Secure Electronic Voting

Initially targeted at residential voters only, Swiss internet voting trials have recently been extended to expatriates. In this paper, we review the Swiss experience with internet voting systems for expatriates. After a short overview of the Swiss internet voting roll-out focusing on the recent trials involving expatriates, we present newly collected data on the usage of the electronic voting channel. We find that internet voting is rather popular among expatriates. Already, every second Swiss abroad eligible to e-vote makes use of the electronic channel, with increasing tendency. Moreover, we inquire about the socio-demographic characteristics of the expatriate online voter. Most of the known socio-demographic correlates of electronic voting -in particular male gender, IT skills, political knowledge, and possibly young age -seem to replicate for the case of expatriates. The only factor specific to expatriates is that the probability of casting the vote electronically increases with geographical distance to the home country.

Blockchain is a peer-to-peer distributed ledger technology that makes the records of any digital asset transparent and immutable and works without involving a third party. Hence, it is independent of a third party and termed as 'decentralized'. Blockchain is an emerging technology and is gaining a lot of popularity, as it is scalable and also has the ability to manage risks. Blockchain is transforming the way value is exchanged, it has expanded technical capabilities to achieve a higher level of innovation and developer products. Blockchain is the most recent technology that can be adopted for data security. This paper aims to make any legal contracts, such as agreements, and property registries, as well as other assets in India using blockchain for solving issues like avoiding third parties, brokerage services, trusty transactions, etc. It makes it safer as well as non-repudiable. We are proposing a Web3 system that is providing a platform for both parties to make legal contracts using smart contracts and deploy it on blockchain to make safer contracts by inheriting blockchain properties. A smart contract is a digital contract that automatically executes the terms of an agreement by itself. In layman's terms, it is a computer code that holds the terms of a contract. It stores in decentralized, distributed public blockchain networks that contracting parties can access from anywhere and at any time. With these designs, this digital type of contract runs on blockchain nodes that cannot be changed. This makes the smart contract legal contracting decentralized, free of brokerage services as well paperless that is digital. This solution demands transparency, participation and cooperation society demands. Hence, would help to obstruct corruption and make government services more efficient.

This assignment report explores the integration of biometric security measures into e-voting systems, highlighting their potential to enhance vote privacy, accuracy, cost-efficiency, and voter participation compared to traditional voting methods. Despite these advantages, achieving secure and efficient e-voting remains contingent on robust authentication technologies. Fingerprint and facial recognition have been identified as acceptable biometric methods due to their usability, performance, and cost-effectiveness.

Additionally, the report underscores the need for vigilance against security vulnerabilities, noting that even strong encryption protocols like SSL/TLS and RSA can be compromised through non-mathematical attacks. The concept of repudiation is also reframed as a potentially valuable tool in specific e-voting scenarios.

Through this analysis, insights were gained into the processes of information retrieval and critical evaluation, contributing to a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities in developing secure, reliable, and user-friendly e-voting systems.

Artificial intelligence's (AI) influence on democracy is evident in its impacts on civic engagement, decision-making, and political processes. The majority of African countries are still acclimating to the integration of technology in electoral processes despite the discernible positive impact it is having on the electoral system. As policymakers and academics engage in deliberations regarding the implementation of AI in elections, there remains an uncertain correlation between technology and democracy that defies clarity. The effective implementation of AI in Africa elections could be facilitated through the establishment of a policy instrument that mirrors the approach taken in Europe, overseeing the development, structure, and deployment of AI systems, adhering to ethical AI principles that prioritise inclusivity, fairness, accountability, transparency, integrity, and engaging citizens, civil society organisations, and other relevant stakeholders in the decision-making and design phases. This article therefore examines the impacts of AI in the African electoral processes, discussing its potentials, challenges, and possible recommendations for its proper application. AI is regarded as having the potential to significantly aid in the advancement of democracy in Africa, notwithstanding the challenges it may present.

The growth of electronic services on the web, lead to the development of premier web applications that try to offer means of electronic democracy. Such aspects are: electronic elections, electronic debates, electronic pre-election concentrations, public spee ches, electronic parliament, electronic government and others. Elect ronic elections are nowadays one of the most popular issues of e-democr acy. That led to the development of applications and several securit y mechanisms to address such necessity. The problem that adheres is that such applications are created either on demand for a spe cific election process, or experimentally for scientific purposes. In this paper we present ELAN, an application suita ble of conducting electronic elections over the web. ELAN stands for ELections ANalyzer and it is a web PHP/MYSQL application based on its own security protocol and an elections specific data analysis co mponent. Its features and innovations such as data analysis char acteristic...

