So

Cerebellar afferent Raphe interpositus Biotinylated dextran amine Single axon reconstruction a b s t r a c t Integration of cortical Purkinje cell inputs and brain stem inputs is essential in generating cerebellar outputs to the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Currently, collaterals of climbing and mossy fiber axons, noradrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic axons, and collaterals of rubrospinal axons are known to innervate the CN from the brain stem. We investigated whether other afferents to the CN from the medulla exist in the rat. Retrograde labeling revealed the presence of neurons that project to the CN but not to the cerebellar cortex in the median reticular formation in the rostrodorsal medulla (tentatively named 'caudal raphe interpositus area', CRI). Anterograde tracer injection into the CRI labeled abundant axonal terminals in the CN, mainly in the ventral parvocellular part of the posterior interposed and lateral nucleus. Axonal reconstruction showed that a single CRI axon projected to the CN with 170-1086 varicosities, more broadly and densely than collaterals of a mossy or climbing fiber axon. CRI axons had no or a few collaterals that projected to the granular and Purkinje cell layers of the cerebellar cortex with some small terminals, indicating that these axons are different from mossy fiber axons. CRI axons also had http://dx.Abbreviations: 4V, forth ventricle; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytriptamine; V, trigeminal nucleus; VI, abducens nucleus; VII, facial nucleus; AIN, anterior interposed nucleus; BDA, biotinylated dextran amine; C, caudal; CN, cerebellar nuclei; CRI, caudal raphe interpositus area; D, dorsal; DAB, 3,3 0 -diaminobenzidine; DLH, dorsolateral hump of the anterior interposed nucleus; DLP, dorsolateral protuberance; DMC, dorsomedial crest of the anterior interposed nucleus; gVII, genu of the facial nerve; GL, granular layer; GRN, gigantocellular reticular nucleus; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; icp, inferior cerebellar peduncle; IO, inferior olive; IN, interposed nucleus; L, lateral; L.II-VI, lobules II-VI; LN, lateral nucleus; LN-parvo, ventral parvocellular subdivision of the lateral nucleus; Lt, left; LVN, lateral vestibular nucleus; M, medial; ML, molecular layer; MN, medial nucleus; MN-CM, caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus; MN-M, middle subdivision of the medial nucleus; mlf, medial longitudinal fasciculus; MVN, medial vestibular nucleus; nVII, tract of the facial nerve; NRTP, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis; PC, Purkinje cell; PCG, pontine central gray; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; PHA-L, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin; PIN, posterior interposed nucleus; PIN-parvo, ventral parvocellular subdivision of the posterior interposed nucleus; PrH, prepositus hypoglossi (I. Sugihara).

This work deals with the use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a weighted Euclidean distance (the tolerance distance) as an exploratory tool in developing predictive logistic models. The method was applied to a living-donor kidney transplant data set with 109 cases and 13 predictors. This approach, followed by backward and forward selection procedures, yielded two models, one with four and another with two predictors. These models were compared to two other models, ordinarily built by backward and forward stepwise selection, which yielded, respectively, five and two predictors. After internal validation, the models performance statistics showed similar results. Likelihood ratio tests suggested that backward approach achieved a better fit than the forward modelling in both methods and the Vuong's non-nested test between backward-built models suggested that these were undistinguishable. We conclude that the tolerance distance, in combination with MCA, could be a feasible method for variable selection in logistic modelling, when there are several categorical predictors. c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s a n d p r o g r a m s i n b i o m e d i c i n e 9 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 116-128 117 1.

Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular integrity and functionality maintenance and their imparement is implicated in the development of a wide range of diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, degenerative and hyperproliferative pathologies. The identification of different compounds able to interact with mitochondria for therapeutic purposes is currently becoming of primary importance. Indeed, it is well known that foods, particularly those of vegetable origin, present several constituents with beneficial effects on health. This review summarizes and updates the most recent findings concerning the mechanisms through which different dietary compounds from plant foods affect mitochondria functionality in healthy and pathological in vitro and in vivo models, paying particular attention to the pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis.

¿Qué entiendo por 'mí' mente? Considero que la delimitación de una mente individual depende siempre de cuáles son los fenómenos que queramos comprender o explicar. Es obvio que existen cantidades de vías de mensaje fuera de la piel, y éstas, junto con los mensajes que transportan, deben ser incluidas como parte del sistema mental, toda vez que sean pertinentes (id: 489). O sea, la individuación de un sistema depende, de alguna manera, de una decisión, un corte, un confín trazado contingentemente a la situación que se quiere comprender. En términos lotmanianos, depende de un observador.

Peroxynitrite (PN, ONOO − ) and its reactive oxygen precursor superoxide (SO, O 2 · − ), are critically important in the development of pain of several etiologies including in the development of pain associated with chronic use of opiates such as morphine (also known as opiate-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance). This is now an emerging field in which considerable progress has been made in terms of understanding the relative contribution of SO, PN, and nitroxidative stress in pain signaling at the molecular and biochemical levels. Aggressive research in this area is poised to provide the pharmacological basis for development of novel non-narcotic analgesics that are based upon the unique ability to selectively eliminate SO and/or PN. As we have a better understanding of the role of SO and PN in pathophysiological settings, targeting PN may be a better therapeutic strategy than targeting SO. This is due to the fact that unlike PN, which has no currently known beneficial role, SO may play a significant role in learning and memory . Thus, the best approach may be to spare SO while directly targeting its downstream product, PN. Over the last 15 years, our team has spearheaded research concerning the roles of SO/PN in pain and these results are currently leading to the development of solid therapeutic strategies in this important area.

