Rural Entrepreneurship

Amongst South Asian Countries, India is geographically covered by more than 70% of villages. But at the same time Indian Economy is depending on the Rural and semi-urban Rural village based economic activities like Agriculture, forestry, fishery, cattle rearing, traditional artisans, sculptures, carpentry, Pottery and Weaving etc. which are all a major contributing for the development and growth of our country. It is proud to say our Indian Economy is highly depending on the major occupational engagement of rural population either in agriculture and any other artisan and the corporate, industrial activities in Rural and semi-urban areas respectively. During the recent past, Entrepreneurship is a thrust area to generate Self-employability and create more jobs to jobseekers in both Urban, semi-urban and Rural areas. Rural entrepreneurs are not just a dreamer but also motivators, learners as well as decision makers. But in reality they are facing so many practical difficulties. Against this background this paper is designed with the major objectives to investigate the problems and challenges associated with rural entrepreneurship in India to offer suitable suggestions. This paper is based on secondary sources of information with descriptive in nature. This paper suggests that there is needed to motivate rural entrepreneurs to take affordable risks involved in business idea. The rural youth should have to take in positive perceptive and take it as challenge to become an Entrepreneur to create more employment generation in Rural Villages because India lives in Villages.

The purpose of this study is to determine the underlying dimensions of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and to empirically test a framework identifying the relationships among GSCM practices, operational performance and GSCM-related organizational performance with special emphasis on small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) in Banyumas Central Java Indonesia . The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire encompassing three major parts. The research framework was tested using multiple regressions. The results indicate that all factors of GSCM have positive impact on operational performance. Moreover, all GSCM practices, except outsourcing, significantly influence SCM-related organizational performance. Also, six sigma practice was found significant and it appears to be the most influential factor on SCM-related organizational practices. Perhaps, this paper is among the first to bring into surface the issue of green supply chain management practices in the context of small and Medium Enterprises construction sector in Indonesia.

The present study attempts to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between the four facets of entrepreneurial supports and rural entrepreneurs business performance. The entrepreneurial supports considered in the study are entrepreneurship training, marketing support, business networking, and financial support. A survey among 183 rural entrepreneurs was carried out. Self-reported measures were used to obtain data pertaining to government entrepreneurial initiatives and rural entrepreneurs' business performance. The multiple regression analysis was used to ascertain the proposed relationships and it was found that all entrepreneurial initiatives such as entrepreneurship training, marketing support, business networking and financial support were significantly related to business performance. Discussion on the findings is highlighted, so as the implications for practice and future research. Towards the end, the paper also highlights limitations of the study that could be taken into consideration by future scholars for further empirical enrichment.

is a full-time researcher, lecturer and project manager. Her research interests are in regional economics and policies for local and rural development, urban-rural linkages and transformations, as well as territorial and social inequalities, social and urban agriculture and urban gardening. Dr. Cattivelli has collaborated with international and Italian research centres (Eurac Research, Ersaf and ISMEA) and has also been an adjunct professor at several Italian universities (Ferrara, Parma, Bolzano and the Polytechnic of Milan). Dr. Cattivelli has been listed in 'Unstoppable Women': a list of 1,000 women who are changing Italy.

This study examines the impact of green supply chain management (GSCM) on consumers environmentally friendly purchase behavior. We surveyed 283 consumers and analyzed the data using SPSS 18.0, AMOS 18.0, and verified them with structural equation modeling. To support the primary data analysis results, we conducted focus group interviews (FGIs) of 16 consumers. According to the primary data analysis, consumers’ subjective norms and perceived behavioral control positively influence GSCM. However, attitude did not have a significant influence. In the FGI, consumers show a highly positive attitude and purchase intention toward the GSCM of companies. However, they exhibit mistrust and lower purchase intentions toward advertising or marketing campaigns promoting GSCM to consumers. In contrast, the influence of subjective norms was found to be different for different products. In addition, a high price—regarded as the biggest barrier among perceived control factors—raises purchase intentio...