Election integrity is fundamental to democratic systems, but many national election processes are still vulnerable to voter fraud, vote tampering, and political corruption. Blockchain technology offers an innovative solution to these issues by providing a decentralized and immutable ledger that can improve transparency and security in voting systems. This paper investigates how blockchain can be used to build secure, tamper-proof digital voting systems that boost voter trust, increase participation, and reduce fraud. The study proposes a model for a blockchain-based electoral system that could transform global election security and integrity by examining blockchain's ability to establish traceable records, automate verification, and decentralize control.

This note is a response to, and critique of, recent work by Acemyan, Kortum, Bryne, and Wallach regarding the usability of end-to-end verifiable voting systems, and in particular, to their analysis of the usability of the Scantegrity II voting system. Their work is given in a JETS paper and was presented at EVT/WOTE 2014; it was also described in an associated press release . We find that their study lacked an appropriate control voting system with which to compare effectiveness, and thus their conclusions regarding Scantegrity II are unsupported by the evidence they present. Furthermore, their conclusions are contradicted by the successful deployment experiences of Scantegrity II at Takoma Park. Although their study reviewed three end-to-end verifiable voting systems (Pret A Voter, Scantegrity II, and Helios), we comment here only on their review of Scantegrity II. They infer that these systems are "failing," [Ace14, p. 39] based in large part on their observation that in their experiments "only 58 percent of votes cast on tamper-resistant systems counted," [Rut14] with a graph showing approximately 50% of the Scantegrity II votes being counted, in their lab study with 37 voters [Ace14, p. 34]. The system they tested is not Scantegrity II as fielded in the 2009 municipal election at Takoma Park, and their study does not point out and explain the differences between the system they tested and the system used in Takoma Park in 2009. The Rice study imposed an extra hurdle on each voter: to scan the ballot and then separately drop it into a ballot box. Therefore, results from the Rice study should not be interpreted as properties of Scantegrity II as used in Takoma Park.

This paper describes an on-line e-voting system security implementation to reduce attacks with the help of time stamping and hash function. E-voting is electronically voting process via Internet, it gaining popularity in applications that require high security. The system represents security analysis against large-scale attacks performed by rationally thinking attackers. Electronic Voting promises a lot of advantages; it is not only fast and very convenient to use, but it also features additional security properties that cannot be achieved with traditional voting, such as individual or universal verifiability. However, due to the sensitive and critical nature of voting protocols, it is crucial to formally guarantee their correctness with respect to certain intended security properties. We develop a model for describing the real life environment where voting takes place and analyze the behavior of rational adversaries. The system also eliminates the voting process of non-eligible vot...

Traditional polling methods are vulnerable to manipulation and fraud. In this project, we develop a secure and transparent polling system by integrating blockchain technology and AI-based fingerprint authentication. The immutable nature of blockchain and smart contracts ensure tamper-proof storage of poll data. An AI fingerprint authentication system provides reliable voter identity verification. This solution mitigates fraud risk, ensures voter privacy, and promotes trust in the polling process. The proposed system utilizes blockchain for storing votes, ensuring transparency through the immutable and distributed nature of the technology. This promotes transparency and reduces the risk of censorship or data manipulation. The blockchain network and AI fingerprint authentication component leverage cutting-edge technologies, with the AI component continuously evolving to improve accuracy and security. The paper details the system architecture, blockchain and AI integration, smart contract implementation, security considerations, and performance evaluation.

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Implementation of Blockchain technologies in online voting system is becoming increasingly popular in modern society and has significantly efficiency in governance. This article explores how Blockchain technologies can boost government operations, making them more transparent and effective. It focuses on an in-depth analysis of current research and methods on Blockchain-based electronic voting systems. The aim of this study is investigated and analysis the potential contributions of Blockchain technology to e-voting by drawing insights from global best practices. According to literature review and case studies of Blockchain implementation in government are conducted to identify existing systems and methods of e-voting, identifying their strengths and weaknesses by analyzing European countries and preparing the ground for future alternatives. Additionally, it examined the role of public education in fostering trust and understanding of Blockchain technology and analyzed the legislative landscape in neighboring jurisdictions to solidify Blockchain’s role in decision-making processes. The results of the study provide a comprehensive perspective, and the findings emphasize the relevance of the study, its contribution to understanding the problems and prospects of introducing Blockchain into electoral processes at the regional level

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the succession of its waves, the transmission of this disease and the number of deaths caused by it have been increasing. Despite the various vaccines, the COVID-19 virus is still contagious and dangerous for affected people. One of the remedies to this is precaution, and particularly social distancing. In the same vein, this paper proposes a remote voting system, which has to be secure, anonymous, irreversible, accessible, and simple to use. It therefore allows voters to have the possibility to vote for their candidate without having to perform the operation on site. This system will be used for university elections and particularly for student elections. We propose a platform based on a decentralized system. This system will use two blockchains communicating with each other: the public Ethereum blockchain and the private Quorum blockchain. The private blockchain will be institution-specific. All these blockchains send the necessary data ...

