Scalarity

This paper examines two related puzzles, observed in the litera-
ture about extreme adjectives (see, e.g., Paradis 2001, Rett 2008, Morzycki 2012), namely, (a) why such adjectives are questionable within comparative structures and (b) why and how exactly the presence of even improves the felicity of such constructions. After examining the solutions proposed in Morzycki 2012 for these two puzzles, we propose an alternative solution which integrates three components: (i) the fact that extreme-adjective comparatives necessarily presuppose the “positive form” of these adjectives (building on Morzycki’s semantics for extreme adjectives); (ii) an updated, gradability-based semantics for even (Greenberg 2015 , 2018), which guarantees that comparatives with even presuppose the corresponding “positive form,” with all kinds of adjectives (extreme and non-extreme alike); and (iii) a local Maximize Presupposition!-type effect, such as that suggested by Singh (2011), leading to the preference of the extreme-adjective comparative with even over a competing alternative without it. While the latter component presents a number of challenges requiring further research, the proposal is shown to be supported by cross-linguistic data and by comparing extreme and lower-closed adjectives in terms of scale structure and
behavior in comparatives.

This thesis addresses philosophical problems concerning improper
assertions. The first part considers the issue of defining lying: here,
against a standard view, I argue that a lie need not intend to deceive
the hearer. I define lying as an insincere assertion, and then resort
to speech act theory to develop a detailed account of what an
assertion is, and what can make it insincere.
Even a sincere assertion, however, can be improper (e.g., it can be
false, or unwarranted): in the second part of the thesis, I consider
these kinds of impropriety. An influential hypothesis maintains that
proper assertions must meet a precise epistemic standard, and
several philosophers have tried to identify this standard. After
reviewing some difficulties for this approach, I provide an innovative
solution to some known puzzles concerning this issue. In my view,
assertions purport to aim at truth, but they are not subject to a norm
that requires speakers to assert a proposition only if it is true.

The theory of situation-type aspect based on scales (e.g. Tenny 1994; Jackendoff 1996; Rappaport Hovav 2008; Rappaport Hovav and Levin 2010) is applied in the present study to aspectual English verb particles and Slovak verbal prefixes. I argue that both particles and prefixes come in two types, non-scalar and scalar, depending on how they describe the change denoted in the verb root. Non-scalar particles and prefixes do not alter argument structure, e.g. The children walked (on) in silence. They appear in predicates without an underlying scale, which are consequently atelic. In contrast, scalar particles and prefixes appear in predicates with an underlying scale, which are potentially telic. Scalar prefixes and particles can alter argument structure because scales require an obligatory realization of the measured participant, e.g. Ally slept *(off) a headache. The study reviews manifestations of argument-structure alternations as well as factors that determine the effect of particles and prefixes on telicity.

Olga Kagan & Lavi Wolf

The semantics of almost  and its counterparts in other languages has attracted considerable attention in the linguistic literature (cf. e.g. Sadock 1981, Sevi 1998, Horn 2002, Rotstein and Winter 2004, Penka 2005, Nouwen 2006, Greenberg and Ronen 2013 and references therein.) A number of analyses have been proposed, but certain questions still remain unanswered. The goal of this paper is to contribute to this investigation by proposing an analysis of a certain sub-use of almost  (specifically, the counterfactual use) and by analyzing its Russian counterparts.

Negative and positive polarity items (NPIs and PPIs) are one of the well-explored topics in formal semantics and typology. However, the phenomenon of polarization is only addressed on a very limited linguistic material, such as indefinite pronouns (some vs. any), temporal adverbs (yet vs. already), certain idioms (not to lift one’s finger), expressions of attitude (would rather, unfortunately). The main focus of polarity research are licensing contexts, or contexts that allow to use NPIs or PPIs, respectively. The current paper introduces considerable new body of NPIs and PPIs, explores semantic underpinnings of polarization, demonstrates that polarization is an allpervasive property of language and shows that it is a scalar feature. The paper provides evidence for the fact that polarization is a regular phenomenon in polysemy, especially in verbs, where it characterizes single senses of polysemous words rather than words as a whole. It further establishes semantic connections between the phenomena of negative and positive polarization. The degree of polarization depends on semantic structure: the more “weighty” is the modal frame, the more polarized an item is.

