SPSS

Cieľom predkladanej publikácie je napomôcť začínajúcim výskumníkom  v oblasti sociálneho výskumu zvládnuť náročný proces kvantitatívneho výskumu za použitia vlastného dotazníka. Má ambíciu stať sa akýmsi sprievodcom všetkými krokmi od úplného začiatku v prípravnej etape – voľby výskumnej témy, štúdia literatúry a dostupných zdrojov, konceptualizácie výskumného problému, tvorby projektu výskumu a jeho jednotlivých častí. Ďalej nasleduje operacionalizácia a v rámci nej rozklad sociálneho javu na premenné, formulácia výskumných otázok a hypotéz. Prvá časť publikácie je venovaná takisto popisu ďalších etáp výskumného procesu – výber výskumnej vzorky a samotná tvorba dotazníka.
Druhá časť publikácie je zameraná na prácu so štatistickým programom SPSS, ktorý je nápomocný pri spracovaní získaných dát. Hoci samotný program je užívateľsky príjemný, pre začínajúceho výskumníka môže byť veľmi užitočná akási názorná príručka na jeho používanie, o čo sme sa snažili. V častiach so štatistickými operáciami nebolo v žiadnom prípade našou ambíciou venovať sa štatistike do hĺbky – na to slúžia iné odborné zdroje. Našou ambíciou bolo, aby výskumník vedel v uvedenom programe dáta vložiť, posúdiť psychometrické vlastnosti  dotazníka, realizovať deskriptívnu analýzu a niektoré operácie v rámci induktívnej štatistiky (komparácia súborov, korelačná analýza, faktorová analýza, regresná analýza). V závere publikácie je uvedených niekoľko rád pri práci s programom SPSS, ktoré by mohli výskumníkovi prácu uľahčiť.       
Dúfame, že vyššie popísané ambície budú dosiahnuté a naša publikácia bude začínajúcemu výskumníkovi nápomocná.

‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 1 ‫ا‬ ‫خد‬ ‫نام‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ح‬ ‫با‬ ‫م‬ ‫ث‬ ‫وژیه‬ ‫ور‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫به‬ ‫مدرس:‬ ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 2 ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 3 ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 6 ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 7 ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 8 Value Lable ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 9 ‫افسار‬ ‫نرم‬ ‫آمىزشی‬ ‫جسوه‬ spss ‫پىر‬ ‫نجف‬ ‫بهرام‬ ‫ـ‬ 11

Rapid social, economic, technological changes in the country leave their mark on each member of the society; alter their tastes, expectations, and needs. The visitors of the Yerevan American Corner are not an exception.  Thus, a necessity of a detailed analysis of the visitors’ demands and behavior arises, in order to amend or expand the realm of the service, to raise the popularity of the corner and to attract more visitors. With this purpose, we offer to conduct polls and interviews among users of the American Corner, to do a specific social analysis of programs and services. Overall, 550 people will take part in the survey.  The analyses will help to understand the attitude of patrons, non-patrons and random visitors towards the Yerevan American Corner (its space, resources, activities, projects, services, technical devices, and staff). This will also help to evaluate the effectiveness of current activities and services, such as clubs, courses, public talks and various meetings. ...

This article determines the level of satisfaction among the USM bus transit system. The study is based on a survey
carried out from the questionnaire that is administered involving 400 students. All data are analyzed by SPSS software.
By using the descriptive analysis the level of satisfaction among the students towards the facilities provided are examined.
The findings show that the levels of satisfaction among students are mixed. However, majority of students are satisfied
with the facilities provided by the university. The findings of this study will help the company or organization or the
university to improve their service provided to the students in achieving the student’s satisfaction due to the evaluation of
satisfaction level for every variables (facilities).

