Social Interaction

The development of imitation during the second year of life plays an important role in domains of socio-cognitive development such as language and social learning. Deficits in imitation ability in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have also been repeatedly documented from toddlerhood into adulthood, raising the possibility that early disruptions in imitation contribute to the onset of ASD and the deficits in language and social interaction that define the disorder. This study prospectively examined the development of imitation between 12 and 24 months of age in 154 infants at familial risk for ASD and 78 typically developing infants who were all later assessed at 36 months for ASD or other developmental delays. The study established a developmental measure of imitation ability, and examined group differences over time, using an analytic Rasch measurement model. Results revealed a unidimensional latent construct of imitation and verified a reliable sequence of imitation skills that was invariant over time for all outcome groups. Results also showed that all groups displayed similar significant linear increases in imitation ability between 12 and 24 months and that these increases were related to individual growth in both expressive language and ratings of social engagement, but not fine motor development. The group of children who developed ASD by age 3 years exhibited delayed imitation development compared to the low-risk typical outcome group across all time-points, but were indistinguishable from other high-risk infants who showed other cognitive delays not related to ASD.

The aim of this study was to examine the predictive links between foster infants' initial attachment behaviors upon placement with a foster family and their later, consolidated attachment behaviors. Twenty-four foster infants and their foster mothers participated. The mothers completed an attachment diary for 7 days, starting as close as possible to the infant's arrival. The diary yields scores of Security, Avoidance and Resistance, as well as a score of day-to-day instability in attachment behaviors. All foster dyads also completed the Strange Situation, 5 months later on average. The Security, Avoidance and Instability diary scores were found to be lawfully related to the SS behavioral scores. Furthermore, the Instability score discriminated between children who later developed organized versus disorganized attachment patterns. The first weeks into the formation of an attachment relationship with a foster caregiver thus appear to take on special importance for the later quality of this relationship.

This paper proposes a new conceptual framework of a liberal social order, which emphasizes the freedom of action in social interaction and the freedom of participation in social rule-making process. Our articulation of public decision-making process can be interpreted as a formal way of capturing the essence of constitutional democracy, which is an impure mixture of constructivist rationalism and evolutionary rationalism, since we are bringing what is spontaneously evolved through individual experiments into the stage of public design and social choice of a new institutional set of rules. It is also construed as an impure mixture of perfect procedural fairness and pure procedural fairness, since the public judgements to be formed through public deliberations should pay due attention to the intrinsic value of procedures in conferring agency freedom to individuals, as well as to the instrumental value of procedures in expanding well-being freedom of individuals.

The emotional availability construct (based on observations of paren t-child interactions) was first reconceptualized for research in 1991 as a way to describe the qualify of parentchild interactions. Since then, there has been considerable refinement of the construct. EA r e j m to several parental dimensions (sensitivity, structuring, nonin trusiveness, nonhostility) and two child dimensions (responsiveness to parent and involvement of parent). The EA empirical link with attachment and parent-child relationship are reviewed and avenues forjkture research are suggested.

In some social mammals, loud calling not only serves to advertise ownership of a territory and attract mates but also plays a vital role in allowing social companions to maintain contact when they are separated by long distances. Under these circumstances, individuals that are not territory owners but that call in the context of social cohesion or mate attraction could risk inviting escalated contests from territorial competitors. Here we present observations and playback experiments demonstrating that nomadic male lions (Panthera leo) do not roar despite the likely importance of roaring in maintaining social ties with other males in their coalition, on which their subsequent reproductive success depends. Instead, roaring is confined to males that are resident in prides and prepared to escalate in contest situations. Roaring is a flexible behaviour that is sensitive to temporal changes in status; resident males remain silent outside of their territories even when presented with playbacks of unfamiliar males roaring, and nomadic males start roaring only when they are taking over a pride. Our study suggests that individuals of social species may avoid givingimportant long-distance signals in circumstances where it would pay them to conceal their presence from eavesdroppers.

