Secure Communication

With the advent into the 20 th century whole world has been facing the common dilemma of Terrorism. The suicide attacks on US twin towers 11 Sept. 2001, Train bombings in Madrid Spain 11 Mar. 2004, London bombings 7 Jul. 2005 and Mumbai attack 26 Nov. 2008 were some of the most disturbing, destructive and evil acts by terrorists in the last decade which has clearly shown their evil intent that they can go to any extent to accomplish their goals. Many terrorist organizations such as al Quaida, Harakat ul-Mujahidin, Hezbollah, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Lashkar-e-Toiba, etc. are carrying out training camps and terrorist operations which are accompanied with latest technology and high tech arsenal. To counter such terrorism our military is in need of advanced defense technology. One of the major issues of concern is secure communication. It has to be made sure that communication between different military forces is secure so that critical information is not leaked to the adversary. Military forces need secure communication to shield their confidential data from terrorist forces. Leakage of concerned data can prove hazardous, thus preservation and security is of prime importance. There may be a need to perform computations that require data from many military forces, but in some cases the associated forces would not want to reveal their data to other forces. In such situations Secure Multi-party Computations find their application. In this paper, we propose a new highly scalable Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC) protocol and algorithm for Defense applications which can be used to perform computation on encrypted data. Every party encrypts their data in accordance with a particular scheme. This encrypted data is distributed among some created virtual parties. These Virtual parties send their data to the TTP through an Anonymizer layer. TTP performs computation on encrypted data and announces the result. As the data sent was encrypted its actual value can't be known by TTP and with the use of Anonymizers we have covered the identity of true source of data. Modifier tokens are generated along encryption of data which are distributed among virtual parties, then sent to TTP and finally used in the computation. Thus without revealing the data, right result can be computed and privacy of the parties is maintained. We have also given a probabilistic security analysis of hacking the protocol and shown how zero hacking security can be achieved.

The future of the automotive industry mainly depended on renewable energy because of the lack of fossil fuel. Due to the lack of fossil fuel and pollution arises due to fossil fuel; introduce a new path for the automotive world. The electric-powered vehicle is one of them. Properties of a lithium-ion battery are very higher than other batteries so that it should be controlled and maintained properly to achieve its maximum performance. This paper investigate the design and thermal analysis of lithium ion battery for electrical/ hybrid vehicles application. The Ansys 19.3 software used to analysis the performance of the model. Simulation results shows improvement in the proposed model in terms of the optimized parameters. IndexTerms Lithium Battery, ANSYS, Vehicle, Temperature, Thermal, Power, Material.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are large scale networks of unattended devices, aimed at monitoring environmental parameters. Their extremely scarce hardware resources constitute a huge limitation to the use of standard security protocols to secure communications, so that custom ones must be designed. In this article we describe the development of a novel access control system for WSN based on a distributed threshold scheme. Our model gives support for mobility and limits the needed communication and consequent energy drain, which is a fundamental parameter for the lifetime of WSN.

A nontraditional mechanism of tunneling at macroscopic distances is proposed for a wave packet localized in a one-dimensional disordered potential with mirror symmetry, V͑-x͒ = V͑x͒. Unlike quantum tunneling through a regular potential barrier, which occurs only at the energies lower than the barrier height, the proposed mechanism of tunneling exists even for weak white-noise-like scattering potentials. It also exists in classical circuits of resonant contours with random resonant frequencies. The latter property may be used as a new method of secure communication, which does not require coding and decoding of the transmitting signal.

This paper presents a security scheme for a medium access control protocol in a new wireless local area network AULWAN (Aden University laboratory WLAN). The design objective has been to develop a security scheme that will be scalable for various needs and offer high security for demanding applications. The designed security scheme provides both privacy of wireless data communications and the authenticity of communicating parties, Our authentication scheme allows also the communicating entities to establish a shared secret key for secure communication session . Data security schemes have also been introduced .There are three optional data security modes that offer flexible ciphering and data security level.

