Situation awareness

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a consciência situacional, os processos de tomada de decisão naturalística e os modos de controle cognitivo utilizados por pilotos de aeronaves em um experimento em simulador de voo. Dessa forma, diferentes situações foram propostas durante a simulação objetivando o estudo da consciência situacional e tomada de decisão dos tripulantes. As ações dos participantes foram investigadas e classificadas de acordo com o modelo de controle cognitivo proposto. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores de complexidade contextual afetam a gestão da dificuldade, influenciando a consciência situacional, a tomada de decisão e os modos de controle cognitivo dos pilotos.

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of environmental factors on physician situation awareness (SA) in an emergency department (ED) setting. An objective method of level 1 (i.e., perception) SA measurement and evaluation was developed and applied. Resident physician level 1 SA was measured using the Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). SAGAT question probes (i.e., sets of 10 questions) were generated randomly from a pool of questions and administered hourly. Questions were answered at a 7.4% false response rate. Environmental measures (i.e., patient information, physician information, temporal information, and workload) were collected concurrently. Mixed-effects modeling was used to determine the relationship between physician SA and environmental factors adjusting for potential correlation within physician observed, patients managed, and questions asked. Significant factors associated with decreases in SA include: patient hand-offs (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.67), resident physician in final year of training (OR: 0.49), and number of patients managed (OR: 1.17). Significant correlation within question was observed and adjusted for. Overall, this study demonstrates a novel approach toward diagnosing factors contributing to physician SA during patient care. SA studies in healthcare may provide evidence for interventions aimed at improving healthcare work environments and patient safety.

The objective of this research was to assess the effectiveness of adaptive automation (AA) for supporting information processing (IP) in a complex, dynamic control task by defining a measure of situation awareness (SA) sensitive to differences in the forms of automation. The task was an air traffic control (ATC)-related simulation and was developed to present four different modes of automation of IP functions, including information acquisition, information analysis, decision making and action implementation automation, as well as a completely manual control mode. A total of 16 participants were recruited for a pilot study and primary experiment. The pilot assessed the sensitivity and reliability of the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) for describing AA support of the IP functions. Half of the participants were used in the primary experiment, which refined the SA measure and described the implications of AA for IP on SA using the ATC-like simulation. Participants were exposed to all forms of automation and manual control. AA conditions matched operator workload states to dynamic control allocations in the primary task. The pilot did not reveal significant differences in SA among the various AA conditions. In the primary experiment, participant recall of aircraft was cued and relevance weights were assigned to aircraft at the time of simulation freezes. The modified measure of SA revealed operator perception and Total SA to improve when automation was applied to the information acquisition function. In both experiments, performance in the ATCrelated task simulation was significantly superior when automation was applied to information acquisition and action implementation (sensory and motor processing), as compared to automation of cognitive functions, specifically information analysis. The primary experiment revealed information analysis and decision-making automation to cause higher workload, attributable to visual demands of displays.

Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer the potential to aid users in a number of professional areas. However, to date, most studies have been tested in controlled laboratory conditions. This paper outlines a user experience study of a wearable mobile augmented reality system in an outdoor urban environment. We describe the use case of using a see-through monocular headmounted display (HMD) with augmented imagery for orientation, and the use of gesture input for interacting with information while on-the-move. Participants had to navigate to a target location, whilst receiving information updates, and complete a series of gesture-based tasks. Despite participants managing to complete the tasks after some assistance, it was found that more improvements to the user experience are required for it to be viable in outdoor-use. In particular, better visibility, when seethrough HMDs are used in a bright environment, and improved situation awareness. This paper further highlights the difficulties in using gesture input, and points to a number of areas requiring further research into the use of wearable mobile AR systems in the context of this work.

The NATO HFM-276 Task Group used a model of organizational effectiveness to develop a set of surveys to identify and understand the HF issues critical to effective ISR operations. The core of the model is the JISR process consisting of the Tasking, Collecting, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination (TCPED). The data collection plan derived from this model as well as other sources looks at the role of a number of HF issues across ISR operations: basic HF knowledge, situation assessment, workload, organizational structure, trust, information sharing, information management, leadership, culture, organizational process, organizational flexibility, shared awareness and responsibilities, coordination and coordination mechanisms, decision-making, competence, Intelligence Request Management (IRM), communications, meta data, and application system. All of these HF factors will influence ISR operational concepts and impact operator performance. In addition, the report summarizes some practical implications to improve the ISR CD&E process for NATO and non-NATO operations by focusing on developing a HF research methodology that should be included in the ISR CD&E process. This HF methodology would work like a quality control component for the technical and procedural ISR concept development. Research findings are expected to help inform and advise policy and decision-makers at all levels of the ISR chain of command in order to enhance information and decision advantage in NATO ISR planning, mission execution and capability development. It is also expected to help inform the integration of ISR with other joint processes such as joint targeting with regard to identifying current gaps HF related to ISR and integration with other processes.