Social Housing

As part of the UK's effort to combat climate change, deep cuts in carbon emissions will be required from existing housing over the coming decades. The viability of achieving such emission cuts for the UK social housing sector has been explored through a case study of Peabody, a housing association operating in London. Various approaches to stock refurbishment were modelled for Peabody's existing stock up to the year 2030, incorporating insulation, communal heating and micro-generation technologies. Outputs were evaluated under four future socio-economic scenarios. The results indicate that the Greater London Authority's target of a 60% carbon emission cut by 2025 can be achieved if extensive stock refurbishment is coupled with a background of wider societal efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The two key external requirements identified are a significant reduction in the carbon intensity of grid electricity and a stabilisation or reduction in householder demand for energy. A target of achieving zero net carbon emissions across Peabody stock by 2030 can only be achieved if grid electricity becomes available from entirely zerocarbon sources. These results imply that stronger action is needed from both social landlords and Government to enable deep emission cuts to be achieved in UK social housing. 2 Keywords domestic carbon emissions; existing social housing; zero carbon Acknowledgements This research has been carried out through an EPSRC-funded industrial CASE studentship, delivered through the Integration of New and Renewable Energy in Buildings (INREB) Faraday partnership, with support from Peabody. The authors wish to thank Rob Wall and Bev Allan at De Montfort University, Peter Rickaby of Rickaby Thomson Associates, and Simon Graham, Mary Popham and Nic Wedlake at Peabody for feedback on this research. Thanks also to Steven Firth at Loughborough University for the use of data from the Community Domestic Energy Model.

Im Gegensatz zum internationalen Lobgesang über die soziale Wohnungspolitik in Wien, zeigt sich heute ein erschreckendes Bild: Die Mieten explodieren, günstige Wohnungen sind knapp und immer mehr Menschen können sich die Wohnungskosten nur mehr schwer leisten. Rassismus am Wohnungsmarkt und verschärfte Zugangsrichtlinien im sozialen Wohnbau machen es für viele Bewohner_innen dieser Stadt zusätzlich schwer, angemessenen Wohnraum zu finden.

Since the 1990s, governments have increasingly employed PPPs for the revitalization of subsidised housing stock and the creation of mixed-income neighbourhoods. These PPPs typically involve private-sector partners taking on the responsibility for replacing, maintaining, and operating subsidised housing for a number of decades before transferring the housing back to the public sector. Governments pay the private sector firm for the maintenance and operation of the housing units over the course of the agreement. While there is always the risk that the cost of replacing, maintaining, or operating the subsidised housing may exceed projections, there is little to no demand risk in such partnerships for either party. In Toronto, however, the success of its subsidised housing revitalization is dependent on market forces, as the sale of condos or land owned by the city's subsidised housing provider provide much of the capital needed for revitalization. This paper examines how well Toronto’s market-oriented subsidised housing PPPs address demand risk and protect the communities undergoing revitalization.

In the face of a housing crisis rooted in commodification, there is growing alignment within both activist and scholarly circles over the need to reverse this trend and move toward decommodification. There is work left to be done, however, in conceptualizing how to get there. Housing and tenant groups challenge the logic of extraction through their day-to-day struggles in privately-held rental housing. The policy priorities of this movement are rooted in housing justice. By giving tenants more power over where they live through rent regulation, eviction protections, robust code enforcement, and other forms of legal recourse, these policies make real estate speculation less profitable. In parallel, there is a growing call for social housing conversions through both public takings and private land and property acquisition to realize a vision of housing that prioritizes decommodification, deep affordability, and democratic management. But how do these visions of housing decommodification relate to one another? In our forthcoming project Pathways to Social Housing in New York, we draw out connections between these different strategies, outlining a broad collection of policies that together can present a road to housing decommodification, both within our state and elsewhere around the country. In particular, we argue that to decommodify urban property, we need to fight not only for policy and funding which transfers land and housing to social ownership, but also for policies that make extractive and predatory housing models less viable and organizing more feasible. We need a strategy that incorporates both social housing and housing justice.