Face-to-Face (F2F) Auth is a multi-party environmental authentication system designed to safeguard highly sensitive operations by leveraging smartphone communication capabilities and environmental conditions. This paper presents the design, security analysis, and potential extensions of F2F Auth. The system utilizes Near-Field Communication (NFC) technology for peer authentication, requiring physical presence and explicit approval from another user. The provisioning process registers devices with the authentication server, ensuring secure key management. Realms are introduced to scope user authentication within defined groups. The analysis highlights F2F Auth's security advantages, such as mitigating physical and network risks, simplicity of use, and resilience against compromised devices. Threat models, including malicious user coercion and device compromise, are evaluated along with potential countermeasures. Future work includes enhancing authentication security, implementing action parameters, refining domain scoping, and addressing UI deception attacks. F2F Auth offers a robust solution for multi-party environmental authentication in highassurance systems, with potential applications in various domains requiring stringent security measures.

Multi-robot systems (MRS) are groups of robots that coordinate to complete a given task. In communication-based systems, the integrity of the information shared between robots becomes highly important as any security threat due to a malicious node in the system can cause a chain reaction to compromise the entire system. This paper proposes a hybridized blockchain model-based architecture (HBMA) built on robot operating system (ROS) which offers a semi-decentralized environment into which any communication-based algorithm can be plugged in. A security monitoring system is also provided with the architecture that identifies and shuts down malicious robots while also sending out alerts about the threat. This architecture is used to create secured, coupled approaches to localization of multi-robots and multi-robot path planning. This approach is validated on both physical robots and simulations run on ROS.

Secure communication requires message authentication. In this paper we address the problem of how to authenticate quantum information sent through a quantum channel between two communicating parties with the minimum amount of resources. Specifically, our objective is to determine whether one elementary quantum message (a qubit) can be authenticated with a key of minimum length. We show that, unlike the case of classical-message quantum authentication, this is not possible.

Privacy is gaining importance since more and more data becomes digitalized. There is also a growing interest from the security community because of the existing synergy between security and privacy. Unfortunately, the privacy development life cycle is less advanced than the security one. A clear classification into different objectives is not available yet. This paper attempts to scope the privacy landscape for software engineering by proposing an operational definition for privacy and by describing a privacy taxonomy. The taxonomy is rooted in the definition and presents a classification of privacy objectives, which correspond to the developer's goals. Each objective can be achieved by one or more strategies. As a validation for the taxonomy, existing privacy solutions are matched to each strategy.

Internet of Things (IoT) provides an imminent floor to exchange information and enhance communication technology using embedded devices that are too sophisticated daily and deployed in diverse fields of life. The colossal volume of sensors employed within IoT application leads to disperse an enormous amount of data in the open air. The rudimentary facet of IoT enabled technologies having the pitfall, security. It is a practical problem in terms of networking, application and communication. Since the resource constraint feature of IoT enabled technology, both security and efficiency can be balanced. The effective algorithm builds over Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provides an effective solution due to its small key size. The sensor node in this scheme is incorporated with TPM to protect the system in crucial IoT applications. In this proposed work, a three-way authentication factor with key agreement protocol proposed with consecutive phases such as registration, login, authentication, and access control. The security assessment of the proposed scheme with diverse attacks are elaborated and the computation overhead compared with related schemes.

The web of things is one of the most important innovations of modern technology. It aims to connect billions of devices, resulting in a vast number of contacts between devices and a huge volume of data. On the other hand, there are many security challenges to protect this information from risk exposure. It's crucial to note that these devices are compact and use very little power. As a consequence, using several rounds of data encryption would be exceedingly difficult and costly. Moreover, when fewer complex computations are used, integrity may be compromised. So, in this paper, a lightweight encryption algorithm called (L.W.A.E.S) is proposed. The proposed algorithm aims to achieve the highest speed in Cryptography (Encryption/Decryption) and reducing computational complexity. The MixColumns stage of the A.E.S algorithm is the most computationally challenging. So, it takes up the bulk of the time spent encrypting and decrypting data. The stage of MixColumns has been replaced by simple SHIFT processes in the proposed algorithm. It took just 1-8 s from the starting of the sensors' reading to the moment they were collected for the customer. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm (L.W.A.E.S) provides suitable security, the encryption techniques speed, low computational complexity, and lightweight in the manner of storage.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary communication technology that promises ultimate security assurance by exploiting the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In this work, we report design and development of a fully automated interbuilding QKD framework for generation and distribution of cryptographic keys, securely and seamlessly, by executing weak coherent pulse based BB84 protocol. This framework is experimentally validated by establishing a quantum communication link between two buildings separated by 300m of free-space atmospheric channel. A novel synchronization technique enabled with indigenous NavIC (IRNSS) constellation is developed and implemented. This QKD system demonstrates generation of secure key rate as high as 300 Kbps with QBER< 3% for mean photon no. per pulse (µ) of 0.15. The intercept-resend eavesdropping attack has been emulated within the system and evaluated during experiment. A novel quantum secured end-to-end encrypted video calling app (QuViC) is also developed and integrated with QKD framework to demonstrate unconditionally secure two-way communication over Ethernet, functioning alongside with quantum communication. 1