The problem of anisotropy and its effects on the statistical theory of high Reynoldsnumber (Re) turbulence (and turbulent transport) is intimately related and intermingled with the problem of the universality of the (anomalous) scaling exponents of structure functions. Both problems had seen tremendous progress in the last five years. In this review we present a detailed description of the new tools that allow effective data analysis and systematic theoretical studies such as to separate isotropic from anisotropic aspects of turbulent statistical fluctuations. Employing the invariance of the equations of fluid mechanics to all rotations, we show how to decompose the (tensorial) statistical objects in terms of the irreducible representation of the SO(d) symmetry group (with d being the dimension, d = 2 or 3). This device allows a discussion of the scaling properties of the statistical objects in well defined sectors of the symmetry group, each of which is determined by the "angular momenta" sector numbers (j, m). For the case of turbulent advection of passive scalar or vector fields, this decomposition allows rigorous statements to be made: (i) the scaling exponents are universal, (ii) the isotropic scaling exponents are always leading, (iii) the anisotropic scaling exponents form a discrete spectrum which is strictly increasing as a function of j. This emerging picture offers a complete understanding of the decay of anisotropy upon going to smaller and smaller scales. Next we explain how to apply the SO(3) decomposition to the statistical Navier-Stokes theory. We show how to extract information about the scaling behavior in the isotropic sector. Doing so furnishes a systematic way to assess the universality of the scaling exponents in this sector, clarifying the anisotropic origin of the many measurements that claimed the opposite. A systematic analysis of Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of the Navier-Stokes equations and of experiments provides a strong support to the proposition that also for the non-linear problem there exists foliation of the statistical theory into sectors of the symmetry group. The exponents appear universal in each sector, and again strictly increasing as a function of j. An approximate calculation of the anisotropic exponents based on a closure theory is reviewed. The conflicting experimental measurements on the decay of anisotropy are explained and systematized, showing agreement with the theory presented here.

This paper presents results from a research case study that examined the distribution of travel time of origin-destination (OD) pairs on a transportation network under incident conditions. Using a transportation simulation dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model, incident on a transportation network is executed under normal conditions, incident conditions without traveler information availability, and incident conditions assuming that users had perfect knowledge of the incident conditions and could select paths to avoid the incident location. The results suggest that incidents have a different impact on different OD pairs. The results confirm that an effective traveler information system has the potential to ease the impacts of incident conditions network wide. Yet it is also important to note that the use of information may detriment some OD pairs while benefiting other OD pairs. The methodology demonstrated in this paper provides insights into the usefulness of embedding a fully calibrated DTA model into the analysis tools of a traffic management and information center.

As we commemorate the 25th anniversary of the journal Peptides, it is timely to review the functional significance of the bombesin (BB)-like peptides and receptors in the CNS. Over two decades ago we published an article in the journal Peptides demonstrating that BB-like peptides are present in high densities in certain rat brain regions (such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus). Subsequently, one of the mammalian forms of BB, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) containing cell bodies were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract of the hindbrain. Another related peptide, namely neuromedin (NM)B, was detected in the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus. BB and GRP bind with high affinity to BB 2 receptors, whereas NMB binds with high affinity to BB 1 receptors. The actions of BB or GRP are blocked by BB 2 receptor antagonists such as (Psi 13,14 -Leu 14 )BB whereas PD168368 is a BB 1 receptor antagonist. Exogenous administration of BB into the rat brain causes hypothermia, hyperglycemia, grooming and satiety. BB-like peptides activate the sympathetic nervous system and appear to modulate stress, fear and anxiety responses. GRP and NMB modulate distinct biological processes through discrete brain regions or circuits, and globally these peptidergic systems may serve in an integrative or homeostatic function. Crown

Sphingolipid research has surged in the past two decades and has produced a wide variety of evidence supporting the role of this class of molecules in mediating cellular growth, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis. Ceramides are a subgroup of sphingolipids (SLs) that are directly involved in the process of initiation of apoptosis. We, and others, have recently shown that ceramides are capable of the formation of protein-permeable channels in mitochondrial outer membranes under physiological conditions. These pores are indeed good candidates for the pathway of release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol to initiate intrinsic apoptosis. Here, we review recent findings on the regulation of ceramide channel formation and disassembly, highlighting possible implications on the initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. ª 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The functional disorder of the gallbladder (GB) is a motility disorder caused initially either by metabolic abnormalities or by a primary motility alteration. The functional disorders of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) encompass motor abnormalities of either the biliary or the pancreatic SO. Dysfunction of the GB and/or biliary SO produce similar patterns of pain. The pain caused by a dysfunction of the pancreatic SO can be similar to that of acute pancreatitis. The symptom-based diagnostic criteria of motility dysfunction of the GB and biliary SO are episodes of moderate to severe steady pain located in the epigastrium and right upper abdominal quadrant that last at least 30 minutes. GB motility disorder is suspected after gallstones and other structural abnormalities have been excluded. This diagnosis should then be confirmed by a decreased GB ejection fraction induced by cholecystokinin at cholescintigraphy and after disappearance of the recurrent biliary pain after cholecystectomy. Symptoms of biliary SO dysfunction may be accompanied by features of transient biliary obstruction, and those of pancreatic SO dysfunction are associated with elevation of pancreatic enzymes and even pancreatitis. Biliary-type SO dysfunction is more frequently recognized in postcholecystectomy patients. SO manometry is valuable to select patients with sphincter dysfunction; however, because of the high incidence of complications, these patients should be referred to an expert unit for such assessment. Thus invasive tests should be performed only in the presence of compelling clinical evidence and after noninvasive testing has yielded negative findings. The committee recommends that division of the biliary or pancreatic sphincters only be considered when the patient has severe symptoms, meets the required criteria, and other diagnoses are excluded.