Los seres humanos, desde sus comienzos con el descubrimiento del fuego, siempre han sido seres curiosos, seres que han querido saber más, seres que cuestionaban, seres que se preguntaban. Tal vez, esta curiosidad por querer saber más acerca del mundo que nos rodea ha sido el motor por el que hoy en día cada una de nuestras culturas es como es.
Esta tarea, en una sociedad tan compleja como la actual, en la que la información es muy variada, e incluso en ocasiones excesiva, la investigación se muestra como la herramienta imprescindible para acercarse cada vez más al conocimiento de la realidad.
Esta herramienta, no es una herramienta con normas arbitraria, sino más bien todo lo contrario. Se trata de un campo muy amplio en el que las pautas y las reglas de actuación están muy especificadas.
No obstante, se nos presenta la dificultad de que, en ocasiones, estas pautas y reglas sobre cómo actuar para conocer una determinada realidad pueden resultar excesivamente complejas para personas ajenas al ámbito de la investigación cuantitativa, de la estadística y de las matemáticas.  Es precisamente este el aliciente por el que se presenta el presente trabajo.
El objetivo primordial de este libro no es otro que el de acercar al lector que se inicia en el ámbito de la investigación cuantitativa los pilares teóricos esenciales y las herramientas prácticas básicas para poder llevar a cabo estudios de índole estadística.
El presente trabajo, se espera que pueda ser de utilidad, especialmente, para aquellos estudiantes, que por los motivos que fueren, se hallan en proceso de desarrollo de cualquier trabajo académico oficial, como puede ser el caso de un trabajo de fin de grado, un trabajo de fin de máster o una tesis doctoral. Además, se presenta un trabajo de gran utilidad no solo para estudiantes, sino también para docentes universitarios e investigadores que quieren comenzar a desarrollar investigaciones en las que el dominio de la estadística se muestra como esencial. En vista de estos dos grupos, se presenta un trabajo en el que se ha adaptado la complejidad que puede haber detrás de las matemáticas que hay en la estadística, para que personas ajenas al ámbito, de lo que comúnmente se conoce como ciencias puras y/o personas con conocimientos muy básicos de estadística, puedan introducirse al desarrollo de estudios de carácter cuantitativo.

Практическо учебно ръководство за студенти по медицина и медицински специалисти, разработено специално за курса по биостатистика на студенти по медицина и други медицински специалности. Може да бъде използвано като подходяща добавка и в по-високи нива на обучение. Издание на Академично издателство на Тракийски университет, Стара Загора.

About Book: This book is designed to serve as a text book for management students who want to learn research in Indian context. The book not only deals extensively with theories and text on Research Methodology but also with many case studies and working examples. We have also integrated the SPSS software into the text, which can help students have a brief idea about SPSS and its working.

To sustain in the competitive and localized global world today, one has to make systematic efforts to improve and upgrade the knowledge and skills. With many years of teaching and industrial experience, we came to conclusion that most undergraduate students, post graduate students and researchers do not get excited about the theoretical rationale for statistical formulas and the importance of research in day to day environment. So, is an attempt to clarify the concept with theoretical as well as practical and day to day working information about research.

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the importance of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, widely known as SPSS in the field of social sciences as an effective tool for quantitative data analysis. This paper includes the broader aspects of SPSS from its foundation as a statistical analysis tool to how it has advanced as a major choice for researchers from different fields of study. It is necessary for researchers, especially new researchers to know the ins and outs of SPSS as to why they should use it. This study expressed the arguments from personal experiences of using SPSS and what other SPSS users have described in various pieces of literature. Different works of literature related to SPSS and social sciences have been discussed throughout the paper. The most relevant ones have been talked about. The features and major advantages are portrayed in such a way that anyone can relate the tool with their research works. In the end, it has been evident that SPSS is considered one of the most important and influential statistical tools for quantitative data analysis.

