SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Most current displays in general aviation (GA) environments employ, at best, relatively simple audio displays that do not fully exploit the operator's sensory processing capabilities, and thus may not allow pilots to take full advantage of the available information. This paper describes a series of four experiments conducted in an actual flight environment at the USAF Test Pilot school that evaluate the utility of spatial auditory displays as a navigation aid and an attitude indicator. Performance was measured in tasks that required pilots to fly in the direction of a spatial audio "navigation beacon," and use an auditory artificial horizon display to detect changes in attitude and maintain straight and level flight when no visual cues were available. The results from these studies indicate that spatial audio displays can effectively be used by pilots for both navigation and attitude monitoring. In addition, because the stimulus employed in the audio horizon display was self-selected music, pilot acceptance was high and it was possible to provide ongoing information to the pilot without the risk of annoyance. Although performance with standard display configurations remains superior, spatial audio displays may be used to supplement these existing displays, and to provide cues when critical information is either obscured or missing, such as in low-visibility conditions or when the pilot's attention is focused on another task. Thus it appears that spatial audio may be used to support situation awareness and improve overall safety in the general aviation environment.

Most current displays in general aviation (GA) environments employ, at best, relatively simple audio displays that do not fully exploit the operator's sensory processing capabilities, and thus may not allow pilots to take full advantage of the available information. This paper describes a series of four experiments conducted in an actual flight environment at the USAF Test Pilot school that evaluate the utility of spatial auditory displays as a navigation aid and an attitude indicator. Performance was measured in tasks that required pilots to fly in the direction of a spatial audio "navigation beacon," and use an auditory artificial horizon display to detect changes in attitude and maintain straight and level flight when no visual cues were available. The results from these studies indicate that spatial audio displays can effectively be used by pilots for both navigation and attitude monitoring. In addition, because the stimulus employed in the audio horizon display was self-selected music, pilot acceptance was high and it was possible to provide ongoing information to the pilot without the risk of annoyance. Although performance with standard display configurations remains superior, spatial audio displays may be used to supplement these existing displays, and to provide cues when critical information is either obscured or missing, such as in low-visibility conditions or when the pilot's attention is focused on another task. Thus it appears that spatial audio may be used to support situation awareness and improve overall safety in the general aviation environment.

Networks of different types are essential infrastructures for society. Networks such as transportation networks and the electric power grid are becoming increasingly large and complex which create special challenges for human operators who must monitor these networks for safe operation. It is important to understand how human operators monitor these networks and the challenges they face in the monitoring task. In order to do this, we conducted a survey of how human operators monitor various networks-water distribution networks, electric power grid, air traffic control, and nuclear power plant networks. From our survey in these specific extensively-studied networks, we are able to generalize the challenges of operators monitoring networks. The hope is that these results will provide human factors engineers with a better understanding so they can cater to the needs of the human operators when designing new interfaces for network monitoring tasks.

: The paper presents a preliminary result of using cognitive- and behavior-based modeling framework to simulate a network of MANETs (Mobile Adhoc NETworks) as intelligent agents in a tactical battlefield. We demonstrate the efficacies of an agent-based modeling and the need for developing formal methods for multi-agent simulations from a system of systems (SoS) perspective. The development of our model framework informs the need to describe behaviors and relationships of actors and objects in the context of a mission space, and 2) to provide a foundation for modeling agent behaviors in a way that is plausible with respect to human behavior, a specially from the standpoint of human-system interactions.

AISSat-1 was launched on July 12, 2010 and is believed to be the first high performance nano-satellite to provide an observational service to governmental authorities. The primary mission objective is to perform maritime observation in the Norwegian High North and High South, thereby making a con siderable contribution to the maritime situational awareness (MSA) of these areas.

Virtual reality (VR) technology emerges as a valuable tool for exploring human perception and behavior in controlled, immersive, and risk-free environments. This study applied simulated VR technology to examine the efficacy of preventive visual and auditory warnings for pedestrians at signalized intersections. More specifically, it tested four types of pedestrian signals: conventional signal, laser wall, visual crosswalk, and auditory signal. It explored the influence of these signals on pedestrian behavior under varying environmental and traffic conditions. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed with two latent mediating variables-situation awareness and risk perception-to analyze the relationships between the pedestrian signal type and violating behavior. A total of 245 participants attended the experiments, navigating VR-simulated intersections equipped with the proposed signals, and experiencing diverse environmental and traffic scenarios. Subjective data (situation awareness and risk perception) and objective data (actual behavior in the experiment and eye-tracking metrics) were collected. Findings demonstrated that visual signals show promise in reducing violations, especially at night and among males. Besides, equipping intersections with auditory signals directs attention toward traffic signals and vehicular traffic. Additionally, the study highlights a negative association between individuals' risk perception and situation awareness, and pedestrian violation. Situation awareness seems to influence traffic light compliance differently between genders, with males showing greater susceptibility. Moreover, heightened risk perception appears to enhance situation awareness, particularly in low-traffic conditions. The findings can inform road authorities to design more effective and informative pedestrian signals to improve crosswalk safety.