Two issues which have signifcantly impeded the widespread adoption and acceptance of modern e-voting solutions are the lack of an intuitive user interface and the inability to verify the results. In recent years there have been efforts made in the development of cryptographic verifiability mechanisms which allow the voter to remove an encrypted receipt of their vote from the polling station. The Prêt à Voter system is a recognized example of this approach. This paper introduces a highly usable user interface termed DualVote with the Prêt à Voter backend. We present both a generic and novel eVoting system whose instantiation is relatively simple and achieves a highusability score.

Voter Fraud without a doubt has been catastrophic at so many levels. The wrong leader makes a wrong decision which starts a domino effect of bad decisions thereby affecting the nation. The aim here is to establish trust between the citizens of the nation and their elected leaders from various political parties. ‘Bit coin’ has lately been the buzzword, but the real buzzword should have been ‘Block chain’. Block chain runs on the basic philosophy of Trust and Security which are the core essentials of a voting system in a democratic country. Here, we introduce an effective concept to solve the major issue of voter frauds in our country. This concept is not only bound to our country India but also applicable to every country across

This paper presents the Voting System using Blockchain Technology. It mainly focuses on the decentralized way of voting system for the corporate elections and can be expanded further for the democratic countries like India for a trustworthy election process. In this paper, Ethereum Blockchain along with other technology stack namely Truffle, Ganache, Metamask and React is used for the development of the portal. The admin will add the candidates and their details who are willing to compete in the election. The voters need to register themselves on the portal and the admin will validate their identity. Ahead of starting the elections by the admin, the voters can cast their votes through the comfort of their place without any need to travel to the election booths. After the casting of the votes by every participant voter, the admin will stop the elections and the winner will be displayed.

Security of electronic transaction over insecure communication channel is a challenging task that includes many critical areas as secure communication channel, strong data encryption technique and trusted third party to maintain the electronic database. The conventional methods of encryption in Secure Electronic Transaction can only maintain the data security. The confidential information of customer could be accessed by the unauthorized user for malicious purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to apply effective encryption methods to enhance data security as well as authentication of data communication. The multiple encryption technique provides sufficient security for electronic transactions over wireless network. In this research paper, the needs of multiple encryption technique in Secure Electronic Transaction are proposed to enhance the security of confidential data. This technique increases the data security in such a manner that unauthorized user can not access any part of information over wireless network as internet.

Technology integration has called for increased debates regarding data information security, especially around digital voting and the overall electronic electoral process. Most voters are concerned about election security attributed to reports about possible voting results interference by foreign powers, increased unauthorized voting, and voter disenfranchisement. This article examines the effect of data information security in digital voting and electoral processes. The paper aims to explore the main information security problems associated with electronic voting systems. The paper will explore integrating digital technology into the electoral process, elections security requirements, security threats to the DRE voting systems, and the security threats associated with internet voting systems. The paper will employ a qualitative research design for data collection and analysis. An extensive literature review showcases the current discussion regarding information security and its impact on the digital voting process.

Increasing digital technology has revolutionized the life of people. Unlike the electoral system, there are many conventional uses of paper in its implementation. The aspect of security and transparency is a threat from still widespread election with the conventional system (offline). General elections still use a centralized system, where in one organization manages it. Some of the problems that can occur in traditional electoral systems is with the organization that has full control over the database and system. It is possible to tamper with the database of considerable opportunities. Block chain technology is one of solutions; because it embraces a decentralized system and the entire database are owned by many users. Block chain itself has been used in the Bitcoin system known as the decentralized Bank system. By adopting block chain in the distribution of databases on e-voting systems one can reduce the cheating sources of database manipulation. This project aims to implement voting result using block chain algorithm from every place of election. Unlike Bitcoin with its Proof of Work, this will be a method based on a predetermined turn on the system for each node in the built of block chain.

The objective of this study is twofold; one, is to assess the impact of Technological Decentralization on Livestock Data Management and two, is to test the moderating effect of Blockchain Technology between Technological Decentralization and Livestock Data Management in Kenya. Technological Decentralization relate to the shift from concentrated distributed modes of technology governance while Blockchain Technology is a distributed encrypted database that serves as incorruptible repository of information. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design and questionnaires on a 5-poing likert scale to collect data from 361 respondents from institutions dealing with livestockrelated-data. All metrics for Technological Decentralization, Blockchain Technology and Livestock Data Management were analyzed. Hierarchical regression results show that Blockchain Technology positively and significantly moderates between Technological Decentralization and Livestock Data Management. Considering the value of livestock data, enhancing Technological Decentralization and adopting the use of Blockchain Technology, institutions and governments can have leverage on Livestock Data Management.