I think we can say that, rather than just an interactive turn, we are witnessing an intersubjective turn in research on social understanding. A lot of current research is not only concerned with quantifying interaction dynamics, but also with understanding individuals and their experience, in interaction. The impetus for this double advancement comes in part from the fact that much of the criticism of cognitivist social cognition research is inspired by phenomenological insights.
This chapter provides evidence from different fields to support the idea of an intersubjective turn. Moreover, I argue that the framework of participatory sense-making can provide conceptual tools for the inter-disciplinary probing, discussion, analysis, and coherence needed to support the intersubjective turn in research on social understanding.

Children who are exposed to interparental violence are at risk for a host of adjustment problems, but little is known about the processes that explain why children from violent families develop different patterns of adjustment. In this paper, we examine the role that children's perceptions and interpretations of aggression may play in shaping the impact of interparental violence on their short-and long-term functioning. Appraisals of interparental conflict have been linked to children's emotional and behavioral responses to conflict as well as their adjustment more broadly and offer a mechanism for understanding diverse outcomes in children who witness violence in the home. We explore how the appraisal process may differ in violent versus conflictual but nonviolent interactions, consider contextual factors that may influence this process, and outline directions for research investigating how children perceive and make sense of violence in intimate relationships.

Web-based communication technologies such as YouTube can provide opportunities for social contact, especially between older and younger people, and help address issues of social isolation. Currently our understanding of the dynamics of social interaction within this context (particularly for older people) is limited. Elaborating upon this understanding will make it possible to proactively facilitate and support this form of intergenerational social contact. This study focuses on the experiences of an eighty year old video blogger (vlogger), Geriatric1927, and a video dialogue that develops between himself and three of his younger viewers on a particular topic.

Hinter dem Ausdruck ‚Empathie' verbirgt sich ein schillernder Begriff mit einer nicht minder schillernden Begriffsgeschichte. 1 Als Rückübersetzung aus dem Englischen breitet er sich seit dem Ende der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts in der deutschen Alltagssprache aus und hat den älteren Ausdruck ‚Einfühlung' weitestgehend abgelöst . Allerdings hat der Begriff auf dem Umweg über das Englische neue Konnotationen hinzugewonnen. Längst steht ‚Empathie' nicht mehr ausschließlich für das innere Nachvollziehen der Gefühle, das Lipps (1907) in seiner Einfühlungstheorie beschrieben hat. Längst umfasst Empathie auch mehr als die direkte Erfahrung des Anderen wie sie etwa ) und Scheler (1923 in kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit Lipps zu fassen versuchten. Wird ein Mensch als empathisch bezeichnet, so ist in der alltagsüblichen Verwendung vielmehr gemeint, dass er feinfühlig mit Anderen umzugehen vermag. Während sich Einfühlung also noch deutlich als epistemischer Begriff zu erkennen gab, beschreibt der heutige Empathiebegriff auch ein -äußerst positiv konnotiertes -Verhalten gegenüber anderen Personen.

Do-a. wutton Case Western Reserve University AWTRACT This article discusses the interpersonal motivations associated with different levels of self-esteem. Although self-esteem literally refers to an intrapsychic attitude, we propose that self-esteem scales often measure a selfpresentational orientation. High self-esteem scores associated with a tendency to present oneself in a self-enhancing fashion that is characterized by willingness to accept risks, focus on outstandingly good qualities, strategic ploys, and calling attention to self. Low self-esteem scores are associated with a tendency to present oneself in a self-protective fashion that is characterized by unwillingness to accept risks, focus on avoiding outstandingly bad qualities, avoidance of many strategic ploys, and reluctance to draw attention to self, Considerable evidence shows that most people rate themselves as above average on self-esteem scales; relatively few people score below any self-esteem scale's conceptual midpoint. Review of past literature yields the following conclusions: (a) Low scores on self-esteem scales arc typically the result of neutral and intermediate rather than selfderogatory responses to scale items; (b) behavioral correlates of measured self-esteem sometimes depend on self-presentational variables such as audience presence; and (c) many past findings with self-esteem scales may be interpretable in self-presentational terms. The term self-esteem denotes an intrapsychic structure: an attitude about the self. Numerous scales have been designed to measure this cognition

AFTER the optimism which followed the falling of the Berlin Wall, one has found out that the alternative to Cold War wasn't the Global Peace. Regional conflicts have grown stronger, becoming more intense than ever. At several levels, some taken-for-granted evidences were shaken by ...

