Roman Textile Production

Fémkeresős kutatások és tervásatás során tizenhárom darab köztársaság-és kora császárkori érme került elő Kőszegfalva mellett, a Borostyánkőút közelében. A denariusok már a római hódítást megelőzően is jelentős szerepet játszottak kereskedelemben, ugyanakkor értékük miatt gyakran tezaurálták is őket. kulcsszavak: Róma, Savaria, Borostyánkőút, köztársaság kor, denarius, érmek

Archaeological research has traditionally focused on the centres of urban development in the ancient world, across the Loess plains, along the Indus, and throughout the Fertile Crescent and adjacent foothills. Urban development in southern Central Asia, along the northern rim of the Iranian Plateau and into the oases of the Karakum, has received far less attention. Collaborative multiproxy research has clarified many previously unexplored aspects of the urban flourishing and paleoeconomy. Here, we showcase new data from the ongoing excavations of the occupation layers at Togolok 1 in the Murghab alluvial fan, from the late third to the mid-second millennium BCE. Archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and paleoclimatic data can better clarify the long developmental trajectories of economic and environmental change across this key area of urban development.

A través del análisis de las fuentes textuales, epigráficas e iconográficas, la antropología histórica resulta una aproximación válida para estudiar motivos y fenómenos del mundo antiguo, como pretendemos exponer en este trabajo. Siguiendo la metodología y los variados ámbitos de estudio de esta disciplina, observaremos el valor polisémico del azafrán en las sociedades griega y romana. Flor bien conocida en la Antigüedad, era utilizada como condimento culinario, esencia de perfumes, medicamento y tinte de tejidos, tomando diferentes significados según los sujetos que
lo emplean. Nuestro estudio se centrará en el vestido obtenido de su tintura, el κροκωτός griego o crocota latino, y su vínculo con la femineidad, de modo que, aplicando la perspectiva de la antropología histórica, observemos las diversas valencias de la prenda.

The perusal of a history seems a calm entertainment; but would be no entertainment at all, did not our hearts beat with correspondent movements to those which are described by the historian. -David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (A Critical Edition, ed. by T. L. Beauchamp, Oxford 1998 [1751], p.40) ¹ I speak of 'readers', because my chief concern is with ancient critics' responses, and they encountered the texts stripped of their performative contexts; cf. Nünlist (2009) 12. For possible performance effects, see Budelmann and Van Emde Boas (Chapter 3 of this volume) and Gianvittorio-Ungar (Chapter 11 of this volume).

Communication lors de la journée d’étude du projet Eurykleia "Une autre histoire est possible. Éléments pour une histoire mixte des sociétés grecque et romaine", organisée par Sandra Boehringer, à l’université de Strasbourg, le 8 décembre 2022

1978 tavaszán negyedéves régész–történész szakos egyetemi hallgatóként három hónapos részképzésen vettem részt a Moszkvai Lomonoszov Egyetem Régészeti Tanszékén. A tanszékvezető professzor, G. A. Fedorov-Davydov jóvoltából egy hétig a Szentpétervári Állami Ermitázs gyűjteményeit is tanulmányozhattam, ahol Z. A. Lvova engedélyével kézbe vehettem az 1912-ben napvilágra került poltavai kincs (a lelőhely mai ukrán nevén Mala Perescsepino) arany és ezüst étkészleteit. Csaknem két nemzedékkel a leletegyüttes megtalálása után 8 ezüstedény alján írásjeleket fedeztem föl. 1981 novemberében egy újabb leningrádi tanulmányút során, B. I. Marsakkal is konzultálhattam az Ermitázs Keleti Gyűjteményében. Tapasztalataimat 1984-ben egy Novoszibirszkben tartott ülésszakon ismertettem, de az 1985-ben megjelent konferenciakötetből kimaradtak a szóban forgó rajzok. Ez az érdekes jelcsoport azóta is publikálatlan maradt, pedig magával a kinccsel könyvtárnyi tanulmány foglalkozott.

Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity is intended to advance the field of Eastern Christian Studies by publishing translations of ancient texts, individual monographs, thematic collections, and translations into English of significant volumes in modern languages. It will cover the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic traditions from the early through to the contemporary period. The series will make a valuable contribution to the study of Eastern Christianity by publishing research by scholars from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds. The different traditions that make up the world of Eastern Christianity have not always received the attention they deserve, so this series will provide a platform for deepening our knowledge of them as well as bringing them to a wider audience. The need for such a series has been felt for sometime by the scholarly community in view of the increasing interest in the Christian East.