Turkey has very important potential for rural tourism according to agricultural and geographical regions. Rural tourism also covers human and environmental resources, and therefore focuses on people and the environment and community development. Rural extension is aimed to raise the living standard of the rural families in all rural areas and there is close relation between rural tourism and rural extension. Rural tourism presents very important opportunities as an alternative income source for the rural family and rural community development. Tourism is recognized as travel that people do out of their regular environment for periods of time less than 12 months, for pleasure, business or other aims. In the paper, it is discussed impacts and roles of rural extension on the development of rural tourism in rural areas, and relations among extension, agriculture, nature, tourism and rural economy and people etc. Especially there is big potential for domestic tourists in the middle period and also for international tourists in the long period. Generally roles and impacts of the extension for rural tourism development in Turkey were investigated.

Absztrakt: Az élelmiszeripari hungarikumok történelmi múlttal rendelkező, hagyományos módon előállított, hozzáadott értéket képviselő termékek. Kedvező tulajdonságaik ellenére jelenlegi piaci helyzetük eltér a kívánatostól. A szegedi egyetemisták körében végzett kérdőíves kutatás eredményeiből kiderül, hogy a hungarikumok ismertsége hiányos. A hallgatók értékelik a hungarikumok megkülönböztető jellemzőit, ugyanakkor árérzékenyek, többletfizetési hajlandóságuk jellemzően alacsony szintű. A szegedi élelmiszeripari hungarikumokat gyártókkal készített mélyinterjúk rámutattak arra, hogy piaci helyzetük javításának lehetőségeként tekintenek termékeik hungarikummá válására. Összességében megállapítható, hogy a hungarikum élelmiszerek alkalmasak arra, hogy hathatósan hozzájáruljanak a sikeres lokalizációhoz, amelynek alapja az innováció, ami lehetővé teszi, hogy elegyítsük, illetve megfelelően kombináljuk a tradíciót a nóvummal, javítva ezáltal a hungarikumok versenyesélyeit helyi, országos és nemzetközi viszonylatban egyaránt. Abstract: Food Hungaricums are traditional products that have historical past and due to their distinguished quality they represent added value. Despite their special characteristics the current market position is different from the desired situation. The results of questionnaire survey conducted among the students from the University of Szeged, reveals the inadequate awareness of Hungaricums. Students appreciate the distinctive characteristics of the Hungaricums, but they are price-sensitive, so they are less willing to pay a price premium. Depth interviews with food manufacturers producing Hungaricums in Szeged, have pointed out that they consider products become Hungaricums as an opportunity to improve their market situation. The overall conclusion is that the Hungaricum foods are suitable to effectively contribute to the successful localization, which is based on innovation, that allows to combine tradition with novel ideas, thus improving the competitivenes of Hungaricums at local, national and international level. 1. Bevezetés Korunkban a globalizáció az életünk minden szférájára kiterjedő folyamatként jelenik meg. A globalizáció által fémjelzett társadalmi, gazdasági, kulturális és politikai változások egyre intenzívebben és mélyebben hatják át az egész világot, miközben olyan új körülményeket hoznak létre, amelyek jelentős kihívások elé állítják a lokalitásokat, a helyi közösségeket. Az elmúlt években, évtizedekben hazánkban is számos helyi közösség ismerte fel különleges és értékes adottságait, s ért el figyelemreméltó sikereket fejlődése során. Értékeiket megtalálva, erőforrásaik újraértelmezésével és kihasználásával kialakították egyediségüket, ami által abszolút és komparatív előnyhöz, előnyökhöz jutottak, így ki tudtak tűnni és képesek voltak megkülönböztetni magukat a többi

This article discusses recent developments in the home-based lifestyle business featuring the example of two cases: Tammuri farm restaurant near Otepaa in South Estonia, and home restaurant MerMer in Kolga-Aabla in North Estonia. We study the restaurants from a Goffmanian performance perspective, focusing on the lifestyle entrepreneur's viewpoint of creating a restaurant experience in their homes. Accordingly, the home and its surroundings are considered a setting in which food has an important role as a performance medium and multiple roles are enacted by a single entrepreneur as a performer. Freshness, quality and locality of food, homeliness and personalised service are used for creating a special home restaurant meal experience. The two cases also shed light on the dynamics of the concepts of home and lifestyle entrepreneurship in contemporary Estonia, challenging the understanding of restaurant cuisine and home cooking as oppositional practices of food preparation and consu...

