Rural Credit & Microfinance

ZASTOSOWANIE SCORINGU KREDYTOWEGO W BANKOWOŚCI Wstęp Większość banków w Polsce, oceniając wiarygodność kredytową swoich klientów, stosuje modele scoringowe. Sukces metod scoringowych na rynku amerykańskim przyczynił się do szybkiego ich upowszechnienia w innych krajach.Pod koniec lat 70. XX wieku scoring zaczęto stosować w Anglii, a potem w innych krajach Europy Zachodniej oraz Australii 329 . W Polsce pierwsze modele scoringowe pojawiły się w bankach w drugiej połowie lat 90. XX wieku. Prekursorami były PKO BP, Pekao S.A. i Citibank. Wraz z przejmowaniem polskich banków przez kapitał zagraniczny, wprowadzano w nich światowe standardy zarządzania ryzykiem, tym również zaimplementowano systemy scoringowe 330 . Banki w Polsce mają możliwość stosowania własnych modeli scoringowych oraz wykorzystywania raportów kredytowych, dostarczanych przez Biuro Informacji Kredytowej S.A. Ilościowa ocena ryzyka odgrywa coraz większą rolę w złożonym procesie zarządzania bankiem, a zasadniczym przejawem jej skuteczności jest jakość portfela kredytowego, która jest syntetycznym celem wprowadzenia scoringu. Jednakże na jakość działania modelu ma wpływ wiele czynników, z których gros jest niezależnych od banku. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych czynników warunkujących jakość stosowanych metod scoringowych oraz identyfikacja korzyści dla banku wynikających z implementacji modelu. Scoring kredytowy można zdefiniować jako zespół statystycznych (ilościowych) metod, które są używane w celu przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa, iż wnioskodawca kredytu nie wywiąże się w terminie z zaciągniętych zobowiązań. Pomaga to ustalić, czy kredyt powinien być przyznany kredytobiorcy. Scoring kredytowy jest jedną z metod

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Efficiency in production requires utilization of improved technologies. Smallholder farmers in Ethiopia cannot adopt improved agricultural technologies using their savings. Therefore, the dependence of the subsistent farmers on financial institutions for credit has become substantially increasing nowadays. The major concern of this study was to identify factors that determine farmers’ access to credit from Micro- finances. For the purpose of the study primary data were collected from three sample kebeles. A total of 120 households comprising 60 credit users and 60 non-users were selected randomly in each sampled kebeles. In addition, secondary data were collected from relevant organizations. Descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage were used for analyzing the data. Moreover, t-test and χ2 - test were employed to compare credit users and non-users with respect to the hypothesized and other related variables. A binary logit model was employed to examine factors influencing m...

Finansal hizmetlere erişim, bir toplumun gelişimi için oldukça önemlidir. Ülkelerin teknolojik, sosyolojik ve ekonomik gelişimleri; bu ülkelerde yaşayanların finansal kaynaklara erişiminin uygunluğu ile de bağlantılıdır. Finansal kaynaklara erişim, kalkınmanın da sürdürülebilir olmasına fırsat doğuracaktır. Çalışmada Türkiye'de finansal hizmetlere erişim ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma ilişkisi tartışılmaktadır.

This chapter explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
enhancing climate modelling, forecasting, and risk assessment, with a particular
focus on applications in India. Accurate climate modelling and prediction are vital
for effective climate change mitigation and adaptation. Traditional methods, though
foundational, often face limitations due to their reliance on historical data and
static assumptions. AI offers promising advancements through its ability to process
vast datasets, identify complex patterns, and provide real-time insights. These case
studies demonstrate the real-world impact of AI, showcasing its ability to enhance
predictive capabilities and support targeted mitigation strategies. To maximize the
benefits of AI in climate science, the study recommends investing in advanced AI
infrastructure, fostering collaborative partnerships, focusing on education and
training, supporting long-term research, and implementing robust policy frameworks.

This paper proposes an integrated ecological, economic and social model to assist sustainable rural development in villages in Bangladesh. In the model, renewable energy technologies (RETs) create income-generating activities for male landless and marginal farmers and for women from such households, while reducing environmental problems, like deforestation and indoor air pollution from cooking with poor-quality fuels. Because of the high capital costs of RETs, the model proposes an extension of the well-known micro-credit approach developed by such NGOs as the Grameen Bank and BRAC. With the assistance of an External Agency composed of NGO, business, government and university representatives, such groups of villagers would form Village Organizations, comprising cooperatives or other forms of business, borrow money from a bank or large NGO, and purchase a RET based on biogas, solar or wind, depending upon location. By selling energy to wealthier members of the village, the Village Organizations would repay their loans, thus gaining direct ownership and control over the technology and its applications.

Pembiayaan mikro dimaksudkan untuk menyediakan solusi berbasis pasar untuk sektor UMKM yang mempunyai kendala dalam permodalan, namun pembiayaan mikro tidak mempunyai jaminan aset yang besar, sehingga kemungkinan risiko pembiayaan dinilai cukup besar, salah satu masalah yang seringkali timbul pada pembiayaan mikro adalah pembiayaan bermasalah, atau Non Performing Financing (NPF). Bank Syariah Cimahi mengalami penyaluran pembiayaan mikro yang terus meningkat, namun disamping keberhasilan tersebut, permasalahan yang seringkali timbul yaitu adanya resiko keterlambatan dalam pengembalian pembiayaan oleh nasabah yang mengakibatkan naiknya NPF bank karena pembiayaan macet. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kelancaran pengembalian pembiayaan mikro.(the purpose of this study to analyze the repayment of micro finance factors.) Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder dari pihak bank, serta dengan wawancara melalui kuesioner terhadap n...