The integration and coordination of different emergency service personnel is crucial to Crisis Management. Crisis centers create plans of action to deal with the various situations that arise during an event. These plans require different personnel with different expertise to execute them within a given set of constraints. In this paper, we show that such plans can be represented as workflows, and that the discovery and integration of personnel can use a scheme we previously developed for the establishment of virtual enterprises. An ...

Integrating autonomous vehicles (AVs) into urban traffic systems
presents both opportunities and challenges, especially at signalized
intersections. This study offers a comparative conflict analysis of
human-driven vehicles and AVs at a busy four-legged signalized
intersection in Balgat, Ankara, Turkey. Using PTV VISSIM for
detailed traffic simulation, the research assesses the effects of
various AV driving styles - cautious, normal, aggressive, and a mix
of all three - at different penetration rates (25% to 100%), alongside
standard human-driven vehicle scenarios. The Surrogate Safety
Assessment Model (SSAM) is employed to analyze safety
implications both before and after intersection design calibration.
The findings demonstrate notable differences in conflict points
between human-driven and AV scenarios. Before calibration,
cautious AV behaviors result in higher conflict points due to
increased queuing, while aggressive behaviors reduce conflicts
through more efficient traffic flow. Human-driven vehicles exhibit
varied conflict levels based on driver behavior. After calibration,
significant improvements are observed across all scenarios, with
aggressive AVs achieving the greatest reduction in conflict points.
This study highlights the potential for AVs to improve intersection
safety and efficiency when appropriate design calibration measures
are implemented.

Multi-agency emergency response requires effective communication and collaboration for building and maintaining a common operational picture. Full-scale exercises are shown to be effective for learning, and for training the collaborative skills needed. This paper presents a methodology for the analysis of real-time communication for building the common operational picture, using audio-logs. The analysis of the audio-logs provides insights for both practitioners and researchers in the emergency management domain concerning the dynamics of inter-agency collaboration and information exchanges when responding to emergencies. Coding and categorizing of audio-log-based information exchanges among multi-agency stakeholders were applied based on a full-scale emergency exercise on multiple terror actions. The results show that the methodology can contribute to analyzing the development of a common operational picture, supplementing existing methods for evaluation of fullscale emergency exercises and real events.

Geospatial Reasoning has been an essential aspect of military planning since the invention of cartography. Geospatial Digital Support Products (GDSPs) are ubiquitous within current military forces as well as civil and humanitarian organizations. Nevertheless, there is too little empirical evidence to quantify the military value of geospatial products to the warfighter. We conducted a hypothesis-driven experiment to evaluate the military value of the Battlefield Terrain Reasoning and Awareness -Battle Command (BTRA-BC) GDSP. Realistic scenarios and appropriate measures to assess performance were developed in collaboration with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs). The measures included time to completion, objectively assessed solution quality, subjectively assessed solution quality, and terrain understanding. BTRA-BC was integrated into the Army's Digital Topographic Support System (DTSS). A within-subjects design was employed, in which the participants completed scenarios using DTSS with and without BTRA-BC functionality. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that when the participants used BTRA-BC functionality, they created outputs faster and of higher quality without reducing their knowledge of the impact of the terrain on military decision-making. This paper discusses the scope of the current experiment, the hypotheses, the experimental design, and the results.

Problem-Operators of roof bolting machines in underground coal mines do so in confined spaces and in very close proximity to the moving equipment. Errors in the operation of these machines can have serious consequences, and the design of the equipment interface has a critical role in reducing the probability of such errors. Methods-An experiment was conducted to explore coding and directional compatibility on actual roof bolting equipment and to determine the feasibility of a visual feedback system to alert operators of critical movements and to also alert other workers in close proximity to the equipment to the pending movement of the machine. The quantitative results of the study confirmed the potential for both selection errors and direction errors to be made, particularly during training. -Subjective data confirmed a potential benefit of providing visual feedback of the intended operations and movements of the equipment.