El análisis clúster es una técnica multivariante cuya idea básica es clasificar objetos formando grupos/conglomerados (clúster) que sean lo más homogéneos posible dentro de sí mismos y heterogéneos entre sí. Surge ante la necesidad de diseñar una estrategia que permita definir grupos de objetos homogéneos. Este agrupamiento se basa en la idea de distancia o similitud entre las observaciones y la obtención de dichos clusters depende del criterio o distancia considerados, por ejemplo, una baraja de carta española se podría dividir de distintas formas: en dos clusters (figuras y números), en cuatro clusters (los cuatro palos), en ocho clusters (los cuatro palos y según sean figuras o números). Es decir, el número de clusters depende de lo que consideremos como similar. ▲ Como técnica de agrupación de variables, el análisis clúster es similar al análisis factorial. Pero, mientras que el análisis factorial es poco flexible en algunos de sus supuestos (linealidad, normalidad, variables cuantitativas, etc.) y estima de la misma manera la matriz de distancias, el análisis clúster es menos restrictivo en sus supuestos (no exige linealidad, ni simetría, permite variables categóricas, etc.) y admite varios métodos de estimación de la matriz de distancias. ▲ Como técnica de agrupación de casos, el análisis clúster es similar al análisis discriminante. Pero mientras que el análisis discriminante se centra en la agrupación de variables, es decir efectúa la clasificación tomando como referencia un criterio o variable dependiente (los grupos de clasificación), el análisis clúster se centra en agrupar objetos, es decir permite detectar el número óptimo de grupos y su composición únicamente a partir de la similaridad existente entre los casos; además, el análisis de clúster no asume ninguna distribución específica para las variables. Análisis de clústeres jerárquico (o método jerárquico aglomerativo) Este procedimiento intenta identificar grupos relativamente homogéneos de casos (o de variables) basándose en las características seleccionadas, mediante un algoritmo que comienza con cada caso (o cada variable) en un clúster diferente y combina los clústeres hasta que sólo queda uno. Se dice que los cluster forman una jerarquía, están anidados, cada cluster formará parte de otro mayor, hasta el último paso que engloba a todos. A diferencia de los métodos de reasignación, sólo se efectúa una inspección para agrupar, de modo que los resultados no podrán modificarse en pasos sucesivos. En el cluster jerárquico, una vez que dos individuos se funden en un cluster permanecen ahí hasta el final del proceso. Los métodos jerárquicos usan una matriz de proximidades (distancias o similaridades) como base para el agrupamiento. Comienzan con tantos cluster como objetos y terminan con un solo cluster. El análisis Cluster jerárquico nos permite elegir entre muchas opciones que difieren en cuanto al número de conglomerados. Cada cuál debe decidir cuál es el número de conglomerados que conforman una solución razonable.

About Book: This book introduces SPSS 17.0 software to help Researchers/Students/Teachers/Live Projects Managers related with education institutions or corporate world with detailed flow of procedures for many research techniques with short and concise theoretical explanations. Our aim is to demonstrate when and how a statistical tool is required. We also like to teach researchers/students which statistical tool to run, how to run it, and how to interpret the output.

We have accordingly integrated the software commands into the text and provided output screens that help researchers and students see what to analyze/how to interpret data based on output. We have provided SOSS working commands for every tool discussed at the end of chapter. The brief execises are given to practice the tools and techniquesfor in-depth understanding with proper application.