This study examines the sociological impact of mass media on rural development in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, focusing on its role in disseminating development information, enhancing agricultural practices, and raising health awareness. The objectives are to assess how mass media informs rural development, evaluate its influence on agricultural and health practices, and identify challenges limiting its effectiveness in rural areas. Theoretical frameworks including Development Media Theory and Social Change Theory guide the analysis, emphasizing media’s role in promoting national development goals and fostering community-level change.Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with 60 rural residents, analyzed thematically to uncover key patterns and impacts. Findings reveal that radio is the most accessible and widely trusted medium, effectively disseminating information on farming techniques and health practices. The study also identifies significant barriers, including unreliable electricity, high costs associated with media devices, and language barriers, which restrict media’s impact. Additionally, respondents expressed concerns about the influence of external media content on local cultural values.The study recommends enhancing radio programming with content directly relevant to rural communities, using local dialects to improve accessibility, and implementing government subsidies for media resources like batteries and mobile data. These measures, combined with infrastructure improvements, could significantly increase media’s role in supporting rural development, ultimately bridging the information gap and empowering rural residents.

Bankacılık ve ticaret sistemi işletme ve kâr maksimizasyonunu sağlamak üzerine kuruludur. Dolayısıyla bankalar müşteri sayısını artırabildiği ve müşterilerinin finansal birikimlerini yönetebildikleri oranda kendi işletme kapasitelerini artırabilmekte ve büyüyebilmektedir. Müşteri potansiyelini artırmak amacıyla ise farklı stratejiler ve kampanyalar geliştirilebilmektedir. Günümüzde maaş promosyonu olarak bilinen uygulama da bu amaç doğrultusunda geliştirilmiş ve bankalar tarafından uygulamaya konulmuş olan bir üründür. Bankalar, maaş hesabı açtıran kamu çalışanı ile Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu (SGK) tarafından emeklilik hakkı verilmiş bireylere ödül, hibe veya hediye adı altında promosyon vermektedir. Bazı bankalar bu ödüle ek olarak kredi kartlarına para puan da yüklemektedir. Ayrıca banka tarafından müşterilerine özel krediler, kredi kartları, sigorta ve emeklilik poliçeleri gibi hizmetler de sunulmaktadır. Promosyon Fransızca kökenli bir kelimedir ve bir ürünün geniş kitlelere tanıtılması ve sürümünün gerçekleştirilebilmesi amacıyla yapılan çalışmaların tamamını ifade eder. Finans sektörü içerisinde ise bankaların ürün ve hizmetlerinin kullandırılması ve tanıtılması amacıyla kişilerin maddi açıdan lehine olabilecek her türlü kazandırmayı ifade etmektedir. Maaş ödemesi ve yapılacak ürün/hizmet tanıtımları karşılığında kurumların kendisi ya da personeline emtia tahsisi, nakit ödeme gibi kazandırmalar bu kapsamda değerlendirilmektedir. Bankaların yapmış olduğu bu kazandırmalara, finans sektöründe “promosyon” adı verilmektedir. Mevcut konvansiyonel sistemde uygulanan haliyle promosyon uygulaması güncel finans sektörü içerisinde İslâm’ın uygun gördüğü kurallar çerçevesinde sürdüren katılım finans sektörü için belirlenen kriterlere uymadığı kabul edilmekte ve bu sebeple konvansiyoneldeki biçimi danışma kurulları tarafından onaylanmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla birçok katılım bankası konvansiyonel bankaların promosyon ödemeleri sayesinde müşteri çekme yarışına dahil olamamakta ve katılım finans kurumlarının finans sektörü içerisindeki payının büyümesine engel sebeplerden biri olarak görülmektedir. Öte yandan Türkiye’de görev yapmakta olan din görevlileri ve ilahiyat hocalarına halk tarafından bu bağlamda sorular yöneltilmekte ve buna dair çözüm üretilmesi talep edilmektedir. Ancak promosyon uygulamasında faiz ihtimalinin bulunduğuna dair kanaat sebebiyle çoğunlukla olumsuz cevaplar verildiği görülmektedir. Bununla beraber mevcut uygulamaya ne katılım bankaları tarafından ne de danışma kurulları tarafından alternatif çözüm üretilememektedir. Katılım bankalarının hem katılım finans kriterlerine uygun hem de kişilerin katılım bankasını maaş için tercih etmesini sağlayacak ikinci ihtimal ise promosyondan bağımsız geliştirilecek yeni uygulamalar ile mümkündür. Bu bağlamda geliştirilebilecek ürünlerden biri “Karz Limiti” uygulamasıdır. Geliştirilecek sistemin temelinde tamamen faizsiz bir uygulama olan ve katılım finans kriterlerinin dayanağı olan ayet ve hadislerle teşvik edilerek güzel borç olarak adlandırılan “karz-ı hasen” bulunmaktadır. Malum olduğu üzere karz-ı hasen zimmette borç olarak tahakkuk eden miktarın aynıyla ödenmesini içeren bir uygulamadır. İslâm bunun dışında herhangi bir karşılığı bulunmayan ve bahsi geçen borç sebebiyle fazladan alınan miktarı faiz olacağından dolayı yasaklamaktadır. Bu kapsamda maaşını almak üzere katılım finans kurumunu tercih etmesi istenen emekli ve çalışanları teşvik etmek üzere promosyon yerine karz-ı hasen vaadinde bulunmak ürünün çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma hali hazırda uygulanmakta olan çalışanlara yönelik promosyonun fıkhi boyutunu detaylı şekilde incelemenin ve bu açıdan uygun olmayan yönlerin detaylı analizini yapmanın yanı sıra katılım finans stratejisi ile fıkhi açıdan uygun ve uygulanabilir bir ürün geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu sayede toplum içerisinden İslâmi hükümlere uygun hareket ederek yaşamını sürdüren insanlara da alternatif bir ürün geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Böylelikle kişilerin hak ettikleri kazançlarını daha meşru yolla alabilmeleri sağlanabilecektir.