The fjords and channels of Chile form a complex geological and oceanographic system comprised of an estimated 84,000 km of coastline, much of which is glacial in origin. Ecologically and biogeographically, the distribution and abundance of macrobenthic organisms along the length of the South Pacific slope is discontinuous (Viviani, 1979; Brattström & Johanssen, 1983; Camus, 2001). Consequently, differences can be seen in some aspects of biodiversity and community structure of the natural systems in central and northern Chile and at high latitudes (Antarctica). The first relevant study of this complex, extensive region was the Challenger expedition in 1872-1876 (Sladen, 1889). The Lund University expedition in 1948-1949 provided the first published results for the Campos de Hielo Norte and the Strait of Magellan (e.g., Leloup, 1956; Madsen, 1956; Menzies, 1962). A more recent cruise undertaken by the R/V Hero took place in 1972. This should be contrasted with the information availabl...

This work deals with the use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a weighted Euclidean distance (the tolerance distance) as an exploratory tool in developing predictive logistic models. The method was applied to a living-donor kidney transplant data set with 109 cases and 13 predictors. This approach, followed by backward and forward selection procedures, yielded two models, one with four and another with two predictors. These models were compared to two other models, ordinarily built by backward and forward stepwise selection, which yielded, respectively, five and two predictors. After internal validation, the models performance statistics showed similar results. Likelihood ratio tests suggested that backward approach achieved a better fit than the forward modelling in both methods and the Vuong's non-nested test between backward-built models suggested that these were undistinguishable. We conclude that the tolerance distance, in combination with MCA, could be a feasible method for variable selection in logistic modelling, when there are several categorical predictors. c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s a n d p r o g r a m s i n b i o m e d i c i n e 9 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 116-128 117 1.

The paper reviews the extant Australian literature on sexual orientation (SO) discrimination within the Australian workplace. In the research, there is variation in organisational workplace and a bias towards health and educational sectors as a research setting, which raises some methodological considerations such as poor generalisability to other organisational contexts. The small body of Australian research into SO discrimination encompasses; (i) varied methodological and theoretical approaches, (ii) disparate authors selecting a varied range of aspects of discrimination thus absenting a unifying framework to guide research and lacking as yet seminal authorship providing focus, iii) limited sampling of participants making comparisons difficult and further indicating the absence of a unifying framework with which to focus the research and iv) limited studies exclusively investigating workplace discrimination. In this paper, the Australian literature is presented chronologically, and where possible, it has linked studies together to indicate the commensurate nature of the studies to illustrate the incidence rates of SO discrimination in the Australian labour market as a rationale for GLBTIQ employees remaining in the corporate closet.

Diplomatic recognition is generally seen as fundamental to the modern state system. The traditional views of recognition however focus almost exclusively on political or ideological rationales, ignoring other foundations on which other countries base establishing diplomatic recog-nition. Focusing on the Republic of China (Taiwan) suggests a more com-plicated view where economic self-interest on one side and national pride on the other may undermine traditional conceptions of recognition. Using the ROC-PRC diplomatic battle as a case study, this paper hopes to shed light on two questions: why, despite the PRC's rise as a global power, a country would continue to formally recognize the ROC and secondly what does the ROC receive in exchange for such high-cost en-deavors to maintain recognition. In this case mutual ideological rationales have greatly diminished while I contend that economic factors have pre-dominantly maintained this diplomatic battle. In addition, previous re-searc...

Biomarker distributions and organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of organic matter (OM) produced in surface waters around the Crozet Plateau (Southern Ocean) are significantly different between a Fe-fertilised region (north) and a high nutrient low chlorophyll region (HNLC, south). If these OM signatures are exported to and preserved in surface sediments, they could potentially be used as palaeo-proxies for identifying Fe-fertilisation events in the past. Here, we assess the alteration of the OM signature through the water column and at the sediment-water interface by comparing organic signatures in surface waters, sediment traps and surface sediments. Our results suggest that there is significant degradation of OM during transport to the sea floor, which causes reduced fluxes of biomarkers to sediments north and east of the Crozet Plateau. Sterols, alkenones and C 27 and C 29 12-hydroxymethyl alkanoates, and C 28 1,14-diols appear to be less labile than total organic carbon (TOC), except to the north, where alkenones and sterols are more rapidly degraded than TOC. Sedimentary bulk and compound specific d 13 C values also reflect surface water productivity patterns, with elevated values occurring in sediments underlying the Fe-fertilised waters. In contrast, d 15 N values appear to be strongly biased by degradation and grazing during export and burial. Thus, only some of the differences observed in surface waters between the Fe-fertilised and HNLC areas are exported to deep waters and preserved in the sedimentary record, suggesting that caution is required in the application of these proxies to studies of ocean palaeoproductivity.

