Rome

Finora l'attenzione per la stazione della metropolitana è stata circo-scritta (oppure contenuta) sebbene essa sia tra i luoghi più frequen-tati dagli abitanti della città e dai city users. Fin dal momento della sua comparsa, la metropolitana è stata il mezzo di trasporto pubblico maggiormente utilizzato per spostarsi in città e oggi, nella prospettiva del dopo-Kyoto, essa è vista anche come uno degli strumenti chiave della multimodalità e, dunque, come una delle principali leve della ri-qualificazione sostenibile. Il volume, esito della ricerca universitaria SURFas (Strategie Urbane Reti Forme dell'abitare sostenibile), si interroga sui caratteri della sta-zione della metropolitana e della ferrovia urbana di terza generazione, a partire da una riflessione sulle condizioni spazio-temporali e sulle pratiche d'uso. Ciò nella convinzione che la stazione "piccola" possa diventare un propulsore di urbanità diffusa, grazie alla ricchezza e varietà di funzioni sviluppate all'interno e all'esterno nello spazio di prossimità. In breve, il volume avanza l'ipotesi che la stazione della metropolitana, in quanto porta di accesso e luogo di incrocio dei flussi della vita quotidiana, possa essere un nuovo spazio pubblico in gra-do di contribuire alla realizzazione di una città più vivibile, più ricca di servizi, più amica degli abitanti: un polo di attrazione che non depau-peri il contesto urbano all'intorno ma sia un potenziale luogo di rela-zioni sociali ed economiche alla scala del quartiere. Un ricco apparato di carte, disegni e fotografie accompagna lo sviluppo del ragionamen-to, configurando un testo visivo parallelo a quello scritto.

Aim of the study was to detect the prevalence of hypertension among 11-14 years old schoolchildren (n. 487, mean age 12.7 +/- 0.9). The influence on blood pressure (BP) of body mass index (BMI), dietary habits (frequency of breakfast and food items consumption) and life-style was also investigated. Hypertension was defined according to blood pressure tables for children and adolescents of the NIH-Fourth Report (systolic and diastolic BP >95th percentile for age and sex). Overweight and obesity were determined according to the International Obesity Task Force Dietary habits and life-style were investigated by specific questionnaires. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was respectively 31.8% and 10.3% of the subjects studied. Moreover 10.3% of them showed BP values between 90th and 95th percentile and 10.1% was hypertensive. In general the prevalence of overweight (p < 0.05), obesity (p < 0.001) and sedentary activity (p < 0.05) was higher in hypertensive adolescents...

La ricerca proposta si inquadra nell'ambito degli studi sulla rappresentazione del patrimonio architettonico e urbano. Le problematiche relative al disegno di analisi e al disegno di progetto dell'architettura e dell'ambiente sono, infatti, sempre al centro del dibattito culturale del settore disciplinare dato che gli architetti utilizzano, da sempre, i mezzi e gli strumenti della rappresentazione in loro possesso, sia per comunicare la realtà esistente, sia per presentare le loro idee. L'obiettivo della ricerca è stato quello di svolgere un'analisi attraverso il disegno di alcuni tra gli edifici più significativi dell'architettura moderna e contemporanea a Roma per compiere un'attenta lettura finalizzata alla conoscenza e alla loro documentazione. Tutti gli elaborati grafici dei tre autori di questo volume sono interpretazioni critiche di tale patrimonio e forniscono uno specifico monitoraggio sulla città che consente, ci auspichiamo, di comprendere anche le connessioni che le architetture hanno con il loro contesto urbano attuale.