This article analyzes the challenges facing microfinance institutions in their operations and financial regulations in about microfinance institutions in Ghana. The regulators, policymakers, and managers of the institutions were conveniently and purposively selected and interviewed with an interview guide, and the data was analyzed qualitatively. The article has outlined some challenges facing microfinance as microfinance institutions not complying with regulatory principles, poor management skills, and credit defaults from customers, high operational cost, poor credit monitoring, and lack of Government support. Some challenges facing regulations are examined such as cost of regulations, inadequate knowledge, inadequate staff, political influence, poor information dissemination, and uncertainties. However, despite the challenges, microfinance chalked the following prospects: unserved market, entrepreneurs' interest, increasing government interest, and economic growth. We recommend that there should be proper monitoring and risk management, autonomous regulations, government support, and adequate training/education of employees/staff to facethe challenges and make microfinance institutions and financial regulations more effective.

This research study explores the impact of leveraging quality management and partnership programs on the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the context of technopreneurship. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between knowledge, capital, partnership programs, and the performance of MSMEs assisted by PTPN III. The study involved MSME business actors who received assistance from PTPN III. The research methodology employed quantitative analysis, with data collected through surveys and analyzed using statistical techniques. The findings of this study indicate that capital has a significant influence on the partnership program and the performance of MSMEs. However, knowledge does not show a significant impact on the partnership program and MSME performance. Moreover, the partnership program itself has a significant positive effect on MSME performance. Additionally, the partnership program mediates the relationship between knowledge, capi...

Purpose-This study aims to examine the extent to which halal branding and digital media utilisation affect consumer behaviour. It also intends to provide an overview of the sociopreneurship model-a model that targets both financial and social benefits, while also working to solve problems in the community-to empower micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through the use of halal branding and digital media managed by zakat institutions. Design/Methodology/Approach-In the first stage, this study employs a quantitative approach to analyse the factors of digital use and halal branding in influencing consumer behaviour. In this respect, multiple linear regression was used to analyse 172 research respondents. In the second stage, it uses a qualitative approach in designing a sociopreneurship model based on the results of the first stage. Findings-This study found that religiosity and halal branding have a positive and significant effect on Muslim interest in buying halal products. In addition, the factors of price, religiosity and halal branding also positively and significantly affect satisfaction in consuming halal products. The sociopreneurship model can be applied to zakat institutions to facilitate MSMEs in developing product quality through halal branding and digital utilisation. Originality/Value-The unique characteristic of this study lies in the use of both the quantitative and qualitative approaches in carrying out this research. It is hoped that the model offered in this study will be able to develop the MSME sector to keep abreast of modern trends despite the limited capital available to such institutions. Research Limitations/Implications-The sample used in this study was restricted to Indonesia, with a limited number of respondents. Moreover, data collection was conducted through questionnaires without in-depth interviews with consumers, MSMEs and zakat institutions.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial for economic development, especially in emerging economies like Malawi, where they offer significant opportunities for
poverty alleviation, entrepreneurship, and community-driven growth. In regions like
Lilongwe, encompassing both rural and urban communities, Village Savings and Loan
Associations (VSLAs) play a pivotal role in providing accessible, community-focused
financial services that support MSMEs. However, despite their potential impact, the
sustainability and effectiveness of these VSLAs are influenced by their portfolio management
practices, which vary in their effectiveness for resource allocation, risk mitigation, and
financial stability. This study is grounded in portfolio management and microfinance theories, which emphasize
financial inclusion and risk minimization strategies. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative focus group discussions with VSLA members
from Lilongwe’s Njewa (rural) and Mtandire (urban) areas. The research aimed to identify
how portfolio management practices impact VSLA functionality and MSME sustainability in
these communities, focusing on challenges, opportunities, and outcomes associated with
managing small-scale loan portfolios. The findings reveal that while VSLAs significantly contribute to MSME success, challenges
such as inadequate risk assessment, limited financial resources, and a lack of financial
management skills impede their impact. The study recommends targeted training for VSLA
members, improved access to financial resources, and partnerships with financial institutions
to strengthen portfolio management capabilities. Additionally, fostering partnerships with
NGOs can provide essential technical support, training, and resource-sharing opportunities
that are crucial for enhancing VSLA operations and expanding their reach within underserved
communities. These strategies can enhance VSLA effectiveness, promote financial inclusion, and support sustainable economic development across both rural and urban contexts of
Lilongwe, Malawi

Financial inclusion of the Government through banking institutions particularly to empower rural/tribal women in India is endowed to focus upon such households which are left out in terms of employment avenues. However, rural/tribal unemployed women who have entrepreneurial capabilities, but are unable to pursue starting a business due to the shortage of financial sources, can avail financial support and succeed in the process of socio-economic development by generating employment avenues for their families. Keeping motive of microfinance for SHGs in mind, an attempt has been made to analyze to what extent; microfinance has proved instrumental in empowering tribal women of Himachal Pradesh.

As a comprehensive socio-economic protection package, DBT will certainly fulfill the living expectation of the government and people specially the deprived and hapless through ‘Aap Ka Paisa Aap Ke Haath’. We hope more schemes shall be covered under DBT and the whole country and its people will get the benefits directly without any delay or deficiencies. However, just creation of system, structure and institutions for better economic development by providing autonomy through decentralization and participatory management of various schemes is not enough rather to create a sustainable people-centered environment in which the various segments of the society can exercise their voice and choice and will get the benefits from the schemes. The beneficiaries should understand and enjoy their rights and can get involved in the decision making process for better inclusiveness, In fact, democracy loses its shine if the poorer and the deprived masses of a country are not able to share the progre...