We here revisit the 'let alone' construction, which was first described in a 1980s paper that put Construction Grammar on the map. Our focus is on a seemingly aberrant use where the first conjunct does not entail the restored second conjunct, as in 'I don't have ten children, let alone one'. We argue that this use should not be considered as a highly exceptional speech error or as evidence that some speakers wrongly assume that the first proposition is the entailed one. First, a systematic examination of 'let alone' examples extracted from the BNC and COCA shows that it is not exceedingly rare, as does a growing collection of authentic examples we have collected over the years. Second, it constitutes a usage type in its own right, whereby the first proposition has most contextual relevance and the second conjunct is represented by the speaker as an apophasis-like afterthought. There are transitional cases between the two types (canonical and afterthought), where both conjuncts have considerable relevance. For contemporary speakers, the afterthought use may require extraction of a general pattern with bleached semantics and pragmatics, possibly re-filled in with specific information.

A diferenciação sócio-espacial, em conjunto com a articulação de tais diferenças, está no cerne dos processos de significação da existência e da ação humana, configurando-se como um dos eixos continuamente discutidos nas pesquisas sócio-espaciais. A organização do espaço em distintos “níveis de realidade”, que resulta em arranjos ou configurações escalares específicas, ajuda a conferir sentido a tais diferenças, motivo pelo qual ela é parte constitutiva e constituinte da produção do mundo e das reflexões sobre tal processo. A despeito de tais preocupações não serem recentes nesse campo de pesquisas, as escalas geográficas somente começam a surgir como foco de atenção nas pesquisas sócio-espaciais a partir das décadas de 1950 e 60, especialmente nas pesquisas sócio-espaciais anglófonas. Estas páginas têm como propósito buscar identificar traços gerais do debate conhecido como o problema da escala que, ao emergir, antecedeu a “explosão” de trabalhos sobre este conceito a partir da década de 1980, especialmente na literatura geográfica anglo-saxã. Com base sobretudo em revisões bibliográficas, o artigo é organizado de forma a tornar nítidos aspectos que, entre a virada do século XIX e meados do século XX, explicitam a presença de duas dimensões consideradas fundantes dos debates sobre a escalaridade: a divisão do espaço em recortes e a articulação de tais unidades espaciais. Por fim, as reflexões apontam para questionamentos sobre os motivos pelos quais a emergência das escalas geográficas como um problema formulado dessa maneira só ganhou destaque na história da Geografia em meados do século XX, indicando possíveis caminhos para investigações futuras.

RESUMO: O “problema da escala” emerge na Geografia no momento em que a necessidade de organizar as unidades espaciais possíveis de serem identificadas é ressaltada como uma preocupação metodológica, sendo assim explicitado e tratado no âmbito acadêmico da Geografia sobretudo a partir da década de 1950. A difusão de certos referenciais teórico -políticos nas pesquisas sócio-espaciais ocidentais possibilitou que a questão escalar fosse, nos anos seguintes, observada desde abordagens para as quais dividir e organizar o espaço não era uma questão meramente metodológica, mas também epistemológica, política e, portanto, diretamente ligada à prática e à ação social. Mas a proliferação de trabalhos sobre as escalas geográficas não ocorreu homogeneamente nos diferentes ambientes linguísticos da literatura especializada. No caso anglófono, por exemplo, foi a partir do final da década de 1980 que isso aconteceu. O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar os principais eixos do debate sobre as escalas geográficas que se desenrolou entre aproximadamente a última década do século XX e a primeira década do século XXI nas pesquisas realizadas no ambiente da Geografia anglófona de forma a incrementar a pluralidade de questões que fertilizam as compreensões sobre a escala geográfica.