Despite the habitual lack of interest in the use of water in the workshops of antiquity, some of the artisanal activities identified in well-preserved
Roman towns such as Pompeii show that water was essential for a wide
range of productive occupations (Sánchez 2020; 2023). The fullonicae of Rome were mentioned by Frontinus (De Aq. XCIV, 3-4) in relation to their eligibility, together with the balnea, to take advantage of the aqua caduca (excess water) spilling from public fountains and other public reservoirs. This assertion, together with the features of the structures found in the premises associated with the fullones (especially the basins and water pipes) have shaped the idea that fullonicae were among the largest consumers of water in Roman towns (Flohr 2006: 193)....The hydraulics analysis of the outstanding archaeological evidence can be highly beneficial for the discussion of the issues and uncertain points outlined above. In this study, one of the largest Pompeian fullonicae
is reviewed, new data on the geometry of the hydraulic features is added
and the methods for the hydraulics analysis are presented. The analysis of
the piping system allows us to define the possible flowrates in the various
branches, as well as those required to operate each water structure
correctly. Based on the results, various considerations regarding the
operation of the basins and the water requirements of the fullonica
premises as a whole are presented.

The 24th annual meeting of the Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology - SOMA was held in Udine, Italy from 2 to 4 February 2023. The Symposium was organized by the University of Udine with the support of GAMA, and the theme “Ideas that traveled by the sea” included coastal and underwater sites.

Did a Roman imperial economy exist under the Late Republic, the Roman Principate and the Later Roman Empire? And if so, what type of economy was it? Another equally important question is: did the Roman Empire, by specific actions, the creation of infrastructures, or its very existence, trigger a transformation of economic life in the regions which it dominated? Or was the Empire a marginal affair in the regions that belonged to it, and did economic developments take their own course, independently of the Empire? Questions like these, which are of great consequence to any student of Roman history, archaeology, and Roman law, were at the centre of interest during the second workshop ofthe network Impact ofEmpire 1 • Recent discussion of the Roman imperial economy has been dominated by the controversy between modemists like Michael Rostovtzeff, primitivists like Moses Finley and scholars who take an intermediate position, like Keith Hopkins, with his well-known argument that Roman taxation stimulated trade empire-wide 2 • In reaction to Rostovtzeff's modernistic interpretations 1 We owe thanks to Luuk de Ligt for his advice. This introduction draws heavily on articles by H.W.

The unique grave from Poprad-Matejovce, excavated in 2006 and dated to the late 4th century AD, is already well known to the NESAT audience. Preliminary results from the laboratory research of the in situ blocks with organic material lifted from this grave were first presented in Esslingen in 2011. The recovered textiles were then shown on a poster in Hallstatt, in 2014, and at the Liberec conference in 2017, a talk was given about the multicoloured tapestry. The international and multidisciplinary project researching the Poprad grave for 16 years now has been the source for many wonderful and new discoveries. Finally, the project is in its last stage, preparing the results in a manuscript and in a permanent exhibition. The aim of this chapter is to pick up the threads of the previous work and to show the slit tapestry in a completely new light, based on recent findings. This is demonstrated by presenting the new methodology of reconstruction of the tapestry fragments via technological features
as well as via final colour information, including new additional dye and fibre analyses. The intent is to answer essential questions to create a greater picture, namely: how the tapestry was produced, what its motifs tell us, and the purpose for which it was used. A reconstruction of the design of this fabric will be shown for the first time in this chapter.

López. "Territorios campesinos. Una lectura del paisaje agrícola andalusí de Níjar y Huebro, en el distrito de Arš al-Yaman (Almería)". En Agricultura y regadío en al-Andalus, síntesis y problemas, editado por Lorenzo Cara Barrionuevo y Antonio Malpica Cuello, 229-258. Almería: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1995. Carannante, Alfredo. "Archaeomalacology and purpledye. State of the art and new prospects of research". En Molusco y púrpura en contextos arqueológicos atlántico-mediterráneos. Nuevos datos y reflexiones en clave de proceso histórico, editado por Juan Jesús Cantillo, Darío Bernal y José Ramos, 273-282. Cádiz:

Die Forschung an organischen Überresten aus der Ur- und Frühgeschichte sieht sich mit der Herausforderung konfrontiert, dass Materialien wie Textilien, Leder oder Ähnliches durch die in Mitteleuropa vorherrschenden klimatischen Bedingungen üblicherweise verrotten, sobald sie in den Boden gelangen. Dennoch können sich etwa in Gräbern durch den Kontakt zu Metallen teilweise organische Materialien erhalten. In den vergangenen beiden Jahrzehnten wurde in der Archäologie immer mehr Augenmerk auf derartige, meist sehr unscheinbare organische Reste gelegt, die manchmal auch auf nicht mehr erhaltene Objekte hinweisen, wie die folgende Studie zeigt.