el modelo habitacional utilizado en España y México, está resolviendo una demanda parcial (a la población con capacidad de compra), y ha sesgado el acceso a la población más desfavorecida socioeconómicamente. Por otro lado, el distanciamiento entre los salarios y costes de la vivienda cada vez son mayores, los cuales, están generando que un alto porcentaje de la población no estén logrando hacer frente a los costes de su vivienda de forma asequible. Ocasionando que los hogares tengan un sobrendeudamiento económico y en consecuencia limitarse en otros gastos básicos como la salud, educación, alimentación y ocio.
La investigación se enmarca en la ciudad de Guadalajara, México, en el cual, a partir de la similitud cultural, demográfica y habitacional, se propone analizar las estrategias e instrumentos de gestión que actualmente se están utilizando en Barcelona para el aumento del parque habitacional asequible. En donde a partir de la voluntad política, capacidad técnica y vinculación social, han logrado avances importantes en la implementación y ejecución de los objetivos marcados en el Plan para el Derecho a la Vivienda 2015-2016 (PDVB). Dicho Plan reúne las principales herramientas de gestión utilizadas en otros países de la Unión Europea, logrando contextualizarlos e implementarlos en el contexto catalán.
El presente estudio parte del objetivo de cuantificar el déficit de vivienda asequible e identificar la brecha de población excluida sin acceso a la vivienda en el actual contexto de Guadalajara, con la intención de comprobar la primer hipótesis planteada en la investigación, sobre: Los programas y apoyos de vivienda propuestos por el gobierno Federal, Estatal y Municipal en México, no están siendo suficientes para garantizar a la población de menores ingresos el acceso a la vivienda de forma asequible.
Por tal motivo fue necesario analizar el mercado inmobiliario, la inversión pública destinada a soluciones habitacionales y la situación socioeconómica de la población de Guadalajara. Obteniendo como resultado que la inversión pública en vivienda, no está logrando apoyar a los colectivos socioeconómicamente más vulnerables, siendo que, solo el 13,4% del presupuesto se destina para la construcción y adquisición de vivienda de tipo Popular o Económica. Sin embargo, dichas tipologías por sus costes son las diseñadas para satisfacer la demanda del 51,7% de la población del municipio. Además por la disociación entre los precios de la vivienda y los salarios, el 21,5% y 31,6% de los habitantes de Guadalajara, no pueden adquirir una vivienda de forma asequible en menos de 20 años. Aunado a que el 65% de la población tapatía, no pueden hacer frente a los costes del alquiler con precios de mercado formal destinando solo el 30% de sus ingresos.
A partir de dicho panorama, nace la segunda hipótesis: El desarrollo de una nueva política de vivienda en alquiler asequible en México, podría fundamentarse en modelos e instrumentos de gestión utilizados en la Unión Europea. Éstos, siendo adaptados a la idiosincrasia, economía y legislatura del país, serán una alternativa factible para complementar las políticas habitacionales actuales. Teniendo como objetivo estudiar los principios y las bases de articulación de los instrumentos de gestión propuestos por el PDVB para aumentar el parque de vivienda asequible, con la intención de lograr identificar cuáles podrían ser factibles para la implementación dentro del contexto mexicano. Obteniendo una serie de oportunidades y retos para la implementación de dichos instrumentos de gestión en Guadalajara, siendo que varios de ellos ya han sido utilizados en otras épocas. Sin embargo, mientras no se cambie el enfoque mercantilista de la política habitacional en México, no se podrá avanzar con el impacto necesario, en la creación de un parque habitacional asequible que contribuya a generar una sociedad más equitativa y justa.

As with most of my other-over 150-bibliographies, this compilation is marked by two conspicuous constraints: books, in English. No doubt there are worthy titles in other languages, and I trust the assiduous reader or researcher fluent in in one or more of those languages can find them. And of course there are quite a number of journal articles across an array of fields of inquiry that include, for example, history, sociology, political economy, public planning or policy, architecture, the law and legal theory, as well as philosophically oriented approaches that involve questions of distributive and social justice or topics within the remit of democratic theory and practice. Being for many years outside the academic world, I cannot keep abreast of such literature if only because I thus lack the requisite institutional access. I welcome suggestions for titles within the aforementioned constraints.

Se analiza la capacidad institucional del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara, México, respecto a la implementación de la política de vivienda a través de su Instituto Municipal de la Vivienda (IMUVIG). En primer lugar, para poder definir las capacidades institucionales se revisó la literatura, encontrando que su análisis es complejo porque quienes las han definido o medido, no han llegado a un consenso y, en general, se enfocan a aspectos ajenos a las instituciones. Es por ello que se propone un análisis centrado en el neo institucionalismo, a través del enfoque de la lógica institucional. Para su medición se compararon documentos orgánicos y programáticos desde dicho enfoque, encontrándose que la lógica institucional que persigue la organización es de corte estado centrista, mientras que en lo programático es mercantilista. Esta contradicción nos llevó a concluir que la contradicción en la lógica institucional del IMUVIG, provoca que este carezca de capacidad institucional para implementar la política de vivienda, aun poseyendo capacidades técnicas, políticas y administrativas suficientes.