ABSTRACT: The “scale problem” emerges in Geography at the moment in which the need to organize the possibly identifiable spatial units is highlighted as a methodological concern. Thus, it became explicit and treated in this academic field, specially from the 1950s onward. In the following years the diffusion of other theoretical-political references in Western socio-spatial research allowed the scalar issue to be observed from approaches for which the act of divide and organize the space was not merely a methodological issue, but also an epistemological and political one ―and, therefore, scale was recognized as directly linked to the practice and social action. But the proliferation of works on geographical scales did not occur homogeneously in the different linguistic environments of the specialized literature. In the Anglophone case, for example, it was from the end of the 1980s that this happened. The aim of this article is to characterize the main axes of the debate on geographical scales that took place between approximately the last decade of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century in the research carried out in the environment of Anglophone Geography in order to increase the plurality of issues that fertilize the understandings on geographical scale

RESUMEN: El “problema de la escala” surge en Geografía en el momento en que se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de organizar las unidades espaciales identificables como una preocupación metodológica. Así, el tema se vuelve explícito y tratado en este ámbito académico principalmente a partir de la década de 1950. La difusión de ciertas referencias teórico-políticas en las investigaciones socio-espaciales ocidentales permitió que la cuestión escalar fuera, en los años siguientes, observada desde enfoques para los que d ividir y organizar el espacio no era una cuestión meramente metodológica, sino también epistemológica y política ―y, por lo tanto, directamente vinculada a la práctica y a la acción social. Pero la proliferación de trabajos sobre escalas geográficas no se produjo de forma homogénea en los distintos ámbitos lingüísticos de la literatura especializada. En el caso anglófono, por ejemplo, eso ocurrió a partir de finales de lo s años ochenta. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar los principales ejes del debate sobre las escalas geográficas que tuvo lugar aproximadamente entre la última década del siglo XX y la primera del siglo XXI en las investigaciones realizadas en el entorno de la Geografía anglófona con el fin de aumentar la pluralidad de cuestiones que alimentan las reflexiones sobre la escala geográfica.

We here revisit the let alone construction, which was first described in a 1980s paper that put Construction Grammar on the map. Our focus is on a seemingly aberrant use where the first conjunct does not entail the restored second conjunct, as in I don’t have ten children, let alone one. We argue that this use should not be considered as a highly exceptional speech error or as evidence that some speakers wrongly assume that the first proposition is the entailed one. First, a systematic examination of let alone examples extracted from the BNC and COCA shows that it is not exceedingly rare, as does a growing collection of authentic examples we have collected over the years. Second, it constitutes a usage type in its own right, whereby the first proposition has most contextual relevance and the second conjunct is represented by the speaker as an apophasis-like afterthought. For contemporary speakers, the afterthought use may require extraction of a general pattern with bleached semantics and pragmatics, possibly re-filled in with specific information.

RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene como propósito contribuir a la identificación de rasgos generales del debate conocido como el problema de la escala, difundido en la literatura geográfica anglosajona y recientemente debatido en la literatura en español y en portugués. De ese interés se despliega el objetivo de rescatar elementos presentes en obras centrales en la historia del pensamiento geográfico occidental en el período entre mediados del siglo xix y mediados del siglo xx , para analizar permanencias temáticas en el debate sobre la escalaridad. En diferentes momentos de la historia de las ideas geográficas, la diferenciación socioespacial y la articulación de dichas diferencias constituyen temas continuamente discutidos, ya que son centrales en los procesos de significación de la existencia y de la acción humana, afirmándose como parte constitutiva y constituyente de la producción del mundo. En la primera parte del artículo la atención está sobre la definición de las unidades espaciales, preocupación presente en la historia del pensamiento geográfico y corresponsable de ofrecer una perspectiva espacial acerca de las relaciones parte-todo. La segunda sección se enfoca en la articulación y organización de las unidades espaciales, presentada como elemento crucial en el surgimiento del problema de la escala una vez que cumple un importante papel en las reflexiones metodológicas sobre las agrupaciones espaciales y el uso de métodos estadísticos en las investigaciones socioespaciales donde surgen preocupaciones sobre las escalas geográficas. Estas dos etapas del texto están basadas metodológicamente en revisiones bibliográficas hechas en textos del período mencionado (cuando el material se encontraba accesible) y de comentarios y reflexiones de autores más recientes e influyentes en el debate contemporáneo acerca del concepto de escala geográfica. Al final, presentaré las principales conclusiones del artículo, destacaré su relevancia y, a partir de eso, indicaré cuestiones para futuras investigaciones.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to contribute to identify some of the main characteristics of the debate around the scale problem, which is widespread in Anglo-Saxon geographical literature and, at different levels, also recently debated in Spanish and Portuguese literature. From this interest unfolds the pursued objective of rescuing some central elements considered important to analyze thematic persistence in the debate about scalarity from works accepted as central to the history of Western geographic thought in the period between the mid-nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century. This concern is based on the recognition that at different moments in the history of geographical ideas the processes of socio-spatial differentiation were blended with the articulation of these differences and became topics continuously discussed in socio-spatial research. Such a fact highlights that these two are crucial aspects to the processes that make sense of human existence and action, consolidating itself as content and constituent of the world’s construction and reflection. The first part of the article focuses on the definition of spatial units, a concern that exists in the history of geographical thought and that is responsible for offering a spatial perspective on part-whole relationships. The second section focuses on the attempt to articulate and organize the spatial units, presented here as another crucial element in the emergence of the scale problem. Its relevance is emphasized because it plays an important role in the methodological reflections on spatial grouping and on statistical methods in socio-spatial investigations that marked the rise of concerns with geographical scales. These two stages of the text are methodologically based on bibliographical reviews of works from the period mentioned (when the material was accessible) and on comments on more recent authors considered influential in the contemporary debate about the concept of geographic scale. In the end, the main conclusions are presented, their relevance is underlined, and some questions for future research are suggested.