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This book benefited from a contribution of the Association Professeur Marcel Hoc, the Centre d'étude des mondes antiques (CEMA), and the Institut des civilisations, arts et lettres (INCAL). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, adapted or translated, in any form or by any means, in any country, without the prior permission of Presses universitaires de Louvain.

La collana è dotata di un sistema di peer review Presentazione di Giuseppe Parello La città che produce: alcuni spunti di riflessione di Giuliano Volpe I SESSIONE: SPAZI URBANI E PRODUZIONI La lavorazione dei tessuti e la dislocazione degli impianti in una città dell'Aemilia: il caso di Mutina di Alfredo Buonopane, Carla Corti

Seven sets of gold threads located in Augusta Emerita from the 1970's to the present are presented in this paper. They are addressed in a contextual key from the data offered by the Consorcio de Mérida and the Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, which allow us to define some functional hypotheses. Given the interdisciplinary nature of this work, in addition, archeometric analyses have been addressed and help us to understand its physical-compositional characteristics as well as provide us with some data regarding the craft and its modes and means of production.

One recent development in the study of Roman crafts and retail is that there seems to be a slight shift away from studying the actual work installations towards studying the architectural environments within which these were situated. 1 This development seems to offer a number of opportunities. One of these is that, while comparative approaches to actual work installations or retail practices are often highly complex if not impossible, the study of the architectural and spatial contexts in which they were situated makes it considerably more straightforward for scholars working in varying geographical and chronological contexts to actually confront each other's observations. Moreover, an increasing focus on the place of work in the built environment also makes it easier to engage in debates with scholars working on other topics: more than anything else it is architecture that connects the study of crafts and retail to broader debates about Roman urban communities. It needs no arguing that this is important: not only were there many people spending their working days in shops and workshops, in many places, these people also were, in a physical way, very central to the urban communities, in which they lived, and could be a defining part of the urban atmosphere-particularly in Roman Italy, but to some extent also elsewhere in the Roman world. This article aims to push the role of architecture in debates about urban crafts and retail a little bit further, and brings up the issue of how these architectural contexts changed over time, and how this is to be understood economically. As Steven Ellis has recently argued, this requires a bit of caution: even if we want to think of the construction of shops and workshops as 'investment', we should be wary of uncritical 'economistic' interpretations of these processes as ancient realities may have been more complex. 2 Nevertheless, several developments in Roman architecture and urbanism seem to highlight the flipside of the coin, namely that we also should be wary of too easily dismissing profit as the leading motivation behind certain categories of building projects. Put more strongly: this article argues that one key development in the history of retail and manufacturing in the Roman world lies precisely in the emergence of several architectural forms that seem directly rooted in the desire to invest commercially for profit's sake. If it is true that, to some extent, we may still think of crafts and manufacturing as 'embedded' in social structures and cultural norms-one can for example think of the continuing scholarly emphasis on the role of freedmen in business apparent from the work of Mouritsen and Broekaert-it is precisely their gradual dis-embedding that is the historically unique development of the era. 3 The emergence of commercial elements in architecture, and of truly commercial building types, illustrates how crafts and retail increasingly became a socio-cultural sphere of their own.

The Roman textile and clothing industry was organised into a public and a private sector, however, the division was not on a contract basis. Instead, 'private' denoted the manufacture of cloth and articles of clothing undertaken domestically, usually by women, and 'public' denoted that done commercially by (usually) male waged craftsmen and labourers in workshops or 'factories'. The industry therefore provides an ancient example of the gendered division of labour. This pattern of organisation has a major effect on the issue of control in the industry, particularly at the micro-organisational level of the workplace. This paper draws on ancient evidence to demonstrate that the pattern of industrial relations in the Roman clothing and textile industry exhibits a number of characteristics common to the modern industry.