L’autrice ha selezionato e analizzato con una prospettiva storica l’ampio materiale documentario presente nell’Archivio del Teatro Club, situato nella Biblioteca “Antonio Baldini” di Roma, con il fine di portare alla luce la ricca e innovativa produzione degli eventi di danza organizzati dall’Associazione nei suoi primi anni, dal 1957 al 1966. Il saggio si concentra inoltre su alcuni spettacoli significativi per l’originalità delle scelte artistiche della programmazione e rispetto a ciò che offriva il panorama teatrale italiano in quel preciso momento storico, proponendo diversi spunti di riflessione su un argomento ancora inesplorato dagli studi di storia della danza e di cui si dà una prima puntuale ricognizione.

The Innovative Dance Seasons at Teatro Club of Anne d’Arbeloff and Gerardo Guerrieri

The author has selected and analyzed, from a historical perspective, the large material preserved in the Teatro Club Archive at the “Antonio Baldini” Library in Rome, with the aim to reveal the various and innovative production of dance events organized by the Association in its first years, from 1957 to 1966. The essay focuses also on some significant performances for the originality of the artistic selection concerning the season programs in the Italian theatre of the Fifties and Seventies, proposing several reasons for a reflection on an argument not yet investigated by the history of dance and of which the author offers a first accurate inquiry.

Cette communication se base sur les recherches menées dans le cadre de notre mémoire de licence en histoire de l'antiquité, présenté en juin 2005, portant sur l'étude de la personnalité des soldats originaires de la province de Gaule Belgique ayant servi dans l'armée romaine durant l'époque impériale l .

RESUMO: Este breve artigo representa uma reflexão sobre os momentos e as figuras mais relevantes do Barroco Italiano. Também quer ser uma tentativa de mostrar e demonstrar -através de um excursus relativamente completo de artistas e obras da época -como este período histórico tenha sido de importância fundamental para que a arte e a ciência modernas se abrissem a novos horizontes, tanto na pesquisa cientifica como na criação artística. O objetivo que se pretende alcançar é aquele de dar mais uma contribuição para superar de vez aquele preconceito em relação ao barroco, percebido como algo negativo e sem grande valor artístico, mas também enfatizar o valor da cultura italiana para que este fenômeno se concretizasse, dando um novo rumo à cultura ocidental.

From 2 to 5 September 2009, Rome was the venue of Eurobiofilms 2009, providing the 408 participants with a valuable forum for a multidisciplinary scientific exchange in the field of microbial biofilms. The congress joined together microbiologists and specialists in infectious diseases, hygiene and public health involved in investigating different aspects of bacterial and fungal biofilms as well as in designing innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. The scientific program was developed together with the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group on Biofilms (ESGB) to combine state of the art lectures and sessions dealing with the major issues of this fast-growing area of science.

For the city of Rome its heritage is crucial to its economy and its identity. However, it can also be seen as a block to economic development. This paper explores ways in which the development of the new metro line can be used to critically engage visitors and residents alike with the past of the city and provide a different kind of tourist experience.

KEYWORDS: Rome, heritage, tourism, metro development.

Mimesis or imitation of nature was the main aesthetic theory of Greece and Rome, thanks not only to Plato or Aristotle. Along with a few relevant texts, nothing better than ancient Still Lifes and live portraits, in order to verify how all that was applied to artistic production and which its modern legacy is.

Il testo costituisce l'esito di un percorso dialogico ispirato al metodo della democrazia deliberativa, con la partecipazione, in quattro audizioni, di interlocutori qualificati di diversa estrazione e provenienza.
A partire dall'analisi dello scenario e dei punti di forza e di debolezza dell’esperienza di gestione informale del Teatro Valle, il rapporto delinea tre possibili soluzioni rispondenti alle esigenze economiche e gestionali e formula alcune raccomandazioni per la loro messa in atto. In sintesi, il rapporto suggerisce a MiBACT e a Roma Capitale di riconoscere al Teatro di Roma il supporto e le risorse necessarie per svolgere il ruolo di regista di una sperimentazione gestionale centrata sulla co-progettazione e/o gestione condivisa delle attività del futuro Teatro Valle.