An attempt has been made to quantify the targeting of the microfinance and its economic impact on the borrowers. The study has employed the Difference of the Difference Approach to find the net effect of microfinance by employing data collected by Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund. The study found that about 30 percent of the borrowers were poor, while 70 percent of the borrowers were non-poor. The impact on the poverty status was found to be marginal. The income of the poor borrowers hardly could grow by 2 percent during the study period. However, the consumption of the poor borrowers increased by 10 percent, which indicates that poor primarily borrow for smoothing their consumption. A significant net effect of microfinance on the consumption (6.71 percent) and income (about 6 percent) of non-poor borrowers has been found. Results show that poor non-borrowers were better off in terms of change in most of their assets compared to the poor borrowers. However, the net effect of microfinance on households durables of the non-poor borrowers was marginal' while the net effect of microfinance on few household durable items like fan, bicycle and sewing machine , of the poor borrowers was found to be positive. Compared to the poor borrowers, the majority of the poor non-borrowers reported no change in their livestock. Similarly, some poor borrowers reported positive changes in their livestock as compared to poor non 1 This paper is the outcome of the research project completed recently at the International Islamic University Malaysia. I would like to greatly acknowledge the financial grant forthcoming from the Research Management Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia. I am thankful to Yusuf Muhammad Bashir, Ph.D scholar IIUM, who tabulated the data for the paper and the project. I would also like to thank PPAF for the supply of data.

Gegen die in der Literatur zu Blockchainanwendungen verbreitete These, diese erforderten kein nutzerseitiges Vertrauen oder generierten ein neuartiges „vertrauenloses Vertrauen“, wird in diesem Beitrag zunächst gezeigt, dass auch in der Nutzung von Blockchainanwendungen Vertrauensbeziehungen eine Rolle spielen. Es wird dafür argumentiert, Vertrauen im Rahmen von Blockchainanwendungen als ‚Institutionenvertrauen‘ zu verstehen. Das klassische bilaterale interpersonale Vertrauensverständnis von Vertrauenssubjekt und Vertrauensobjekt bleibt dabei strukturell erhalten, die Zuschreibung von Vertrauenswürdigkeit durch das Vertrauenssubjekt erfolgt in einem default-and-challenge Modell. Dabei zeigt sich bereits aus begrifflichen Gründen: Je ‚sicherer‘ das System, desto weniger bedarf es nutzerseitigen Vertrauens. Vertrauen setzt Vulnerabilität voraus. Diese ist mit Blick auf Blockchainanwendungen bei den meisten Nutzer:innen in hohem Maße vorhanden.

The growth of microfinance sector in India has been remarkable over last two decades. In new micro financial management self-help groups found an important place. The self-help group model has given attention in as possible way of providing microfinance services to poor populations that have been difficult to reach directly through banks or other institutions. Hence there is a requirement for analyzing the problems faced by the SHG members for availing the micro finance loan in India. To getting microfinance loan the study is tried to realize the difficulties of women in India. The objective of this paper is to analyze the factors that impact the employment generation, women empowerment, standard of living and poverty alleviation. The study is based on the primary data and questionnaires are filled by 80 respondents. The findings of the study show that microfinance helps to improve the status of the women and young people. It also shows that microfinance gives credit to the needy people and fulfill their desires.

For the past few decades, microfinance has played a significant role in banking the unbanked, but its impact on poverty has been disputed. Gradually, the attention of policymakers shifted to financial inclusion, hoping that financial deepening could impact poverty. The world bank has published three sets of Global Findex reports in 2011, 2014, and 2017. We examine the broad trends and cross-sections that emerge from these reports and propose some explanations of the trends. We note that despite the increasing financial inclusion, poverty has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating that financial inclusion does not offer resilience to the poor. We draw an agenda for researchers where more information and research are required. These future research directions are targeted primarily to development and social policymakers and researchers.

Soybean is promoted as one of the richest and cheapest sources of protein, good for health. One variant of soybean is edamame. In Indonesia, edamame is often mentioned as Japanese soybeans and is synonymous with Jember Regency. Indeed, two of the three main producers and exporters of edamame in Indonesia are in Jember. One of the two is PT Gading Mas Indonesia Teguh (GMIT), which develops a zero-waste business to support the company's business development strategy
through Edamame Village as one of its responsible development projects. Through a field study and using the Islamic helix as an analytical tool, this chapter analyzes a zero-waste soybean business on achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) as well as the existence of technology and digitally enabled communities for strengthening micro-enterprises by taking case study in Edamame Village. The outcome of this study is a business approach that is inspiring and can be replicated
in similar businesses or businesses with different commodities.

This article focuses on the consequences of the Indian lockdown in terms of debt. It is based on an ongoing study in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, South India. It draws on a long-term knowledge of this region, longitudinal quantitative household survey data on employment, debt and assets (2010-2016/17) as well as qualitative surveys conducted by telephone since the beginning of the lockdown in March 2020. Our results show: (i) the drying up of part of farm income and the bulk of off-farm income; (ii) the limited role of cash saving and cash transfers; (iii) the debt burden, since the population has faced massive debt growth over the past decade and some households are already very financially fragile; (iv) a predominance of informal finance with, however, a rise in finance; (v) a suspension of repayments, including for most informal lenders; (vi) a halt to unsecured debt and an erosion of the trust that cements most transactions; (vii) finally, the emergence of new forms of secured de...