Solar energy is estimated to contribute a main part in the manufacture of prospect carrying fuels. In Particular, solar thermo chemical processes present the possible of extremely efficient mass hydrogen manufacture at a competitive price. Although the majority of these processes hold been evaluated in hypothetical studies, the skill is not yet prepared for claim. The peak universal priority is presently the sulfur-based cycles, i.e., the sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle, since they can be operating at temperature at which it is feasible to use rigorous solar radiation as the process heat resource. However, high temperatures and corrosive environments in their enter steps current key challenges. The rigorous operating circumstances require advanced resources as fine as particular design and production methods for input components regular to (SI) cycles, including oxygen separator, H2SO4 evaporator, and sulfur trioxide (SO3) decomposer. The last has to survive the maximum temperature in the cycles, which is over 850°C. In current study a directly heated SO3 packed bed decomposer used for the S-I cycle will be analyzed for the action at the focus of three meter diameter paraboloid dish and using the outer source of concentrated thermal radiation meant for high temperature as system heat. Spherical pellet of the size 4mm, 5mm and 6mm are arranged inside the packed bed region. Several aspects of the preparation are model used for scaling the system up: the heat move and its cause on the integrity of the resources, and the fluid flow of all gas streams inside the reactor by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

In Present-Day German (henceforth: PDG), the originally adverbial element so ('so') performs a number of functions when it occurs independently, i.e. not as part of another constituent, in a main clause. For instance, it can have a full deictic-modal content expressing the contextually defined way in which an event or state is to be interpreted (1a) (cf. e.g. Cornish 1992); in high registers, a semantically bleached (but still-to a certain extent-referential) form of so can optionally appear to the immediate left of the finite verb in clauses with a fronted adverbial clause, on whose presence this element depends (1b) (cf. e.g. Catasso 2021); or it can surface as what is arguably a clause-external (in Haegeman & Hill's (2013) sense) discourse particle which conveys some sense of completion resulting from some previous situation or utterance (1c): (1) a. Hans ist einfach so. Hans be.PRS.3SG just so 'Hans is just the way he is (you cannot change him).' b. Wäre das der Fall, so be.PST.SBJV.3SG that.NOM.SG the.NOM.SG case so hätten wir ein Problem. have.PST.SBJV.1PL we.NOM a.ACC problem 'If that were the case, (then) we would have a problem.' c. So, jetzt können wir endlich los! so now can.PRS.1PL we.NOM finally off 'Alright, we can go now!' Based on their distribution and level of semantic content, the occurrences of this element exemplified in (1) possibly correspond to different syntactic items. Note that while so in (1c) has particle(-like) status and does not seem to be deictic in any obvious way, its counterparts in (1a) and (1b) refer, respectively, to a quality of Hans present in the previous A German expletive gone unnoticed? Catasso ________________________________________________________________________

With the aim of gaining more insight into the evolution of the orexinergic systems in the brain of vertebrates we have conducted a comparative analysis of the distribution of orexin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in two reptiles, the lizard Gekko gecko and the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. In both species most immunoreactive neurons were found in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus and in the infundibular hypothalamus. Only in the gecko, orexinergic cell bodies were present in the dorsolateral hypothalamic nucleus and the periventricular preoptic nucleus. Fiber labeling was observed in all main brain subdivisions but was more abundant in regions such as the septum, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence. Less conspicuous was the innervation of the olfactory bulbs, pallial regions, habenula, dorsomedial and dorsolateral thalamic nuclei, torus semicircularis and spinal cord. Double immunohistofluorescence techniques were applied for the simultaneous detection of the orexinergic systems and the catecholaminergic or serotoninergic systems in the brain of reptiles. Actual colocalization of orexins and catecholamines or serotonin in the same neurons was not observed. However, orexinergic innervation was found in dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic cell groups, such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the midbrain tegmentum, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the raphe nuclei.The comparison of the distribution of orexin-immunoreactive neurons and fibers found in reptiles with those reported for other vertebrates reveals a strong resemblance but also notable variations. In addition, the relation between the orexinergic and monoaminergic systems observed in the brain of reptiles seems to be a shared feature among vertebrates.

Air pollution receives one of the prime concerns in India, primarily due to rapid economic growth, industrialization and urbanization with associated increase in energy demands. Lacks of implementation of environmental regulations are contributing to the bad air quality of most of the Indian cities. Air pollutants produced in any air shed are not completely confined, but at time passing all the geographical boundaries, hence donot remain only a problem of urban centers, but spread and affect remote rural areas supporting large productive agricultural land. In environmental parameters the air pollution is measure by taking one or few samples in a day that means there is no information present about the real time air pollution data. This is the main disadvantages of such system. Most of the countries in the world work on the real time bases to monitor the air quality. In this paper we describe use of ZigBee, sensor nodes, GPS to construct distributed system for urban air pollution monitoring and control. ZigBee module and pollution server is interfaced with GPS system to display real-time pollutants levels and there location on a 24h/7 days basis. In this system there are four transmitter (Node1, Node2, Node3, Node4) are present which transmit the different levels of pollutant substance such as CO2, SO2, and NO2 to the receiver node in real time. The system was successfully tested in the G.H.