In recent years, chaotic synchronization has received a lot of interest in applications in different fields, including in the design of private and secure communication systems. The purpose of this paper was to achieve the synchronization of the Méndez–Arellano–Cruz–Martínez (MACM) 3D chaotic system coupled in star topology. The MACM electronic circuit is used as chaotic nodes in the communication channels to achieve synchronization in the proposed star network; the corresponding electrical hardware in the slave stages receives the coupling signal from the master node. In addition, a novel application to the digital image encryption process is proposed using the coupled-star-network; and the switching parameter technique is finally used to transmit an image as an encrypted message from the master node to the slave coupled nodes. Finally, the cryptosystem is submitted to statistical tests in order to show the effectiveness in multi-user secure image applications.

Abstract - In an age of swift progress in data collection and
analysis, ethical considerations are crucial for maintaining
the integrity and accountability of research practices. To
prevent skewed results and misinformation among
stakeholders, researchers must avoid selective reporting or
data manipulation, upholding their ethical obligation to
report data accurately and transparently. This research
report explores data ethics from 2019 to 2024, highlighting
critical challenges in balancing technological advancement
with ethical principles across healthcare, research, and
digital environments. The study reveals significant gaps in
current practices by examining informed consent, privacy,
algorithmic bias, and data sovereignty which calls for more
comprehensive approaches to data governance.
Keywords: Ethics, Digital Data, Eligibility criteria, informed
consent

This paper describes enhancing secure communication-based on secret sharing using Chinese remainder theorem and integral transform. Some of the secure electronic devices are trying to combine a different kind of services through this providing a secure communication between nodes by securing the information which is sent by the sender to the receiver for better communication. For the better communication, it uses secure key, and for a secure key, it uses an efficient algorithm for encrypting and decrypting the message. Integral transform used of encryption of plain text using symmetric encryption key used both sender and receiver shared among user by Chinese remainder theorem. For decryption process, it uses inverse integral transform. So the key factors behind the secure information communication are algorithm used for encrypting and decrypting the data and the key used in the algorithm. To provide a secure communication of information, we need a good encryption algorithm and the strong secret key sharing technique.

Stealthiness can be described as a disposition to be sly and to do things surreptitiously. This paper presents a new architecture for flexible and secure networking in battlefields that enables stealthy and covert communication in the presence of node mobility. Our architecture is based on the combination of optical (fiber) and wireless links. Our objective is to be able to carry on undeterred communication without the attack/eavesdropping nodes being able to detect the presence of any communication. This objective is not only crucial for successful completion of the operation, but also for the safety of our mobile nodes, by not giving out their locations. We combine the advantages of optical links, such as high bandwidth, low delays, low error rates, good security, with the advantages of wireless links, such as mobility and flexibility, along with directional antennas for communication. From security point of view, we also assume presence of red zones, which are the ones controlled by the adversary or where the adversary can trace wireless activities.

In this article we present a survey of secure ad hoc routing protocols for mobile wireless networks. A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of nodes that is connected through a wireless medium forming rapidly changing topologies. The widely accepted existing routing protocols designed to accommodate the needs of such self-organized networks do not address possible threats aiming at the disruption of the protocol itself. The assumption of a trusted environment is not one that can be realistically expected; hence, several efforts have been made toward the design of a secure and robust routing protocol for ad hoc networks. We briefly present the most popular protocols that follow the table-driven and the source-initiated on-demand approaches. Based on this discussion we then formulate the threat model for ad hoc routing and present several specific attacks that can target the operation of a protocol. In order to analyze the proposed secure ad hoc routing protocols in a structured way we have classified them into five categories: solutions based on asymmetric cryptography; solutions based on symmetric cryptography; hybrid solutions; reputation-based solutions; and a category of add-on mechanisms that satisfy specific security requirements. A comparison between these solutions can provide the basis for future research in this rapidly evolving area.