In this paper we propose a syntactic analysis of dative DPs in ditransitive constructions in Russian, answering three questions: (I) what semantic roles the indirect object realizes; (II) how it is syntactically ordered with respect to the direct object realizing the theme argument, and (III) how the first two issues are related to the morphological encoding of the indirect object, as a PP or as a morphologically case-marked DP. Addressing first question (II) we show that two kinds of syntactic hierarchies between the two internal arguments of a ditransitive configuration coexist, and that there are two sorts of datives that are hierarchically higher than the theme: those that can reconstruct and those that cannot. We then establish an interpretative correlation between these two types of dative DP, showing that the former is locational and the latter is not, providing the answer to question (I) and elucidating what underlies the morphological similarity, question (III). The interpretative and syntactic differences between scrambled and base generated high datives lead us to claim that in Russian, dative ditransitives have two distinct underlying structures that are not derivationally related. A scalar approach to event structure enables us to pinpoint the interpretative correlate of each type of dative (locational vs. non-locational) and provides a conceptual argument in favor of a non-synonymy non-derivational approach we pursue here: a path scale encoding event schema cannot be transformed into a different scale based event schema due to movement of the dative DP. Finally, the scalar approach allows us to identify the lexical correlates of a possessive interpretation of the high dative vs. a more beneficiary-like interpretation. Extent scales allow the former whereas property and path scales facilitate the other.

This study presents a unique set of solutions, using empirically determined physical quantities, in achieving a novel dimensionless constant α (1/R ∞)/PL from the ratio of the inverse of the Rydberg constant to the Planck length. It is henceforth shown that the Lorentz Scalar coming into play, which we dub the Parana constant, necessitates us to interpret the Gravitational constant G as being neither universal nor Lorentz Invariant. Just the same, the elementary charge in the MKS system should not by itself be considered as Lorentz Invariant, but the term e^2 /ε 0 , including its powers, ought to be. That being the case, the "Rydberg constant" must not, according to the present undertaking, be deemed a ubiquitous magnitude either, but the ratio of its reciprocal to Planck length would, in effect, be. The Parana constant is furthermore shown to exhibit meaningfulness as the proportion of the Planck mass to the electron rest mass. Throughout our derivations, we take the oppurtunity to reveal interesting features and deliberate over them.

In this paper the Italian scalar particles perfino and addirittura are investigated in a diachronic perspective, from their origins in spatial and temporal meanings to the scalar value they have in Present Day Italian. The data documenting the shift are discussed in Section 2, where it is argued that the lexical semantics of the particles plays a crucial role in constraining the contexts in which they appear, and hence their change. Section 3 defines the evolution of Italian scalar particles as an instance of subjectification, i.e. as an increased degree of encoding of the Speaker's attitude, and considers the syntactic evolution of both perfino and addirittura as the structural reflection of the subjectification process that they undergo at the semantic level. Section 4 addresses the question of whether the development of perfino and addirittura is a case of grammaticalisation, reconsidering the definition of both the concept of grammaticalisation and its relationship to subjectification. Section 5 concludes and points out at some directions of further research work.