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The authors look at online tip exchanges as parts of gift economies created by the players and designers of console and online role-playing games in Taiwan. A group of experienced players and tip contributors agreed to be interviewed about the mechanisms and processes of providing free strategy guides on the Internet. Their comments reveal needs for social approval and networking in addition to their perceptions of rational exchange in the interest of completing games. The authors speculate on the social norms behind tip cultures, and their influences on game play and management.

In this philosophical inquiry into the foundations of Xavante mathematical thought, numbers emerge as categories structured by social praxis in central Brazil. Clans, moieties, age-sets, and specific kin relations can be viewed as conventional symbols, or numerals, representing essential constituencies of the Xavante socionumerical system. As in other Gê-speaking societies of the Brazilian Amazon, Xavante numbers catalyze a set of presuppositions about dialectical mathematical systems whose rationality is informed by the pervasive dualism that governs social interaction for an estimated 8,000 Xavante today. The binary nature of this numerical system is a product of an omnipresent dialectical view of the world, always oscillating between an "us" and a "them"-or people of my side ≈ people of the other side. Accordingly, a unit is defined as the union of 2 fundamental parts, and numerical place value assumes the significance of reciprocal social relationships. The dialectical association of beings, human or not, material or symbolic, within the dynamism of Xavante dualism synthesizes these and other key ideas about the philosophy of Gê mathematical thought. Kurzreferat: Leute meiner Seite ≈ Leute der anderen Seite. Sozionumerische Systeme in Zentralbrasilien. Bei dieser philosophischen Erkundung der Grundlagen des mathematischen Denkens des Volkes der Xavante tauchen Zahlen auf als Kategorien, die durch soziale Gegebenheiten in Zentralbrasilien strukturiert sind. Clans, Teile, Altersgruppen, spezifische Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen können als konventionelle Symbole oder Zahlzeichen angesehen werden, die die wesentlichen Bestandteile des sozionumerischen Systems der Xavante repräsentieren. Wie in anderen Gê-sprechenden Gesellschaften des brasilianischen Amazonasgebiets dienen die Zahlen der Xavante sozusagen als Katalysator für Voraussetzungen dialektischer mathematischer Systeme, deren Rationalität durch den Dualismus begründet ist, der die soziale Interaktion der heute auf ca. 8000 geschätzten Xavante beherrscht. Die binäre Natur dieses numerischen Systems ist das Ergebnis einer allgegenwärtigen dialektischen Weltsicht, die laufend zwischen "uns" und "ihnen" hin-und herschwingt-oder: Leute meiner Seite ≈ Leute der anderen Seite. Entsprechend wird eine Einheit definiert als Vereinigung von zwei fundamentalen Teilen, und dem numerischen Stellenwert liegt die Bedeutung der reziproken sozialen Beziehung zugrunde. Die dialektische Assoziation von menschlichen und nichtmenschlichen, materiellen und symbolischen Wesen im Rahmen des Dynamismus im Dualismus der Xavante synthetisiert diese und andere Schlüsselideen zur Philosophie des Gê mathematischen Denkens.

Design and technology education provides children with opportunities to create solutions to specific needs in innovative ways. This paper reports on research that focused on the language that the children used when they were involved in a design and technology activity. In accessing the results of the language study, the findings suggest that the children's motivation was high and played a significant role in children's task engagement and persistence. Analysis revealed that there were several key ideas that the children focused on, namely: the fun experienced by participating in the activity, the difficulty of doing the task, the satisfaction of completing the task, the importance of social interaction and the frustrations surrounding aspects of the task. These affective factors that are related directly to motivation will be demonstrated through the children's language responses to their participation in design and technology education.

One goal of this paper is to present an integrated tripartite model of violence, with a focus on structural violence within an oppression paradigm. Using qualitative and quantitative data from 27 women (70% African American and 30% European American) who participated in a national substance abuse treatment demonstration program, we describe a model of violence in which structural violence is presented within a transactional relationship with interpersonal, and intrapersonal violence. We suggest that the effects of structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal violence are magnified when race and poverty are considered. The second goal of the paper is to present a preliminary test of the new model of violence. Results indicated that different levels and types of violence are interrelated. Implications of these findings for empowering solutions are suggested.