The global fight on poverty has been consistently defeated at the sub-Sahara African front, as this social menace strengths its grips in the region. In Nigeria, the issue of poverty is widely discussed and new policy strands articulated from a broader perspective are cropping up in order to put the soaring rise in poverty incidence in check. This renewed interest on the topic stems from the fact that policy formulators have taken into cognizance that poverty is a multi-dimension concept that requires a well-articulated and multi-dimension strategy. A strategy that transcends beyond nominal proclamation or budgetary allocation to combating poverty to a strategy that tackles poverty in its context and root causes. Adopting an ANCOVA-regression model on primary survey data obtained from two socio-cultural and economic distinct rural communities in Eastern and Northern Nigeria, this paper examines the impact of household composition and anti-poverty programmes on household welfare. The results got from the decomposed regression model show that the impact of household composition on welfare is contingent on the underlying geographical, socio-cultural and economic characteristics of the area. Also, ownership of productively viable assets helps in explaining how household size affects household welfare. Moreover, the impact of anti-poverty programmes was found to yield significant result at Ikeje study area because these programmes are targeted towards the major livelihood engagement (agriculture) of the people. While anti-poverty programmes could not achieve same significant results at Anaocha study area due to its inability to take into cognizance the different livelihood engagements of the people. The policy implication it engenders is that anti-poverty policy should recognize area specifics, thus allowing for proper integration of the poor in the policy formulation and implementation. Policy should be aimed at both agricultural and nonagricultural activities.

This article explores the intricate relationship between land reforms,
caste, and gender in India, particularly in Tamil Nadu against the
backdrop of broader socio-economic development goals. Land reform
policies in India initiated post-independence, aimed to dismantle the
feudal land ownership structures and redistribute land to marginalised
communities. However, the implementation of these reforms has
been inconsistent, and their impact on Dalits and women has been
particularly complex and varied.
By examining historical reports, government policies, and academic
research, this article analyses the effectiveness of land reforms in
promoting socio-economic equity. It delves into the caste-based
disparities in land ownership and highlights the limited success of
reforms in truly empowering Dalits. Furthermore, the article underscores
the gendered dimension of land ownership, revealing how patriarchal
norms continue to hinder women’s access to land despite legal provisions
for gender equity.
Case studies from Tamil Nadu are utilised to illustrate the ground realities
and challenges faced by marginalised groups in securing land rights.
The article also critiques the existing policy framework and suggests
the need for more inclusive and effective strategies that address both
caste and gender biases in land distribution and ownership.
In conclusion, the article calls for a re-evaluation of land reform policies
with a focus on intersectionality, ensuring that future reforms are not
only just in theory but also equitable in practice, thereby contributing
to the broader goals of social justice and sustainable development.

The high rate of default among Rotating Savings and Credit Association (ROSCAs) in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State necessitates studies to understand the underlying cause. To this end, this study assessed the effect of demographics of participants in the association on default likelihood. The study employed quasi-experimental research design. The sample for the study was obtained through proportional sampling technique. Descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency distribution tables and logit regression model were used in analysing the data. Results revealed that participants aged 51-60 had the highest default rate at 20.6% within the group of defaulters. The majority (57.3%) of defaulters were found to be females. Lower earners (less than N50,000 per month) constituted the highest percentage (42.7%) within the group of defaulters. Dependency ratio (t-value =,3.472), age (tvalue = 4.073), duration of membership (t-value = 2.178), employment status (t-value= 1.759) and household size (t-value = 2.516) positively influence default in the association while income (t-value =-2.315) negatively influenced default in the association. Marginal effect results revealed that a unit increase in dependency ratio, age, membership duration, employment status, and household size increased default by 6.85%, 0.41%, 3.52 %, 4.91 and 1.47% respectively while a unit increase in income reduced default by 0.07%. The study concludes that household size, income level, age, and the dependency ratio are significant factors influencing likelihood of default in ROSCAs. The study recommends tailored financial education programs that specifically address the needs of members with larger households or higher dependency ratios. The study suggests future research should focus on a longitudinal analysis of default rates, a broader geographical scope, and the effect of external economic conditions on ROSCAs to enhance understanding and generalizability of findings.

The increased focus of central banks on financial inclusion has prompted banks to explore innovative means of reaching out the financially excluded section. In that process, various banks propose to adopt several models to reach the unreached. One of the most successful model is partnership approach by collaborating with credible and efficient financial intermediaries (interchangeably referred to as BC/Partner) to deliver the much needed micro-credit services to the said segment. The current document on "Partnership model", attempts to give an understanding of the partnership model, the products that can be offered, various risks associated and mitigation techniques, the technology and monitoring system adopted by various countries.

The significance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has increased in the global corporate landscape, as organizations increasingly acknowledge the importance of making positive contributions to society and the environment. Islamic banking, as a distinct financial system rooted in ethical principles, places particular emphasis on social responsibility. Our studies analyze the CSR initiatives of the Islamic banks in Bangladesh, assessing its sector-wise and bankspecific contributions to sustainable development. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing secondary data sources to gather relevant information. The findings reveal that Islamic banks in Bangladesh actively engage in CSR activities, guided by the principles of Islamic shariah. The Islamic Bank's CSR initiatives demonstrate a strong commitment to maintaining shariah principles and social welfare. These activities cover a wide range of issues, such as sports, culture, infrastructure development, natural catastrophes, incomegenerating activities, education, health, the environment, and climate. The research found the significant contributions made by the Islamic bank's CSR activities in Bangladesh. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of CSR activities within the Islamic banks in Bangladesh. These recommendations include improving reporting mechanisms, establishing industrywide islami shariah based CSR guidelines, enhancing collaboration among stakeholders, and raising awareness about the social and environmental benefits of Islamic banking.

