Semitic Epigraphy

Você já se perguntou como Moisés pronunciava o Nome Sagrado de Deus? Esta obra ousa explorar as profundezas da gramática do hebraico arcaico e bíblico para responder a essa questão, oferecendo uma análise rigorosa e embasada nas regras linguísticas que moldaram esse idioma sagrado.
Nesta obra singular, conduzimos o leitor a uma jornada profunda pela gramática do hebraico arcaico e bíblico, em busca da pronúncia original do Tetragrama Sagrado. Com rigor investigativo e fundamentação gramatical, exploramos as raízes linguísticas que sustentam o Nome Sagrado, revelando uma forma pronunciada que ecoou nos lábios de Moisés. 

Desafiando visões tradicionais e refutando equívocos gramaticais, esta análise demonstra que a pronúncia do Nome do Pai Celestial não foi perdida nem ocultada, mas encontra-se preservada nas estruturas do idioma hebraico. Esta obra não é apenas um estudo técnico, mas um convite para um diálogo honesto com a pronúncia original por meio da gramática e evidências, que promove uma compreensão mais pura e alinhada da fonética revelanda a Moisés.

Destinado a estudiosos, religiosos e buscadores sinceros, este trabalho ousa enfrentar ideias pré-estabelecidas e confrontar heresias teológicas e gramaticais, lançando luz sobre um dos temas mais misteriosos e fascinantes das Escrituras. Mais do que um estudo, esta obra é um chamado à reflexão e ao desejo de ouvir a voz do Eterno em Seu Santo Nome.

Esta obra é um guia indispensável para todos que almejam ser verdadeiros servos do Senhor-YHVH, proclamando Seu Reino em conformidade com as Sagradas Escrituras e em perfeito uso do Seu Santo Nome.

In dieser Dissertation wurde das Ziel verfolgt, sämtliche theophoren Personennamen in den bisher veröffentlichten dadanischen Inschriften sowie Graffiti – soweit mir diese zugänglich waren – zu analysieren. Ausgehend davon sollte eine detaillierte Übersicht erarbeitet und zusammengestellt werden, die es als das primäre Ergebnis der Forschung zu präsentieren galt. Vor diesem Anspruch handelt es sich bei der vorliegenden Dissertation explizit um eine lexikalische wie auch etymologische Untersuchung der überlieferten dadanischen theophoren Personennamen, die im Rahmen der semitischen Sprachen zu identifizieren sind und analysiert werden. Es wurde des Weiteren versucht, soweit dies realisierbar war, die Bedeutung der Wurzel des jeweiligen Personennamens anhand der semitischen Lexika und onomastischen Arbeiten zu ermitteln. Darüber hinaus sollten die Namen gemäß ihrer Morphologie interpretiert werden. Der erste verwirklichte Schritt im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens war – ausgehend davon...

Despite the considerable research carried out in the field of bilingual lexicography, several aspects of the Arabic-English dictionary targeting translators remain a largely uncharted area. One such area is “idioms” and their various manifestations in this type of dictionary. The aim of this paper was to examine three interrelated issues. First, it sought to determine if the bilingual dictionary (BD) covers this particular lexical phenomenon exhaustively and systematically in its source language component. Secondly, it examined canonical variation and its representation in the dictionary. Finally, the paper looked into the entry point of full idioms, truncated forms and canonical variants. The analysis demonstrated that a significantly large number of Arabic idioms are not listed, that the coverage of idioms lacks consistency, and that lemmatization is typically characterized by chaos and subjectivity..