Статья посвящена описанию семантики и морфологии деадъективных глаголов в языке томо-кан (семья догон, нигер-конго). В первую очередь рассматриваются такие черты этого класса глаголов, как лабильность и аспектуальные характеристики. В статье показано, что поведение деадъективных глаголов не может быть предсказано на основании стандартной теории скалярности, что объясняется иными акциональными характеристиками этого класса глаголов, чем в английском языке, на материале которого эта теория создана.

A popular view of the semantics of even takes it to presuppose that its prejacent, p, is less likely than all its contextually relevant focus alternatives, q. In this paper I point out
three novel problems for this `comparative likelihood' view, having to do with (a) cases where even p is felicitous though p cannot be considered less likely than q, (b) cases where
even p is infelicitous though p asymmetrically entails and is less likely than q, and (c) cases where even interacts with gradable predicates, indicating that merely requiring p to be higher on the scale than q is not enough to make even p felicitous. Instead, both p and q must also yield degrees which are at least as high as the standard of comparison.
In response to these problems I develop a revised scalar presupposition for even which resembles the semantics of comparative conditionals, and which requires that for a salient
x, retrieved from p, and a salient gradable property G, (i) x's degree on G is higher in all accessible p worlds than in all accessible q-and-not-p worlds and that (ii) in the latter
worlds this degree is at least as high as the standard on G. I show how this presupposition accounts for both traditional observations concerning even, as well as for the novel data and
propose that the common presence of `less likely' inferences with even can be indirectly derived from the common use of `distributional' standards of comparison with gradable
properties. A general contribution of the proposal, then, is in attempting to apply tools from research of gradability-based phenomena for a better understanding of scalarity-based
phenomena.

This article approaches the relationship between the categories of custom and law by means of an experiment with cartographic metaphors of scale and location. In Papua New Guinea, the relationship of custom to law is configured by the canonization of custom (the concept as it is known in studies of legal pluralism) in the Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea and in the Underlying Law Act 2000. However, the status of this universalizing category is complicated by its relationship to the putatively local category of kastom, as it is known throughout Papua New Guinea. I argue that the two categories, custom and kastom, do not share an equivalent relationship to law because they occupy different levels of scale. In the discourses of legal elites, custom encompasses kastom. Whereas for many “smaller-scale” ethnic and language groups within the country, kastom and law are simply two potential categories of efficacious action, among many others, in highly specific and localized “mixes.” These mixes lose their intelligibility when elites attempt to replicate them at the level of the state.

Nos estudos sobre movimentos sociais urbanos brasileiros é sabido que entre as décadas de 1960 e 1980 espaços que antes eram foco de ativismos aparentemente dispersos ganharam relevância por se tornarem referências para mobilizações cuja influência no cenário político nacional crescia. Para além dos espaços diretamente ligados à esfera da produção econômica, também aqueles vinculados à reprodução social passavam a ser vistos como loci de atuação de ativismos sociais, o que ampliou os espaços de atuação dos movimentos sociais e incorporou outras dimensões da cotidianidade, influenciando as reflexões acadêmicas sobre eles. De acordo com algumas análises, tal mudança levou à proliferação de pesquisas empíricas em detrimento de reflexões teóricas durante a década de 1980, ao menos no âmbito das pesquisas brasileiras, salvo exceções 1 .

This chapter offers an overview of the advancements made in the semantic theory of events and introduces its central notions and current issues to serve as background information relevant for the contributions included in the volume. It is structured around two main axes: compositional and decompositional approaches to the semantics of event predicates. We argue that, while composition and decomposition are at times treated as two competing ways to deal with the semantics of event predicates, they can actually be seen as two sides of the same coin, as essential parts of the subatomic semantics of event predicates. Along with these two axes, we address how adverbial modification served as modification for event semantics as well as its use as diagnostics for the structural complexity or for particular properties of eventualities, such as (a)telicity or scalarity.