1. GIỚI THIỆU Trong 10 năm trở lại đây, theo xu hướng giáo dục đại học của thế giới, giáo dục đại học Việt Nam đang từng bước chuyển hóa từ một nền giáo dục đại học cho thiểu số tinh hoa sang một nền giáo dục đại học đại chúng. Điều này có nghĩa là giáo dục đại học Việt Nam trở thành nền giáo dục đại học dành cho số đông. Trong 10 năm qua, giáo dục đại học Việt Nam có hiện tượng bùng nổ sỉ số với tốc độ tăng bình quân 18% năm. Bên cạnh đó, đối với phần lớn người Việt Nam mảnh bằng đại học được coi là " tấm hộ chiếu vào đời " và được giáo dục đại học cũng là sự khẳng định vị trí con người trong xã hội. Chính vì vậy, nhu cầu được tiếp cận giáo dục đại học hiện nay là rất lớn. Nhiều trường đại học công lập và ngoài công lập đã ra đời. Theo Tổng cục Thống Kê Việt Nam (sơ bộ 2006), có khoảng 253 trường đại học công lập (tăng 15% so với năm 2005) và 46 trường đại học ngoài công lập (tăng 31.4% so với năm 2005) với khoảng 1666.2 ngàn sinh viên ở Việt Nam (tăng 18.62% so với năm 2005). Tuy vậy vẫn chưa tương xứng với nhu cầu nguồn nhân lực của xã hội cũng như xu hướng phát triển giáo dục đại học của thế giới. Ngoài ra giáo dục đại học Việt Nam hiện nay đang còn tồn tại nhiều vấn đề như chương trình đào tạo lỗi thời; phương pháp dạy và học thụ động; hoạt động nghiên cứu khoa học chưa được đầu tư và quan tâm đúng mức; vẫn có khoảng cách giữa lý thuyết và thực hành khiến cho nhiều sinh viên ra trường không đủ khả năng để tìm được một công việc phù hợp hay các doanh nghiệp khi tuyển nhân viên phải tiến hành đào tạo lại; và thực tế là bằng cấp của Việt Nam chưa được thế giới công nhận. Tất cả đặt ra một vấn đề lớn về chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo tại các trường đại học. Với nền giáo dục đại học cho số đông, chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo càng cần được quan tâm, đặc biệt là các trường đại học ngoài công lập. Có nhiều định nghĩa về loại hình dịch vụ này. Và có nhiều công cụ được sử dụng để đo lường chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo. Gần đây, Bộ giáo dục và Đào tạo Việt Nam đã có sự quan tâm nhiều hơn đến chất lượng dịch vụ đào tạo ở các trường đại học thể hiện ở việc ban

It is an undisputable fact that the world is changing at a very fast pace. It therefore requires a change if every organization and institution are to respond to these changes. It is for these reasons that organizations need to initiate or induct their employees to prepare and equip them with current skills and knowledge .Employee Induction, which is one of the main ways of introducing employees to their organizations, is often the missing ingredient in most organizations. Orienting employees to their workplaces and their jobs is one of the most neglected functions in many organizations. A well thought out orientation programme, whether it lasts one day or six months, will help not only in retention of employees, but also enhance performance. Organizations that have good orientation programmes get new people to have better alignment between what the  employees do and what the organization needs them to do and the effect on performance as well. A well planned employee orientation programme will help to get new employees off on the right foot immediately. Effective employee orientation has also been said to be a precursor to good performance. The main objective of the study therefore was to find out how the effectiveness of employee Orientation affects  satisfaction. The results indicated that the organization needs quality orientation programmes for its employees for better satisfaction.

The role of tourism industry on economic growth is examined in this paper for our sample countries for period of 2004:1-2013:2. The tourism-led growth hypothesis is not confirmed completely. The impact of tourism industry on economic growth is showed in some steps. The relationship between these steps are supported by SPSS results. These results demonstrate that tourism has an indirect impact on economic growt not direct. It is not possible to see the direct affect of tourism on economic growth(GDP). GDP is a broad area, there are more factors that influence it.

In this paper, validity and reliability studies of the scale that aims to measure the social network use, the purpose of social networks use and the preferences of the university students between social life and social networks with the positive and negative effects on their lives were presented. SPSS 20 program was utilized for the descriptive statistics, factor, reliability, items analyses and the correlation coefficients calculations. According to the results of the factor analyses done to test the structural validity of the scale, 13 items were grouped under two factors and it explained %59.572 of the total variance of the scale. Internal consistency coefficient for the whole scale was found 0.882 after the reliability analysis was done. While there was positive and moderate relation between the factor total scores, there was a high relation found between all the factors and the scale as a whole. The findings of this study show that the scale is quite valid and reliable.

This study sought to find how significant mega sporting events to a country are beneficial insofar as infrastructural development is concerned. The study used the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar as the case study in reference. Various researches around the concept of infrastructure development due to mega sporting events were analysed in this study. The evidence of infrastructure development due to mega sporting events was also dissected and presented in the study. The research was conducted with the help of online survey questionnaires, and the data collected was analysed by using descriptive statistics as well as an OLS regression analysis. The variables measured were infrastructural developments in the country to find the significance of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. It was found that the 2022 World cup significantly affects the development of infrastructure in the country. It was therefore concluded that major sporting events are significant in the development of infrastructure of a country. It's recommended that the research should be used for future references in the analysis of infrastructural changes due to major sporting events.