One of the critical security issues of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is the revocation of misbehaving vehicles. While essential, revocation checking can leak potentially sensitive information. Road Side Units (RSUs) receiving the certificate status queries could infer the identity of the vehicles posing the query. An important loss of privacy results from the RSUs ability to tie the checking vehicle with the query's target. We propose a Privacy Preserving Revocation mechanism (PPREM) based on a universal one-way accumulator. PPREM provides explicit, concise, authenticated and unforgeable information about the revocation status of each certificate while preserving the users' privacy.

We present a practical and provably-secure multinode communication scheme in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The scheme is based on a random scheduling approach that hides the identity of the transmitter from the eavesdropper. This random scheduling leads to ambiguity at the eavesdropper with regard to the origin of the transmitted frame. We present the details of the technique and analyze it to quantify the secrecyfairness-overhead trade-off. Implementation of the scheme over Crossbow Telosb motes, equipped with CC2420 radio chips, shows that the scheme can achieve significant secrecy gain with vanishing outage probability. In addition, it has significant overhead advantage over direct extensions to two-nodes schemes. The technique also has the advantage of allowing inactive nodes to leverage sleep mode to further save energy.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) prevails as the next 4 th generation of mobile communications. Hybrid satellite and terrestrial LTE network takes advantages from the large satellite coverage for several emergency applications, such as providing civil security communications. In this paper we propose a LTE architecture partly composed of an integrated component with satellite backhaul on the LTE-S1 interface. Since ensuring seamless communications is essential in LTE, we describe an optimization of the handover mechanism adapted to this specific architecture. This paper focuses on the handover between an eNB with a satellite S1 interface and an eNB with a standard terrestrial S1 interface.

In this study, two coupled chaotic oscillators composed of RC circuits are investigated. We carry out computer simulations and circuit experiments and observe both in-phase synchronization and anti-phase synchronization. Moreover, when we change the coupling strength between oscillators, we observe a change in synchronization state.

It has been recently investigated that the jerk dynamical systems are the simplest ever systems, which possess variety of dynamical behaviors including chaotic motion. Interestingly, the jerk dynamical systems also describe various phenomena in physics and engineering such as electrical circuits, mechanical oscillators, laser physics, solar wind driven magnetosphere ionosphere (WINDMI) model, damped harmonic oscillator driven by nonlinear memory term,

With the inception of IPv6 it is possible to assign a unique ID to each device on planet. Recently, wireless sensor networks and traditional IP networks are more tightly integrated using IPv6 and 6LoWPAN. Real-world deployments of WSN demand secure communication. The receiver should be able to verify that sensor data is generated by trusted nodes and/or it may also be necessary to encrypt sensor data in transit. Available IPv6 protocol stacks can use IPsec to secure data exchanges. Thus, it is desirable to extend 6LoWPAN such that IPsec communication with IPv6 nodes is possible. It is beneficial to use IPsec because the existing end-points on the Internet do not need to be modified to communicate securely with the WSN. Moreover, using IPsec, true end-to-end security is implemented and the need for a trustworthy gateway is removed. In this demo we will show the usage of our implemented lightweight IPsec. We will show how IPsec ensures end-toend security between an IP enabled sensor networks and the traditional Internet. This is the first compressed lightweight design, implementation, and evaluation of a 6LoWPAN extension for IPsec. This demo complements the full paper that will appear in the parent conference, DCOSS'11.