This is an expanded version of:
- Aalbers MB (2018b) Financial geography II: Financial geographies of housing and real estate. Progress in Human Geography DOI:10.1177/0309132518819503.
- Aalbers MB (2019a) Financial geography III: The financialization of the city. Progress in Human Geography, in press.

Financial geography is often understood as the geographies of money and finance, but this paper takes a different understand in which financial geography is a lens that can be applied to a range of topics (Aalbers, 2018a). This approach follows my historiography of financial geography, which suggests that financial geography is not simply a sub-sub-discipline embedded in economic geography; the field of financial geography is equally rooted in the sub-disciplines of political and urban geography (Aalbers, 2015a) and in this literature review I will look at a frontier of financial geography, that is, the intersection of economic and urban geography.

My goal here is not to foreground ‘the city’ or ‘the urban’ as the privileged site of applying a financial geography lens, but rather a pragmatic choice to demonstrate how a financial lens can help to enrich different fields of geographical research. My conceptualization of the city is equally pragmatic: for the purpose of the literature review in this paper, I use it primarily as a container term to include studies of urban governance, housing, real estate and the built environment. This review is not the place to discuss the nature of ‘the urban’. It is also worth pointing out what I have not included here: studies of financial centres, such as the City of London, Wall Street, Raffles Place or Bandra Kurla. Research of financial centres and districts is, in a way, the recognized core of geographies of money and finance, not the frontier I want to prioritise here.

In the following sections, I will first discuss financial geographies of housing, with a focus on mortgage debt, securitization and the rise of corporate landlords, but also the financialization of construction firms and social housing non-profits. Subsequent sections zoom in on financial geographies of 1) commercial real estate and large urban projects; and 2) the local state and (semi-)public sector. Finally, I draw some conclusions based on the cumulation of findings, diversity of perspectives, and spatialities and temporalities of financialization. In this literature review I have tried to include literature from non-English speaking countries where possible.

Può la densità essere lo strumento analitico di interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e contemporaneamente un parametro progettuale di prefigurazione dello spazio architettonico? La densità nelle sue diverse accezioni e unità di misura, costituisce un nodo di grande rilevanza per l'interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e degli spazi architettonici. Incoraggia una riconciliazione dello sguardo quantitativo con quello mirato alla lettura qualitativa, riavvicina discipline disgraziatamente disgiunte nell'attuale pratica, suggerisce mezzi e stili di vita che sono alla base del nostro habitat. Ciò che infatti ha da sempre caratterizzato la città non è solo la sua dimensione ed il numero degli abitanti, ma un secondo fattore fondamentale: la densità appunto, o meglio un valore di densità minimo in grado di produrre divisione del lavoro, varietà di funzioni e attività, complessità della struttura sociale. L'architettura progetta distanze oltrechè volumi, la densità ne è quindi un parametro centrale; l'urbanistica e la progettazione urbana, utilizzando il calcolo della densità come livello minimo di pianificazione, dovranno tendere a configurare in futuro le città, influenzandone gli aspetti non solo numerici, ma anche tipologici, morfologici e spaziali. Riscattato dalla computistica, il fattore densità, si trasforma allora in una variabile urbana in grado di definire la forma attuale della città, divenendone strumento di misurazione e di progetto.

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o papel das assessorias técnicas em parceria com os movimentos de moradia na elaboração de projetos de habitação social em áreas centrais, como contribuição ao aperfeiçoamento da política habitacional no Brasil. Para tanto, apresenta informações sobre a formação das assessorias técnicas, que têm presença significativa em todas as etapas de concretização da habitação social, em parceria com os movimentos sociais. Aponta dificuldades na implantação da habitação social em áreas centrais e apresenta o processo empreendido por algumas experiências de reciclagem em edifícios ociosos realizados na área central de São Paulo. Palavras-chave: habitação social; política habitacional; assessoria técnica; área central.