ABSTRACT
Promote inclusive development the government has to facilitate economic growth with and through structural transformation, increasing productive employment, providing social protection for all, providing basic services, promoting territorial development and spatial equality, and improving the quality of governance. Some of the underlying causes of living at the margins of basic needs are household specific, while others are external. Household specific problems include the lack of, or inadequacy of physical inputs (capital, labor, land,), human capital (skills, innovation, and the ability to cope), and health. Economic marginalization also poses a major constraint for the rural communities in Africa. The objective of this review mainly focuses in assess factors affecting marginalized rural farmer’s in inclusive development from all aspects of development issue and what is the opportunities in order to include them in to development issues in Ethiopia.




Keyword:  Ethiopia, Inclusive development, Marginalized

This article explores what two regional film production companies in Norway do to survive and succeed with their goals. The production of feature films in Norway is largely an Oslo-based effort, but despite this reality, there are companies in the regions that produce feature films. The analysis draws on semi-structured interviews with eight employees in two companies. Mer Film has in relatively short time managed to attract talented directors and establish networks with international, critically acclaimed production companies. Filmbin was one of the first film companies in Norway who committed themselves to the production of films for children. The article shows that success must be related to context and that reputation, talent development and choice of genre, geographical location, networking and social capital, risk diversification, entrepreneurship, organizational culture and leadership, are essential factors for the companies.

The objective of the study was to capture the challenges that are faced by young informal traders in Bindura town, Zimbabwe. The study was motivated by the lack of attention to the challenges faced by young informal traders by the governing authorities at local and national level. We believe our study extends the understanding of the challenges faced by young informal traders, drawing on their everyday experiences and the navigation of the complex challenges they face. Deploying a qualitative research approach with in-depth interviews, focus group discussion and documentary analysis as data generation tools, the study found that young informal traders face several challenges that include lack of capital and harassment from municipal authorities as well as lack of mentoring and competition from established traders. Thus, the study established and concluded that within this difficult environment, young entrepreneurs employ different survival strategies such as raising capital from friends and relatives, relying on multifarious mentoring and coaching programmes from various sources. The paper recommends that government and private sector take up responsibility in nurturing these young entrepreneurs.

The study assessed the entrepreneurial behaviour of smallholder cassava farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 108 cassava farmers across the agricultural zones in Ebonyi state using pretested and structured questionnaire from which data and information were elicited. Analytically, the study employed entrepreneurial behavioural index (EBI) in the assessment of entrepreneurial behaviour of the cassava farmers. The result showed that the overall entrepreneurial behaviour of the cassava farmers posted a mean value of 0.4529 on a range of 0.17 – 0.70. This implies that their minimum entrepreneurial behaviour indicates gross underutilization of entrepreneurial attributes by the farmers while the maximum shows reasonable utilization of entrepreneurial capacity. The study concluded that aggressive agricultural transformation to enhance food security in Nigeria is feasible with effective management of human as well as material resour...

Free trade world environment is rapidly exchanging technology between develop nations and developing nations. In India, besides its own increasing knowledge base, government and non-government research institution, universities and other professional bodies are also projecting increasing trend in technology assessment, refinement and development focusing primarily on industrial needs and community needs as the secondary issue.