Resumo: Seguindo a perspectiva da Sociolinguística Variacionista, concebemos a variação inerente ao sistema linguístico. Avaliamos a frequência de alternância subjuntivo/indicativo em orações dubitativas na comunidade de fala da Cidade do México e, por hipótese, supomos que a modalidade seja um fator condicionador dessa alternância. Desse modo, o presente trabalho configura-se como um ensaio analítico de uma categoria discursivo-pragmática conflituosa, a modalidade. O objetivo básico neste trabalho é o de buscar formalizar parâmetros para a aferição da modalidade epistêmica irrealis apreensível no discurso. Nesse sentido, concebendo sua influência como fator condicionador na alternância subjuntivo/indicativo em orações dubitativas não subordinadas, poderemos avaliar sua atuação, nos termos de Labov (1972), como variável independente.

This chapter offers an overview of the advancements made in the semantic theory of events and introduces its central notions and current issues to serve as background information relevant for the contributions included in the volume. It is structured around two main axes: compositional and decompositional approaches to the semantics of event predicates. We argue that, while composition and decomposition are at times treated as two competing ways to deal with the semantics of event predicates, they can actually be seen as two sides of the same coin, as essential parts of the subatomic semantics of event predicates. Along with these two axes, we address how adverbial modification served as modification for event semantics as well as its use as diagnostics for the structural complexity or for particular properties of eventualities, such as (a)telicity or scalarity.

Scalar moderation in Lithuanian adjectives


Problem
In Lithuanian, prefix po- when attached to adjectives, can derive the following meanings, listed in the order of most to least productive based on Tamulionienė’s study (2013:135-137):

(1)
a. ‘average amount of property x’
aštrus → poaštris
‘sharp’     ‘rather sharp’

b. ‘a little of property x’;
baisus → pobaisis
‘terrifying’ ‘a little terrifying’

c. ‘almost property x’;
šviesus → pošviesis
‘light’ ‘almost light’

d. ‘too much of property x’
siauras → posiauris
‘narrow’ ‘too narrow’

Question 1
Tamulionienė (2013) observes that po- derives indefiniteness of scale of a property at issue. I concur. However, that cannot be the whole story. Variance in productivity notwithstanding, how can one account for the range of meanings in (1), assuming that ‘rather’ ≠ ‘a little’ ≠ ‘almost’ ≠ ‘too much’?

Question 2
Having observed the variance, why are certain derivations, such as, e.g., in (2), not possible?

(2) a. *pomedinis b. *poneščia
            pref-wooden       pref-pregnant

Proposal
I posit that po- is a moderator of scale when applied to adjectives.  This view is in line with the indefiniteness of scale interpretation proposed by Tamulionienė (2013). In addition, it predicts the range of meanings.

Claim 1
The range of meanings that Tamulionienė (2013) lists is due to the relativization of scale. (i) Semantics inherent to adjectives and (ii) pragmatic context make this relativization possible.
The range of meanings in (1) corresponds to possibilities allowed for adjectives of distinct scalarity, under the view that adjectives split into open, relative and absolute (in the sense of Kennedy 2007, Kennedy & McNally 2005).  Moderator prefix po- interacts with the inherent scalar specification of a particular adjective giving rise to a specific meaning, e.g., ‘rather’ or ‘a little’ or ‘almost’ or ‘too much’. This means that the Lithuanian moderator prefix is underspecified: until it adjoins a  particular adjective, its scalar effect simply cannot be known. In this sense, it contrasts with, e.g., English, where a particular scalar moderator corresponds to a particular lexical entry.
Pragmatics play a role in that some of the data examples can be interpreted as having more than one interpretation. Based on native speaker judgements, distinction between ‘a little’ and ‘rather’ can be blurred. For instance, (1a) for poaštris could mean either ‘rather sharp’ or ‘a little sharp’.

Claim 2
The ungrammaticality of (2) is also predicted under the view of scalar moderation. Specifically, po- does not introduce scale, it only moderates it. Thus, scale moderator cannot adjoin to adjectives that are not scalar. Properties such as, e.g., ‘wooden’  or  ‘pregnant’ fall outside scalarity: something is either wooden or not, pregnant or not.