Tous droits réservés Composition et mise en pages Emmanuelle Capet, UMR 8167 Couverture Carte de l'Arabie d'après les différents morceaux qu'a donnés M. Niebuhr de cette partie de l'Asie et d'après M. Danville pour l'intérieur des terres, 178-; source gallica.bnf.fr/Bibliothèque municipale du Havre 4 e de couverture Monogrammes composés de lettres sudarabiques représentant le prénom et le nom de Christian Robin selon l'usage des habitants de l'Arabie du Sud ancienne. Dessin : Mathilde Kania Ouvrage publié avec le soutien de l'UMR 8167 Orient & Méditerranée,

Revue annuelle publiée par l'Association Semitica & classica, avec le concours du CNRS et le soutien de l'UMR 8167 « Orient & Méditerranée » (Mondes sémitiques, Antiquité classique et tardive, Monde byzantin, Médecine grecque, Islam médiéval, Mondes pharaoniques).

1977), 16 f. (Nr. 22 und 24).4 Unterhalb des Reliefs ist die Oberfläche des mittleren Marmor¬ stücks größtenteils beschriftet. Dagegen ist der untere Teil der Stele bis auf drei (?) Zeichen am rechten 5 Rand-ungefähr auf halber Höhe dieses Steinblocks-frei geblieben. 1 Wir möchten auch an dieser Stelle Prof. Hasan Malay (Ege Üniversitesi, Bornova/ İzmir) aufrichtige Dankbarkeit dafür ausdrücken, daß er uns die photographische Dokumentation und den Abklatsch der Inschrift zur Verfügung gestellt hat.

Im Februar 1997 hat Frau Kristin Kleber eine altsü darabische Inschrift im Hof eines Hauses in Tulā fotografiert. Sie hat mir freundlicherweise das Foto der Inschrift zur Verfü gung gestellt, wofü r ihr der geziemende Dank ausgesprochen sei. Der heutige Ort Tulā, der c.40 km nordwestlich der Hauptstadt Sw an c ā $ liegt, gehö rt zum Gouvernement (muhw āfazw ah) Sw an c ā $ (1). Tulā wurde in al-Hamdānīs Werk Sw ifat G azīrat al-c Arab als Festung und als Dorf fü r die Marrānīyū n von Hamdān erwähnt (2). Es ist bekannt, daß Tulā in der islamischen Zeit eine Rolle gespielt hat (3). Meines Wissens ist die vorliegende Inschrift aus diesem Dorf die zweite nach der von Ch. Robin publizierten Inschrift Robin-Thulā 1 in Raydān (4). Aufgrund der Schriftrichtung kö nnte man sie fü r altsabäisch halten. Da aus Tulā keinerlei Nachrichten ü ber eine Besiedlung in so frü her Zeit vorliegen, ist es mö glich, daß sie aus einem anderen Ort an ihren jetzigen Platz verschleppt wurde. Die Maße der ü ber dem Tü rsturz eines Hauses eingemauerten vierzeiligen Inschrift sind mir unbekannt. Die Ränder sind nicht gut erhalten. Die Richtung der Schrift ist boustrophedon. Die Inschrift lautet (mit Ergänzungen

Au cours de notre étude collective des inscriptions phéniciennes en vue de la préparation d 'un Manuel d 'épigraphie phénicienne, nous avons accum ulé un certain nombre d 'observations ponctuelles et de notes brèves d 'ordre épigraphique, philologique ou encore historique, qui n 'auraient pas leur place dans ledit Manuel (dont le but visé est plus général et plus pédagogique) mais qui sont trop courtes pour faire un article. Parce qu'elles sem blent néanm oins mériter une publication malgré leur nature brève et disparate, nous inaugurons dans le présent numéro de Semitica et Classica une série de « N otes d 'épigraphie et de philologie phéniciennes » (ou NEPP). Cette première série concerne quelques questions soulevées par notre étude de l 'inscription du trophée de K ition1, ainsi que par la publication récente d 'un tesson inscrit de Sidon 2. N ous y joignons une dernière note tirée de l 'étude d 'une inscription de Tyr conservée au musée du Louvre.

Study of the poetic form of the short version of the Loyalist Teaching, preserved on Sehetepibre's stela (CGC 20538). The study implies that the short version is primary relative to the long version (Teaching of Kairsu), not the other way around, as Posener and many after him assumed. The short version dates to the reign of Amenemhat III, the longer version to some time between Amenehat III and its earliest artifactual attestation in the early New Kingdom.