This paper provides a holistic perspective of security and governance in large microservices setups with a comprehensive view into securing your APIs. The growth of microservices architectures has made API security management critical for ensuring uptime, safeguarding sensitive data, and preventing security breaches. This study sheds light on the captive API management market, highlighting various service leverages such as traffic control, authentication, and authorization made possible by API gateways. We will also touch on rate-limiting best practices for protecting against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and endeavours to stop people from abusing your API resources. This post demonstrated how to secure inter-service communication by applying mutual TLS (mTLS) and OAuth2 protocols to guarantee encrypted and authenticated data exchange between microservices. It concludes by examining challenges in striking the right performance-security balance in dynamic environments and a brief outlook on future API security strategies.

The Cloud-Based Secured Connection Management Model (CS-CMM) for high-density fog networks is a novel approach that leverages cloud resources and the proliferation of computing power at the edge of networks. The model seeks to address the challenges encountered when managing large FoNets of numerous devices. The proposed model uses encrypted and secure connections between devices and the cloud infrastructure. This allows for comprehensive and secure management of nodes, devices, and links. The proposed model utilizes shared communication channels to allow for optimal utilization of connectivity resources, and to reduce the latency of communication. The model also utilizes secure protocols for distributed computing and secure communication, ensuring end-to-end security for all nodes. The proposed model employs self-organizing algorithms and adaptive techniques to enable rapid adaptation to changes in network density and topology. This model provides a secure, efficient, and reliable means of managing high-density fog networks.

For corporations or individuals who wish to protect the confidentiality of their data across computer networks, network-layer encryption offers an efficient and proven method for preserving data privacy. Network layer encryption such as IPSec is more flexible than higher layer solutions since it is not application-dependent and can protect all end-to-end traffics that go between two hosts. Using IPSec, two hosts must first establish a session key through message exchanges before they can communicate. In this paper, we present an Identity Based Encryption (IBE) scheme that allows a host to calculate the per-packet encryption key based on the IP address of the destination host, without going through the expensive key exchange process as in IPSec. Our mechanism is compatible with the current IP protocol and we tested our scheme with live HTTP and ICMP traffic. Our results show that our protocol provides a zero-configuration network layer encryption solution for end-to-end secure communications that is ideal for consumer electronics applications.

Free-Space Optical (FSO) communication provides very large bandwidth, relatively low cost, low power, low mass of implementation, and improved security when compared to conventional Free-Space Radio-Frequency (FSRF) systems. In this paper, we demonstrate a communication protocol that demonstrates improved security and longer-range FSO communication, compared to existing FSO security techniques, such as N-slit interferometers. The protocol integrates chaotic communications with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) techniques. A Lorenz chaotic system, which is inherently secure and auto-synchronized, is utilized for secure data communications over a classical channel, while QKD is used to exchange crucial chaotic system parameters over a secure quantum channel. We also provide a concept of operations for a NASA mission combining chaotic communications and QKD operating synergistically in an end-to-end space communications link. The experimental simulation results and analysis are favorable towards our approach.

Edge computing has significantly enhanced the capabilities of cloud computing. Edge data-centres are used for storing data of the end-user devices. Secure communication between the legitimate edge data-centres during the load balancing process has attracted industrial and academic researchers. Recently, Puthal et al. have proposed a technique for authenticating edge datacenters to enable secure load balancing. However, the resource-constraint nature of the edge data-centres is ignored. The scheme is characterized by complex computation and memory intensive cryptographic protocol. It is also vulnerable to key escrow attack because the secret key used for encrypting and decrypting of the communicated messages is been created by the trusted cloud datacenter. Additionally, the key sharing phase of their algorithm is complex. Therefore, to address the highlighted challenges, this paper proposed a lightweight key escrow-less authentication algorithm that will ensure secure communication o...

The work proposed in this paper discusses improving the performance of Electric Vehicles (EVs). EVs use Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors, which are driven by the rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries are used in EVs. The present technology can cover a distance of around 340 kilometers in a single charge of the battery module. The present Battery Management System (BMS) is focusing on the thermal aspects for improving the performance of the battery. It is possible to further enhance the performance of the battery module exploiting the electrochemical properties of the batteries. The two important properties of an electrochemical battery are the Recovery effect and Rate Capacity effect. Experiments conducted earlier on other loads have shown an improvement in the discharging efficiency of the battery, which has a direct impact on the battery lifetime. This would further increase the distance covered by the EV for a single charge.