The role of community agency in the rural community and economic development processes needs to be better understood in America and other advanced, industrialized nations. Community agency is vital to protecting, retaining, and maintaining rural communities. A comparative study was designed to explore the role of community agency in contributing to local well-being in Ireland and America. This role was evaluated through the use of a multiple method framework based on extensive key informant interviews, focus groups, and analysis of household survey data.

Get lost!" or "I think you should leave now" or "Ok, perhaps I'll see you around some other time", humans seem to be expressing things differently in different situations based on various factors: Social relationship between the two people, urgency of an action, their personality, etc. Social interaction of synthetic agents appears believable when it has at least some characteristics of human-human conversation. In this paper, two important characteristics: Politeness and Variation are discussed. A language generation plug-in has been created that produces conversations with different strengths of politeness and variation. The computational implementation and how it modifies the language of a conversational agent is described along with some examples.

Every now and then existing methods in the User-Centered Design (UCD) process evolve and new methods are being introduced. In this position paper we discuss our new approach for studying communities within the new media landscape. First, this new approach contains ways to improve the relations between the designers, researchers and developers on the one hand and the users on the other hand. Second, we suggest encouraging more contact between the users themselves during the research phase. Ultimately these two factors contribute to a better user involvement and participation in the study which provides better results and richer information from that study.

"Resumen
Este artículo es el resultado de un trabajo de investigación sobre el poeta español Miguel Hernández: su función como comunicador político y educador en el frente republicano en la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). En la introducción se presenta al poeta, su función de comisario político. Metodológicamente utiliza el análisis del discurso, que permite diseccionar la forma de ejercitar su vocación de periodista-comunicador político y educador. En la presentación de los resultados se manifiesta su tarea educativa-periodística, que dedica textos a la educación en valores del soldado. Como conclusión, su función social es un producto mixto, polisémico, que reavivaba la moral de los combatientes, al tiempo que les instruía, lo que convierte a Miguel Hernández en un predecesor de la educomunicación de emergencia en tiempo de guerra.

Abstract:
This article is the result of a research project that deepens into the less known facets of the Spanish poet Miguel Hernandez, as political communicator and educator at the republican front during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).In the introduction, the poetis presented in his charge of political commissar, who produced political communication in the newspapers of the republican front, together with education and formation. From the methodological perspective, his texts are studied through Discourse Analysis that enables observing his way of developing his vocation as journalist/political communicator and educator: 1)journalist, as he wrote in different war newspapers; 2)political communicator due to his responsibility as political commissar; and 3) educator by means of the his texts, those of a poet compromised with the war, who is emotionally moving to every soldier in the trenchs;  transversal because his texts written in a poetic style, ideologized or politized, transcend journalism .In the presentation of the results,his educative-journalist task is over whelming He devotes his texts to education for values of soldiers. As conclusion, his social function is a mixed, multifaceted and discoursive one that is impregnated with poetry and passion, that serves to better the mood of soldiers, while being instructed, which turns Miguel Hernández into the predecessor of educommunication / media literacy (one of emergency in war time)."

This study attempts to examine the perceptions of college students regarding online/hybrid education, the criteria used for decision making and the drawbacks that may keep students from enrolling in online education. Studies by Thomerson and Smith [15], and by Leonard and Guha [7] demonstrate that there are various characteristics that affect students’ perceptions which were the basis for this study. The main factors collected from previous studies that were analyzed included effectiveness, convenience, and social interaction, and level of difficulty. Data were collected by distributing surveys through the internet. 146 usable questionnaires were returned. Factor analysis was performed based on the surveys returned and significant factors were found. These results lead to the proposal of a research model.

We characterize the spatial organization of red-tailed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur ruficaudatus) as a key aspect of their social organization and social system. Sportive lemurs are small (<1000 g), nocturnal and folivorous primates endemic to Madagascar. We studied a population of 57 individually-marked individuals in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar, between 1995 and 2001. We radio-tracked 20 males and 26 females of

We examine the degree to which an individual's religious involvement significantly mediates and buffers the effects of neighborhood disorder on youth crime. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the fifth wave of data from the National Youth Survey, focusing on black respondents given the historical as well as contemporary significance of the African-American church for black Americans. Results from estimating a series of regression models indicated that (1) the effects of neighborhood disorder on crime among black youth are partly mediated by an individual's religious involvement (measured by the frequency of attending religious services) and (2) involvement of African-American youth in religious institutions significantly buffers or interacts with the effects of neighborhood disorder on crime and, in particular, serious crime. Theoretical and methodological implications of the present findings are briefly discussed.

