Rome

One of the best-documented non-indigenous cults making its way into pre-Christian Europe was the cult of Isis, whose existence in Egypt can be documented from around the middle of the third millennium bce. In ancient Egypt she was closely connected to kingship, being considered the wife of the divine ancestor and king Osiris and mother of Horus, the divine identit y of Pharaoh and the foundation of the throne, but over the millennia she also came to appropriate several other functions. She was a great magician and healer, a protector of the dead and the living, the mistress of the sky, mother of the gods, goddess of life and rebirth, responsible for the inundation of the Nile, the loving sister and wife of Osiris, and the mother of Horus. 1 Th is goddess became gradually more important during the Middle and New Kingdoms (ca. 2000-1600 and ca. 1500-1100 bce), and in the Late Period (mid-fi rst millennium bce), she had assumed the status of one of the main divinities of the Egyptian pantheon. In Ptolemaic Egypt -itself infl uenced by the Greco-Roman world -she continued to acquire new roles while maintaining two of her most important ancient Egyptian functions (as a magician and the mother and protector of the royal throne) with equal, and perhaps even greater strength than before. 2

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

Agrippina the Younger was a unique woman by Ancient Rome's standards, dominating Roman imperial politics in a way that no woman before her had ever done. She had an insatiable lust for power, which was unequivocally evident throughout her life. This lust was nurtured by a variety of character-shaping factors such as her lineage, strong female role models, the passive role of women in society, and the cruel mistreatment of her family. These factors moulded her character and led her to become a key manipulator of her husband, son and major Roman nobles and a key influencer of Roman politics throughout the latter half of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, particularly through the use of her sexual allure.

This dissertation argues that martial virtues and images of the soldier’s life represented an essential aspect of early Byzantine masculine ideology. It contends that in many of the visual and literary sources from the fourth to the seventh centuries CE, conceptualisations of the soldier’s life and the ideal manly life were often the same. By taking this stance, the dissertation challenges the view found in many recent studies on Late Roman masculinity that a Christian ideal of manliness based on extreme ascetic virtues and pacifism had superseded militarism and courage as the dominant component of hegemonic masculine ideology.

""Book abstract: Despite the crucial role played by both law and architecture in Roman culture, the Romans never developed a type of building that was specifically and exclusively reserved for the administration of justice: courthouses did not exist in Roman antiquity. The present volume addresses this paradox by investigating the spatial settings of Roman judicial practices from a variety of perspectives. Scholars of law, topography, architecture, political history, and literature concur in putting Roman judicature back into its concrete physical context, exploring how the exercise of law interacted with the environment in which it took place, and how the spaces that arose from this interaction were perceived by the ancients themselves. The result is a fresh view on a key aspect of Roman culture.

My chapter discusses the location(s) and functions of the Praetor's tribunal from the 4th c. BCE down to the Augustan era, and how each location affected or influenced the 'identity' of teh urban praetor.""

Having gained control of almost the entire circuit of the Black Sea including the Bosporan Kingdom, Mithradates VI Eupator
strove for a fundamental strengthening of his kingdom. The rising power of Pontos led inevitably to a conflict of interests with Rome
that aspired to an absolute hegemony in Asia Minor. At that time, there was another military and political power in Western Asia which
must be properly taken into account, namely the Arsakid Parthian empire. Sources point to the existence of strong connections between
Eupator and the Arsakid Empire under Mithradates II (123-87 BC), one of the greatest Parthian kings. Roman military expansion posed
a threat to the Arsakid domination in Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia and northern Syria.
In 95 BC a new political constellation, initiated by Arsakid Iran, and embracing Pontos, Armenia and Parthia, was formed in Asia.
Through diplomacy and skilfull policy, Mithradates Eupator expanded Pontos’ network of foreign connections. Creating bilateral and
multilateral coalitions was to ensure favorable balances of power and thereby attain regional objectives at less cost that otherwise
would be possible.
The decisive Parthian support prompted Eupator to wage an open war on Rome in 89 BC. Initially, the prospects for Pontos were good
but the civil war in Parthia in which Tigranes was involved, annihilated the previous political constellation of the 90s and early 80s,
in which Pontos, Armenia and Parthia constituted a mighty alliance. After Armenia’s defeat at the hands of Lucullus and Pompey, and
after the failure of his own military efforts, Eupator found a strategic sanctuary in the Crimea and Bosporos. There, he tried to gain
Sirakoi and Aorsoi but his plans were shattered by a rebellion of his son Pharnakes.
Keywords: Mithradates Eupator, Pontos, Black Sea peoples, Parthia, Armenia, Sarmatians, Aorsoi, Sirakoi

Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini (1920-1993) is one of the most renowned figures in world cinema. Director of a long list of critically acclaimed motion pictures, including La strada, La dolce vita, 8½, and Amarcord, Fellini's success helped strengthen the international prestige of Italian cinema from the 1950s onward. Often remembered as an eccentric auteur with a vivid imagination and a penchant for quasi-autobiographical works, the carnivalesque, and Rubenesque women, Fellini's inimitable films celebrate the creative potential of cinema as a medium and also provide thought-provoking evocations of various periods in Italian history, from the years of fascism to the age of Silvio Berlusconi's media empire.

In Making a Film Fellini discusses his childhood and adolescence in the coastal town of Rimini, the time he spent as a cartoonist, journalist, and screenwriter in Rome, his decisive encounter with Roberto Rossellini, and his own movies, from Variety Lights to Casanova. The director explains the importance of drawing to his creative process, the mysterious ways in which ideas for films arise, his collaborations with his wife, Giulietta Masina, his thoughts on fascism, Jung, and the relationship between cinema and television. Often comic, sometimes tragic, and rife with insightful comments on his craft, Making a Film sheds light on Fellini's life and reveals the motivations behind many of his most fascinating movies.

Available in its entirety for the first time in English, this volume contains the complete translation of Fare un film, the authoritative collection of writings edited and reworked by Fellini and initially published by Giulio Einaudi in 1980. The text includes a new translation of the Italo Calvino essay "A Spectator's Autobiography," an introduction by Italian film scholar Christopher B. White, and an afterword by Fellini's longtime friend and collaborator Liliana Betti.

This examination of C. Duilius (consul in 260 BCE) and his achievements consists of a series of linked hypotheses, each suggested by direct evidence for Duilius' activities and contextualized by near-contemporary precedents (wherever possible) or relevant analogues from slightly later periods. Taken together, these hypotheses suggest that the elogium on Duilius’ rostral column may be read not only as an account of a capable commander who destroyed the myth of Carthaginian supremacy at sea, but also as an encomium on a generous benefactor to Rome’s citizenry. The inscription’s redactor successfully asserted Duilius’ preeminence among his peers, symbolized by the imagery and position of the rostral column commemorating his naval victory that was erected by order of the Senate and Roman people near the Comitium and Rostra. The cumulative evidence also suggests that the inscription’s reference to Duilius’ distribution of ‘naval booty’ to the Roman people involved the conversion of massive amounts of captured bronze, including the rostra removed from Punic ships, into “coinage,” i.e., the brick-sized aes signatum coins dated to c. 260 which bear naval imagery. Thus, by turning a mundane medium of exchange into a vehicle of propaganda through which his exploits and generosity could be ‘broadcast’, Duilius was able to reemphasize his new status as the first Roman celebrate a naval triumph. He could do this because the coins constituted a special triumphal/manubial issue under his authority, and he was therefore not subject to the constraints, real or implied, that kept Rome’s annual moneyers from issuing coins with personally significant types for another 125 years. His sudden emergence as a leading figure in Rome was rewarded with other honors, including a prestigious censorship in 258 and a perpetual personal honor, also bestowed by the SPQR, that allowed him to “triumph” to the end of his long life.