Islamic microfinance programs have been used, for some time in Bangladesh, as an instrument to empower women and fight poverty. Women are specifically targeted by Islamic microfinance under the rural development scheme of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL), which provides interest-free-loans and many other benefits to the women groups involved. The main aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, to check for a positive relationship between Islamic microfinance and the socio-economic welfare of women and secondly, to explore the perspective in which Islamic microfinance packages function in Bangladesh and how the system of their performance can be enhanced. Based on a structured questionnaire survey, this study addresses two research questions: (1) What should be anticipated from the program of Islamic microfinance provided by IBBL on the well-being of the beneficiaries. (2) Under what circumstances would such a program be more useful?. The main result of this study shows  that the gr...

The taste of the pudding is in eating, so is the case of any policy prerogative that is initiated in the name of well being of
millions of tillers, who leave no stone unturned to produce the produce-food grains, of land, which only suffice for their
subsistence and fill the belly of millions more who never care about how was that produced. In the 21st century much fanfare
is made about the tertiary sector but when it comes to access the growth outcomes of policies, policy makers are in a want of
an appropriate explanation, which is most like the same as it was previously but framed in a new way. That is why at one
point of time in the recent past the then Finance Minister was compelled to say that everything is doing well but I do not
know what to do with agriculture. The significance of the primary sector in the national output in the course of development,
plight of the tiller with respect to number, area operated and size of holdings, the composition of agricultural workers,
contribution of agriculture in the State Gross Domestic Product of few selected states vis-à-vis national level average, the
sources of income generation of the people in rural India from different economic activities and the state of indebtedness in
rural India is analytically examined. The economic state of the vulnerable section of our social strata–Scheduled Castes &
Scheduled Tribes, vis-à-vis the state of poverty and the average size of holdings is analyzed. An effort has been made to
analytically examine five tehsils of Faizabad district of eastern Uttar Pradesh regarding their employment in different setupsgovernment,
public and the private, their monthly income of highest earning household members and their income source
with respect to the SC & the ST households in particularand the national and the State level at large is also depicted.
The paper is based on secondary data taken from the budget speeches, economic survey of the government of India, research
papers, journal etc.
Keywords: Agriculture, Agriculturist, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

BRAC provides microcredit to the landless and marginal borrowers to accelerate agribusiness activities in the rural areas. The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of microcredit program on household income of the female borrowers of BRAC. Survey was conducted in the Gazipur district of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected from 417 borrowers who were engaged in agribusiness. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique was used to assess the impact of credit on household income. The study shows that the amount of microcredit received by the borrowers made a significant contribution in enhancing their household income. Besides credit, value of agricultural assets, compulsory saving, number of agribusiness pursued by household and training appeared as the key factors in determining income. The study also shows that non-institutional loan and operating cost of agribusiness adversely influenced the household income.

Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) play an important role in making services available to the financially excluded masses, especially the needy and the informal sector. MFIs do not only have a considerable influence in reducing poverty but are able to do so in a manner that is sustainable. These institutions predominantly are regarded to be critical tools for growth in battling poverty and over-reliance on central and local governments, in several developing nations including Ghana. In spite of the above, MFIs face a number of challenges in Ghana, with the news of collapse of some MFIs which has become a cause for concern to various stakeholders. This tends to create some doubts regarding the role MFIs play in the Ghanaian economy. Using Takoradi as a case, this study sought to examine the views of operators and employees of MFIs with regard to the contributions of the institutions to the economy of Ghana through descriptive survey design in a quantitative research approach. The researchers adopted the purposive and simple random sampling techniques in selecting 114 respondents for the study, with questionnaire as the research instrument. Analytical tools used for the study were frequencies, percentages and an independent sample t-test. The study revealed that in terms of their types based on client base, most microfinance institutions operating in the city targeted SME operators. Also, based on their services, MFIs in the city were grouped into individual lending, group lending, compulsory and voluntary savings, among others. Again, the study found that MFIs in Takoradi contribute variously to the local economy including provision of financial capital to the people; income generation; employment creation; engaging the non-formal economy and providing support for SMEs to grow. Other contributions are in the areas of women empowerment; savings culture, credit facilities, asset creation tools and financial literacy. It is recommended that MFIs collaborate with local authorities including the District Assemblies and Business Advisory Centres to come with measures to ensure penetration into the rural areas in order to improve the conditions of the rural folks.

The inherent features of microfinance institution afford these institutions the potential to absorb unskilled and semiskilled labour to nurture as well as promote small scale enterprises. However, in the Ghanaian economy, these benefits are not forthcoming due to the high failure rate of microfinance institutions. Relevant literatures were reviewed to bring out salient issues on the subject matter of this paper. The chief source of information for this write up is secondary method of data collection. It was discovered that the barriers to microfinance institutions success includes numerous and varied obstacles. Studies conducted confirmed microfinance institutions managements are ignorant pertaining to the risks their organizations face with risk management techniques deployed reactively and ineffectively. By embedding a structured approach to enterprise risk management within MFIs, potential benefits such as reducing the over-management of risks and organizational alignment towards the microfinance institution's mission can be realized.

