ill prepared to select colleges, apply for admis...