From the article's conclusion:
"Gaius Duilius has long been acknowledged as the first Roman to win a sea-battle, the first to celebrate a naval triumph, the first to be honored with a rostral column, and the first to present a gift derived from naval booty to the Roman people. Indeed, he came to be seen primarily as the man who set Rome on the road to maritime expansion and, ultimately, domination of the Mediterranean world. He was remembered also as the first (if not only) man to have a flute-player and wax-torch bearer accompany him home from feasts, as if he were perpetually triumphing. Now, we may add to Duilius’ list of firsts: he was the first politician to utilize Roman coinage to broadcast a new ideology of Rome’s (hoped for) naval greatness and dominance of the Mediterranean; he was also, it seems, the first Roman politician to use coinage as a medium for self-promotion, a century and a quarter before anyone would do it again."


Key words:

Gaius Duilius
Rostral Column
Naval Triumph
Naval Warfare
Battle of Mylae
Aes Signatum
Roman Navy
Roman Republic
Roman numismatics
Roman Topography
Punic Wars
First Punic War
Roman Epigraphy
Latin Epigraphy
Trireme
Quinquireme
Roman ships
Fasti Triumphales
Summi Viri
Octavian
Augustus
Forum Augustum / Augusti

Nel periodo compreso fra la fine del XVIII secolo e gli inizi del XIX secolo si è lentamente compiuto il  processo di industrializzazione di Roma. Basandosi sull’analisi di documenti d’archivio e cartografia storica, unitamente ad una ricognizione diretta sul territorio, lo studio si propone di esaminare le variazioni nella distribuzione territoriale delle industrie romane, che è un elemento fondamentale per la comprensione dell’attuale assetto urbanistico e territoriale della Capitale. Le industrie censite nei documenti sono state posizionate in un sistema GIS, realizzando mappe tematiche e diacroniche.
La comparazione fra i dati geografici relativi alle industrie dei periodi iniziale (1810) e finale (1925) presi in esame ha costituito la base per analizzare la progressiva decentralizzazione degli insediamenti produttivi romani e le direttrici d’espansione delle nuove zone industriali, in relazione ai principali fattori di localizzazione che le hanno determinate.

THE ROMAN INDUSTRIES FROM THE FRENCH OCCUPATION TO THE RISE OF FASCISM. A GIS ANALYSIS
Between the end of the XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX century the process of industrialisation of Rome was slowly carried out. Basing on the analysis of archive documents and historical cartography, together with a direct survey on the territory, this research proposes to examine the changing  in territorial distribution of roman industries, which is fundamental to understand the actual urban layout and the territorial planning of the Capital.
The industries recorded in the historical documents have been placed in a geographical information system, in order to create thematic and diachronic maps.
The comparison between geographic data related to the industries from 1810 to 1925 has formed the basis to analyse the gradual decentralization of production plants and the lines of expansion of the specific industrial zones of Rome, in relation to the main location factors.

The conflict between the Greeks and the Romans in the Hellenistic period brought in conflict not only two people but also two different approaches to warfare. To understand the nature of this conflict, we must study the military system of each side separately.

Some 140 rooms remain of the reception pavilion on the Oppian hill in Rome, which once belonged to Nero's Golden House. It was built and decorated between AD 64 and 68. The study of the paintings reveals that these were made by three workshops, each of which worked in its own typical style; all three are variations of the Pompeian Fourth Style. Moreover it appeared that marble wall revetments played an important role in the decorations of several rooms, which actually were the more important rooms, and that these marble revetments were valued higher than the wall paintings. The fashion of marble revetments originated in the Hellenistic kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean. With the adoption of this fashion Nero wanted to emphasize his claim to the absolute monarchy over the Roman world.