Weakly electric fish orient, hunt and communicate by emitting electrical pulses, enabling them to discriminate objects, conspecifics and prey. In addition to the electrosensory modality-although dominating in importance in these fishes-other modalities, like vision, play important roles for survival. The visual system of Gnathonemus petersii, a member of the family mormyridae living in West African blackwater streams shows remarkable specializations: Cone photoreceptors are grouped in bundles within a light reflecting tapetum lucidum, while the rods are also bundled but located at the back within a light-scattering guanine layer. Such an organization does not improve light sensitivity nor does it provide high spatial resolution. Thus, the function of the grouped retinal arrangement for the visual performance of the fish remains unclear. Here we investigated the contrast sensitivity of the temporal transfer properties of the visual system of Gnathonemus. To do so, we analyzed visual evoked potentials in the optic tectum and tested the critical flicker fusion frequency in a behavioral paradigm. Results obtained in Gnathonemus are compared to results obtained with goldfish (Carassius auratus), revealing differences in the filter characteristics of their visual systems: While goldfish responds best to low frequencies, Gnathonemus responds best at higher frequencies. The visual system of goldfish shows characteristics of a low-pass filter while the visual system of Gnathonemus has characteristics of a band-pass filter. Furthermore we show that the visual system of Gnathonemus is more robust towards contrast reduction as compared to the goldfish. The grouped retina might enable Gnathonemus to see large, fast moving objects even under low contrast conditions. Due to the fact that the electric sense is a modality of limited range, it is tempting to speculate that the retinal specialization of Gnathonemus petersii might be advantageous for predator avoidance even when brightness differences are small.

This paper presents results from a research case study that examined the distribution of travel time of origin-destination (OD) pairs on a transportation network under incident conditions. Using a transportation simulation dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model, incident on a transportation network is executed under normal conditions, incident conditions without traveler information availability, and incident conditions assuming that users had perfect knowledge of the incident conditions and could select paths to avoid the incident location. The results suggest that incidents have a different impact on different OD pairs. The results confirm that an effective traveler information system has the potential to ease the impacts of incident conditions network wide. Yet it is also important to note that the use of information may detriment some OD pairs while benefiting other OD pairs. The methodology demonstrated in this paper provides insights into the usefulness of embedding a fully calibrated DTA model into the analysis tools of a traffic management and information center.

This work deals with the use of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and a weighted Euclidean distance (the tolerance distance) as an exploratory tool in developing predictive logistic models. The method was applied to a living-donor kidney transplant data set with 109 cases and 13 predictors. This approach, followed by backward and forward selection procedures, yielded two models, one with four and another with two predictors. These models were compared to two other models, ordinarily built by backward and forward stepwise selection, which yielded, respectively, five and two predictors. After internal validation, the models performance statistics showed similar results. Likelihood ratio tests suggested that backward approach achieved a better fit than the forward modelling in both methods and the Vuong's non-nested test between backward-built models suggested that these were undistinguishable. We conclude that the tolerance distance, in combination with MCA, could be a feasible method for variable selection in logistic modelling, when there are several categorical predictors. c o m p u t e r m e t h o d s a n d p r o g r a m s i n b i o m e d i c i n e 9 5 ( 2 0 0 9 ) 116-128 117 1.

Hepatite autoimune; Colangite esclerosante primária; Síndrome de overlap; Criança Resumo Introdução: A doença hepática autoimune (DHAI) pode envolver predominantemente os hepatócitos ou o epitélio dos ductos biliares intra/extra-hepáticos, ou ambas as estruturas (simultaneamente ou de forma sequencial), denominando-se, respetivamente, hepatite autoimune (HAI), colangite esclerosante primária (CEP) e síndrome de overlap (SO). Objetivo: Conhecer as dificuldades de diagnóstico de DHAI numa população pediátrica. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo dos casos seguidos num hospital pediátrico nos últimos 19 anos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 20 doentes (10 M, 10F): HAI-10, CEP-7, SO-3. A mediana de idades à data de aparecimento dos sintomas foi de 9,0 anos e à data de diagnóstico de 11,5 anos. Dos 10 doentes com HAI, 3 tinham score pré-tratamento de diagnóstico provável e todos score póstratamento de diagnóstico definitivo. Em 1 doente a presença de ds-DNA obrigou a diagnóstico diferencial com lúpus. Dos 7 doentes com CEP, apenas 2 apresentavam anomalias imagiológicas das vias biliares e 4 lesões histológicas ductulares. Três doentes apresentaram critérios de diagnóstico de SO, um de aparecimento sequencial. Conclusões: As maiores dificuldades foram encontradas nos doentes com CEP em estadio inicial e nos doentes com SO, sobretudo no caso de apresentação sequencial. Destacam-se também as dificuldades em efetuar o diagnóstico diferencial entre HAI como entidade independente e outras doenças autoimunes multissistémicas com atingimento hepático, como o lúpus eritematoso sistémico.

Abstract In this paper, a techno-economic evaluation of the business prospects of Free Space Optical (KSO) technology as an alternative last mile solution is carried out and compared to Fiber-to-the-Home/Office (FTTH) and Fiber-to-the-Cabinet (FFTC). The ...