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In this paper the Italian scalar particlesperfinoandaddiritturaare investigated in a diachronic perspective, from their origins in spatial and temporal meanings to the scalar value they have in Present Day Italian. The data documenting the shift are discussed in Section 2, where it is argued that the lexical semantics of the particles plays a crucial role in constraining the contexts in which they appear, and hence their change. Section 3 defines the evolution of Italian scalar particles as an instance of subjectification, i.e. as an increased degree of encoding of the Speaker’s attitude, and considers the syntactic evolution of bothperfinoandaddiritturaas the structural reflection of the subjectification process that they undergo at the semantic level. Section 4 addresses the question of whether the development ofperfinoandaddiritturais a case of grammaticalisation, reconsidering the definition of both the concept of grammaticalisation and its relationship to subjectification. Sect...

Cette étude diachronique du connecteur scalaire nēdum examine les différents stades de son évolution afin de comprendre les emplois de ce terme pour lequel sont généralement proposées deux traductions opposées, « à plus forte raison » et « à plus forte raison ne… pas » (« much more » / « much less »).

El movimiento de los sem-teto brasileño es una de las principales expresiones contemporáneas de los movimientos sociales urbanos del país, inspirando investigaciones sobre sus esfuerzos para intervenir sobre la producción del espacio urbano. Como en otros movimientos sociales, también ahí la categoría " lucha " surge con centralidad en medio a las elaboraciones discursivas que legitiman sus prácticas socio-espaciales. Ese rol es destacado cuando percibimos la importancia que tiene en esas colectividades la idea de que las " luchas " deberían siempre esforzarse para " ir más allá " de su pauta " específica " ; o cuando vemos el papel que el contacto con experiencias y espacios caracterizadores de la " lucha " de ciertos movimientos —la ocupación, la cooperativa, la manifestación de calle, el encuentro de formación, la huelga, las clases populares, etc.— desempeña en la trayectoria de sus integrantes. La " lucha " , así, compone el sentido de las razones que garantizan existencia al movimiento, de la " causa " que origina su movilización y que articula sus ideas y intereses principales. Este artículo reflexiona sobre como el contacto con el movimiento de los sem-teto influye en las formas como sus participantes confieren sentido a sus acciones al relacionar su día a día con otros espacios-tiempos. Dichos encuadramientos del cotidiano en contextos que los extrapolan actúan como matrices explicativas que explicitan las maneras como las personas perciben, codifican, significan y actúan sobre el mundo —y las convierten en parte fundamental de la escalaridad de sus acciones. La reincidencia de la categoría " lucha " en las narrativas diarias del movimiento la refuerza como categoría " buena para pensar ". Por consiguiente, estas páginas esbozan su desnaturalización y explicitan la disputa por la construcción cotidiana de sus sentidos con base en trabajos de campo y entrevistas posibilitadas por la convivencia de al menos siete años junto a ocupaciones de Río de Janeiro entre 2007 y 2014. Al atentar para las referencias espacio-temporales presentes en las comprensiones sobre esa categoría que coexisten en eses territorios, subrayo un proceso de dispersión, convergencia y difusión de los sentidos de la " lucha " con fuertes influencias e implicaciones espaciales y sobre el cual las organizaciones y activistas de dicho movimiento buscan incidir. Al final, afirmo la " lucha " como una categoría escalar que, mientras ofrece una de las referencias que explican el funcionamiento del mundo y motivan las acciones sobre él al articularlas espacio-temporalmente, también confiere trascendencia a las prácticas socio-espaciales cotidianas de los sujetos de ese movimiento social urbano.

В докладе на материале русского, хантыйского, горномарийского и коми-зырянского языков рассматривается аспектуальная композиция деадъективных глаголов, в которой предельность вводится аффиксальным показателем или легким глаголом, а не типом шкалы прилагательного, как это предполагается в стандартной теории скалярности. В докладе также обсуждаются проблемы, возникающие при таком подходе и показывающие, что акциональные свойства деадъективных глаголов в некоторых случаях не объясняются гипотезой о предельных свойствах суффикса, однако не объясняются также и стандартными тестами на скалярность, в связи с чем делается предположение о необходимости диагностировать тип шкалы иными средствами.

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