We propose a secure mobile Internet voting architecture based on the Sensus reference architecture and report the experiments carried out using short-term spectral features for realizing the voice biometric based authentication module of the architecture being proposed. The short-term spectral features investigated are Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Mel-Frequency Discrete Wavelet Coefficients (MFDWC), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), and Spectral Histogram of Oriented Gradients (SHOGs). The MFCC, MFDWC, and LPCC usually have higher dimensions that oftentimes lead to high computational complexity of the pattern matching algorithms in automatic speaker recognition systems. In this study, higher dimensions of each of the short-term features were reduced to an 81-element feature vector per Speaker using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm while neural network ensemble was utilized as the pattern matching algorithm. Out of the four short-term spec...

Blockchain technology, originating with Nakamoto's seminal whitepaper in 2008, has evolved into a transformative force, promising decentralized, transparent, and secure digital transactions. H impact of blockchain is accompanied by inherent scalability challenges that impede its widespread adoption and efficiency. This study conducts a comparative analysis of scalability challenges within prominent blockchain networks Ethereum, and Binance Smart Chain. Rooted in a holistic understanding of blockchain evolution, the analysis focuses on transaction throughput, latency, consensus mechanisms, network congestion, and resource utilization. mechanisms, serving a the implications of diverse mechanisms Proof to unravel their impact on transacti confirmation times and overall system efficiency. Balancing this congestion requires a nuanced understanding of network dynamics, block sizes, and transaction prioritizat memory, becomes a focal point for sustainable growth. The study scrutinizes the efficiency of resource allocation and its implications for scalability, acknowledging the delicate balan considerations. By juxtaposing these blockchain networks, the comparative analysis aims to discern patterns, evaluate the effectiveness of consensus mechanisms, and provide actionable insights to address scalab considerations underpin the study, ensuring responsible data usage, user privacy, and adherence to ethical standards in blockchain research. This exploration into scalability challenges within blockchain networks contributes to th discourse on decentralized technologies. The findings are poised to inform future developments, providing a roadmap for enhancing scalability while maintaining the core tenets of decentralization, security, and sustainability.

This paper illustrates the way a proposed quantum voting scheme can be designed in combination with a steganography technique called Least Significant Bit (LSB), by modifying a small number of pixels in multiple grayscale images. It combines the voting scheme with the novel enhanced quantum representation (NEQR) of an image, where the LSBs of these pixels represent the vote for each entity that takes part in the voting process. A server is also used, not only to count but also to guarantee the integrity of the votes (which is done inherently, by its design and quantum properties). The superdense coding circuit is part of the design, allowing each voter to use one qubit in order to transmit two classical bits (the vote value). The selected platform for testing this scheme is IBM Quantum Experience, together with the open-source framework called Qiskit (written in Python). This framework allows users to create various quantum circuits, using a wide selection of quantum gates, and then to simulate them, either on a simulator or on a real quantum device. The quantum circuits and the measurement results are also presented in this paper.

We propose a secure mobile Internet voting architecture based on the Sensus reference architecture and report the experiments carried out using short-term spectral features for realizing the voice biometric based authentication module of the architecture being proposed. The short-term spectral features investigated are Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Mel-Frequency Discrete Wavelet Coefficients (MFDWC), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC), and Spectral Histogram of Oriented Gradients (SHOGs). The MFCC, MFDWC, and LPCC usually have higher dimensions that oftentimes lead to high computational complexity of the pattern matching algorithms in automatic speaker recognition systems. In this study, higher dimensions of each of the short-term features were reduced to an 81-element feature vector per Speaker using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm while neural network ensemble was utilized as the pattern matching algorithm. Out of the four short-term spec...

A key component of democratic governance in modern countries is the election process. But due to worries about things like polling booth capturing, data manipulation, and vote rigging, a general mistrust in the electoral process has evolved. Because they put election data under the authority of outside organizations, both the traditional and computerized voting systems now in use lack the required transparency. Voters have few options to verify that election administrators will carefully and accurately count their votes due to a lack of openness. To create an electronic voting (e-voting) system that upholds the ideals of fairness and security, it is imperative to take advantage of developing technology, particularly blockchain. When correctly applied, blockchain technology's public distributed ledger holds the potential to make tampering almost impossible. In this regard, our research suggests a decentralized electronic voting system that makes use of blockchain technology as a remedy to deal with the aforementioned issues. Through the elimination of the possibility of centralized election control, this approach seeks to reduce the dangers connected with conventional election procedures and increase voter confidence. The suggested method offers a tamper-proof, transparent, verifiable, economical, and reliable voting process through the distribution of control across several governing and non-governing bodies. This paper examines the development and implementation of such a blockchain-based electronic voting system, shedding insight on how it may enhance the openness and accessibility of democratic elections in contemporary societies.