In this digital era, a huge amount of digital data is being generated, transmitted, and stored over the network. Images are widely searched, shared and uploaded which make them more vulnerable to the attackers. Therefore, image encryption has become the most widespread form of secure image communication. In recent past, a range of chaotic encryption schemes have been proposed for image encryption which suffers from low key space and high computational overhead. In this paper, the authors have proposed a secure image encryption technique based on 2D Baker's map. In the proposed scheme a plain image is permuted first, based on a sequence of pseudo random number generated by 2D Baker's map followed by diffusion process based on XORing. The strength of the proposed scheme is analyzed using the most well-known security test measures like NPCR, MSE, PSNR, UACI, correlation coefficient, Entropy etc. and the results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is resistive to various types of known attacks. The scheme runs on comparatively low computational overhead. Further, the results are compared with existing schemes.

Signal processing applications dealing with secure transmission are enjoying increasing attention lately. This paper provides some theoretical insights as well as a practical solution for transmitting a hash of an image to a central server to be compared with a reference image. The proposed solution employs a rigid image registration technique viewed in a distributed source coding perspective. In essence, it embodies a phase encoding framework to let the decoder estimate the transformation parameters using a very modest amount of information about the original image. The problem is first cast in an ideal setting and then it is solved in a realistic scenario, giving more prominence to low computational complexity in both the transmitter and receiver, minimal hash size, and hash security. Satisfactory experimental results are reported on a standard images set.

Time-reversal methods have attracted increasing interest recently. The so-called computational time-reversal approach creates an image of the illuminated scene by computing the back-propagated field and is useful for detecting and estimating targets in the scene. In Shi and Nehorai ["Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Point Scatterers for Computational Time-Reversal Imaging," Communications in Information and Systems, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 227-256, 2005], we estimated point scatterers by maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) using the Born-approximated physical model, as well as the Foldy-Lax model. In this correspondence, we further find an explicit relationship between energy-based basic time-reversal imaging and the MLE approach: the time-reversal imaging function differs by only a scaling factor from the likelihood imaging function using the estimated scattering potential when a single-scatterer model is employed. Furthermore, this scaling factor is a function of the imaging position only. We show that, as a result, time-reversal imaging has a near-far problem that tends to produce a weaker image for areas further away from the imaging arrays, whereas the MLE-based image is more balanced. Experimental results confirm this conclusion.

When developing security and privacy policy, technical solutions, and research for end users, assumptions about end users' financial means and technology use situations often fail to take users' income status into account. This means that the status quo may marginalize those affected by poverty in security and privacy, and exacerbate inequalities. To enable more equitable security and privacy for all, it is crucial to understand the overall situation of low income users, their security and privacy concerns, perceptions, behaviors, and challenges. In this paper, we report on a semi-structured, in-depth interview study with low income users living in Germany (n = 28) which we understand as a case study for the growing number of low income users in global north countries. We find that low income end users may be literate regarding technology use and possess solid basic knowledge about security and privacy, and generally show awareness of security and privacy threats and risks. Despite these resources, we also find that low income users are driven to poor security and privacy practices like using an untrusted cloud due to little storage space, and relying on old, broken, or used hardware. Additionally we find the mindset of a-potentially false-sense of security and privacy because through attacking them, there is "not much to get". Based on our findings, we discuss how the usable security and privacy research community can expand comprehension about diverse end users, increase awareness and design for the specific situation of low income users, and should take more vulnerable groups into account.

Wireless Sensor Network is a network consisting of tiny and limited power sensor nodes communicate wirelessly and being deployed at any random places. The unique feature of Wireless Sensor Networks that enable continuous data collection and monitoring has accelerate the development of sensor network related applications ranging from non-sensitive to highly sensitive data applications. However, due to its ability to work without human intervention, the sensor nodes are susceptible to clone nodes types of attacks. These will then leads to worst consequences which is false message. Therefore secure communication is no more enough in Wireless Sensor Network Environment. This paper present a rigorous research work in the development of a lightweight trusted authentication protocol for wireless embedded devices in the Wireless Sensor Networks environment. The term trust in this research work is based on trusted Computing Group definition and therefore the development start from the sensor...