Technology for building smart homes is here today; however, a solid understanding of how people will interact in these spaces is not. In this paper, we present our research into designing a smart living space that focuses on inherent social behavior and in turn facilitates social interactions. We start by explaining our initial design scenario, and then discuss the process whereby we obtained data about user needs in a smart living space. We then offer six principles for building an environment that assists in home activities and explain how these principles could be applied to similar projects. We walk through selected parts of our design and then offer recommendations and future directions for smart living space research.

Evolutionary theories concerning the origins of human intelligence suggest that cultural transmission might be biased toward social over non-social information. This was tested by passing social and non-social information along multiple chains of participants. Experiment 1 found that gossip, defined as information about intense third-party social relationships, was transmitted with siginificantly greater accuracy and in significantly greater quantity than equivalent non-social information concerning individual behaviour or the physical environment. Experiment 2 replicated this finding controlling for narrative coherence, and additionally found that information concerning everyday nongossip social interactions was transmitted just as well as the intense gossip interactions. It was therefore concluded that human cultural transmission is biased toward information concerning social interactions over equivalent non-social information. In seeking to investigate the social nature of memory, Bartlett (1932) formulated the 'transmission chain method', in which material, typically a text, is passed through a chain of participants, in a manner similar to the children's game 'Chinese whispers' or 'broken telephone'. The first participant reads the material, and is later asked to recall it. The resultant recall is then given to the second participant to reproduce, whose recall is in turn given to the third, and so on along the chain. Using this method, Bartlett demonstrated that traditional folk tales were transmitted more fully than a range of other stimuli, such as a newspaper report, a description of a scene and a scientific text. In the following two decades, a series of transmission chain studies were published in the

Motivated by neuropsychological investigations of category-specific impairments, many functional brain imaging studies have found distinct patterns of neural activity associated with different object categories. However, the extent to which these category-related activation patterns reflect differences in conceptual representation remains controversial. To investigate this issue, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to record changes in neural activity while subjects interpreted animated vignettes composed of simple geometric shapes in motion. Vignettes interpreted as conveying social interactions elicited a distinct and distributed pattern of neural activity, relative to vignettes interpreted as mechanical actions. This neural system included regions in posterior temporal cortex associated with identifying human faces and other biological objects. In contrast, vignettes interpreted as conveying mechanical actions resulted in activity in posterior temporal lobe sites associated with identifying manipulable objects such as tools. Moreover, social, but not mechanical, interpretations elicited activity in regions implicated in the perception and modulation of emotion (right amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Perceiving and understanding social and mechanical concepts depends, in part, on activity in distinct neural networks. Within the social domain, the network includes regions involved in processing and storing information about the form and motion of biological objects, and in perceiving, expressing, and regulating affective responses.

To increase communication and collaboration opportunities, members of a community must be aware of the social networks that exist within that community. This paper describes a social network monitoring system – the KIWI system – that enables users to register their interactions and visualize their social networks. The system was implemented in a distributed research community and the results have shown that KIWI facilitates collecting information about social interactions. Furthermore, the visualization of the social networks, given as feedback, appeared to have a positive impact on the group, augmenting their social network awareness.

In this paper, we propose a framework for content collection and connection enabled by public large screens and mobile phones. Making people express their stories will encourage their active attitudes toward information management. With the proposed framework, we aim to overcome difficulties on managing flooding information. We applied the framework on two practice oriented systems and held workshops using them.

Within the framework of stage-environment fit theory, the authors examined the contribution of family relations to adolescent outcomes concurrently and longitudinally, as well as the moderating effects of gender and ethnicity in these associations. Data came from a longitudinal study of European American and African American families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds. Results demonstrated that gender and ethnicity influenced both the level and rate of change in family relations and adolescent outcomes. Family relations contributed either concurrently or longitudinally to at least 1 of the adolescent outcomes. The effects of gender and ethnic moderation differed according to both the time frame and the outcome assessed.