Due to the recent financial crisis, micro finance institutions cannot afford to be indifferent to fraud risk management practices in the battle for survival, financial sustainability and self-sufficiency. Microfinance institutions serve some of the world's most financially challenged population who otherwise would not have access to financial services. This paper is a theoretical study on effective fraud risk management in micro finance institutions in Ghana. The study adopts exploratory approach by reviewing and analyzing the views of scholars and practitioners in the area of fraud risk management. The research revealed that corrupt board of directors, senior management and employees, weak systems of internal control, policies and procedures, weak regulatory institutions, greed on the part of culprits, inadequate staffing, inadequate training and retraining, ineffective internal and external audit functions and a macroeconomic environment that eulogises wealth irrespective of how it is made constitute aids to fraud in micro finance institutions in Ghana. The researchers recommend that microfinance institutions and Bank of Ghana must ensure the creation of a culture of transparency and integrity among staff members and clients; and educate clients on their rights and ensure there is a mechanism for whistleblowing.

This article investigates the economic impact of continuing borrowers’ participation in the microcredit programme on poverty eradication in Bangladesh. A panel data set was collected through a field survey for the years 2013–2016 to identify the impact of a microcredit programme on continuous participation borrowers. The propensity score matching (PSM) method is used to eliminate selection bias and the difference-in-difference (DID) model is applied for the empirical analysis. The findings of the study demonstrate that more benefits are realized from continued participants compared to discontinued participants. JEL: C83, D14, G21, O12

The current emphasis in the microfinance industry is a shift from donor-funded to commercially sustainable operations. This article evaluates the impact of access to microloans from the Khushhali Bank-Pakistan"s first and largest microfinance bank which operates on commercial principles. Using primary data from a detailed household survey of nearly 3000 borrower and non-borrower households, a difference in difference approach is used to test for the impact of access to loans. Once the results are disaggregated between rural and urban areas there is a positive impact in rural areas on food expenditure and on some social indicators.

A lack of resources to improve inputs and tools is the fundamental cause of the lack of food security, according to families and organizations interviewed in marginalized and isolated communities (MICs) in Latin America. Families living in these types of communities have access to inputs either through donations or through credits. Marginalization and isolation tend to favor opting for credits because it becomes imperative to be able to rely on sustainable interventions, due to the little attention that these types of communities receive from government offices and development cooperation agencies. Among the methodologies for accessing credits in MICs, special mention should be made of credit lines, solidarity group programs (SGPs), and local financial structures (LFSs) or community banks. The analysis performed herein concludes that LFSs or community banks yield the best results.

The risk of indebtedness across region level is higher among the households having less human and physical assets and human resources. However, because of their better borrowing capacities, the extent of indebtedness among them is significantly higher than other segment of the rural society. The same is true about the households self-employed in various agricultural and non-agricultural activities in the rural areas. The region level analysis also rejects the contention that the higher consumptive expenditure of the rural people as a cause of their risk of indebtedness whereas the extent of indebtedness confirms that consumptive expenditure plays a major role in their indebtedness. Similarly, the hypothesis of agricultural prosperity and indebtedness going together lacks wider generalization for household located in all the regions except NorthWest states in Logistic regression and in NorthWestern , Eastern and Southern region in Tobit regression. Exposure of rural households to higher risk and uncertain situations like droughts, floods, crop failure due to pest attack pushes rural households deeper into debt. I.