There is minimal research on the effects of 'outness' (sexual orientation disclosure) on the work experiences of GLBT employees. Few international empirically sound studies from the literature have compared the variable of outness, its effect on workplace heterosexism, and job satisfaction. To date, no Australian studies have compared the variables of workplace heterosexism, the psychological well-being of GLBT employees and their general life and job satisfaction. Due to the stigmatised status of sexual minority members in our society, GLBT employees hold varied attitudes and value systems regarding their sexual identity. Evidence suggests that GLBT employees apply sexual identity management strategies to manage the stress involved in disclosing ones sexual orientation. This study intends to examine hypothesised relationships of sexual orientation disclosure and concealment; heterosexism (workplace discrimination) and these effects on psychological wellbeing, with regard to psychological well-being, mental health, job satisfaction and satisfaction with life.

1,2-diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGL␣) is responsible for the biosynthesis and release of 2-arachidonoyl-glyc-erol (2-AG), the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. Although its expression has been detected in discrete re-*Correspondence to: J. Suárez, Fundación IMABIS, Hospital Carlos Haya,

In mammals, the extraocular muscle fibers can be categorized in singly-innervated and multiply-innervated muscle fibers. In the monkey oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nucleus the motoneurons of multiply-innervated muscle fibers lie separated from those innervating singlyinnervated muscle fibers and show different histochemical properties. In order to discover, if this organization is a general feature of the oculomotor system, we investigated the location of singly-innervated muscle fiber and multiplyinnervated muscle fiber motoneurons in the rat using combined tract-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques.

crater lake colour change geochemistry SO 2 emissions Ambae (also known as Aoba), is a 38× 16 km 2 lozenge-shaped island volcano with a coastal population of around 10000. At the summit of the volcano is lake Vouione of the largest active crater lakes worldwide, with 40× 10 6 m 3 of acidic water perched 1400 ma.s.l. After more than 300 years of dormancy, Ambae volcano reawakened with phreatic eruptions through Voui in 1995, and culminating in a series of surtseyan eruptions in 2005, followed by a rapid and spectacular colour change of the lake from light blue to red in 2006. Integrating lake water chemistry with new measurements of SO 2 emissions from the volcano during the 2005-2006 eruptive period helps to explain the unusual and spectacular volcanic activity of Ambaeinitially, a degassed magma approached the lake bed and triggered the surtseyan eruption. Depressurization of the conduit facilitated ascent of volatile-rich magma from the deeper plumbing system. The construction of a cone during eruption and the high degassing destabilised the equilibrium of lake stratification leading to a limnic event and subsequently the spectacular colour change.

The use of biomass as an energy source for the production of heat and power is one way to decrease dependency on fossil fuels and increase energy self-sufficiency. The utilization of fossil fuels in energy production is also the major source of CO2 emissions, and CO2 is the main anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Biomass, on the other hand, is regarded as a CO2-neutral energy source. However, the nitrogen and sulfur in the biomass forms pollutants such as NOX and SO2. These must meet the stringent emission limits set by emission directives. Furthermore, the sulfur in the fuel can both cause and prevent corrosion of an incinerator, depending on the fuel and combustion. The main objective of this work was to gain knowledge about the fate of fuel-bound nitrogen and sulfur in industrial-scale biomass combustors during combustion of various biofuels. This was achieved by full-scale measurement campaigns: in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) boiler combusting various fuel mixtures and in a Kraft ...

The present experiment was carried out to study the impacts of effluents discharged from Textile Mills on surface water around the discharge area located at Araihazar Thana in Narayanganj District of Bangladesh. The water samples were collected from ten different locations of Araihazar Thana by random sampling method and were analyzed for various physico-chemical, chemical and toxic metal quality parameters includes EC, TDS, DO,

Consider the control system (Σ) given byẋ = x(f + ug), where x ∈ SO(3), |u| ≤ 1 and f, g ∈ so(3) define two perpendicular left-invariant vector fields normalized so that f = cos(α) and g = sin(α), α ∈]0, π/4[. In this paper, we provide an upper bound and a lower bound for N (α), the maximum number of switchings for time-optimal trajectories of (Σ). More precisely, we show that N S (α) ≤ N (α) ≤ N S (α) + 4, where N S (α) is a suitable integer function of α such that N S (α) ∼ α → 0 π/(4α). The result is obtained by studying the time optimal synthesis of a projected control problem on RP 2 , where the projection is defined by an appropriate Hopf fibration. Finally, we study the projected control problem on the unit sphere S 2. It exhibits interesting features which will be partly rigorously derived and partially described by numerical simulations.

A protein that constitutes a good marker for a type of cholesterol-rich domain in biological membranes is caveolin. A segment of this protein has a sequence that corresponds to a cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif; this motif has been suggested to cause the incorporation of proteins into cholesterol-rich domains. We have studied the interaction of two peptides containing the CRAC motif of caveolin-1 by differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence, circular dichroism and magic angle spinning NMR. These peptides promote the segregation of cholesterol into domains from mixtures of the sterol with phosphatidylcholine, as shown by depletion of cholesterol from a portion of the membrane and enrichment of cholesterol in another domain. Cholesterol passes its solubility limit in the cholesterol-rich domain, resulting in the formation of cholesterol crystallites, suggesting that not all of the cholesterol recruited to this domain is bound to the peptide. NMR studies show that the peptides insert somewhat more deeply into membranes when cholesterol is present, but their strongest interaction takes place with the interfacial region of the membrane. We conclude that the peptides we studied containing CRAC sequences are more effective in promoting the formation of cholesterol-rich domains than are shorter peptides of this region of caveolin, which although they contain several aromatic amino acids, they have no CRAC motif. The presence or absence of a CRAC motif, however, is not a sufficient criterion to determine the extent to which a protein will promote the segregation of cholesterol in membranes.