Nel tratto dell’Appia compreso fra porta San Sebastiano e il sepolcro di Cecilia Metella, l’antica pavimentazione stradale
in basoli di leucitite è sparita ormai da tempo, sostituita prima da battuti e selciatelle, poi dal lastricato in sampietrini e
infine dall’asfalto, rimosso in occasione dei lavori realizzati dal Comune di Roma per il Giubileo del 2000. Dall’analisi
della documentazione d’archivio e dei frammenti di basolato e resti di antiche crepidini rinvenuti durante i lavori, si cerca
di ricostruire il percorso e le quote originali della via Appia in questo settore, soffermandosi su alcune interessanti vicende
moderne della regina viarum.

Along the stretch of the Appian Way between the San Sebastiano gate and the tomb of Cecilia Metella, the ancient paving
– consisting of large blocks of leucitite rock – disappeared long ago. It was first replaced by beaten earth and selciatelle
(small paving stones obtained by reworking the ancient ones), then by sampietrini (small quadrangular blocks of stone
used for paving in Rome since the 16th century) and more recently by asphalt. The asphalt layer was removed during
work carried out by the City of Rome for the 2000 Jubilee Year. By studying archival documents as well as the fragments
of the ancient Roman paving and the vestiges of the crepidines (raised footways that ran along the sides of the road) found
during the Jubilee work, the author seeks to map the original route and elevations of this section of the Appian Way, and
describes several interesting things that affected to it in modern times.

L’indagine svolta ha permesso di fare apparire come meglio condivisibile, tra le varie prospettive in tema di origine della compravendita consensuale romana, quella secondo cui essa sorse come istituto sganciato dalle radici del ius civile. In tal senso, almeno, depongono due ordini di considerazioni. In primo luogo, l’ipotesi sostenuta si può argomentare sulla base del passo di Paolo conservato in D. 18.1.1 e in D. 19.4.1pr.-2, dal quale emerge la convinta opinione del giurista classico, secondo la quale la compravendita consensuale doveva essere qualificata iuris gentium nel senso che i suoi caratteri fondanti erano emersi prima nel ius gentium e, solo successivamente, da esso erano stati recepiti nel ius civile (e non invece nel senso che, come viceversa accaduto per la traditio o per la stipulatio, essa fosse sorta nel ius civile e quindi fosse stata estesa ai rapporti con i peregrini). In secondo luogo, l’opinione può essere motivata sulla scorta di alcune osservazioni di dettaglio, che sono state sviluppate, da cui è sembrato emergere con sufficiente nitidezza che i Romani, in materia di compravendita con i peregrini, a partire da una certa epoca in poi, che si deve probabilmente collocare nel terzo secolo a.C., abbiano ritenuto non più soddisfacente il modello che avevano seguito fin dall’età arcaica. Tale modello arcaico era stato basato su quella che abbiamo potuto definire l’estensione “nei limiti del possibile” della disciplina civilistica ai casi di compravendite che intervenivano tra Romani e stranieri. Si trattava di un’estensione difficoltosa e a tratti anche illogica, dovuta al fatto che il diritto romano era stato pensato solo per la comunità dei cives: solo i Romani potevano avere la proprietà delle cose; solo ai cives era accessibile la mancipatio e pertanto solo per loro aveva senso compiuto la distinzione tra res mancipi e res nec mancipi; conseguentemente, solo per i cives poteva dirsi che esistesse una garanzia automatica dall’evizione in caso di vendita (reale) di res mancipi (in quanto tale garanzia derivava dalla mancipatio). L’estensione “nei limiti del possibile” di una siffatta disciplina ai rapporti di compravendita tra Romani e stranieri aveva prodotto un regime complesso, ma anche spurio e in gran parte contraddittorio, che infine apparve insoddisfacente, ciò che costituì la premessa per il suo superamento.