Denne rapporten beskriver tiltaket Individuell boligplan (IBP) i Sandefjord kommune. IBP er en metode for å bistå utsatte grupper på boligmarkedet. Metoden legger til grunn at brukerne kan få bistand innenfor de fire sentrale velferdspilarene: bolig, økonomi, helsetjenester og utdanning/arbeid. Én koordinator gir helhetlig veiledning, og koordinerer hjelpetilbudet til brukerne. I rapporten beskrives brukerne av IBP-veilederens rolle og oppgaver, samt samarbeidet med ulike tjenester. Både brukerne av og samarbeidspartnerne til IBP opplever at metoden er nyttig, og erfaring viser at arbeidsmåten bidrar til en stabil bo- og livssituasjon for brukerne.

This paper explores the evolution in the definition of ―quality‖ at the National Institute of the Found for Housing of the Workers (Infonavit). Infonavit is a Mexican organization created to collect a compulsory social security contribution aimed to finance low interest mortgages for private sector workers. In 2000, Infonavit began a deep transformation that included increasing the quality of service. However, the challenge of offering housing that provides quality of life to their owners required the coordination and induction of certain behaviors among a wide array of actors, including municipal authorities, private developers and beneficiaries. Therefore, service quality had to be reinterpreted beyond compliance with standards and client satisfaction in order to improve the coordination between public, private and social actors. Initiatives such as increasing information and transparency, offering nudges and articulating needs are discussed as means used by Infonavit to improve t...

The revolutionary Spangen social-housing complex (1919-1921) in Rotterdam, by Michiel Brinkman, has recently been immaculately restored (2012). The project pioneered “street in the sky” deck access, an idea that famously inspired Alison and Peter Smithson’s design of the 1950s Golden Lane housing project in London. The Spangen estate, or Justus van Effen complex, is a rectangular four-story brick urban block, centered around two large courts. Concrete balconies give access to the duplex apartments on the top floors. In its heyday, the project offered many shared amenities, like a public bathhouse located between the two courtyards. A communal spirit was further promoted by making the decks publicly accessible; large cargo lifts allowed tradesmen to reach tenants’ front doors.

Praktik pembangunan permukiman dengan melibatkan komunitas yang berhasil di satu lokasi tidak selalu berhasil juga di lokasi yang lain. Sebaliknya, praktik pembangunan permukiman yang kurang berhasil di satu lokasi, dalam beberapa kasus justru cukup berhasil diterapkan di lokasi yang lain. Praktik yang berhasil akan menjadi pelajaran untuk dicoba diterapkan di tempat lain dengan beberapa penyesuaian.

Tsunami Samudera Hindia pada 26 Desember 2004 dan Gempa besar di Nias pada 28 Maret 2005 telah menggerakkan ratusan organisasi pemerintah dan nonpemerintah untuk membantu pemulihan dan pembangunan kembali permukiman. UN-HABITAT, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, bekerjasama dengan UNDP dan ADB melaksanakan program pemulihan permukiman, yang meliputi pemetaan lahan, penyediaan dukungan esensial yang berkenaan dengan kegiatan tersebut. Sebanyak 250 orang anggota tim UN-HABITAT di Aceh dan Nias bekerja di 26 desa dan dengan 6,000 keluarga yang membutuhkan rumah baru. Lembaga ini juga memberikan dukungan kebijakan, monitoring dan evaluasi untuk pemerintah, pemerintah daerah dan organisasi-organisasi yang bergerak di bidang perumahan

UN-HABITAT memobilisasi masyarakat dan menjadikan masyarakat sebagai pemilik dari proses pembangunan kembali di Aceh dan Nias, ikut di dalam perencanaan aksi masyarakat dan kontrak masyarakat adalah kegiatan proses yang dilakukan di dalam tahap awal pemulihan. Hal ini juga meliputi mobilisasi masyarakat, mengorganisasi mereka dalam kepanitiaan masyarakat yang juga terlibat di dalam mengambil keputusan pengelolaan tanah dan perencanaan, serta juga menyepakati proses dalam kegiatan penyediaan barang dan aktivitas kegiatan yang dilaksanakan oleh kelompok-kelompok keluarga.

Akhir 2007 dan 2008, staf UN-HABITAT bekerja dengan seluruh pemerintah di propinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam untuk berbagi pengetahuan yang juga terekam dalam 5 film training dan 6 buku panduan. Material ini dikembangkan dan diuji bersama pemerintah daerah dan juga Forum Pemulihan Kecamatan. Akumulasi pengalaman tim di dalam arus utama dan berbagi pengetahuan dan pembelajaran termasuk dalam seri panduan ini.