Security problems related to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has directly influenced the credibility of WSN applications and its services. With the advancement and demand in the WSN applications such as in military, structural health monitoring, transportation, agriculture, smart home and many more, the system stands to be exposed to too many potential threats. Currently, WSN systems has mainly relied on software based security for protection against breach of systems and data integrity. As WSN systems become more ubiquitous, software based security is regarded as no more sufficient for WSN applications. This paper discusses security issues in WSN area and reviews work done on hardware base security. Based on the preliminary works that have been carried out, Trusted Platform Module (TPM) initiatives by Trusted Computing Groups (TCG) together with Trusted Zone technologies by ARM are seen as possible approaches toward better security implementation in WSN. Finally, this paper proposes new embedded security implementation utilizing 32-bit ARM11 processor with trustzone features to enhance the integrity of the sensor node platform.

Our society is hugely dependent on encryption of messages for secure transactions, such as in banking. However, most popular key-based encryption schemes are vulnerable to interception. If the interceptor is equipped with adequate computational power, he may be able to decrypt the message and access it. The rapid development of quantum computing with its enormous computational power can make the current schemes susceptible in the post-quantum era. Research is underway to develop quantum-resistant algorithms and associated hardware. All these methods rely on replacement of the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) based encryption methods. In this paper, it is proposed that a simple method which can be implemented by currently available hardware would involve concealing the identity of the Sender and the Receiver. A novel schema where the addresses of the Sender and Receiver are hashed, and the message is encrypted using any standard encryption algorithm, can be quantum-safe. Even if an attacker equipped with adequate computational power can intercept and read the encrypted message, in the proposed system the identities of the Sender and Receiver remain anonymous. If a message is intercepted without information about who the Sender and Receiver are, it is as good as secure. The use of a hash algorithm is also an attempt to protect communication in the post-quantum era by making it more difficult to unscramble hashed data.

Data security and secure communication is one of the most important issues of today. In this study, a quantum-based method for secure communication is proposed. In the proposed method, the necessary secret key in communication is generated locally by each participant through quantum gates. The quantum gates are taught by using quantum reinforcement learning (QRL). Proposed study is simulated using the Qiskit library for Python. Proposed study performs the learning action with an accuracy of 87.95% for 195 gates, 85.47% for 128 gates, 83.59% for 64 gates, 76.25% for 32 gates. As the key size increases, the performance of the method increases. The participants don’t share the secret key in the presented method. Thus, the communication becomes more secure. In the study, the method is also examined in terms of security. Security analysis shows that the proposed method provide secure communication.

This paper presents a behavioral model for noisy Lorenz chaotic synchronization systems. This simple simulation-based model can be used for accurate noise voltage derivation of the chaotic oscillators and the investigation of chaotic synchronization systems. Moreover, the effects of circuitry noise on synchronization of Lorenz systems were analysed by using the proposed model. The performance of the synchronization system was numerically evaluated using ADS and MATLAB-SIMULINK environments. The measurement of Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Error to Noise Ratio (ENR) demonstrates that circuitry noise has a remarkable effect on the performance of chaotic Lorenz synchronization systems. For instance, the results showed that for low Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs), i.e., , the circuitry noise changed the ENR performance up to 1dB.

This paper presents a security scheme for a medium access control protocol in a new wireless local area network AULWAN (Aden University laboratory WLAN). The design objective has been to develop a security scheme that will be scalable for various needs and offer high security for demanding applications. The designed security scheme provides both privacy of wireless data communications and the authenticity of communicating parties, Our authentication scheme allows also the communicating entities to establish a shared secret key for secure communication session. Data security schemes have also been introduced .There are three optional data security modes that offer flexible ciphering and data security level.

Currently, access to Grid services is limited to resourceful devices such as desktop PCs but most mobile devices (with wireless network connections) cannot access the Grid network directly because of their resource limitations. Yet, extending the potential of the Grid to a wider audience promises increase in flexible usage and productivity. In this paper we present a middleware architecture 1 that addresses the issues of job delegation to a Grid service, support for offline processing, secure communication, interaction with heterogeneous mobile devices and presentation of results formatted in accordance with the device specification. This is achieved by outsourcing the resource intensive tasks from the mobile device to the middleware. We also demonstrate through formal modeling using Petri nets that the addition of such a middleware causes minimum overhead and the benefits obtained outweigh this overhead.