The texts carved in wooden sticks from Ancient Yemen comprise legal and business documents, correspondence by letter as well as records from religious practice and school exercises. These texts provide unique glimpses of daily life in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula in pre-Islamic times. 180 of these documents, written in the Sabaic and Minaic languages during the 1st millennium BCE, are published and philologically analysed here for the first time. By this volume, the edition of the inscribed wooden sticks from the collection of the Bavarian State Library in Munich has been brought to completion.

Literacy was widespread in large areas of ancient Arabia, as shown by the huge numbers of graffiti by both settled people and nomads. But, it is still extremely difficult to establish a reliable chronology for the literate periods of pre-Islamic Arabian history. This has led to a misuse of palaeography in an attempt to create chronological sequences based on letter forms from undated inscriptions and documents, on widely different kinds of surface, with different purposes, and often separated by large distances. This practice is not confined to Arabian inscriptions but is widespread in Semitic epigraphy. This article offers a new taxonomy for inscriptions and graffiti, examines the misuse of palaeography in Semitic epigraphy and suggests some more useful ways in which palaeography could be used in this field.

Au cours de notre étude collective des inscriptions phéniciennes en vue de la préparation d 'un Manuel d 'épigraphie phénicienne, nous avons accum ulé un certain nombre d 'observations ponctuelles et de notes brèves d 'ordre épigraphique, philologique ou encore historique, qui n 'auraient pas leur place dans ledit Manuel (dont le but visé est plus général et plus pédagogique) mais qui sont trop courtes pour faire un article. Parce qu'elles sem blent néanm oins mériter une publication malgré leur nature brève et disparate, nous inaugurons dans le présent numéro de Semitica et Classica une série de « N otes d 'épigraphie et de philologie phéniciennes » (ou NEPP). Cette première série concerne quelques questions soulevées par notre étude de l 'inscription du trophée de K ition1, ainsi que par la publication récente d 'un tesson inscrit de Sidon 2. N ous y joignons une dernière note tirée de l 'étude d 'une inscription de Tyr conservée au musée du Louvre.

During regular excavations in the modern town of Tavira (Portugal) under the direction of Maria and Luis Maia a Phoenician ostracon engraved on the two faces of a sherd (6 x 5 cm) of local pottery was found. The text is not complete and its reading is not always certain. It is tentatively interpreted as recording operations of economical character. According to the letters shape it is dated to the 6 th century, but according to the archaeological context could be dated even earlier (end of the 7 th century).

Abstract
The discovery of a limited number of inscriptions in the ancient Canaanite settlement of Lachish has drawn new attention on the status of alphabetic writing in southern Canaan at the beginning of the first millennium BCE. The first alphabet appeared in its old form in the Late Bronze Age engraved on pottery vessels, stones and bronze arrowheads. The early inscriptions, called Proto-Canaanite, were multi-directional writing and the shape of the letters was still in its early stages (Cross 1980: 1; Millard 2017: 1; Na‘aman 2020: 35). However, the alphabet gradually evolved, and the 10th century BCE – (early Iron IIA) – witnessed the maturation of alphabetic writing in Canaan and the Old Canaanite system gradually gave way to standardized scribal practices (Finkelstein and Sass 2013: 201; Sass 2013: 216). Consequently, in the Iron IIA, the process of stabilization was completed and the script had stabilized in a horizontal direction – right to left – and the traditional forms and stances of the individual signs had been established (Sanders 2009: 101; Naʿaman 2020: 34). This seminar will focus on these inscriptions written on stones and pottery sherds (ostraca) in Iron IIA. On the one hand, some of these controversial inscriptions, described as “Hebrew-scripts” witnessed an extremely biased reading. On the other hand, they were linked to the emergence of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel. The issue of Hebrew epigraphic remains from the 10th and 9th centuries continues to arouse discussion. Therefore, it is important to re-read and discuss these inscriptions in order to come up with a correct