The management of social housing in Ireland and, to a lesser extent, in other countries has received relatively little attention from governments or researchers despite significant changes in the last two decades. This paper seeks to address some of the gaps in the ...

In the past ten to twenty years, governments in various countries have introduced or reinforced market principles in their housing systems. As a consequence, social landlords should have increased opportunities to adopt a more market-oriented approach towards the management of their housing stock. Nevertheless, in many countries governments still have a substantial influence on the social rented housing sector. In this paper we analyse the influence of statutory regulations on the man- agement of the social rented housing stock in four European countries and in Australia, in order to assess to what extent these regulations help or impede the development of a market-oriented asset management. We carry out this analysis in four areas: rent setting, sale of dwellings, allocation of dwellings to tenants, and maintenance and renewal. After an explanation of the term 'market- oriented' in relation to asset management, we describe government restrictions to social housing managem...

Social housing in Malaysia is provided through the public and private sectors. Recently, the Selangor Zakat Board (SZB) has started to provide social housing in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Up to 2007, a total of 906 units have been delivered under its different programmes. This paper evaluates these programmes by adopting the housing satisfaction model which is currently used as a customer satisfaction tool for public/private housing in many local governments in the UK and USA. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the types of housing programmes adopted by SZB and examine beneficiaries’ housing satisfaction in each programme on a comparative plane. In order to examine housing satisfaction, five objective components of satisfaction—housing unit features, housing unit support services, the social environment, public facilities and neighbourhood facilities—were analysed through beneficiaries’ levels of satisfaction which were measured by applying a Likert scale. The findings of the paper indicate that SZB has been successful in providing a moderate level of satisfaction with the housing unit. However, the existence of variable levels of satisfaction with other components implies that there is still scope to enhance residents’ satisfaction with those components.

L’articolo riporta una serie di riflessioni dedicate all’accezione dei termini “costo” e “qualità” in relazione dell’edilizia dedicata al Social Housing dai programmi di ricostruzione postbellica al periodo attuale. Ciò avviene anche in riferimento all’esigenza di sostenibilità del costruito studiata durante il Workshop della laurea magistrale in costruzione tenutosi nel giugno 2010.

In Costa Rica, the social housing (VIS) projects developed in the last decade have been located in areas far from urban centers of limited access to facilities and infrastructure due to the prohibitive cost of land ownership in most central sectors of metropolitan cities. The conditions and charac-teristics of these contexts, available land uses (zoning), morphological configurations, continuity and contiguity between social housing projects and the urban pieces where they are inserted, are analyzed in this research through the study of five residential complexes developed in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica. The projects, built between 2011 and 2018, were analyzed from the study of construction plans, cartography of the area, documentary review and analysis of sec-ondary data. From the obtained results it is possible to identify the main difficulties arising from the morphological and typological fit that followed after the establishment of the residential complexes, as well as the contextual problems derived from the location of the projects.

This book is a critical study of social housing in the UK between 1997 and 2010. In that period, following the riots in 2001 in some northern cities in England, the government of Tony Blair crafted the policy of community cohesion around the importance of social capital, and focused their housing policies on making social housing a vehicle of community cohesion. Dr Kemi Atanda Ilori examines this policy initiative as it developed in certain housing locales in Bradford, one of the cities affected by the riots in 2001. Exploring key theories in social capital, particularly, Putnam’s and governmentality, particularly, Foucault’s, Ilori argues that the experiences of residents in racially mixed social housing locales appear to suggest that social housing as a vehicle of community cohesion can only succeed when residents in racially segregated communities de-emphasise the ethnic and cultural barriers that wall them in and keep others out. For this they need interculturalism, not multiculturalism.

Dr Ilori was the Head of Housing and later Director of Housing Services at Manningham Housing Association in Bradford from 2002 until 2011. During his tenure, the housing services of the Association received commendation from the Chartered Institute of Housing, the National Housing Federation and the Federation of Black Housing Organisations. For instance, he led the Association’s housing services partnership arrangement with William Sutton Housing which was so successful and was cited as an example of Best Practice by the National Housing Federation in 2006; the partnership with Incommunities around community cohesion earned a joint runners-up GOLD award for the entries on community cohesion by the Housing Corporation in 2007; the partnership with HACT, other registered providers and the local authority on Accommodate – a refugee integration partnership – was highly rated within the region in 2007. The Association’s housing services’ work with residents in tackling social exclusion and community building was cited at various CIH regional seminars and recognised by other registered providers between 2006 and 2008.