The implementation of a dependable and equitable decision-making process is of paramount importance and carries substantial influence within any organizational context. At present, decision-making procedures frequently depend on either traditional manual approaches or sophisticated technological resolutions. There are several challenges associated with these approaches, which encompass a dearth of transparency, low rates of participation, the possibility of manipulation, skepticism towards the decision-making body, counterfeiting of unique identification, prolonged delays in the dissemination of results, and significant security concerns. When contemplating the integration of a digital decision-making system, security throughout the entire process is invariably the foremost consideration. In light of the seriousness of the matters under consideration, it is indisputable that the system must ensure data security and prevent potential breaches. One plausible solution for mitigating these security challenges entails the utilization of blockchain technology. Blockchain, an implementation of decentralized ledger technology, enables the decentralized exchange of digital assets in a secure and transparent manner. In this regard, distributed ledger technology signifies a substantial progression; every block comprises an exhaustive ledger of every transaction. The defining features of blockchain technology are anonymity, decentralization, security, and transparency. The convergence of smart contracts and blockchain technology presents a profoundly auspicious prospect in the realm of constructing decision-making systems that place utmost importance on transparency, safety, and security. A prototype decision-making application was effectively developed and evaluated in this research endeavor by leveraging smart contracts on the Ethereum network. By integrating digital wallets, blockchain technology, and the Solidity programming language, this accomplishment was realized. A finite quantity of tokens, analogous to gas, is assigned to each user within their wallet. By depleting these tokens upon user participation in the decision-making process, duplicate actions are ensured to be prevented. In addition to examining the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain technology, the study presents a working prototype of a web application that is specifically engineered to optimize the process of making decisions. This highlights the intrinsic constraints of the system.

Traditional elections satisfy neither citizens nor political authorities in recent years. They are not fully secure since it is easy to attack votes. It threatens also privacy and transparency of voters. Additionally, it takes too much time to count the votes. This paper proposes a solution using Blockchain to eliminate all disadvantages of conventional elections. Security and data integrity of votes is absolutely provided theoretically. Voter privacy is another requirement that is ensured in the system. Lastly, waiting time for results decreased significantly in proposed Blockchain voting system.

One of the principal components for democracy government is election. It is the best approach to collect the public opinions to make a democratic government. The conventional process of election is truly complex, time consuming and has a weighty method in preparation and tallying phases. To tackle these challenges Electronic Voting System (EVS) is presented. EVS keeps on growing as world gets to be more reliable on the new innovations. EVS gives a great deal of profits than conventional voting frameworks. It tries to empower effective and secure elections. EVS is economical as its resources are reusable. Additionally it does not require any geographical presence of voters, and it gives better adaptability to vast elections. Meanwhile utilizing EVS must fulfill some security prerequisites, for example, verification, voter confidentiality, secrecy, and so forth. A novel framework is proposed for facilitating voting through android based mobile phones, we called it as "Secured Evo...

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the succession of its waves, the transmission of this disease and the number of deaths caused by it have been increasing. Despite the various vaccines, the COVID-19 virus is still contagious and dangerous for affected people. One of the remedies to this is precaution, and particularly social distancing. In the same vein, this paper proposes a remote voting system, which has to be secure, anonymous, irreversible, accessible, and simple to use. It therefore allows voters to have the possibility to vote for their candidate without having to perform the operation on site. This system will be used for university elections and particularly for student elections. We propose a platform based on a decentralized system. This system will use two blockchains communicating with each other: the public Ethereum blockchain and the private Quorum blockchain. The private blockchain will be institution-specific. All these blockchains send the necessary data ...

RESUMO: O presente artigo analisa o contexto atual do voto eletrônico no sistema eleitoral brasileiro e seus principais avanços e desafios. O trabalho destaca aspectos técnicos e operacionais, no que se refere à segurança dos equipamentos utilizados e ao processo de registro e apuração dos votos e, legais, no que se refere a princípios constitucionais e normativos. A metodologia, de natureza exploratóriodescritiva, envolveu pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Os resultados evidenciam avanços como a redução dos votos nulos e do tempo de apuração das eleições, mas também desafios como a capacidade dos partidos e entidades da sociedade civil de fiscalizarem o processo eleitoral e a possibilidade de realização de auditoria independente nas eleições. Conclui-se que o cenário evoluiu, mas ainda requer estudos e amplas discussões para se alcançar um nível de maturidade indiscutível dentro de preceitos técnicos e legais que assegurem o respeito à opinião do eleitor manifestada por meio do voto na indicação de seus representantes políticos. Palavras-chave: voto eletrônico; sistema eleitoral brasileiro; urna eletrônica.