Il presente contributo illustra le metodologie applicate nella documentazione dei lavori di restauro, consolidamento sismico ed adeguamento impiantistico della Grande Aula e del Corpo Centrale. Le attività sopra menzionate hanno documentato, non solo in maniera dettagliata le operazioni compiute sul monumento, ma hanno permesso di acquisire nuovi dati archeologici[i] e di  creare un archivio grafico e fotografico che è stato ampiamente utilizzato per la realizzazione dei diversi prodotti di  comunicazione del Museo dei Fori Imperiali nei Mercati di Traiano.

The article analyzes the scientific discussion about the existence of a domestic space reserved to women in Etruscan and Roman houses. The hypotesis regarding the existence of a 'gynaeceum' has been recently proposed for the Etruscan houses built on Palatino in Rome (VI cent. B.C.) and for the ancient phase of the Centaurus Protodomus in Pompei. Considering the specific role of Roman matronae as laniferae, and also a substantial equality of social role between Etruscan men and women, it is possible to advance the hypotesis of the existence of a room originally reserved to women (oecus) on one side of the tablinum, the symmetrical room being reserved to men (triclinium).

Quali istituzioni politiche hanno accompagnato - e in parte determinato - la straordinaria vicenda storica di Roma antica? Cosa conosciamo del loro funzionamento e della loro evoluzione? Quali sono stati i principali interrogativi della lunghissima tradizione esegetica della quale siamo debitori? In base a quali suggestioni, invece, per secoli si è reinterpretato, attualizzato e, non da ultimo, strumentalizzato il vincente – e avvincente – “modello romano” nelle sue varie declinazioni? Per quali ragioni la comprensione di concetti politici d’indubbia attualità non può prescindere dallo studio di Roma antica? Tenendo presenti questi interrogativi di fondo, l’autore propone una guida sintetica al complesso sistema politico-istituzionale romano: un sistema che, sebbene lontano, offre ancora molti spunti di riflessione

È opinione comune, presso gli studiosi moderni, che i giudici privati del processo civile romano (giudici monocratici o recuperatores) appartenessero alle classi sociali più elevate e più colte e che mantenessero, nel ricoprire il loro incarico, un atteggiamento di grande dignità. Questo dato appare in effetti confermato se si considerano tutti i giudici privati, dei quali le testimonianze antiche hanno tramandato l’identità. Ci sono tuttavia significative fonti letterarie, che presentano indizi dai quali è lecito sospettare, di fatto, l’esistenza di una seconda ‘categoria’ di giudici privati, costituita da persone di bassa estrazione sociale, che mantenevano spesso, nell'esercizio della funzione, comportamenti tutt’altro che incensurabili. I giudici di questo secondo gruppo erano, nella maggior parte dei casi, probabilmente quelli scelti al di fuori dell’album iudicum. Dall’indagine è risultato anche che, sebbene le due categorie di giudici fossero per molti aspetti differenziate tra loro, esse erano tuttavia assimilate per un importante carattere comune: l’imperitia iuris dei giudicanti, che si trova a più riprese lamentata dalle fonti antiche.

Agrippina the Younger was a unique woman by Ancient Rome's standards, dominating Roman imperial politics in a way that no woman before her had ever done. She had an insatiable lust for power, which was unequivocally evident throughout her life. This lust was nurtured by a variety of character-shaping factors such as her lineage, strong female role models, the passive role of women in society, and the cruel mistreatment of her family. These factors moulded her character and led her to become a key manipulator of her husband, son and major Roman nobles and a key influencer of Roman politics throughout the latter half of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, particularly through the use of her sexual allure.