Dr Ilori has published on Nigerian drama and theatre. His latest poetry volume, Wole Soyinka and Other Poems, was published in 2014.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a prática profissional do arquiteto e urbanista no campo de assessoria e assistência técnica para habitação de interesse social, com base em experiências contemporâneas promovidas por órgãos públicos no contexto de programas habitacionais, assim como outras iniciativas que se desdobram pela organização de arquitetos e urbanistas e de suas entidades de representatividade profissional. Esse recorte se justifica quando arquitetos e urbanistas buscam consolidar a prática da assistência técnica, principalmente através da Lei Federal nº 11.888/2008, que garante às famílias de baixa renda serviços de arquitetura, urbanismo e engenharia gratuitos para construção, reforma e regularização fundiária de suas casas. A conquista legislativa foi muito
comemorada por esses profissionais, mas até o momento poucas ações se materializaram ou trouxeram mudanças estruturais na forma de se produzir moradias populares. Essa realidade trouxe à tona uma série de debates na área, tanto nas universidades, quanto nas entidades de classe de arquitetos e urbanistas, nos quais identificamos uma multiplicidade
de sentidos, divergências acentuadas, concepções as mais distintas, quando se trata de formas para consolidar essa prática profissional. A partir dos debates dos arquitetos, buscamos, desde o início, retomar o conceito de assessoria e assistência técnica, suas diversas origens e trajetórias plurais, processos de operacionalização e institucionalização.
Em um segundo momento, realizamos uma análise crítica das experiências práticas, com base no desempenho desses profissionais. Para tanto, são apresentadas iniciativas de assessoria e assistência técnica baseadas em alguns casos: as ações financiadas pelo
Fundo Nacional de Habitação Social; as iniciativas produzidas sob o programa Minha Casa Minha Vida Entidades; e, por fim, o que vem sendo realizado no tempo presente, através de patrocínio do Conselho de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, pelas experiências de extensão universitária e outras políticas públicas locais. Pretende-se, por fim, trazer uma reflexão
sobre a prática profissional que compõe essas atividades.

Local Authorities are increasing faced with the problem of how to improve the sustainability of existing social housing stock, whilst providing additional units to meet increasing demand. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) has been used as a means to deliver new and refurbished social housing using private, rather than public capital; however there have been concerns about the use of the PFI model to deliver sustainable infrastructure. This paper reports on the contextual factors that act as stimulants or impediments to sustainability within a large PFI housing project in the North East of England. The paper suggests that conceptually, the PFI procurement model should deliver sustainable housing. However it concludes that PFI procurement is hampered by a lack of skills, knowledge and understanding within the procuring local authority.

The emergence of public housing estate renewal programs in Australia in the last decade has been one of the most prominent developments in social housing policy. These programs have undertaken a broad mix of renewal activity, ranging from outright physical redevelopment and stock replacement for sale, to community development type initiatives to improve social and employment outcomes for residents. However, while a number of evaluations of these programs have been undertaken, the development of evaluation methodology has lagged behind that of other countries. This in part is due to the lack of federal government interest or involvement in these programs which are essentially state specific. The article reviews the evaluations that have been undertaken in the last 10 years in Australia and assesses the relative importance of qualitative methodologies in these evaluations. Despite a strong focus among policy makers on value-for-money aspects of renewal, the authors show that qualitative methods have been commonplace, if limited in range, and argue this is a result of both the difficulty of obtaining comparative quantitative information especially when comparing dissimilar programs between states. In this context, qualitative methods are more easily managed by researchers and offer more insightful assessments than quantitatively based approaches. The article concludes by arguing for a national evaluation methodology to assist in more rigorous evaluations and the extension of qualitative evaluation methods.