Public Key-Kryptographie (oder asymmetrische Kryptographie) steht für Kryptosysteme (Verschlüsselung, Authentifizierung oder digitale Signaturen), bei denen die kommunizierenden Parteien zunächst keinen gemeinsamen geheimen Schlüssel besitzen. Ein solcher gemeinsamer Schlüssel wird in einem Schlüsselaustausch erzeugt, ohne dass ein Angreifer dazu in der Lage sein darf, diesen anhand der dabei veröffentlichten Kommunikation zu berechnen. Im Anschluss kann dieser Schlüssel dann beispielsweise zur Verschlüsselung oder für digitale Signaturen verwendet werden. Eine wichtige Grundlage für die Public Key-Kryptographie legten Diffie und Hellman 1976 [10]. Wollen zwei Parteien, wie üblich bezeichnet als Alice und Bob, einen gemeinsamen Schlüssel erzeugen, so wird die folgende Konstruktion vorgeschlagen. Wir wählen eine hinreichend große Primzahl p, sowie ein g 2 F p mit g 6 2 f0,1g, wobei F p den (bis auf Isomorphie) eindeutigen endlichen Körper mit p Elementen bezeichnet. Alice wählt nun einen geheimen Schlüssel (Private Key) a 2 F p nf0,1g, berechnet g a und sendet das Ergebnis als ihren öffentlichen Schlüssel (Public Key) an Bob. Bob verfährt analog und wählt ein geheimes b 2 F p nf0,1g, berechnet g b und sendet diesen Public Key an Alice. Alice kann dann aus Bobs Public Key und ihrem privaten Schlüssel .g b / a berechnen, und Bob berechnet .g a / b. Dabei gilt .g a / b D g ab D .g b / a , so dass dieser Rest als gemeinsamer Schlüssel verwendet werden kann. Das folgende Diagramm zeigt die Struktur des Schlüsselaustauschs. Alice Bob Öffentliche Parameter: p; g a 2 F p nf0,1g b 2 F p nf0,1g

E lections in a Western democracy are a very important case, but vast parts of citizens across the globe have no confidence in their democratic systems, this is a massive problem for democracy. Also the biggest economies in the world, such as India, the United States and Japan, are also struggling from a faulty democratic structure. Poll fraud, the theft of the EVM (electronic voting machine), the bribery of polls and the seizure of polling stations are the main problems with the new electoral method. In this research, we are researching the issues with the voting processes and attempting to develop the e-voting model that can fix certain issues. This research also attempts to analyze the use of blockchain to incorporate automated online voting systems as a software. The paper segment would illustrate several of the common blockchain systems that provide blockchain as a utility and related electronic e-voting mechanism that is focused on blockchain that fixes all shortcomings respec...

Several countries have been researching digital voting methods in order to overcome the challenges of paper balloting and physical voting. The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has compelled the remote implementation of existing systems and procedures. Online voting will ultimately become the norm just like unified payments interface (UPI) payments and online banking. With digital voting or electronic voting (e-voting) a small bug can cause massive vote rigging. E-voting must be honest, exact, safe, and simple. E-voting is vulnerable to malware, which can disrupt servers. Blockchain's end-to-end validation solves these problems. Three smart contracts-voter, candidate, and voting-are employed. The problem of fraudulent actions is addressed using vote coins. Vote coins indicate voter status. Sidechain technology complements blockchain. Sidechains improve blockchain functionality by performing operations outside of blockchains and delivering the results to the mainchain. Thus, storing the encrypted vote on the sidechain and using the decrypted result on the mainchain reduces cost. Building access control policies to grant only authorized users' access to the votes for counting is made simpler by this authorization paradigm. Results of the approach depict the proposed e-voting system improves system security against replay attacks and reduces the processing cost as well as processing time.

Smart contracts allow untrusting parties to arrange agreements encoded as code deployed on a blockchain platform. To release their potential, it is necessary to connect the contracts with the outside world, such that they can understand and use information from other infrastructures. However, there are many challenges associated with realizing such a system, and despite the existence of many proposals, no solution is secure, provides easily-parsable data, introduces small overheads, and is easy to deploy. In this paper, we propose Practical Data Feed Service (PDFS), a system that combines the advantages of the previous schemes and introduces new functionalities. PDFS extends content providers by including new features for data transparency and consistency validations. This combination provides multiple benefits like content which is easy to parse and efficient authenticity verification without breaking natural trust chains. PDFS keeps content providers auditable and mitigates their malicious activities (like data modification or censorship) and allows them to create a new business model. We show how PDFS is integrated with content providers, report on a PDFS implementation and present results from conducted experimental evaluations.

muestreo virtual en línea. Para este fin se utilizó la red social Facebook y se empleó como la herramienta metodológica denominada bola de nieve virtual, se aplicaron algunas pruebas piloto y dos campañas abiertas restringidas a la ubicación geográfica de Victoria de Durango, resultó un grupo de más de 13 mil personas que contestaron y 23 teletrabajadores localizados, con lo cual se pudo establecer un factor numérico que ayudó a calcular un universo aproximado de teletrabajadores en la Ciudad de Durango, esta información fue de utilidad para las posteriores fases del estudio integral. Palabras clave Teletrabajo; muestra oculta; muestreo online; redes sociales; teletrabajadores.