Background: Our aim was to study the psychometrics and factor structure replicability of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in its Italian (Rome) Version. The questionnaire is a self-report 110-item measure that postulates five affective temperaments-the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic, and anxiouswhich embody both strengths and liabilities along affective reactivity. In Italian, the TEMPS has previously been validated in its original 32-item version, the TEMPS-I (Pisa), one which did not yet include an anxious subscale. Methods: The present sample consisted of 948 nonclinical subjects (27.39 years ± 8.22 S.D.). There were 476 men (50.2%: 28.56 years ± 8.63 S.D.) and 472 women (49.8%: 26.21 years ± 7.61 S.D.). Reliability and validity were assessed by standard psychometric tests. Results: Principal Components Analysis with Varimax rotation resulted in a 3-factor solution: the first with highest explained variance (8.84%) represents Dysthymic, Cyclothymic and Anxious (Dys-Cyc-Anx) temperaments combined; the second identifies Irritable temperament (5.65% of variance); and the third Hyperthymic temperament (5.16% of variance). Cronbach Alpha coefficients for the three subscales were respectively .89, .77 and .74. The rates for the Dys-Cyc-Anx were 2.7%, and for the Irritable 3.1%. Despite the low rate of the Hyperthymic temperament (.2%), nonetheless 16% were between 1st and 2nd SD. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a positive loading combining Dys-Cyc-Anx with the Irritable; the Hyperthymic loaded negatively on this factor. In terms of dominant temperaments, based on z-scores, 2.7% were dysthymic, 1.7% cyclothymic, .7% hyperthymic, 3.5% irritable and 3% anxious. Limitation: Although developed for self-rated use, the Italian authors nonetheless administered the TEMPS-A in an interview format. It is uncertain in what ways this procedure could have influenced our results, if any. Another limitation is that we did not assess test-retest reliability. Conclusions: These data identify at least 3-factors, Dys-Cyc-Anx and Irritable (which are correlated), and Hyperthymic, which is uncorrelated with the others. Though our data are reminiscent of the neuroticism-extraversion distinction, importantly traits are operationalized in affective terms. Beyond the well-known relationship between the Dysthymic and Cyclothymic subscales and that between the Dysthymic and Anxious, the present data reveal a strong relationship between the Cyclothymic and Anxious as well, which is of great relevance for bipolar II. It is also provocative that much of hyperthymia (16%) in the +SD is between the 1st and 2nd SD, thereby "normalizing" this temperament in Italy, as previously reported by TEMPS-I (Pisa) from Northern Italy (and TEMPS-A from Lebanon and Argentina).

Background: Our aim was to study the psychometrics and factor structure replicability of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in its Italian (Rome) Version. The questionnaire is a self-report 110-item measure that postulates five affective temperaments-the depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic, and anxiouswhich embody both strengths and liabilities along affective reactivity. In Italian, the TEMPS has previously been validated in its original 32-item version, the TEMPS-I (Pisa), one which did not yet include an anxious subscale. Methods: The present sample consisted of 948 nonclinical subjects (27.39 years ± 8.22 S.D.). There were 476 men (50.2%: 28.56 years ± 8.63 S.D.) and 472 women (49.8%: 26.21 years ± 7.61 S.D.). Reliability and validity were assessed by standard psychometric tests. Results: Principal Components Analysis with Varimax rotation resulted in a 3-factor solution: the first with highest explained variance (8.84%) represents Dysthymic, Cyclothymic and Anxious (Dys-Cyc-Anx) temperaments combined; the second identifies Irritable temperament (5.65% of variance); and the third Hyperthymic temperament (5.16% of variance). Cronbach Alpha coefficients for the three subscales were respectively .89, .77 and .74. The rates for the Dys-Cyc-Anx were 2.7%, and for the Irritable 3.1%. Despite the low rate of the Hyperthymic temperament (.2%), nonetheless 16% were between 1st and 2nd SD. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a positive loading combining Dys-Cyc-Anx with the Irritable; the Hyperthymic loaded negatively on this factor. In terms of dominant temperaments, based on z-scores, 2.7% were dysthymic, 1.7% cyclothymic, .7% hyperthymic, 3.5% irritable and 3% anxious. Limitation: Although developed for self-rated use, the Italian authors nonetheless administered the TEMPS-A in an interview format. It is uncertain in what ways this procedure could have influenced our results, if any. Another limitation is that we did not assess test-retest reliability. Conclusions: These data identify at least 3-factors, Dys-Cyc-Anx and Irritable (which are correlated), and Hyperthymic, which is uncorrelated with the others. Though our data are reminiscent of the neuroticism-extraversion distinction, importantly traits are operationalized in affective terms. Beyond the well-known relationship between the Dysthymic and Cyclothymic subscales and that between the Dysthymic and Anxious, the present data reveal a strong relationship between the Cyclothymic and Anxious as well, which is of great relevance for bipolar II. It is also provocative that much of hyperthymia (16%) in the +SD is between the 1st and 2nd SD, thereby "normalizing" this temperament in Italy, as previously reported by TEMPS-I (Pisa) from Northern Italy (and TEMPS-A from Lebanon and Argentina).