Hamburg sold off large swathes of urban real estate to the highest bidder in a move to build more shiny office towers and luxury apartment blocks. This process includes printing building licenses for private owners with similar intentions, particularly in disadvantaged inner city areas. The results were self-evident as rents around city-center rose to astronomical new levels and especially in former working-class or derelict inner city areas. New housing was also planned for densification of existing residential areas in a move that did nothing to mitigate the problem of soaring rents. In the past 17 years, numbers of public housing in Hamburg has dropped by over 50% (from around 210,000 units to just over 100,000). Hamburg ended 2011 with %8 office vacancy rate, with just over a million square meters of vacant space in the city. The average price for office rentals increased %11.5 from 2010. Still, the stock of public housing in St. Pauli has not changed much over the past decade. The neighborhood had 2,027 in 2010. This policy that was applied on the city for almost two decades had lots of noticeable changes on city fabric itself next to those economic consequences. All new construction had spoilt neighborhood character and destroyed Hamburg's cultural landscapes. The mutation of public spaces and streets into a 'Series of Shop Windows' serviced a different lifestyle which has nothing to do with general habits of area. People were indeed asking themselves -which was preferablea city or car parks ever more glitz or a city of affordable urban spaces but not in a way that transform their city to "another place".

El presente Documento de Trabajo se enmarca dentro de los resultados del proyecto “Mas alla de la Vivienda Social: Desafios Emergentes para la Politica Publica en Chile”, asociados al Convenio Universidades 2014 establecido entre el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo y la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile.

This research was commissioned by Community Housing Cymru and the Welsh Local Government Association in order to establish what Local Authorities and Housing Associations in Wales can do to increase the economically viable provision of affordable accommodation for young single people under 35 in the social housing sector in the light of forthcoming housing benefit cuts.

Although planned as the " City of Tomorrow " , the Bijlmer district in Amsterdam quickly became the quintessential symbol of urban decline. Today, even with half of the planned renewal of the Bijlmer completed, the alleged success of this urban revitalisation programme is questionable. Parts of the black middle class did not move out and some are even returning to the Bijlmer; the combination is producing a type of " black gentrification " , which forces the " undesirables " like drug users, homeless people and undocumented immigrants to leave. This revanchist renewal not only benefits the middle and lower-class population of the district, but it also serves the interests of private developers. European revanchism makes the city safe for corporate investment and aims to restore social order as well as stimulating the development of a strong middle class. This paper demonstrates how hard revanchist policies are demanded not only by private developers but also by the middle and lower classes, and they exist alongside soft " caring " policies, even for the " undesirables " . 
Keywords: revanchism, urban revitalisation, gentrification, Amsterdam, black middle class, homeless people, modernist urban planning, undesirables, drug use, public space, high-rise flats

Πτυχιακή εργασία που εκπονήθηκε το ακαδημαϊκό έτος 2019-20
στα πλαίσια του προπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών του τμήματος Οικονομικών Επιστημών του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας.

Βαλιάντζας Ζαχαρίας (Ζάχος)

Επιβλέπων καθηγητής : Αρβανιτίδης Πασχάλης, αναπληρωτής καθηγητής

Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας Σχολή Οικονομικών και Διοικητικών Επιστημών

Manual pelatihan ini merupakan bagian dari serangkaian manual untuk pelatihan para pelaku UN-HABITAT Aceh Nias Settlements Support Programme (ANSSP) yakni 1). Staff lapangan ANSSP, khususnya fasilitator dan specialist yang memfasilitasi kegiatan ANSSP di lapangan dan 2). Masyarakat, khususnya kelompok masyarakat yang melaksanakan kegiatan ANSSP. Manual pelatihan untuk staff lapangan terdiri dari a) Manual Pelatihan Dasar, b) Manual Pelatihan Lanjutan 1, c). Manual Pelatihan Lanjutan  2, d) Manual Pelatihan Lanjutan 3 dan e) Manual Pelatihan untuk Pelatih. Sedangkan manual pelatihan bagi masyarakat terdiri dari a). Manual Pelatihan Perencanaan, b). Manual Pelatihan Pengadaan, c). Manual Pelatihan Konstruksi, d). Manual Pelatihan Pengawasan Konstruksi, e). Manual pelatihan pembukuan dan pelaporan, f). Manual Pelatihan untuk Tukang. Setiap manual memiliki topik dan tingkat kedalamannya masingmasing sesuai dengan kebutuhan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ANSSP.

The economic crisis has changed the international migration dynamic of Spain. In a few years, Spain has gone from being one of the countries with the highest increase in immigration in Europe to losing population as a result of emigration by both foreigners and nationals. In the recent past, the economic growth motivated by the real estate bubble acted as a pull factor for international immigration flows. The Spanish housing market is characterized by the prevalence of ownership while social housing is of less importance. On the other hand, in Spain there is a significant lack of data and studies on access to public housing by the foreign population.