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Before we conduct the actual statistical tests, we need to screen our data for any irregularity. Usually, we check for: (a) if data have been entered correctly, such as out-of-range values. It may be caused by human error in data entry (eg: entering " 22 " when it is supposed to be " 2 " for likert scale item) (b) for other kind of outliers (multivariate). Outliers are suspiciously larger or smaller observation (data) than the majority of the observations. (c) for missing values. Is it because of you miss out entering some data or your participant did not provide a response for some questions. (d) for checking assumptions before conducting tests (eg. Normality)

Statistik dalam Jasa Olah Data SPSS ini dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, deskriptif dan inferensial. Statistik Deskriptif adalah statistik yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan data atau menganalisis suatu hasil penelitian tetapi tidak digunakan untuk generalisasi. Sedangkan statistatistik inferensial adalah statistik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data sampel dan hasilkan akan digeneralisasikan.

Statistik Inferensial dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, parametris dan non parametris. Statistik Parametris terutama digunakan untuk menganalisis data interval atau rasio yang diambil dari populasi yang berdistribusi normal. Sementara non parametris terutama digunakan untuk menganalisis data nominal atau ordinal. Atau datanya interval atau rasio tetapi datanya tidak berdistribusi normal.

Statistik deskriptif sering disebut dengan statistik dalam arti sempit, lebih mempunyai makna susunan angka yang memberikan gambaran tentang data yang disajikan dalam bentuk-bantuk tabel, diagram, histogram, poligon, frekuensi, ogive (ozaiv), ukuran penempatan (median, kuartil, desil dan persentil), ukuran gejala pusat (rata-rata hitung, rata-rata ukur, rata-rata harmonikdan modus), simpangan baku, angka baku, kurva normal, korelasi dan regresi linier.

Statistik Inferensial merupakan statistik dalam arti luas yaitu mengumpulkan data, mengolah data, menarik kesimpulan dan membuat keputusan berdasarkan analisis data yang sudah terkumpul.

Demikianlah dua jenis statistik yang dijelaskan dalam jasa olah data statistik menggunanakn SPSS.

Tất cả các tổ chức đều hoạt động trong một môi trường nhất định. Có nghĩa là các tổ chức đều bị bao bọc bởi và phải đối đầu với những lực lượng bên ngoài. Nhà quản lý không thể điều chỉnh sự tồn tại khách quan của những lực lượng môi trường bên ngoài nhưng chúng có lại có tác động và gây ảnh hưởng tới thái độ khách hàng và sự phát triển hỗn hợp Marketing có hiệu quả của doanh nghiệp. Công việc của nhà quản trị Marketing là phát hiện và phân tích một cách xác đáng các biến số không thể kiểm soát được đó để làm cơ sở hoạch định Marketing mix cho phù hợp. Như vậy môi trường Marketing là tổng hợp các yếu tố, các lực lượng bên trong và bên ngoài doanh nghiệp có ảnh hưởng tích cực hoặc tiêu cực đến hoạt động Marketing của doanh nghiệp. Phân tích môi trường Marketing là giúp doanh nghiệp thấy được các ảnh hưởng của môi trường, dự đoán sự tác động của chúng và đưa ra các quyết sách Marketing thích nghi với các tác động đó. Môi trường Marketing bao gồm những yếu tố sau: Môi trường văn hóa xã hội. Hoạt động Marketing dưới hình thức này hay hình thức khác đều trong phạm vi xã hội và từng xã hội lại có một nền văn hóa hướng dẫn cuộc sống hàng ngày của nó. Văn hóa là tất cả mọi thứ gắn liền với xu thế hành vi cơ bản của con người từ lúc được sinh ra, lớn lên... Những yếu tố của môi trường văn hóa phân tích ở đây chỉ tập trung vào hệ thống giá trị, quan niệm về niềm tin, truyền thống và các chuẩn mực hành vi, đây là các yếu tố có ảnh hưởng đến việc hình thành và đặc điểm của thị trường tiêu thụ. Khi phân tích môi trường văn hóa cho phép doanh nghiệp có thể hiểu biết ở những mức độ khác nhau về đối tượng phục vụ của mình. Tiêu thức thường nghiên cứu đó là: + Dân số hay số người hiện hữu trên thị trường. Thông qua tiêu thức này cho phép doanh nghiệp xác định được quy mô của nhu cầu và tính đa dạng của nhu cầu. Phân tích các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến maketing