1a
The title of this project refers to the geographical area in Rome, the Campo Marzio (Latin: “Campus Martius”). This was the designated military grounds outside of the city limits predating the Imperial and Late Republican era of Roman antiquity.
As the old city expanded beyond the limits of the Pomerium, the area became its centre and, to this day, is loaded with iconic works and archaeological traces from the antique world, including the Pantheon, Piazza Navona (a planometric tracing of the Stadium of Domitian), and various Egyptian obelisks.
Since antiquity the district has been in a state of perpetual rebuilding and layering, adding an abundance of public space (in the form of piazzas and public buildings) to the city (a circular sample area with a 1km diameter, taken by the authors of this project, reveals an 8.3% surface area of dedicated, exposed public space in the Campo Marzio). It is the quintessential urban district; one filled with public rooms of all scales which lead, from one to another, as a continuous connective fabric.
1b
The title of this project refers to the frontispiece image from Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s 1762 work, “Il Campo Marzio dell’antica Roma.” In it, Piranesi layers urban fantasy with typological invention in a pseudo-historical collage of the Campo Marzio area of Rome. Referencing the planometric arsenal of ancient Roman architecture, Piranesi constructs an otherworldly image of the Campo Marzio, indicating a few real architectural elements rooted in the period from which he draws. These elements, amidst a field of invention, give geographical bearing and a ghostly sense of reality to this utopian vision of the ancient city.
1c
From the allusions conjured by the title of this project, one could gather that this design for a new park in the Ostiense district might have something to do with urban rooms, an otherworldly vision of public space and the city, typological appropriation, and the thrust by which a formerly peripheral district becomes central to the city it was once only attached to.

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar las recientes investigaciones arqueológicas relativas al transporte marítimo de grano en época romana, tratando de indicar a su vez las limitaciones de estas fuentes de información. Los resultados de los análisis arqueobotánicos realizados en los últimos años nos informan principalmente de la importación de grano, así como de los insectos asociados que, bien por encontrarse en los propios pecios o en los lugares de recepción de los alimentos, nos permiten deducir su transporte por vía marítima. También el avance de los trabajos enmarcados en la denominada Arqueología Náutica nos brinda la oportunidad de conocer las embarcaciones y las operaciones de trasbordo de los grandes navíos cargueros que surcaban los mares, a partir del estudio de los pecios y las estructuras portuarias descubiertas. Por otro lado, los problemas de conservación y documentación de los alimentos que viajaban a bordo de los barcos nos obligan a recurrir a fuentes indirectas que nos hablan del transporte marítimo de diferentes tipos de grano. En este sentido, trataremos de analizar la información procedente de los lugares de recepción que, dotados de enormes horrea, estratégicamente situados en zonas costeras, nos advierten de la existencia de un transporte de grano importado por vía marítima, especialmente durante las operaciones militares de conquista, hipótesis que se ha podido corroborar gracias a los recientes análisis arqueobotánicos.