L’Atelier Formidable a pour vocation d’être un acteur local du cadre de vie pour relever avec conviction les défis de la transition sociale et écologique de la Charente Maritime et permettre à ses habitants de retrouver des lieux à vivre qui soient plus inclusifs, plus solidaires et plus durables.

L’Atelier Formidable accompagne des projets de lieux à dimension sociale et/ou collective en Charente-Maritime. Il est un outil pensé pour permettre aux habitants du département d’agir sur leurs cadres de vie. Dans ce but, il porte une approche alternative de la construction de nos cadre de vie : un processus tri-disciplinaire où conception, fabrication et dimension humaine sont imbriquées pour bâtir des lieux plus inclusifs, plus solidaires et plus durables.

This paper aims to contribute to the debate in comparative housing studies about the significance of national housing policies by considering what can be learnt from analysing the consequences of different policy paths. In particular, the paper looks at the evidence of the long-run impacts of different housing strategies adopted to assist lower-income households in Australia and the Netherlands, using housing affordability as a measure of their impact. Australia is an example of a country that has promoted mass home ownership across the income distribution supplemented by a very small public housing system. In contrast, the Netherlands has relied more on a large and diversified social housing sector. The comparative analysis shows that there are many similarities in the patterns of affordability among low-income households in the two countries despite the use of different policy means. In the past, both countries had good success providing secure and affordable housing for poorer households. Now, lower-income households are experiencing greater affordability problems that are linked to societal changes and the retrenchment of government housing assistance in both cases. However, the study also finds that affordability problems among lower-income households are worse in Australia because of the greater reliance on private housing in that country.

With the aim to enhance sustainability in general including walkability, the recent urban forms of the designs of the Emirati neighborhoods have been denser and more compact, if compared with the older design models. While there are various guidelines and regulations related to the microscale walkability measures for the urban design of neighborhoods in the Emirates but unfortunately the macroscale walkability measures have not received similar attention. So, to investigate how would these denser and more compact recent neighborhoods designs better perform regarding walkability macroscale measures, the research utilized the urban modelling interface (UMI) walkability simulation tool to calculate the UMI Walkscores of these designs because it considers almost all macroscale factors including both urban morphology and urban planning measures and it also allows for the customization of the types, required catchment distances, and weights of the significance of locally provided amenities. The UMI Walkscores were calculated for the six recent denser and more compact neighborhoods designs and were compared with the UMI Walkscore for a conventionally designed model of urban sprawling neighborhoods. Unexpectedly, it has been found out that urban compactness per se is not a sufficient design measure for enhancing walkability in local neighborhood designs, where much higher compactness and density have achieved disappointing UMI Walkscores. So, it seems that for the recent neighborhoods' designs, little attention was paid to the impact of the street network connectivity measures of Intersection Density, Block Length and the link-to-nodes ratio, on UMI Walkscores, if compared with the main attention paid to increasing FAR through decreasing plot sizes. Meanwhile, the explicit macroscale urban planning measures including the land-use factors of the types, numbers, and the location of amenities, as well as the implicit factors of their destination and global weights seem to be more influential in enhancing the UMI Walkscores but have been less considered when planning these neighborhoods. So, besides considering well-known macroscale urban morphology aspects of street network connectivity and locational distribution of provided amenities, boosting walkability macroscale measures on the design level requires adopting a set of adequately customized measures including the appropriate values of their global and distribution weights. These walkability design weights should be also resilient and continuously reviewed to satisfy the changing needs of the local communities. Based on its findings, the research proposed a five-actions plan to help boost walkability macroscale measures in the design of local urban communities in the UAE.

Brazil’s social housing program Minha Casa Minha Vida (my house, my life), was initiated by the Brazilian Government in 2009 in response to rapid urbanisation and consequent housing crisis. Whilst the programme has provided large scale housing estates, these are often located on the periphery of urban centres; relocating vulnerable populations to remote urban areas lacking in services, social connectivity, or transport.
Whilst many cities in Brazil are now adopting integrated public transport strategies which include passenger trains, bus rapid transit, and cycling, the generic application of those models cater to areas of high population concentration, and fail to deliver adequate mobility options for the most vulnerable communities which are located on the periphery of these cities.
This paper explores the ways in which cycling culture has been adopted in Latin America, specifically Brazil, and explores strategic considerations in adopting cycling as a mobility strategy for the urban poor.