This research is an analytical study of eleven thamudic inscriptions found in Samarmada valley at the al-Jafr region in south Jordan. These inscriptions have been presented here in transcription, and facsimile together with a discussion of a number of points which have been arisen from their study. The study aims at analyzing the inscriptions, meanings and structure of the words and the proper nouns contained therein

Despite the considerable research carried out in the field of bilingual lexicography, several aspects of the Arabic-English dictionary targeting translators remain a largely uncharted area. One such area is "idioms" and their various manifestations in this type of dictionary. The aim of this paper was to examine three interrelated issues. First, it sought to determine if the bilingual dictionary (BD) covers this particular lexical phenomenon exhaustively and systematically in its source language component. Secondly, it examined canonical variation and its representation in the dictionary. Finally, the paper looked into the entry point of full idioms, truncated forms and canonical variants. The analysis demonstrated that a significantly large number of Arabic idioms are not listed, that the coverage of idioms lacks consistency, and that lemmatization is typically characterized by chaos and subjectivity.

One of the features of Arabic is the distinction between the pharyngeals ʕ / ḥ and the velar/uvular fricatives ġ / ḫ. The present article will focus on a number of Arabic roots containing one of these four consonants. Such a comparison may contribute to further investigations concerning the following two objectives: First of all, to consider the possibility of loanwords in early Arabic, or Semitic, that might explain the existence of two different roots with similar meaning. And, secondly, to take into account the possibility of semantic interference between different roots. Moreover, the question of semantic interference and inner-Semitic loans deserves some attention due to its relevance for etymological considerations.

Scholars of various disciplines have focused their attention on European Medieval and Early Modern graffiti during the last decade, thus confirming and reinforcing the value of this peculiar written evidence. Their contributions demonstrate that graffiti can offer valuable information to different fields of study (e.g. shipbuilding, palaeography, history, social culture, and visual culture) through a glimpse into past daily life. Due to their nature, graffiti present a completely free graphic expression, which may appear in either textual or pictorial forms, or both. This characteristic makes their study rather challenging due to the two different mechanisms of communication they employ. In the case of textual graffiti, the content is transmitted through linguistic codification, while pictorial graffiti require a decoding process that is more complex and articulated. The first challenge, though, is to find a way to record and compare both evidence on the same graphic and verbal levels. Furthermore, as for any other epigraphic evidence, the graffiti analysis must take into account the writing surfaces and the context, two elements that are fundamental for the final interpretation of this source. This paper will address these methodological issues concerning the preliminary phase of graffiti documentation and classification/cataloguing. The starting point has been the recent debate and application of FAIR data principles in the field of Humanities, which aim to create quality data, easily exchanged in a digital environment, fostering knowledge in the field. Since this approach has not yet been applied to graffiti studies, the paper aims to stimulate a dialogue on innovative and objective methodological approaches within the researchers’ community.

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit acht neuen altnordarabischen Inschriften, die im Jahr 2004 in Jordanien gefunden wurden. Neben der Veröffentlichung dieser neuen Inschriften geht der Artikel auf die Beziehung zwischen dem Fundort und den Inhalt der Inschriften ein. Zudem werden die Reiterabbildungen näher betrachtet. Außerdem beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit einem neuen Stammesnamen in den safaitischen Inschriften.

Some comments on the Inscription of Zuhayr, allegedly mentioning the death of Caliph Umar. Final proofs, to appear in M. Groß & K.-H. Ohlig, Die Entstehung einer Weltreligion V, Der Koran als Werkzeug der Herrschaft;
INÂRAH, Schriften zur frühen Islamgeschichte und zum Koran Band 9, Schiler & Mücke, Berlin 2020, 11-51.