This article attempts to analyze the skill sets required by rural entrepreneurs for succeeding in their business. The present study is carried out in Central Districts of Tamilnadu comprising of Salem, Dharmapuri, Perambalur, Namakkal, Karur, Trichy, Krishnakiri and Erode. The questionnaire method is employed for collecting data pertaining to the study. Questionnaire comprising of eight dimensions of skills are Group Skills, Technical Skills, Business Skills, Personal Entrepreneurial Skills, Behavioral Skills, Communication Skills, Listening Skills and Soft skills, have been identified from previous literatures. By employing convenient sampling, the data are gathered from 540 entrepreneurs. Factor analysis is used as statistical tool for analysis. The findings of the study show that entrepreneurial skills, technical skills, soft skills, communication skills, business skills and group skills are the significant abilities possessed by entrepreneurs for their success.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) constitute an important source of livelihood for millions of people from forest fringe communities across the world. In India, NTFPs are associated with socioeconomic and cultural life of forest dependent communities inhabiting in wide ecological and geoclimatic conditions throughout the country. It is estimated that 275 million poor rural people in India, depend on NTFPs for at least part of their subsistence and cash livelihoods. The NTFPs also serve as a vital livelihood safety net in times of hardship.
Furthermore, the NTFP extraction has multiplier effects in the economy by generating employment and income in downstream processing and trading activities. However, depletion of NTFPs resources on account of indiscriminate exploitation, deforestation and forest degradation have a major issue of concern that may affect the NTFP based livelihood and economics. This study attempts to outline the extent, reliance and livelihood significance of NTFPs for forest dependent communities and to suggest strategies for their sustainable
development and utilization. Challenges and strategies of NTFP management which will be useful in sustainable development of resources vis-a-vis provide livelihood opportunities to the poorest section of society have been discussed.

İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabı ile inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere reçete veriliyor. Adım adım ve yalın bir şekilde inovasyonun nasıl geliştirilebileceği konusunda önemli sırlar ortaya koyuluyor. Bu kitap, özellikle teknoloji odaklı inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere yapılan hataları da göstererek uygulama ortamı oluşturuyor. Yenilik ilkelerini verirken startupların ve hatta büyük kuruluşların anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme konusundaki donanımını artırıyor. 2000'den fazla başarılı yeniliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli içgörüler sağlıyor.
Bu kitabın anlatım tarzında özel bir algoritma uygulanarak anlamlı gruplar belirlendi. İnovasyon fırsatlarını belirlemek için firmaların iç ve dış büyüme parametreleri ve performans değerleri, rakiplerini de devreye alarak şekillendirildi. İnovasyon odaklı performansın artırılabilmesi, önemli değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi için özel ve hazır yol haritaları sunuldu. Endüstriler için de inovasyon modellerini teşhis edip yeni bir anlayış ve yöntem geliştirme imkânı sunuluyor.
Çevrimsel araştırmanın altyapısını vererek farklı ve anlamlı değişim ve dönüşümü düşündürüp kalıcı ve kullanışlı yollar uygulatarak kitabın ne kadar değerli olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Eğer kurumunuzda anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi inovasyon odaklı gerçekleştirmek isterseniz yenilik ilkelerinin detaylı olarak anlatıldığı İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabını okuyun.
Bu kitabın yazarlarından Larry Keeley'in tecrübelerinden yararlanmak büyük bir fırsat. Kendisi BusinessWeek tarafından inovasyon alanındaki dünya görüşünü ve paradigmaları değiştiren, yedi yenilik gurusundan biri olarak seçilmiş olup Doblin firmasının kurucusudur. Diğer yazarlar ile birlikte inovasyonun tasarlanması ve sürdürülebilir kılınması konusunda dünya çapında pek çok girişimciyi, yöneticiyi, şirketleri ve startupları etkilemiştir.

In general, enterprises with an entrepreneurial orientation develop and grow through innovation and modernization of production. Nevertheless, this logic may not apply to rural small-scale enterprise particularly related to 'lifestyle' or 'artbased' businesses like handicraft production, where modest production is so favored among the entrepreneurs as it allows preservation of special quality and value of a product. This paper argued the traditional way of defining high-performing enterprise, i.e. formal business operation will earn entrepreneurs better income over modest production. The results of cluster analysis of this study confirmed that there are three types of handicraft entrepreneurs in relation to their level of business operation (full-time/parttime), premises (home-based/workshopbased) and performance (sales and profit), with different influences of personality characteristics and motivations. Drawing upon the findings of structured interviews among 200 handicraft producers in Kota Belud, Sabah, this paper contributes evidence about the actual profiles of handicraft entrepreneurs, and factors motivate them to orient to a greater level of operation and performance. In addition, this paper hopes to provide insight to the Malaysian government to improve support measures that are accurately tailored, by providing the right incentives to the right entrepreneurs.