Tomás Luis de Victoria’s and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina’s motets are surprisingly understudied. On the other hand, recent analytical comparisons have clearly (and intriguingly) demonstrated that Victoria knew Palestrina’s music, reworked it, modelled his own works on it in different ways and in different phases of his career, but most notably in his first published collection of 1572. Thus, the aim of the article is twofold: to study Palestrina’s motets published before 1572 and Victoria’s motets of the same year focusing on formal design and sonic architecture; and to shed new light on the compositional relationship between the two masters. Palestrina’s "Motecta festorum totius anni" (1563), "Liber primus motettorum" (1569), "Motettorum … liber secundus" (1572), and Victoria’s "Motecta" (1572) are taken into consideration. Issues of imitatio and originality, the problem of form in the motet, and questions regarding the definition of sonic styles in late sixteenth-century polyphony are discussed. The results of this analytical survey confirm Palestrina’s role as a ‘great inspirer’, and at the same time show that Victoria, while setting up an enduring compositional dialogue with his senior colleague, used and developed his own, highly individual voice.

"In March 2005, the Edinburgh auction house, Lyon and Turnbull, consulted the authors about an album of drawings of ancient Roman buildings. Within days, it was established that, in the eighteenth century, the drawings had belonged to Philipp von Stosch and were thought to be Raphael’s lost reconstruction
of ancient Rome, but that, in fact, the draughtsman was Giovanni Battista da Sangallo. One of the present authors prepared a escriptive catalogue forthe sale of the album, given the name the »Codex Stosch«, in July 2005. The present article goes beyond that catalogue and tries to answer outstanding questions about the dating of the drawings, their purpose, and their relationship,
if any, with Raphael and other draughtsmen of his period. We begin with a short description of the volume, which was acquired by the RIBA British Architectural Library in May 2006."

This course presents a broad survey of historical forces at work over the past 6,000 years, examining the manners in which human societies have organized themselves along categories of race, ethnicity, class, and gender to meet the challenges of the increasing human population and its demands on natural resources: thus, it examines continuity and change in societies over time, in different places, and among various peoples.

We will concentrate on the period roughly from 3500 BCE up to 1600 CE. To be fair, it is impossible to learn or teach all of early human history in one semester. Therefore, we shall try to touch upon as many worthy issues across a great expanse of time and space as possible, while selecting some of the most impactful ones to discuss in greater detail. Be mindful that, although students should not worry excessively about mastering the myriad details of human history in this course, some understanding of detail is absolutely required in order to make sound historical arguments. Focus on gaining a grasp of general trends, with enough knowledge of details and vocabulary to argue these trends effectively. Given the focus on ‘argument’ in the discipline of history, it should be no surprise to find that this course provides many opportunities to improve writing and critical thinking skills.

In 75 B.C.E., two events affecting the tribuni plebis occurred: their right to stand for further office, previously interdicted by Sulla, was restored; and the praetor’s tribunal was moved away from the Comitium and the Rostra, a main area of tribunician activity. This essay attempts to locate, link, and interpret these events within a broad social and historical context.

Treatises, reports and iconographic documents testify to the great variety of violin techniques coexisting in Corelli’s lifetime. Cristofor Schor’s famous engraving of Corelli leading an orchestra at the Piazza di Spagna in 1687 shows Corelli holding his instrument against the chest. This technique is also documented for the Italian violin virtuosi Matteis, Geminiani, Veracini, Locatelli and others and was, according to drawings by Pier Leone Ghezzi, widespread in the Roman milieu long after Corelli’s death. Taking sociological, functional, regional and chronological aspects into consideration, there is strong evidence for the credibility of Schor’s document.
Although a violin hold against the chest complicates shifting at first, virtuosi of the time were able to manage the most difficult passages very well with this particular violin technique. While anecdotes report Corelli’s failure as a violinist in the highest hand positions, it was certainly not because of this hold, nor was this the reason for the fairly modest technical requirements of Corelli’s Op. 5. In fact, it is not at all sure that Corelli intended to show his virtuosity with the sonatas of Op. 5. Corelli’s playing was in fact praised by his contemporaries; his skill as a violinist lay not in the high left-hand positions, but rather in his complete control of the bow. Robert Bremner reports that this was a criterion for Corelli’s choice of violinists in his orchestras. The ability of Roman orchestras to play with nuanced dynamic control, as described by contemporary observers, confirms this feature of Corelli’s violin school.
See also: https://www.academia.edu/36319446/Corelli_Op._5._Susanne_Scholz_Barockvioline_Michael_Hell_Cembalo_2018