Ontologies have become core components of many large applications. It's part of the Semantic Web framework. Many disciplines now develop standardized ontologies that domain experts can use to share and annotate information in their fields. Arabic is still not well supported. Designing and developing Arabic Ontologies need more than what is provided by keyword-based and more than analysing the morphology and grammar of the traditional Arabic language A few works on Arabic Semantic Web applications are derived from the traditional Arabic language and not in the specialized science. However, available search engines supporting Arabic language are typically limited to keyword searches and do not take in consideration the underlying semantics of the content. In this research, we propose a model for representing Arabic financial accounting knowledge in the Computer Technology domain using Ontologies. This paper addresses an Arabic financial ontology and presents a methodology for creating ontologies based on declarative knowledge representation systems.

A new West Semitic inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa is presented. It was incised in Canaanite alphabetic script on a pottery storage jar before firing. Radiometric dating of the relevant layer has yielded a date of ca. 1020–980 b.c.e. The last few years have seen the publication of several new Semitic alphabetic inscriptions dated to the late 11th–10th centuries b.c.e. and originating at controlled excavations in Israel. The new inscription is an important addition to this corpus.

It is rather unusual for inscriptions with the name of a biblical settlement in the Land of Israel to be found at the actual site to fix its identification conclusively.  It is fortunate if one such inscription is found. In the case of Tell el-Jezer, by the latest count, no less than 13 lapidary inscriptions, seemingly contemporary with one-another, have come to light confirming that it is indeed the site of biblical Gezer. The last of these was discovered by chance in 2012. This short review examines the special distribution of their respective find spots and considers both their possible date and purpose.

The present book reveals the riches of the earliest known astrological autobiography, authored by Henry Bate of Mechelen (1246–after 1310). Exploiting all resources of contemporary astrological science, Bate conducts in his Nativitas a profound self-analysis, revealing the peculiarities of his character and personality at a crucial moment of his life (1280). The result is an extraordinarily detailed and penetrating attempt to decode the fate of one’s own life and its idiosyncrasies. The Astrological Autobiography of a Medieval Philosopher offers the first critical edition of Bate’s Nativitas. An extensive introduction presents Bate’s life and work and sheds new light on the reception and use of Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew texts among scholars in Paris at the end of the 13th century. The book thus provides a major new resource for scholars working on medieval science, autobiography, and notions of personhood and individuality.

This research is an analytical study of a new collection of Safaitic inscriptions recently collected by the authors form al-cAwshaji al-Janoubi at al Safawi in the Northeastern Bādyia of Jordan. The study aims to analyze the inscriptions, meanings and structure of the words and the proper nouns contained therein. This group of inscriptions emphasizes stating some new personal names, toponym, and a verb hitherto unrecorded in Safaitic inscriptions: ctm (no.1), sġm (no. 4), cqrb (as p.n.f. no. 11), šc (no. 11),'nlt, (no. 12), sbc (no. 12), fnt (no 13), lbṣr (no 16), smy (no 16), {'}db (16) are new personal names; hslm is a new toponym (no. 13); and sqr is a new Safaitic verb (no 16). Authors insist on giving etymologies of previously known names, verbs and nouns, seeking to make clear the vocalizing and the meaning of these words in a comparative scope.

This research is an analytical study of a new collection of Safaitic inscriptions recently collected by the authors form al-cAwshaji al-Janoubi at al Safawi in the Northeastern Bādyia of Jordan. The study aims to analyze the inscriptions, meanings and structure of the words and the proper nouns contained therein. This group of inscriptions emphasizes stating some new personal names, toponym, and a verb hitherto unrecorded in Safaitic inscriptions: ctm (no.1), sġm (no. 4), cqrb (as p.n.f. no. 11), šc (no. 11),'nlt, (no. 12), sbc (no. 12), fnt (no 13), lbṣr (no 16), smy (no 16), {'}db (16) are new personal names; hslm is a new toponym (no. 13); and sqr is a new Safaitic verb (no 16). Authors insist on giving etymologies of previously known names, verbs and nouns, seeking to make clear the vocalizing and the meaning of these words in a comparative scope.