Bu çalışmada, turizm sektörünün önemli bir dinamiği olan kongre turizmi ile kongre katılımcılarının beklentilerinin belirlenmesi ve Türkiye’nin bu faaliyet alanındaki mevcut durumu incelenmiştir. Bu incelemede verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS (Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Programı)  kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, konu ana hatları ile ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde kongreciliğin tarihinden bahsedilmiş, üçüncü bölümde kongre turizmindeki sınıflandırma ve örgütlenme yapıları irdelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde kongre yönetimine ilişkin bilgiler verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde Türkiye’nin kongre turizminde dünyadaki yeri incelenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde hazırlanmış olan anketin toplantılar öncesi ve sonrası katılımcı değerlendirmeleri incelenerek, Türkiye’deki toplantılarda öne çıkan ve geri planda kalan unsurların altı çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise elde edilen verilerden yola çıkılarak kongre turizminin geleceği için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

i I dedicate this work to my parents, Joe and Stavroula Akinyode and sister, Sophia Osawe-Akinyode who contributed immensely to my pursuit of a Masters degree. I would have not been able to reach this far without the support of Maria Berger-Liehm and Peter Liehm and Michaela Berger; thank you. I also extend my gratitude to all the guidance provided by the staff in the Institute of Media and Communication at the Technical University of Ilmenau especially towards the completion of this thesis. Particularly, I would like to acknowledge the most often than not brief, but precise pieces of advice given to me by Professor Martin Löffelholz over the course of my two year study. I hope this work expresses my appreciation for the opportunity to study at the institute. I thank Dr. Andreas Schwarz for his patience and support but most importantly his encouragement during the period of writing this thesis. I also would have never made it this far if not for the help of my good friend Akhil Agrawal who was there when times were rough. In direct support for this research I would like to extend my appreciation to Michaela Berger for the wonderful work in the translation of the survey from English to German; this went a long way to secure the success of the field work. I also express my humble gratitude for her unconditional friendship that ensured the mental support that was crucial for making my stay in Germany a pleasurable one. Also I appreciate Dr. Akinola Akinyemi for his input during our discussions about the scientific method as it applies to the social sciences. Thanks to all those anonymous students who partook in the experiment/survey. Finally, the University Regensburg library for the vast number of material needed for this thesis. ii Two themes run recurrently throughout this thesis that details a theoretical reconstruction of organization-public relationships within crisis situations and its operationalization in current crisis communication research. Implications from the empirical investigation show support for a strategic view of public relations as a proactive management function whose main objective is to balance overall organizational missions with the dynamics that are prevalent in business environments by building and protecting its intangible resource base. The research isolates crises as peak points stemming from the inevitable conflicts of interests during the ongoing relationships that link the organization to its stakeholders. Crisis management is placed as a reactive sub-functionality of an inherently proactive public relation (PR) framework. A between-subject randomized web-based experimental design provides evidence that the primary unit of analysis in PR research-relationships-might be the more important than previously conceived when strategically responding to the threats posed by crises. A student sample (n=290) was exposed to a simulation of a past Deutsche Bahn (DB) crisis trough an article describing a preventable yet challenging situation. A post-crisis response statement given was manipulated. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of four crisis response messages that were configured based on guidelines from the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). Prior to experimental manipulation, a pre-test measured perceptions of relationships with DB. Findings indicate that (1) pre-existing perceptions of relationship quality with DB had considerable impact on how participants reacted to crisis response messages on the outcomes of (a) reputation and (b) attribution of responsibility and on (2) the extent of account honouring. That is, the extent to which they (a) accepted the message and (b) assigned credibility/trustworthiness. A relational view to crisis management theoretically welcomes crises as dangerous opportunities to learn, adapt, reconfigure and understand stakeholder dynamics. This thesis which mostly focuses on for-profit organizations offers insights to the strategic effectiveness of crisis response strategies from a stakeholder orientation and concludes that the focus of managing reputation limits the application of public relations theory. A focus on relationships provides valid and reliable performance indicators for the competitive advantage of organizations and the creation of value both for the organization and society as a whole.