This study builds an aim to find the positive forces which inspires people in becoming entrepreneurs, implementing change management, technical know-how for leading and managing change in entrepreneurship, in microcosm the barriers related to development of entrepreneurship in Bangladesh such as personal, judicial, economic, and personal. This article is, in a way, covered by secondary data which is collected from cases, various published materials, research articles, monographs and experts reviews on this subject, the findings pointing out new scopes and existing advantages from sociocultural, government perspective. The study also come up with best using the advantages available, implementing changes in Organization overcoming those barriers for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh, identifying top leadership actions an entrepreneur should implement.

El presente trabajo, es un estudio sociocultural y económico realizado en la comuna de Manglaralto, Parroquia Manglaralto, situada en la Provincia de Santa Elena, en el cual se busca conocer la factibilidad de la creación de un Banco Comunal Rural (BCR), que se presenta como iniciativa para aumentar la tasa de emprendimiento. La ausencia de las instituciones financieras y su restricción de acceso al mismo, impiden el crecimiento económico de las personas, agregándose los problemas sociales causados por los préstamos informales a los cuales los habitantes deben de acudir, por lo que se inducen a evaluar la factibilidad del BCR mediante estudios financieros, sociales, culturales realizados mancomunalmente. El estudio se enfoca en la incidencia que se pueda obtener, basado en una investigación en la comunidad, con sus habitantes y los estudios similares en otras ciudades del país y el mundo.

This research examined the major barriers the small business growth in rural areas from the perspective of the business owners, with the use of Bangor Gwynedd in North Wales as a case study. It looks to determine if the factors hindering growth is either internal -for example, social and organisational barriers- or external –for example, business rate, finance regulations etc- and also to examine and understand a small business owner’s perspective on business growth.
This was achieved through a semi-structured, open-ended interview administered to 12 independent small business owners situated in Bangor Gwynedd. The business owners gave their opinions on what they believe to be their major barriers to their growth.
The research findings suggest that the owners believe that the external barriers hinder their business more; it was found that high business rates and locations (lack of ample parking) plays an important role is stunting growth. A significant number of business owners did mention any internal barriers limiting their business growth.
This research contributes to the existing literature on business growth barriers and small business growth. It will be seen as unique because of its choice to use Bangor Gwyendd as a case study, an area with limited research and also with the use of qualitative research which is a different methodological approach which goes against the norm.
The information derived from the research will be beneficial to business owners, other researchers and policymakers. The sample size –in terms of geographical spread and number of respondents- limit the chances of generalisation.
 

To introduce e-commerce to rural entrepreneurs, we need to convey information according to their needs. This article explains the information needs for rural entrepreneurs in developing their marketing through e-commerce. The proceedings concerning information needs for rural entrepreneurs were obtained through a case study approach in Tegalmanggung village, Sumedang Regency, Indonesia. The primary data in the study was acquired through observation, Focus Group Discussion, and interview. The primary data is then processed to get a picture of rural entrepreneurs' information needs to enter e-commerce. Based on the description, we made a SWOT analysis, formulate each point of the entrepreneurs' information needs, and combine them with business models from secondary data. At the end of the analysis, we also include information needs that need to be provided by resourceful persons who will guide the rural entrepreneurs to start ecommerce. The result of this study is expected to be an input for policymakers and practitioners in helping rural entrepreneurs entering e-commerce.

This study examined the effect of entrepreneurial skills on SME’s productivity in Nnewi North Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. Three research questions were raised in line with the objectives of the study. Also, three research hypotheses wee formulated. The instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire which is used in analyzing the research questions, data collected were analysed using statistical mean (x) and standard deviation. The population of the study is 100. Based on the findings, the study revealed that, management skills, marketing skills, accounting skills and discussed risk management skills are needed for effective productivity of SMEs. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that every potential graduate should be entrepreneurial in character, and also the government can do more by emphasizing entrepreneurial skill acquisition in all levels of education.