This paper describes image enhancement software applications engineering development work that has been performed in support of Maui Space Surveillance System (MSSS) Modernization. It also includes R&D and transition activity that has been performed over the past few years with the objective of providing increased space situational awareness (SSA) capabilities. This includes Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) use of an FY10 Dedicated High Performance Investment (DHPI) cluster award --and our selection and planned use for an FY12 DHPI award. We provide an introduction to image processing of electro optical (EO) telescope sensors data; and a high resolution image enhancement and near real time processing and summary status overview. We then describe recent image enhancement applications development and support for MSSS Modernization, results to date, and end with a discussion of desired future development work and conclusions. Significant improvements to image processing enhancement have been realized over the past several years, including a key application that has realized more than a 10,000-times speedup compared to the original R&D code --and a greater than 72-times speedup over the past few years. The latest version of this code maintains software efficiency for post-mission processing while providing optimization for image processing of data from a new EO sensor at MSSS. Additional work has also been performed to develop low latency, near real time processing of data that is collected by the ground-based sensor during overhead passes of space objects.

O estudo investiga definições práticas a respeito da confiança e seus riscos. Utiliza a análise de redes sociais (ARS) para análise de vulnerabilidades em engenharia social. O artigo insere-se no debate sobre estudos dos aspectos objetivos e subjetivos para o estabelecimento da confiança interpessoal organizacional. A confiança implica riscos na segurança da informação (SI) e na segurança cibernética. A violação das propriedades básicas de segurança da informação proveniente do abuso da confiança causa um prejuízo organizacional. Foram identificados e analisados os fluxos de informações e comunicações utilizando como ferramenta a ARS aplicada em dados abertos obtidos do Portal da Transparência do Governo Federal. Foram identificados potenciais alvos para a realização de ataques de engenharia social. As possibilidades de ataques de engenharia social foram comprovadas por levantamento baseado em questionários com foco nas comunicações digitais de voz e dados, seja por mensagens eletrô...

Urban terrain is among the most complex of military environments and urban combat skills remain one of the most difficult to train. The Office of Naval Research VIRTE (Virtual Technologies and Environments) program is conducting research to enable Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) training for deployed Marines. This report briefly describes the initial development of a virtual environment (VE) specifically tailored to the needs of such training, particularly fighting in confined environments such as buildings.

The objective of this effort was to develop a graphical user interface (GUI) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) System Oriented Runway Management (SORM) decision support tool to support runway management. This tool is expected to be used by traffic flow managers and supervisors in the Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) and Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facilities.

A pattern-based methodology for design of context-aware decision support systems is proposed. The methodology is based on knowledge fusion patterns for the knowledge fusion processes occurring at different stages of a context-aware decision support system. The methodology as it stands focuses on the context-aware stages of the system. For the knowledge fusion processes ongoing at these stages the patterns' elements relevant to the methodology are specified. Usage of the patterns to propose system functionality depending on the user needs is demonstrated.

The continuous expansion of the air transportation business has put a huge strain on the aviation system with airport maximal capacity is becoming a limiting factor in meeting the rising demand for more flights. Due to the increasing number of flights, air traffic control in busy airports is one of the main challenges affecting the airport capacity. According to the On-Time Arrival Performance National report, approximately 25% of all flights in the United States were delayed in 2014, while half of those delays were categorized mainly as volume-delays. The resulting delays have a significant economic impact, as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) estimates that flight delays cost airlines $22 billion yearly in the US. In 2015, the direct cost of aircraft block time for U.S. passenger airlines was $65.43 per minute. Increased fuel consumption, aside economic effect, also has an important environmental effect. Delayed aircraft are estimated to have cost the airlines several billion dollars in additional expense. Studies estimate that flight and air traffic inefficiencies consistently cause aircraft to use 10% more fuel than necessary.

Programs, started a new campaign of discovery and constraints analysis experiments (Alberts and Hayes, 2007), which is now collectively known as Tactical Network Topology (TNT) Experiments. •The first one involves quarterly field experiments with USSOCOM, in which NPS researchers and students as well as participants from other universities, government organizations, and industry investigate various topics related to tactical networking with sensors and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) as well collaboration between geographically distributed units with focus on high value target (HVT) tracking and surveillance missions.

1. Provide plug-and-play testbed environment for CKM collaborative technology products integration in network centric tactical and C2 experiments (2005-NEO, 2006-MIO, 2007-HLD/HLS); 2. Enable integration of CKM products with government or commercially developed collaborative tools that can improve team self-synchronization and situational understanding; 3. Provide support for situational understanding and cognitive aspects monitoring processes across the testbed nodes and operation centers.