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar las recientes investigaciones arqueológicas relativas al transporte marítimo de grano en época romana, tratando de indicar a su vez las limitaciones de estas fuentes de información. Los resultados de los análisis arqueobotánicos realizados en los últimos años nos informan principalmente de la importación de grano, así como de los insectos asociados que, bien por encontrarse en los propios pecios o en los lugares de recepción de los alimentos, nos permiten deducir su transporte por vía marítima. También el avance de los trabajos enmarcados en la denominada Arqueología Náutica nos brinda la oportunidad de conocer las embarcaciones y las operaciones de trasbordo de los grandes navíos cargueros que surcaban los mares, a partir del estudio de los pecios y las estructuras portuarias descubiertas. Por otro lado, los problemas de conservación y documentación de los alimentos que viajaban a bordo de los barcos nos obligan a recurrir a fuentes indirectas que nos hablan del transporte marítimo de diferentes tipos de grano. En este sentido, trataremos de analizar la información procedente de los lugares de recepción que, dotados de enormes horrea, estratégicamente situados en zonas costeras, nos advierten de la existencia de un transporte de grano importado por vía marítima, especialmente durante las operaciones militares de conquista, hipótesis que se ha podido corroborar gracias a los recientes análisis arqueobotánicos.

Quali istituzioni politiche hanno accompagnato - e in parte determinato - la straordinaria vicenda storica di Roma antica? Cosa conosciamo del loro funzionamento e della loro evoluzione? Quali sono stati i principali interrogativi della lunghissima tradizione esegetica della quale siamo debitori? In base a quali suggestioni, invece, per secoli si è reinterpretato, attualizzato e, non da ultimo, strumentalizzato il vincente – e avvincente – “modello romano” nelle sue varie declinazioni? Per quali ragioni la comprensione di concetti politici d’indubbia attualità non può prescindere dallo studio di Roma antica? Tenendo presenti questi interrogativi di fondo, l’autore propone una guida sintetica al complesso sistema politico-istituzionale romano: un sistema che, sebbene lontano, offre ancora molti spunti di riflessione

Analisi del ritrovamento di iscrizioni dipinte con il pennello rosso sulle murature in laterizio delle Terme di Traiano, che riportano date espresse con il sistema romano.
Si tratta della registrazione delle giornate di lavoro, eseguite sulla muratura che si andava man mano costruendo

The Rome of the Arabs is, in part, the result of a literary misunderstanding, a city imagined as real but in fact imaginary; such a representation did not come from the “wilder imaginations” of the Arabs, nor from a philological misunderstanding, that is, a presumed Arabic confluence of the names of the two great capitals – Rome and Constantinople – whose names and repre- sentations always remain, in any case, entirely distinct and separate. Arabic Rome is a real city that buried its historical, topographical and cultural meaning with a single idea, the renovatio or rather translatio Romae, in other words, the political ideology that wanted Constantinople as the New, and sometimes only, Rome. The present study analyses the use of the lemma “Rome” in the Awḍaḥ al-masālik ilà ma‘rifat al-buldān wa-l-mamālik (The clearer itinerary for the un- derstanding of places and countries), a geographical dictionary compiled by Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Būrsawī, better known as Ibn Sibāhī-zāde (d. 997 H./1589 A.D.). The analysis of this later description allows for unknown details to be retreived and moreover permits one to see how, in the specific field of Arabo-Islamic geography, the authority of tradition is passed down through the centuries, prevailing over every possible direct knowledge.