Increasing digital technology has revolutionized the life of people. Unlike the electoral system, there are many conventional uses of paper in its implementation. The aspect of security and transparency is a threat from still widespread election with the conventional system (offline). General elections still use a centralized system, where in one organization manages it. Some of the problems that can occur in traditional electoral systems is with the organization that has full control over the database and system. It is possible to tamper with the database of considerable opportunities. Block chain technology is one of solutions; because it embraces a decentralized system and the entire database are owned by many users. Block chain itself has been used in the Bitcoin system known as the decentralized Bank system. By adopting block chain in the distribution of databases on e-voting systems one can reduce the cheating sources of database manipulation. This project aims to implement voting result using block chain algorithm from every place of election. Unlike Bitcoin with its Proof of Work, this will be a method based on a predetermined turn on the system for each node in the built of block chain.

The study sought to discover the experiences of the thirty-five school young leaders of East Bayugan District who attended the capacity development activity. The research used descriptive qualitative design. Data were processed using content analysis. The Information Integration Theory that takes the process of valuation, integration, and response was validated based on the experiences of the respondents.

This article explores how technology has reduced electoral malpractices such as ballot stuffing, voting by proxy, result collation manipulations and over-voting in Nigeria's 2019 and 2023 elections. It further highlights the strength, challenges and possible recommendations. The Nigerian Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has embraced innovative technologies to improve election administration and conduct. These include: INEC Voter Enrolment Device (IVED), Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS), INEC Result Viewing (IReV), Collation Support and Result Verification System (CSRVS), and political party and observer online nomination and accreditation platforms. Studies show that in each election cycle, INEC's technological capabilities advanced to match international standards as it deployed novel technologies. Results show that the above technologies have reduced multiple registrations; multiple voting and a drastic reduction in manipulation of election results at collation centres. ICT has helped Nigeria to minimise electoral fraud and create credible elections for the sustenance of democracy.

Allowin Toffel in his book 'Third Wave' had described the third revolutions that have witnessed namely the agrarian revolution, industrial revolution and the computer revolution. But now we are in the age of convergence which emphasizes communication at a faster speed. Electronics and electronic gadgets have assumed a greater significance in this era of speed and accuracy. One such electronic device is the EVM 1 (electronic voting machine). It is a simple electronic device which records votes in place of ballot papers and boxes which were used earlier. In India it was first used in 1982 at Parur assemble constituency at Kerala on 50 polling stations. It can be used without electricity as it runs on alkaline battery. This machine is microprocessor based, such an EVM can record maximum 3,480 votes. However there are situations where preferential voting is used. Traditional EVM cannot be directly used for this purpose. In this paper we present the design and construction of an EVM intended for use in preferential voting. The EPVM (Electronic Preferential Voting Machine) is designed keeping in view the preferential voting system of Dr. BAMU. The firmware of the EPVM can be modified to suit other preferential Voting Systems that are different from this.

The European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO, www.eudo.eu) is an independent and interdisciplinary organisation fully-integrated within the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS) at the European University Institute. Its declared goals are: to translate scientific and academic research on the key issues of European democracy into policy relevant and publicly-understandable outputs, to produce a permanent and periodic evaluation of democratic practices within the EU and to develop practical suggestions for improving democratic performance in the EU. EUDO wants to serve as a forum where research results, experiences, ideas, and good practices can be exchanged between scholars and policy-makers. The mission of EUDO is above all to gather documentation and data, to provide basic and applied research reports for EU institutions, and to foster dialogue between policy-makers, academics and EU citizens.

Classical cryptography with complex computations has recently been utilized in the latest computing systems to create secret keys. However, systems can be breached by fast-measuring methods of the secret key; this approach does not offer adequate protection when depending on the computational complexity alone. The laws of physics for communication purposes are used in quantum computing, enabling new computing concepts to be introduced, particularly in cryptography and key distribution. This paper proposes a quantum computing lattice (CQL) mechanism that applies the BB84 protocol to generate a quantum key. The generated key and a one-time pad encryption method are used to encrypt the message. Then Babai's algorithm is applied to the ciphertext to find the closet vector problem within the lattice. As a result, quantum computing concepts are used with classical encryption methods to find the closet vector problem in a lattice, providing strength encryption to generate the key. The proposed approach is demonstrated a high calculation speed when using quantum computing.

We study the liquid democracy problem, where each voter can either directly vote to a candidate or delegate his voting power to a proxy. We consider the implementation of liquid democracy on the blockchain through Ethereum smart contract and to be compatible with the realtime self-tallying property, where the contract itself can record ballots and update voting status upon receiving each voting massage. A challenge comes due to the gas fee limitation of Ethereum mainnet, that the number of instruction for processing a voting massage can not exceed a certain amount, which restrict the application scenario with respect to algorithms whose time complexity is linear to the number of voters. We propose a fast algorithm to overcome the challenge, such that i) shifts the on-chain initialization to off-chain and ii) the on-chain complexity for processing each voting massage is O(\log n), where n is the number of voters.