Throughout its history, Séminaire de Québec acquired works of art by way of purchases, donations, and legacies from the personal collections of priests who are members of the religious community of the institution. Whether these were objects of personal consultation, study collections for Université Laval — founded by the Séminaire in 1852 — or decorative artifacts in common spaces, some images stand out for the subject they represent and call for a reflection on the values that they can constitute within the institution.The strong representatives of Rome in the collection of prints imposes a questioning on the multiplication of objects on the same subject. This observation is also contemporary to the increase of the long-stay of priests in the Eternal City during the second half of the 19th century. Their travel reports allow them to state their perceptions of Rome, its monuments, its museums, its churches, its religiosity and its customs. From these stories, themselves generators of mental images, stands out the travel diary of the Archbishop of Quebec, Mgr. Joseph-Octave Plessis. Written in 1819-1820, this document allows to formulate hypotheses on the preparation of the journey of priests in Rome in the 19th century. Equally relevant, the travel diary of Abbot Benjamin Pâquet, written between 1863 and 1866 during his doctoral studies in theology at the Roman College, is a source from which concrete facts guide the definition of the visuality of Rome, understood as a urban ensemble and as an ideal and mythical place. From the descriptions of the sensory experiences that traveling priests make of places and objects, the physical images representing Rome kept at the Séminaire and at the Université acquire value and meaning. Concordance of objects and comments generates a corpus representative of a visualization of Rome and the Vatican at the Séminaire and at the Université during the targeted period. As such, graphic works of Roman monuments by Giuseppe Vasi or Giovanni Battista Piranesi, portraits of prelates of the Roman curia and of the Pope by the painter Vincenzo Pasqualoni, and albums of prints or souvenir photographs, create a set of references for the institution whose visual and cultural significance is based on facts and on a phenomenology of the sensitive experience. The fostering of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the members of the Séminaire is a constancy that emerges from the analysis of textual sources. Around the same time of Abbot Pâquet’s journey, the Pope continued to apply strategies to consolidate his moral and symbolic authority, while his temporal authority was weakened by political upheavals in Italy. These strategies were characterized, among other things, by dogmatic decrees, the funding of archaeological sites, the restoration of monuments, artistic commissions, and reissues of prints in Rome, which influenced the development of the library and of the collections of Séminaire de Québec. To analyze these modes of correspondence which are both physical (objects), symbolic (images), spiritual and political, we have used the rules of the “common domestic world” defined by Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot (1991) which are characterized by respect and recognition of authority and filiation. These make possible to understand the functioning of a life in common within a micro-society, like at the Séminaire; rules also influence its system of values. An intellectual link with the ideological, humanist and artistic values promoted by the Holy See explains the forms that the presence of the Pope and famous Vatican works can take in the imagination of the priests of the Séminaire. The visual culture of Rome and the Vatican, in the collections of the institution, is thus defined by the presence of a papal authority, guardian of the classical humanities, which is embodied through actions and aesthetics valuing Christianized ancient Roman heritage, historicism, purism and Raphael ism.

Classical culture played an important role in the work of Sigmund Freud and influenced the formation of psychoanalysis. This influence concerned several aspects of Freud's experience: the personal one, from his adolescent identification with ancient heroes to his emotional bond with Rome and Athens; the intellectual, including his use of authors such as Aristotle and Artemidorus the elaboration of psychoanalytical theory; rhetorical and expositive in his use of classical authors such as Sophocles and Vergil, and in his strategy of identifying thinkers such as Plato and Empedocles as forerunners of his theories. The present article reconstructs the evolution of this strategy, which began in 1900, in conjunction with the definition of the basic concepts of psychoanalysis. Some specific episodes of Freud's approach to the classics are also examined: his reception of Aristotle's concept of catharsis, and of the interpretation of this concept given by Bernays; Freud's interest in Vergil, highlighted by his use of verses from the Aeneid in his works; his conflictual relationship with Rome; the use of Empedocles as a predecessor of the changes that Freud made, in his last years, to the theory of pulsions.