Chaos theory was originally developed by mathematicians and physicists. The theory deals with the behaviors of nonlinear dynamic systems. Chaos theory has desirable features, such as deterministic, nonlinear, irregular, long-term prediction, and sensitivity to initial conditions. Therefore, and based on chaos theory features, the security research community adopts chaos theory in modern cryptography. However, there are challenges of using chaos theory with cryptography, and this chapter highlights some of those challenges. The voice information is very important compared with the information of image and text. This chapter reviews most of the encryption techniques that adopt chaos-based cryptography, and illustrates the uses of chaos-based voice encryption techniques in wireless communication as well. This chapter summarizes the traditional and modern techniques of voice/speech encryption and demonstrates the feasibility of adopting chaos-based cryptography in wireless communications.

Quantum cryptographic protocols solve the longstanding problem of distributing a shared secret string to two distant users by typically making use of one-way quantum channel. However, alternative protocols exploiting two-way quantum channel have been proposed for the same goal and with potential advantages. Here, we overview a security proof for two-way quantum key distribution protocols, against the most general eavesdropping attack, that utilize an entropic uncertainty relation. Then, by resorting to the "smooth" version of involved entropies, we extend such a proof to the case of finite key size. The results will be compared to those available for one-way protocols showing some advantages.

The diminishing size and battery requirements of mobile devices restrict the scope of computations possible on such devices and motivate approaches that support the selective offloading of computations to remote resources. With a variety of resources available to potentially host offloaded computations-such as cloud-provisioned resources, and devices within a user's personal or social network-a key challenge lies in architecting a framework that enables applications to seamlessly discover available services, effectively and securely communicate with them, and be presented with API interfaces that hide the complexities associated with managing the interactions with a remote device from applications and present the abstraction of a local device. In this paper, we outline a framework that addresses these challenges by layering APIs and an offload infrastructure upon a virtual networking substrate that supports TCP/IP networking and widely-used resource discovery protocols. An intelligent runtime scheduling layer monitors the execution environment and provides opportunistic remote offloads based on the performance requirements, offload benefits and expendable power. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach through experiments that evaluate end-to-end application execution times and energy consumption in offloaded mobile devices, as well as the ability to support universal plug-and-play (UPnP) resource discovery in both local-and wide-area environments.

Security communication systems composed of highly reliable components may have few if any failures while undergoing heavy testing or field-usage. This paper combines (i) analysis of randomized pulse modulation schemes based on finite Markov chains with (ii) security communication systems failure as a rare event with a finite-state, discrete-parameter, recurrent Markov chain that models the failures. An application of these results would be (i) in the analysis of randomized pulse width modulation implemented into the command of the railway data transmitter for the traffic security, and (ii) in the analysis of these system`s reliability.

Because of the high complexities issues in the Internet of Things and its applications, there is a need to propose an appropriate security model that would help in managing and controlling it. This paper critically examined Rijndael’s encryption algorithm in terms of design choices, method of implementation, performance, strength, weaknesses and to determine its applicability in the Internet of things devices and applications.

In this paper, Round transformation will be studied extensively so as to and know and determine the number of rounds that would be
added to st rengthen the encryption method. With the sole purpose of being able to make a recommendation on its use in the context of
IoT with their requirement requirement.

Advancements in the field of wireless and mobile communication motivate academia, industry, and standardization organizations to explore new technologies to improve overall efficiency, spectrum utilization, power consumption, and security. One of the most important technologies proposed for short-range communications which will play a key role in 5G wireless networks is Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications. D2D communication enables direct communication between two devices when they are in close proximity without requiring the help of a fixed infrastructure like Base This research is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº739578 and the government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development.

Advancements in the field of wireless and mobile communication motivate academia, industry, and standardization organizations to explore new technologies to improve overall efficiency, spectrum utilization, power consumption, and security. One of the most important technologies proposed for short-range communications which will play a key role in 5G wireless networks is Device-to-Device (D2D) Communications. D2D communication enables direct communication between two devices when they are in close proximity without requiring the help of a fixed infrastructure like Base This research is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº739578 and the government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for European Programmes, Coordination and Development.