Rural entrepreneurship has an imperative role to play in the
development of Indian economy. Taking into account the fact that
nearly 70 percent of the Indian population calls rural India it's home,
adequate funding and support can provide a prosperous entrepreneur
atmosphere in these communities. So far as it is known that rural India
as compared to the majority population is economically poor, younger,
more secluded geographically, secluded from the main markets, racially
imbedded in tradition, less dynamic economically and experiencing
depopulation. It is to be noticed that most of the entrepreneur
development policies are adapted to meet the needs of the urban India.
Such policies will have to be changed by establishing such centers
which exclusively deal with the rural communities and provide
consulting and research facilities.

The economic development comes into existence through intellectual process of mobilization, combination and allocation of productive resources and the same task is meaningfully carried out by entrepreneurship which is given life force by the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship is a creative activity. It is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which typically begins as a small business, such as a startup company, offering a product, process or service for sale and an entrepreneur is a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk rather than working as an employee ". He is an innovator and generates new ideas and business processes. Management skill and strong team building abilities are often perceived as essential leadership attributes for successful entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Development (ED) has, therefore, become a matter of great concern in all developing and under developed countries all over the world. It refers to the process of enhancing entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through structured training and institution building programmes. Still there are so many challenges which can affect the fastest growth of these businesses. This paper is an attempt to find out the major challenges faced by entrepreneurs in Jammu and Kashmir.

Although entrepreneurial orientation has been conceptualized and empirically proven as a determinant of small firms' performance in hyper-competitive environments, this relationship is not really direct because intangible resources alone cannot determine significant performance in such rapidly changing environments. Consequently, entrepreneurial orientation is an antecedent of dynamic capabilities that has been theorized as the reconfiguration processes of the firms' existing resources to determine superior performance in rapidly changing and unpredicted environments. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of entrepreneurial orientation's dimensions on dynamic capabilities' phases of small firms in rapidly changing environment. Usable data were gathered from 302 sampled small enterprises in Nigeria and analyzed using SmartPLS3 statistical software for 2 nd generation analysis. The result portrays that innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness as dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation positively affect the development of sensing, learning, integrating, and coordinating capabilities.

In the early 1990s, the spreading agenda on revitalizing countryside and rural communities in developed country particularly in Japan through OVOP agenda has caught the attention of top decision-makers, politicians and development planners in Malaysia. This research is being carried out to analyse the potential of One Village One Product (OVOP) business in rural area as an inclusive local development tool to local entrepreneurial development as well as to the uplifting the livelihood of households in the bottom 40% of income (B40) group as addressed in the 11th Malaysia Plan (2016-2020). Results from the analysis indicated that OVOP program has created new jobs and new source of income for the local people including those who are considered as the B40 households (as craftsman). Furthermore, the OVOP program (Labu Sayong/pottery production) has encouraged innovation through usage of technologies (ICT) for promotion and marketing, and modern approach including the use of moulds to increase productivity, rapid execution, hence to increase capability of business in fulfilling big customer’s order of craft products. The research has also identified some issues or challenges in OVOP program namely (1) difficulty to maintain skilled and trained workers or craftsman because some of them might quit their job to start up own business and become new competitor; (2) increase competition in the market for souvenir products; (3) challenge in ensuring current operation capable to meet orders from customers and; (4) dilemma for integrating modern and traditional approach in Labu Sayong business (fulfilling customers’ order and maintaining the authenticity of the process). On the other hands, government agency, particularly Kraftangan Malaysia (KM) played prominent role in nurturing entrepreneurial spirits among local OVOP operators in Kuala Kangsar. Among program that has been carried out by KM are including giving prospect to the product (invitation to Labu Sayong operators to be involved in exhibition and showcasing of their products), and providing  development grants (including the supply of tools, machines and moulds) as well giving training on mould making and decoration of Labu Sayong. As a conclusion, the One Village One Product (OVOP) program offered a huge potential to be mulled as an inclusive local development strategy for the B40 group, if the planning and executing of the plan be carried out with proper understanding on the local needs, context and readiness of the local people/entrepreneurs.