The implications of using peer-to-peer communications within an urban environment are significant for military applications. From a networking perspective, the use of wireless technologies to support collaborative communications may have impacts on bandwidth and spectrum utilization. This paper explores the effects of wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) network behavior on the performance of collaboration support applications. The results achieved during the limited objective experiment conducted by the Naval Postgraduate School demonstrate significant effects of roaming on application-sharing performance and integration with client-server applications. The authors discuss the wireless network operation challenges leading to the solutions for scaling up application-sharing and improving collaborators' self-organizing behavior.

Each quarter, the growing team of NPS researchers, USSOCOM operators, and commercial/academic partners get together on the grounds of Camp Roberts, California to explore synergy and impact of emerging sensor-unmanned systems-decision maker self-forming networks on to the HVT and ISR missions. Figures 1a and 1b illustrates the state of the experimentation team during FY2008.

The emerging tactical networks represent complex network-centric systems, in which multiple sensors, unmanned vehicles, and geographically distributed units of highly mobile decision makers, transfer and analyze data while on the move. The network could easily scale up to hundreds of cooperating nodes, providing tactical extension to the system-of-systems environment of Global Information Grid [1]. The node mobility as well as ad hoc network topology reconfiguration becomes a powerful control option, which network operators or intelligent management agents could apply to provide for self-forming, self-healing behavior [2]. This in turn requires new techniques for adaptive remote management of mobile wireless nodes; their rapid remote or autonomous reconfiguration at both physical and application layers, subject to changing operational requirements. 12 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

The continuing progress in head-up display technologies has resulted in its enhanced performance and its applications to various spinoffs. The head-up displays (HUDs) provide prime flight, navigation, and guidance information to the pilot in his/her forward field of view superimposed on the outside scene on a see through glass assembly known as beam combiners (BC), thus allowing the simultaneous scanning of both instrument data and the out-of-the-window scene. Although the HUD has been shown to improve flight performance, there are perceptual and cognitive issues associated with HUDs. Several researches have pointed out a number of issues related to the pilot distribution of near and far domain attentional resources because of the compellingness of symbology elements on the HUD; a concerned term, attention or cognitive capture. Results from a number of simulator based studies suggest that HUDs may decrease pilot situation awareness (SA) in tasks that require continuous monitoring of information in the environment. There is a definite relation of absolute display symbology luminance and the contrast ratio with the attention capture. The study conducted based on participant's response to varying contrast ratios on HUD under the simulated conditions shows that the optimum value of contrast ratio is between 2 to 5 where the user response is optimized to event detection both on the HUD symbology as well as on the outside scene. Hence it is essential to keep good contrast ratio for comfortable viewing against varying background light conditions. This can be achieved by varying the display luminance according to the background luminance level i.e. at lower background luminance, the display luminance should be made less to avoid too high a contrast ratio which causes problems like reflection, reduced outside view, scattering etc while at high background luminance level, the display luminance should be made sufficiently high to maintain a good contrast ratio to the extent possible.

This paper outlines the need for and the development of an Incident Management Ontology. The Incident Management Ontology is derived from an Incident Management Meta-Model. We describe the shortcomings of the Incident Management Meta-Model and how the Incident Management Ontology addresses these shortcomings. The development of the Incident Management Ontology is outlined and the need for such an ontology is discussed. Related work is described and the Incident Management Ontology’s potential uses and applications are presented. Keywords—Ontology, Incident Management, Description Logic

Here we will include references on how to implement the models and some examples. The precision of Monte Carlo simulation results mainly depends on the number of simulations performed. Thus, the implementation of high-level software is not the best solution, as it results in a much slower execution, and therefore in wider intervals of confidence in its results. Instead, programming in a low-level language allows for faster runs and thus the ability to perform a higher number of iterations, which yields higher-quality results. In the following, we present a C language implementation of the models, together with the description needed to execute and possibly modify and improve the software. Let us describe here a sample implementation of the algorithms outlined in the book. The high-level structure of the source code is an implementation of a Monte Carlo algorithm, whose simulation accuracy highly depends on the number of iterations performed. Therefore, it would be inefficient to write the code in a high-level interpreted programming language. The samples are therefore provided in the C programming language. The structure of the source code is as follows: main function { 1) interpret command line args 2) read input files

Several managerial approaches have emerged to address current construction challenges. Among them, information management addresses construction hurdles through process transparency, a core function of Visual Management (VM). Research on VM in construction has focused on its theoretical development and practical implementation. Conversely, research on process transparency has focused on highlighting its significance for construction through transparency strategies. This study aims to extend the research on process transparency and VM by identifying their current applications, measuring their degree of implementation, and highlighting their impact on team performance in two case studies based on observational protocols in Peru.