यस खण्डमा, मैले कानूनको एक व्यापक सिद्धान्त विकास गर्ने प्रयास गरेको छु। मैले सामाजिक सैद्धान्तिक प्रारम्भिक बिन्दुहरूलाई मुख्यतया निकोलस लुहमानको सिद्धान्तमा आधारित गरेको छु र तदनुसार समाजलाई व्यापक वास्तविकताको अवधारणात्मक-प्रणालीगत निर्माणको रूपमा बुझेको छु। तथापि, उहाँको विपरीत, मैले मेरो सामाजिक सैद्धान्तिक संश्लेषणमा समाजमा प्रभुत्वको संरचनालाई पनि समावेश गर्ने प्रयास गरेको छु र कानूनको मेरो विश्लेषणमा समग्र समाजको स्तरमा शासक समूहहरूको सुप्रा-कानूनी निर्धारणलाई ध्यानमा राख्ने प्रयास गरेको छु।
      लुहमानको सिद्धान्तको प्रारम्भिक बिन्दु अनुसार, भौतिक र जैविक प्रणालीको आधारमा, सामाजिकता व्यक्तिको मानसिक प्रणालीमार्फत एक स्वतन्त्र प्रणाली स्तरको रूपमा उदय हुन्छ। यहाँ, केवल बुद्धि र यसका लंगरहरूले मात्र स्थिर संगठनात्मक संरचनाहरूको लागि सामग्री प्रदान गर्दछ। तर्क, अवधारणा, भेद, कार्यको ढाँचा र मानदण्डहरूमा आधारित, समाजको विशिष्ट सामग्री बनाउँदछ। विचारको यो ट्रेन डिल्थे र हुसेरेलमा जान्छ, तर लुहमानले विचारको यो ट्रेनलाई जटिल प्रणालीको सिद्धान्तसँग जोडे, र मैले यसलाई मेरो सैद्धान्तिक काममा यस रूपमा प्रयोग गरेको छु। तथापि, मैले लुहमानको सैद्धान्तिक मोडलाई पछ्याएको थिइनँ, जसले १९७० को दशकको उत्तरार्धदेखि प्रणालीहरूको अटोपोइटिक अवधारणातर्फ आफ्नो विश्लेषणलाई बढाउँदै लगे। यस मोडको साथ, सामाजिक संरचनाहरूको स्थिर संरचनाहरू बिस्तारै उनको लेखनमा पृष्ठभूमिमा धकेलियो र, मेरो विचारमा, उनका धेरै पहिलेका अन्तर्दृष्टिहरू हराएका थिए। सामाजिक सिद्धान्तको स्तरमा, लुहमानबाट मेरो दूरी तर उनको प्रारम्भिक कार्यको अन्तर्दृष्टिको लागि मेरो पालन पहिलो खण्डको विश्लेषणद्वारा राम्रोसँग चित्रण गरिएको छ, ताकि मैले यस खण्डमा थप विस्तारमा तिनीहरूमा जानु आवश्यक छैन।
        संकुचित अर्थमा कानूनको मेरो विश्लेषण 1990 को दशकको सुरुमा तीन खण्डहरूमा प्रकाशित भएको थियो (पोकोल 1991, 1994, 2000) साथै साना अध्ययनहरूमा जसले कानूनको अवधारणात्मक प्रणालीहरू र जटिल कानूनी प्रणालीको भित्री तहहरू चरणबद्ध रूपमा खोल्यो। पहिलो अध्ययन - अझै पनि 1980 को दशकको उत्तरार्धमा - लुहमानको कानूनको सैद्धान्तिक समाजशास्त्र र कानूनी हठधर्मिताको उनको सिद्धान्तमा आधारित थियो र विशेष गरी कार्ल लारेन्ज र जोसेफ एसरको मोनोग्राफद्वारा कानूनको आन्तरिक संरचनाको अन्वेषणमा पूरक थिए। यही अवधिमा मेरो दिमागमा कानुनको बहुस्तरीय प्रकृतिको अवधारणा निर्माण भएको थियो र यसै आधारमा मैले सन् १९८९ मा जर्मनीको अध्ययन भ्रमणका क्रममा आधुनिक कानुनी प्रणालीमा संवैधानिक मौलिक अधिकारको बढ्दो महत्वको सामना गरें। त्यतिबेला हंगेरीमा कुनै संवैधानिक क्षेत्राधिकार थिएन र बहुदलीय प्रजातन्त्रको संक्रमणकालमा हामी यसको मान्यताका लागि संघर्ष गरिरहेका थियौं, त्यसैले मेरो पहिलो लेखनमा मैले मौलिक अधिकारलाई कानूनका अन्य तहसँग सामञ्जस्यताका साथ एकीकृत गर्ने प्रयास गरें । सन् १९९० को दशकको प्रारम्भमा जब घरेलु संविधानवाद विश्वको कुनै पनि कुनामा अद्वितीय क्रियाशीलताको स्तरमा पुग्यो तब मात्र मैले यसका अन्तर्निहित समस्याहरूलाई अझ राम्ररी बुझ्न थालें र त्यसपछि, कानूनका अन्य तहहरूको खर्चमा मौलिक अधिकारहरूको ज्यादती मेरो विश्लेषणमा अझ बढी आलोचनात्मक हुन थाल्यो। अमेरिकी कानूनी सिद्धान्तको आन्तरिक संघर्ष र अमेरिकी "मौलिक अधिकार क्रान्ति" को विकासको गहिरो समझ जसले समग्र रूपमा कानूनलाई खतरामा पार्यो अन्ततः मेरो पछिको अनुसन्धानको क्रममा कार्यकर्ता मौलिक अधिकार न्यायशास्त्रको बारेमा मेरो आरक्षणलाई आकार दियो, जसले मौलिक अधिकारको भूमिकालाई मान्यता दिंदै, यस खण्डको विश्लेषणको निरन्तर विशेषता हो।
      कानूनी सिद्धान्तको मेरो पहिलो सारांश, "कानूनको सिद्धान्त" शीर्षकमा, २००१ मा रेजटेल पब्लिशिङ हाउसद्वारा प्रकाशित भएको थियो, र मेरो अनुवर्ती खण्ड, "कानूनमा समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन", २००३ मा सोही प्रकाशकद्वारा प्रकाशित भएको थियो। वर्तमान खण्ड लेख्दा मैले अघिल्लो सारांशको अन्त्यमा पछिल्लो खण्ड थपेको छु, जुन मेरो विश्लेषणमा मैले कानूनको सैद्धान्तिक र समाजशास्त्रीय पक्षहरूलाई कडाईका साथ छुट्याएको छैन र कानूनको समाजशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्त लेख्ने प्रयास गरेको छु भन्ने तथ्यबाट न्यायोचित छ। यस तरिकामा, कानूनी प्रणालीको पूर्णता यस खण्डमा अझ राम्रो तरिकाले प्रकट हुन सक्छ।
        तथापि, सारांशको अतिरिक्त, मैले मेरो अनुसन्धानको आधारमा पाठमा केही परिवर्तनहरू गरेको छु र पहिलेका विश्लेषणहरूमा केही साना खण्डहरू थपेको छु।

Micro- enterprises creates rapid employment opportunities with relatively low capital investment, builds up more equitable circulation of national income, makes effective mobilization of untapped capital and human skills. The present study was an attempt to address the socio-economic impact of micro-enterprises on women entrepreneurs in sub mountainous Punjab. The study was conducted in randomly selected two districts viz. Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar of sub mountainous region of Punjab. From each selected district five enterprises were selected viz. two registered and three un- registered. From each selected enterprise twelve respondents were selected to make sample of 120 respondents. By using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, the weighted scores for social factors provided were 0.299 for social organizations, 0.163 for social experiences and collective action and 0.107 for connected to more people was provided as all these factors contribute significantly in the growth of enterprises at several levels. Weighted score of 0.042 was provided to increase in social status as there was not much change observed in this factor compared to the others. The weighted score 0.256 for knowledge regarding government welfare schemes as it highly influenced the success of an enterprise. Three major economic factors that affect women empowerment i.e. performing bank activities, knowledge about government schemes and change in diet. Studies suggested that family members should be sensitized to value and recognize the relentless efforts and contributions made by their women entrepreneurs for the overall upliftment of socio-economic status of the household.