Blockchain technology can be used in all areas of our lives because it is a transparent and reliable database. On the other hand, electronic voting systems are becoming an electoral system that has become widespread worldwide. As a result of the combination of electronic voting systems with blockchain technology, it is possible to perform the voting process more reliable and faster. In this study, the advantages of blockchain-based electronic voting systems were examined. A simple electronic voting system has been set up to better understand the voting system, and what is needed here is examined. Blockchain technology is very important to ensure the reliability of systems. This study shows that elections can be made more reliable by using a blockchain-based electronic voting system. As a result, this article allows the use of the new and increasingly popular blockchain technology in the electronic voting system.

Democracy depends on a large portion of voter’s trust in the integrity
of the process of electing their representatives. Thus, voting schemes need to be transparent and still guarantee the secrecy of the vote to ensure the integrity of elections. In this article, we propose a voting scheme using homomorphic encryption and commitment schemes. The system holds not only the confidentiality of the voters’ vote but also to allow them to audit the outcome of the election. The experimental results show that the system performs well for elections with small numbers of voters.

Mesmo após anos de implantação e evolução do voto eletrônico, as urnas eletrônicas continuam sendo alvo crescente de críticas, tanto por parte de especialistas em segurança da informação quanto pela sociedade. Os principais desa os no uso desse tipo de urnas são garantir a transparência, a auditabilidade e a con abilidade do sistema de votação, ao mesmo tempo em que garante-se também a integridade, a con dencialidade e a privacidade dos votos. No sistema brasileiro, entretanto, os principais pontos criticados são exatamente a pouca transparência e a restrita auditabilidade das urnas, que nos poucos casos em que foram concedidos à sociedade civil fora de períodos eleitorais, levaram a descobertas de falhas de segurança. Não é surpresa, portanto, que isso, somado à atual impossibilidade de se auditar os resultados eleitorais, coloque em cheque a con abilidade no sistema. Neste survey, nós apresentamos e analisamos a evolução dos sistemas de votação eletrônica com o objetivo de criar uma linha do tempo e discutir falhas de seguranças e desa os em aberto. Também identi camos e discutimos questões importantes a serem respondidas para que um sistema baseado em urnas eletrônicas possa, de fato, ser um dos principais mecanismos de eleição de representantes em uma democracia.

The implementation of advanced technologies in elections becomes more effective, beneficial and valuable to eliminate the fraud attempts in voting, to get accurate voting results and to raise the voter turnout.
This is a project proposal document for developing a Web-based Campus Social Election Platform to handle campus elections and have a social aspect to allow engagement between candidates and students/voters of Zetech University to ease voting by students during school elections. It consists of the current background of the manual voting system and problems associated with it and how we are going to overcome them through my proposed system.
After gathering requirements, we have found out that Zetech University students use manual voting system which is accompanied by serious problems e.g., Wasting the entire day on voting lines due to high population, not knowing the candidates who are vying for those posts, candidates having to walk from class to class in order to publicise their agendas, ridging, inadequate voting materials, inexperienced personnel etc.
This online voting/polling system seeks to address the above issues. It should be noted that with this system in place, the users, students in this case shall be given ample time during the voting period. They shall also be trained on how to vote online before the election time.
The project is aimed to build a fully functional system; utilising current technology stacks namely: Angular, Django, Rest Framework, Docker, Cloud Computing, Redis, Engine X in order to achieve efficiency in online voting. The overall mission is to allow students to vote anywhere in the world with ease and interact in real-time with candidates.
Keywords: CSEP, Online Voting, Electronic Voting, Democracy, Voting System, Database

Advances in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) have impacted the society in many ways. Be it education, healthcare, media or governance, the transformation is visible. As individual entities like education or healthcare systems have already implemented ICT to certain extent, e-governance is yet to make a significant progress even though several initiatives are undertaken. E-governance means activities like voting, administration, financial transaction etc., are enabled using automation systems. This paper discusses one part of the e-governance; e-voting. As evoting empowers government, there are lot of challenges in implementing the e-voting system considering security threats and confidentiality involved in it. Online voting (e-voting) needs to be deployed as more convenient, relatively secure and less resource consuming system. E-voting system should ensure convenience for people to be able to access the system from personal or public computer with security and confidentiality. The presence of e-voting system with all the necessary security measures and convenience can be a potential solution for low voter turnout at the polls. The presented work demonstrates an online e-voting prototype system called SecureV. The proposed model achieves specific tasks namely, maintaining the anonymity of the voter, encryption of the vote, integrity check and avoids second time voting.