The main findings are: (1) Process transparency implementation was mainly driven by internal team efforts for job facilitation, while VM primarily served job facilitation, site signage and transparency functions, (2) One site had a higher degree of process transparency while the other had a slightly higher degree of VM, and (3) team performance improvement was associated with visual practices serving the functions of transparency and job facilitation. Some recommendations for the implementation of VM systems on construction sites and for future research were also presented.

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

Denne artikel beskriver en undersøgelse af den sikkerhedsmaessige effekt af nye cykelstier i byer. Undersøgelsen er tilrettelagt som en før-efterundersøgelse med kontrolgruppe. Undersøgelsen omfatter 48 straekninger, hvor der er etableret cykelstier i perioden 1/1 1989 til 31/12 2000. Straekningerne har en samlet laengde på 40 km og er lokaliseret i 17 af de største byer i Jylland og på Fyn. Kontrolgruppen er uheld på alle straekninger i byzone i større byer i Jylland og på Fyn, hvor der ikke er etableret cykelsti i perioden.

Human errors cause the majority of aviation accidents. Augmented cognition and automation systems enhance pilot performance by evaluating system limitations and flight precision and performance. This study examines the human-machine interface in cockpit design using the tenets of augmented cognition and automation systems theory in terms of task allocation, attentional resources, and situational awareness. The study compares how these principles apply to and interact with each other and with a human/pilot in a closed-loop system. We present a method for integrating augmented cognition systems into airplane flight management systems. We demonstrate systems enhancement with an experiment in which test pilots flew two simulated flights, once without and once with an augmented cognition system. We measured pilot and airplane performance, pilots' situational awareness, workload management, pilots' use of cockpit checklists, and flight precision along four axes: (1) altitude, (2) course, (3) radial/bearing and heading, and (4) airspeed.

Many aeronautical decision-making (ADM) mnemonic-based methods exist. However, there is no empirical research that suggests that they are actually effective in improving decision-making. Klein (1993), in his study of naturalistic decision making suggested that the decision-making process centers around two processes; situation assessment to generate a plausible course of action and mental simulation to evaluate that course of action for risk management. In this study a short, ADM training course was constructed around two mnemonic methods, SHOR (Stimuli, Hypotheses, Options, and Response) and DESIDE (Detect, Estimate, Set safety objectives, Identify, Do, Evaluate). Forty-one pilots from the Republic of China Tactical Training Wing participated: half received a short ADM training course and half did not. After training, the procedural knowledge underpinning their Situation Assessment and Risk Management ability, two skills essential for successful decision-making, were evaluated using pencil and paper-based knowledge tests based upon several demanding tactical flight situations. These scenarios were designed to encompass the six basic types of decision making described by Orasanu (1993); go/no go decisions; recognition-primed decisions; response selection decisions; resource management decisions; non-diagnostic procedural decisions, and decisions requiring creative problem-solving. The results show gains attributable to the decision making training course in both situation assessment and risk management skills. The results strongly suggest that ADM is trainable and such a training course is effective in improving the bases of in-flight decision-making.

Virtual Reality (VR) based training simulators are successfully employed in many industries (e.g., aviation) to help train operators and professionals in a safe environment. The construction industry has also started to use this technology in recent years for training operators of heavy equipment. However, the context presented in the available training simulators is unrealistic because in many instances the training takes place in static sites where there is no mobility in the site. To realistically introduce the context of construction sites into VR scenes sensory data from actual projects can be used. However, currently, there is no systematic insight into (1) the dimensions of context that need to be present in a training simulator, (2) the types of data required to represent various dimensions of the context, and (3) methods for converting context data into a coherent context-realistic training scene that enables bidirectional feedback between trainees and the VR scene. Therefore, this research aims to develop a novel framework to generate coherent context-realistic training simulators from data collected from actual construction projects to enhance construction training simulators. The proposed framework provides a step-wise guideline into (a) collection of appropriate data for context-realistic simulators, (b) development of agents and simulation physics from actual site data and their integration into a scene, (c) scene-trainee interactions in context-realistic scenes, and (d) context-based assessment of the trainees' performance from safety, productivity, and quality perspectives. A prototype is developed and a case study is conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework. A workshop with expert training instructors is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for improving simulator-based training. It is shown that compared to the existing simulators, the context-realistic training simulators can significantly improve various aspects of operator training, especially safety and teamwork. The research provided an insight into the future of construction training simulator by indicating the importance and relevance of (1) collecting appropriate data, and (2) developing robust data-to-agent and data-to-physics methods.