This paper aims at exploring the Dynamics of Youth Unemployment Outlook in South Sudan through a case study approach by assessing the nature and extent of youth unemployment problem, the major factors contributing to youth unemployment, the impact of the various policies, legal frameworks and programs that have been implemented for purposes of addressing youth unemployment, and recommendations of the alternatives policies and programs that can address youth unemployment in South Sudan.
As this paper asserts, there is a growing global concern about youth unemployment as the global economy is being threatened by the challenge of creating productive jobs in a bid to sustain economic growth and maintain social cohesion. Further, the implications of youth unemployment are both social economic and political and as such ignoring the roles played by the youth in the society amounts to threatening the very survival of a country like South Sudan. The problem of youth unemployment is also one of the few development and policy concerns that are common to both developing and developed countries, especially during this period when the study is undertaken. The study is also concerned with the concept of the youth bulge which has been seen as a common phenomenon in many developing countries.
In South Sudan it has been established that unemployment levels are higher among the youth. The prevalence of youth unemployment in South Sudan with its associate factors continues to entangle the South Sudanese society. Its negative impact is posing complex economic, political, environmental, social and moral policy issues for South Sudan. Addressing youth employment will mean better utilization of human capital, reduction in the growing social problems and improving the diminishing economic growth for South Sudan. Key conceptual framework issues for addressing unemployment in South Sudan are; employment creation, employability, entrepreneurship, and equal opportunity and acceleration of inclusive economic growth.

In order to uphold economic growth and employment in the districts and nationally, one is dependent on small and competitive firms and sole owner enterprises. These represent the majority of firms and are a vital source for new creativity and development in both traditional and new sectors. How one should promote entrepreneurship and innovation among these companies has been a central theme in political debates. The foremost goal with this thesis is to advance knowledge about the factors that trigger creativity and innovation in small firms, with the main focus on firms that offer non-timber forest products and services (NTFP&S). Article I was based on a questionnaire for forest owners in Telemark, Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder (three counties in east Norway) and shows that the likelihood of starting up with NTFP&S is greater among forest owners that recognize opportunities and are risk takers. Articles II and III were based on a questionnaire for firms that work with nature-based tourism. The first of them builds on Article I and shows that forest owners that recognize opportunity and are risk takers have a greater likelihood of changing the way they supply their products and services. Article III shows the effect of external relationships on innovation and how innovation affects economic accomplishment. The relationships are also exemplified by a case study. Article IV was based on a study of a random selection of forest owners with more than 25 hectares of forest in souteast Norway. The study shows that external relationships and learning orientation have a positive effect on innovation and again on economic success among forest owners, related to NTFP&S. Article V was based on a questionnaire for small, knowledge-intensive firms and shows the impact of external relationships on product, process and market innovation. Each of the articles presents implications of the findings and suggestions for further research.

Villages are backbone of the country and majority of population lives in villages. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Changing climatic conditions is the major challenge faced by the farmers to produce the food for growing population. Rapid growth in industrialization and urbanization has reduced the cultivable land. Technological innovations in the agriculture sector has reduced input cost with profitable yields and filling the farmers pockets all through the year. Poly house is a major innovation supported by the state governments by providing subsidy in establishing the structure. The poly house farming requires less water (per drop More crop) and good planning, management skills in order to fetch profits. The area under poly house cultivation is increasing since formation of the Telangana state. The poly house farming has become Rural entrepreneurship generating employment opportunities in the rural areas with low capital cost and raising the real income of the people. The study finds out prospects of poly house as rural entrepreneurship in relation with the Gandhian theory and model and analyse the farmer level of understanding the technology, managing cultivation process. The study also reveals farmer's strategy in linking up market and the government role in implementing Polyhouse subsidy scheme in the state of Telangana.

This paper examined the role played by entrepreneurship in rural development in Cross River State, Nigeria. The paper was anchored on the Keynesian Classical Theory. Survey research design was employed for the study. The study employed cluster and simple random sampling technique. Primary data were gathered using a self-administered 4-point Likert Scale questionnaire ranging from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. The data collected were analyzed descriptively using mean rating. The study found that entrepreneurship plays a critical role in rural economic development such as improvement in the standard of living, creation of employment opportunities, alleviation of poverty, utilization of local resources and reduction of rural-urban migration. The major recommendation was that rural entrepreneurship be encouraged and promoted through the provision of incentives to rural entrepreneurs in the form of tax relief and concession for at least 10 years to encourage them to plough back earnings for scaling and expansion. It also recommended that the government pay attention to infrastructure development and maintenance in rural areas as it goes a long way to encourage trade and business transaction within rural communities, improve the socioeconomic wellbeing of rural dwellers and serve as stimuli in boosting the rural economy.