We have studied the properties of mixtures of cholesterol with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), and with several other phospholipids, including 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (SOPC) and dioleoleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), as a function of cholesterol molar fraction and of temperature. Mixtures of DOPC with a cholesterol molar fraction of 0.4 or greater display polymorphic behavior. This polymorphism includes the formation of structures that give rise to isotropic peaks in 31 P NMR at cholesterol molar fractions between 0.4 and 0.6, dependent on the thermal history of the sample. Cryo-electron microscopy studies demonstrate the formation of small globular aggregates that would contribute to a narrowing of the 31 P NMR powder pattern. At molar fraction cholesterol 0.6 and higher and at temperatures above 70 jC, the mixtures with DOPC convert to the hexagonal phase. Lipid polymorphism is accompanied by the phase separation of cholesterol crystals in the anhydrous form and/or the monohydrate form. The crystals that are formed have substantially altered kinetics of hydration and dehydration, compared with both pure cholesterol monohydrate crystals and with crystals formed in the presence of the other phospholipids that do not form the hexagonal phase in the presence of cholesterol. This fact demonstrates that these cholesterol crystals are in intimate contact with the DOPC phospholipid and are not present as morphologically separate structures.

The inter-conversion between Cr(VI), a pulmonary carcinogen, and Cr(III), an essential human nutrient, poses challenges to the measurement of Cr(VI) in airborne particles. Chamber and field tests were conducted to identify the factors affecting Cr(VI)-Cr(III) inter-conversion in the basic filter medium under typical sampling conditions. In the chamber tests, isotopically enriched 53 Cr(VI) and 50 Cr(III) were spiked on diesel particulate matter (DPM) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that were pre-collected on a basic MCE filter. The filter samples were then exposed to clean air or the air containing SO 2 (50 and 160 ppb), 100 ppb O 3 , or 150 ppb NO 2 for 24 hours at 16.7 LPM flow rate at designated temperature (20 and 31°C) and RH (40% and 70%) conditions. Exposure to 160 ppb SO 2 had the greatest effect on 53 Cr(VI) reduction, with 53 Cr(VI) recovery of 31.7 ± 15.8% (DPM) and 42.0 ± 7.9% (SOA). DPM and SOA matrix induced 53 Cr(VI) reduction when exposed to clean air while reactive oxygen species in SOA could promote 50 Cr(III) oxidation. Deliquescence when RH increased from 40% to 70% led to conversion of Cr(III) in SOA, whereas oxidized organics in DPM and SOA enhanced hygroscopicity and thus facilitated Cr(VI) reduction. Field tests showed seasonal variation of Cr(VI)-Cr(III) inter-conversion during sampling. Correction of the inter-conversion using USEPA method 6800 is recommended to improve accuracy of ambient Cr(VI) measurements.

To clarify features of direct projections from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to premotoneurons for the jaw-closing (JC) and jaw-opening (JO) components of the trigeminal motor nucleus, biotinylated dextranamine (BDA) and Fluorogold (FG) were used as the anterograde and retrograde tracers. The BDA and FG injections were made in the S1 and the JC or JO component, respectively, in rats. The distribution of FG-labeled JC and JO premotoneurons receiving contact(s) from BDA-labeled axon terminals of S1 neurons was quantitatively examined; the contacts were identified microscopically by using a X100 oil immersion objective. The largest and second largest numbers of JC and JO premotoneurons with contact(s) were found in the lateral reticular formation at the levels of the caudal pons and the medulla oblongata (cpmLRt) and trigeminal oral nucleus (Vo) bilaterally, and they comprised about 80% of the total premotoneurons with contact(s). The percentage of premotoneurons with contact(s) was higher in the Vo than in the cpmLRt for both JC and JO Keywords: 4 3 -5 3 ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +81 6 6879 2880. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Yoshida). Abbreviations: 7N, facial nerve; ABC, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex; Agl, lateral agranular field of the motor cortex; Agm, medial agranular field of the motor cortex; BDA, biotinylated dextranamine; cpmLRt, lateral reticular formation at the levels of the caudal pons and the medulla oblongata; FG, Fluorogold; Ins, insular cortex; IO, inferior olive; JC, jaw-closing; JCn, jaw-closing component of the Vmo; JO, jaw-opening; JOn, jaw-opening component of the Vmo; KF, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; NGS, normal goat serum; PB, phosphate buffer; Pb, parabrachial nucleus; Pbl, lateral part of the Pb; Pbm, medial part of the Pb; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; py, pyramid; pyx, pyramidal decussation; RmJO, reticular region medial to the JOn; S1, primary somatosensory cortex; scp, superior cerebellar peduncle; SO, superior olive; Sol, nucleus of the solitary tract; Vc, trigeminal caudal nucleus; Vi, trigeminal interpolar nucleus; Vidm, dorsomedial subnucleus of the Vi; VIImo, facial nucleus; Vint, intertrigeminal region; Vivl, ventrolateral subnucleus of the Vi; Vjuxt, juxtatrigeminal region; Vme, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus; Vmo, trigeminal motor nucleus; Vo, trigeminal oral nucleus; Vodm, dorsomedial subnucleus of the Vo; Vor, rostrodorsomedial subnucleus of the Vo; Vovl, ventrolateral subnucleus of the Vo; Vp, trigeminal principal nucleus; Vsup, supratrigeminal nucleus; Vtr, trigeminal spinal tract; XII, hypoglossal nucleus 0006-8993/$see front matter