This preliminary quantitative study uses surveying and analysis via SPSS to determine the efficacy and need of in-depth research on possible conflicts international students face conflict both academically and socially. This research verifies that students need help with adjusting to college in the USA and that further study is necessary to understand and meet the needs of international students. Steps need to be taken to help teach US students about the cultural background of international students as well as cultural misconceptions internationals have about the US. From this study, universities can ascertain direction for developing methods to assist international students.

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the importance of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, widely known as SPSS in the field of social sciences as an effective tool for quantitative data analysis. This paper includes the broader aspects of SPSS from its foundation as a statistical analysis tool to how it has advanced as a major choice for researchers from different fields of study. It is necessary for researchers, especially new researchers to know the ins and outs of SPSS as to why they should use it. This study expressed the arguments from personal experiences of using SPSS and what other SPSS users have described in various pieces of literature. Different works of literature related to SPSS and social sciences have been discussed throughout the paper. The most relevant ones have been talked about. The features and major advantages are portrayed in such a way that anyone can relate the tool with their research works. In the end, it has been evident that SPSS is considered one of the most important and influential statistical tools for quantitative data analysis.

İlk tutum ölçme tekniğidir. 1925 yılında insanların, diğer ırklar,dinler ve sınıflardan olan kişilere ilişkilerinin kabul veya ret derecelerinin kıyaslanması amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Ölçeğin temel mantığına göre, “eğer sizinle ayni mahallede yaşamayı kabul ediyorsam, ayni zamanda ayni kentte, ayni ülkede yaşamayı da kabul ediyorum” demektir.
Bu ölçek, herhangi bir grubun toplumsal bakımdan benimsenme derecesi ölçülmek üzere bir ön sınamadan geçirilmeden seçilmiş bazı maddelerden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin 1937 yılında düzeltilmiş halindeki maddeleri su şekildedir.

Statistik parametrik merupakan uji beda bila datanya berskala interval atau rasio dan memenuhi persyaratan analisanya, yaitu datanya berdistribusi
normal dan variasi datanya homogen.
Artikel ini menyajikan bagaimana menggunakan Sofwere IBM SPSS 22, untuk menganalisa data yang terbagi dalam beberapa termin : yaitu analisa normalitas data, homogenitas data, Uji Paired Sample T-Test dan Uji Independent Sample T-Test.
Semoga artikel ini bermanfaat bagi teman-teman semua dipersilakan untuk dishare ke sahabat dan teman yang lainnya.

Foreign Direct Investment is generally considered a vital source of economic growth for Afghanistan, bringing in employment opportunities, capital investment, and business knowledge needed for economic growth. This research paper postulates to study the relationship between FDI and economic growth of Afghanistan for the period of 2005 – 2016 using time series data. Real GDP annual growth rate is taken as a dependent variable and inflation rate, interest rate, exchange rate, FDI, and Unemployment rate are taken as independent variables. The researcher used the multiple regression (OLS) model and empirical analysis for both the IVs and DV over the periods 2005 – 2016. We used the annual data from World Bank Indicators for Afghanistan. The results of the study discloses that the null hypothesis is rejected showing that FDI has a positive impact on the economic growth of Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate also shows a negative significant relationship with the economic growth rate of Afghanistan and the null hypothesis was rejected, whereas, the interest rate, inflation rate and the exchange rates have positive but insignificant relationship with the dependent variable and the null hypothesis for all these three variables were retained. The study recommends that the government should bring modifications in the domestic market to draw attention of more FDIs in Afghanistan.