This feasibility study on palm oil distribution in Cross River State is my original research and it is based on the survey and thorough research made by Anaba, Sylvester Anani. The business will be a sole entrepreneurship business, wholly owned by Anaba, Sylvester Anani.
From the research carried out, it was discovered that the demand for palm oil in Cross River State is not fully satisfied; though there are existing palm oil distributing outlets in the state, but oil is supplied on a small scale by petty traders.
Premium upon the supply gap, and the high demand for palm oil in Cross River State, I decided to bridge the gap by venturing into this business so as to meet the high demand of palm oil in Cross River State.
The legal requirement for this business such as local government revenue tax, business premises, vigilante and other requirements had been considered, and will be complied to.
This business will provide employment opportunity for at least fifty people. More so, the problem of scarcity and high cost of palm oil in Cross River State will be a thing of the past.

Buku ini disusun berdasarkan hasil kegiatan KKN-PpMM di Desa Kalongsawah selama 32 hari. Ada 11 orang mahasiswa yang terlibat di kelompok ini, yang berasal dari 7 Fakultas yang berbeda. Kami namai kelompok ini dengan SECURAH, dengan nomor kelompok 067. Kami dibimbing oleh Bapak Dedy Nursamsi, S.H. M.Hum., beliau adalah dosen di Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum. Tidak kurang dari 11 kegiatan yang kami lakukan di desa tersebut, yang sebagian besar merupakan pelayanan kepada masyarakat dan sebagian kecilnya adalah pemberdayaan. Dengan fokus pada satu kampung, yaitu Kampung Kalongdagul, kegiatan-kegiatan yang kami lakukan menghabiskan dana sekitar Rp16.700.000,-. Dana tersebut kami dapatkan dari iuran anggota kelompok KKN sebesar Rp1.000.000,- per orang, dana penyertaan Program Pengabdian pada Masyarakat oleh Dosen (PpMD) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Rp5.000.000,-, dan dari hasil pengumpulan dana sebesar Rp700.000,-.
Dari hasil kegiatan yang kami lakukan, terdapat sejumlah keberhasilan yang telah kami raih, yaitu:
1. Meningkatnya peran masyarakat dalam pembangunan desa.
2. Bertambahnya motivasi peserta didik SD, SMP, untuk melanjutkan kuliah.
3. Bertambahnya pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
4. Bertambahnya pembangunan fisik atau rehabilitasi bangunan, antara lain: Pembangunan Fasilitas Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus (MCK) Umum, Pembangunan Tempat Pembuangan Sampah Sementara (TPS), dan Pengadaan Tiang Penerangan Jalan.
Saat merencanakan dan implementasi kegiatan, terdapat sejumlah kendala yang kami hadapi, antara lain:
1. Kurangnya waktu untuk melakukan konsolidasi dan koordinasi dengan berbagai pihak, baik internal anggota kelompok, dosen pembimbing, pihak sponsor, maupun aparatur desa.
2. Kurangnya dana yang bisa terkumpul untuk memaksimalkan rencana kegiatan yang telah disusun.
3. Sejumlah masyarakat kurang merespons kegiatan kami karena antara satu RT dan yang lainnya tidak kompak dan saling mendukung.
xviii | Kelompok KKN SECURAH 2016
Namun demikian, kami pada akhirnya bisa merampungkan sebagian besar rencana kegiatan kami. Adapun kekurangan-kekurangannya tersebut di antaranya:
1. Ketiadaan tempat pembuangan sementara untuk sampah warga desa yang seharusnya diteruskan ke tempat pembuangan akhir.
2. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat desa akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan lingkungan.
3. Kurangnya fasilitas mandi, cuci, dan kakus yang memadai bagi seluruh masyarakat desa.