Resumo: Neste artigo procuramos investigar como as representações de relações sexuais, presentes em cunhagens romanas do período imperial, podem ser lidas tanto como referências a práticas sexuais, como também como alusões, ainda que indiretas e sutis, às relações entre governantes e governados. A metodologia baseia-se na multidisciplinariedade, tendo como eixo as áreas de História, Antropologia, Semiótica e Numismática.
Abstract: the paper studies sexual intercourse images in Roman imperial coinage. They refer directly to sexual intercourse, but may also be interpreted as suggestive allusions to relations between subjected people and their masters. An interdisciplinary approach includes a mix of historical, anthropological, semiotic and numismatic perspectives.

Institutional urbanism, generated around powerful buildings in Rome, is introduced from the legal, aesthetic and political standpoint, and then explored in case studies of Roman piazzas: Trevi, Sant'Agostino, San Carlo ai Catinari, and Campitelli. Piazza Sant'Ignazio stands as a metaphor for three centuries of urban viewing and practice.

“Pellegrino” per l'uomo del Medioevo era chiunque si trovasse fuori della sua terra natale, lontano dalla propria casa e da tutti i suoi comfort e le sue sicurezze, ma il termine indicava in senso stretto colui che compiva il pellegrinaggio verso Santiago de Compostela o ne stava tornando. Dante, poi, ricorda i tre tipi di pellegrini: i palmieri, che andavano oltremare, in Terra Santa, a visitare i luoghi della vita, della Passione e della Risurrezione di Gesù e tornavano recando una palma simbolo del compiuto pellegrinaggio; i peregrini veri e propri, che, appunto si recavano a Compostela, nel luogo più remoto d'Europa, e, infine, i romei, che visitavano le tombe di San Pietro e San Paolo a Roma e da quella città prendevano il nome. Un'ultima preziosa indicazione, fornitaci dal poeta è che i pellegrini sono “le genti che vanno al servigio dell'Altissimo”.

Italian filmmaker Federico Fellini (1920-1993) is one of the most renowned figures in world cinema. Director of a long list of critically acclaimed motion pictures, including La strada, La dolce vita, 8½, and Amarcord, Fellini's success helped strengthen the international prestige of Italian cinema from the 1950s onward. Often remembered as an eccentric auteur with a vivid imagination and a penchant for quasi-autobiographical works, the carnivalesque, and Rubenesque women, Fellini's inimitable films celebrate the creative potential of cinema as a medium and also provide thought-provoking evocations of various periods in Italian history, from the years of fascism to the age of Silvio Berlusconi's media empire.

In Making a Film Fellini discusses his childhood and adolescence in the coastal town of Rimini, the time he spent as a cartoonist, journalist, and screenwriter in Rome, his decisive encounter with Roberto Rossellini, and his own movies, from Variety Lights to Casanova. The director explains the importance of drawing to his creative process, the mysterious ways in which ideas for films arise, his collaborations with his wife, Giulietta Masina, his thoughts on fascism, Jung, and the relationship between cinema and television. Often comic, sometimes tragic, and rife with insightful comments on his craft, Making a Film sheds light on Fellini's life and reveals the motivations behind many of his most fascinating movies.

Available in its entirety for the first time in English, this volume contains the complete translation of Fare un film, the authoritative collection of writings edited and reworked by Fellini and initially published by Giulio Einaudi in 1980. The text includes a new translation of the Italo Calvino essay "A Spectator's Autobiography," an introduction by Italian film scholar Christopher B. White, and an afterword by Fellini's longtime friend and collaborator Liliana Betti.

I analyze each of the major characters, especially in the ambiguity of them all. There is no clear tragic hero, as they can all be both heroic and tragic. However, one does exist and it is Rome herself. I then discuss the worldview that Shakespeare puts forth, the theatrum mundi (the world as a stage), and the underlying moral message of Stoicism.