Long-chain n-3 PUFA (LCPUFA) and palmitate (16:0) positioning in the triacylglycerol (TAG) of infant formula may affect calcium-uptake which could affect bone health. We investigated if a human milk fat substitute (HMFS) with a modified TAG structure holding 16:0 predominantly in the sn-2-position compared with a control (CONT) and if increasing n-3LCPUFA intake giving fish oil (FO) compared with sunflower oil (SO) would affect bone parameters in piglets in two sets of controlled 14d-interventions (n ¼12/group). We assessed this by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and ex vivo peripheral quantitative computed tomography and mechanical strength. Bone mineral content (BMC) was higher in the FO compared to the SO-group (p¼ 0.03). Despite similar weight gain in HMFS-and CONT-groups, body fat accumulation was higher with HMFS (po0.001), and BMC, bone area (BA) and cortical BA in femur were lower (p¼ 0.002, p¼ 0.005, and p¼0.02, respectively), indicating importance of both n-3LCPUFA and 16:0 TAG-positioning in infant formulas.

Using conversation analytic methodology, this paper investigates one function of the discourse marker so in everyday German conversations. In particular, the paper describes how speakers of German use so to manage sequences of actions (both verbal and embodied actions). With the production of so, speakers indicate that they view the prior action as complete and that they are ready for the next action. Specifically, so is placed between two types of actions where the second action can be considered a ''logical next phase'' in the overall design of the activity. The article contrasts German so with other types of sequence closings in German and other languages. The findings of this paper contribute to our understanding of how co-participants structure and coordinate their own conduct, and how sequences and turns are designed. Moreover, it speaks to the various functions of di¤erent discourse markers in interaction and raises questions of cultural specificity and translatability.

Dysregulation of the serotonergic system and abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been demonstrated in major depression. Animal studies indicate that 5-HT 1A receptor expression may be reduced by longterm administration of corticosterone. However, similar studies on the regulation of GIRK channels, one of the most important effectors of the neuronal 5-HT 1A receptor, are limited. In order to address these issues, slow-release corticosterone pellets were implanted subcutaneously to adrenal intact male rats (200 mg pellets, 35 days release). Starting on day 15, animals were treated for 21 days with fluoxetine (5mg/kg/day, i.p), or vehicle. Using in situ hybridization histochemistry and receptor autoradiography, we found that chronic corticosterone treatment was accompanied by a significant decrease on the mRNAs coding for mineralocorticoid receptors in hippocampal areas. Under these conditions, 5-HT 1A receptor mRNA expression decreased in dorsal raphe nucleus and dentate gyrus. However, 5-HT 1A receptor levels, as measured by [ 3 H]-8-OH-DPAT binding, diminished significantly only in dentate gyrus. It is noteworthy that chronic treatment with fluoxetine reversed the alterations on 5-HT 1A receptor mRNA levels only in dorsal raphe. Finally, chronic corticosterone treatment produced an increase on the mRNA coding for the GIRK2 subunit in several hypothalamic and thalamic areas, which was reversed by fluoxetine. Measurements of cell density and volume of the granular layer of the dentate gyrus did not reveal significant changes after corticosterone or corticosterone plus fluoxetine treatments. These data are relevant for a better understanding of the differential regulation of pre-and postsynaptic 5-HT 1A receptors by corticosterone flattened rhythm.

A growing body of research in work-integrated learning (WIL) demonstrates the importance of industry experience for student learning. Much of this research however focuses on individual, formal learning that occurs in WIL programs typically captured through assessment. What is less visible is the informal learning experienced during placement. In this paper, we argue that such omissions are suggestive of the incommensurability of the standard paradigm of learning with informal learning. The standard paradigm limits informal learning by privileging individual, cognitive processes of recall, thereby casting experience as "static and sedimented, separated from knowledge making processes" (Fenwick, 2009, p.235). This paper offers an alternative approach to understanding learning, by drawing on a relational ontology that emphasises how "everything that is has no existence apart from its relation to other things" (Langley & Tsoukas, 2010, p.3) and using a performative practice-based approach. Through a relational, performative approach, this paper demonstrates the utility of examining enacted and embodied knowledge (or knowing) in order to better understand informal learning. Ethnographic vignettes are presented of three commerce interns on WIL placement. Using data from observation, interviews and collection of artefacts we draw attention to the under-acknowledged, embodied and socio-material dimensions of student learning in WIL. By shedding light on this approach, we offer the usefulness of a practice-based lens and a focus on socio-materiality for researching overlooked areas of WIL