Motivation-Modern collaborative environments often provide an overwhelming amount of visual information on multiple displays. The multitude of personal and shared interaction devices leads to lack of awareness of team members on ongoing activities, and awareness of who is in control of shared artefacts. This research addresses the situational awareness (SA) support of multidisciplinary teams in co-located collaborative environments. This work aims at getting insights into design and evaluation of large displays systems that afford SA and effective teamwork. Research approach-An exploratory (Wassink et al., 2008) as well as experimental approach is applied. The results of our exploratory studies, which included contextual observations, interviews and task analysis, have been translated into requirements for support of multidisciplinary teamwork in life sciences (Kulyk and Wassink, 2006). Currently we perform practical case studies in omics experimentation domain (Kulyk et al., 2007). In a first controlled study we assess shared SA of team members, providing new SA concepts on a shared large display. Findings/Design-We developed several concepts for SA support on large shared displays. Memory Board is an interface that automatically stores and visualizes the activity history on a shared large display. This allows team members to retrieve annotations made on previous slides or visualizations. It also provides awareness of who is currently in control of any display, and who is manipulating and annotating the visualizations. Highlighting on Demand interface enables a team member to highlight or fade out any part of a display using any personal interaction device. Take away message-Designing systems that support situational awareness is of great importance to ensure that a collaborative environment enables efficient and effective team coordination and decision making.

Human factors have significant influence over traffic operations. To understand situations such as traffic breakdowns, capacity drop, etc., it is essential that human factors are measured and modeled accurately. While existing microsimulation models use stochastic distributions to represent human variability, there is lack of literature in traffic engineering that links these distributions to specific driver behaviors.
At the same time, considerable work has been reported in the field of psychology on modeling and predicting human behavior and drivers’ intended actions through driver cognitive states represented by constructs such as Workload (WL) and Situational Awareness (SA).
We present a framework for incorporating human factors in traffic microsimulation. “Driver States” such as WL, SA are the cognitive condition of drivers that can change dynamically over time and space depending on the internal emotional factors and external environmental factors. We propose that changes in Driver Behavior (Car Following (CF), Lane Changing (LC)) is the resultant physical manifestation of drivers’ cognitive response to changes in Driver States.
A driving simulator experiment was devised to measure Driver States (WL, SA) and Driver Behavior (CF, LC) concurrently for different traffic densities and at different freeway segments. Based on the driver cognitive states measured during a driving simulator experiment with a set of forty drivers, groups of drivers were identified using cluster analysis. When the driving trajectories were analyzed, conforming to the basis of our framework, the driver groups identified showed distinctly different driving behavior. The results of the work can be used to improve microsimulation models.

Superiority at Company counts the most arbitrary domination to manage its regulation towards working performance. The Research applies Descriptive Qualitative Methods in training developing Domain of reducing superiority domination about controlling staffs at company with subjectivity pattern in training performance of staffs in declining actual and potential skills rather than persuading close relationship between manager and subordinates. Due that contextualized method training Independence Performance at company for staffs are not intended to disrespect manager but it is adherent to standardized operation to gain company quality with not merely admitted for leadership protocol by analyzing problems and solution from staffs called Break and Build Method.

Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) play an important role in ensuring performance reliability to create safety and comfort during the operation of autonomous vehicles, by efficiently communicating their current state and driving intentions to drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. The motivation for this study emerges from the increasing development of autonomous vehicles and the critical need for effective HMIs to bridge the communication gap between these vehicles and their users. Examples of HMI technologies include visual displays for status updates, auditory alerts for immediate hazards, and haptic feedback for enhanced control. During automated driving tasks that may require users to take control of the vehicle under certain conditions, the interfaces must support the situational awareness of the drivers by providing effective communication of the situation. Design challenges include ensuring intuitive interaction, minimizing driver distraction, and achieving seamless integration with advanced vehicle control systems. The objective of this literature review is to present a comprehensive overview of the development of human-machine interface technologies in autonomous vehicles in different domain areas and to identify design challenges and opportunities to improve their interaction with their users.

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services,