Archaeological research has traditionally focused on the centres of urban development in
the ancient world, across the Loess plains, along the Indus, and throughout the Fertile Crescent and
adjacent foothills. Urban development in southern Central Asia, along the northern rim of the Iranian
Plateau and into the oases of the Karakum, has received far less attention. Collaborative multiproxy
research has clarified many previously unexplored aspects of the urban flourishing and paleoeconomy.
Here, we showcase new data from the ongoing excavations of the occupation layers at Togolok 1
in the Murghab alluvial fan, from the late third to the mid-second millennium BCE. Archaeobotanical,
zooarchaeological, and paleoclimatic data can better clarify the long developmental trajectories of
economic and environmental change across this key area of urban development.

The Sine Sepulchro cultural complex, also known as “Handmade Painted Ware cultures”, developed over the larger part of the territory of southern Central Asia during the Iron Age (in the second half of the second millennium BCE), where it is generally perceived as isolated from cultures of the same period. The present article, which is based on the most recent archaeological  discoveries, questions this viewpoint and, on the contrary, demonstrates the complexity of interactions with neighbouring cultures. Interactions with cultures of the Late Bronze Age (the Oxus civilisation and the Vakhsh culture), those of the steppe (the Andronovo cultural community, the Tazabag’jab and Amirabad cultures), and those of Xinjiang and of Archaic Dehistan are examined. Several interface zones are thus identified on the margins of the territory of the Sine Sepulchro cultural complex, as well as in the very heart of its territory in Bactria.

In the late fourth century, the Church Father John Chrysostom (c.349-407) laid out what he saw as the natural difference between men and women in marriage: When God divided these two He assigned the management of the household to the woman, but to the men He assigned all the affairs of the city, all the business of the marketplaces, courts, council-chambers, armies, and all the rest. A woman cannot throw a spear or hurl a javelin, but she can take up the distaff, weave cloth, and manage everything else well that concerns the household. She cannot give an opinion in the council, but she can give her opinion in the household. 1

Cette campagne de fouilles s'inscrit dans un projet plus large (« DELPO : Espaces urbains de production et histoire des techniques à Délos et à Pompéi ») faisant partie des programmes de recherche quinquennaux de l'École française de Rome et de l'École française d'Athènes. La fouille a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une concession pluriannuelle (2018-2020) accordée par le Ministero per i Beni e le attività culturali. La campagne de cette année s'est déroulée du 2 au 31 juillet 2018. Le traitement des données stratigraphiques a été grandement facilité par l'utilisation du Stratifiant, conçu par B. Desachy. Les photogrammétries ont été réalisées en utilisant une licence Photoscan fournie par la TGIR Huma-Num. Enfin, les données planimétriques ont été intégrées à un SIG développé sous QGIS. Les ateliers au sud-est de la Casa degli amorini dorati à Pompéi Chronique des activités archéologiques de l'École française de Rome , Les cités vésuviennes 1 Cette première campagne visait, par des nettoyages, à mesurer le potentiel des différents ateliers étudiés et à effectuer des sondages stratigraphiques à des fins de datation et de meilleure compréhension des aménagements productifs.

Layout del testo: Matteo Annibaletto Nella collana Antenor Quaderni sono pubblicate opere sottoposte a revisione valutativa con il procedimento in «doppio cieco» (double blind peer review process), nel rispetto dell'anonimato dell'autore e dei due revisori. I revisori sono professori di provata esperienza scientifica, italiani o stranieri, o ricercatori di istituti di ricerca notoriamente affidabili. Il revisore che accetti l'incarico di valutazione, formula il suo giudizio tramite applicazione di punteggio da 1 a 5 (sufficienza: 3 punti) in relazione ad ognuno dei seguenti profili: originalità o rilevanza della trattazione; sviluppo e coerenza interna delle argomentazioni; conoscenza degli studi pregressi sull'argomento; livello di leggibilità e correttezza formale (sintattico-stilistica). Il valutatore fornisce inoltre un giudizio complessivo sull'apparato illustrativo e indica se l'opera sia pubblicabile nella versione presentata senza modifiche, pubblicabile dopo le modifiche suggerite, se sia da riesaminare dopo un'attenta rielaborazione oppure da rigettare. Quindi, il valutatore fornisce un giudizio conclusivo con dettagliate indicazioni sulle eventuali modifiche da apportare. Nel caso di giudizio discordante fra i due revisori, la decisione finale sarà assunta dai direttori responsabili della Collana e dal comitato scientifico, salvo casi particolari in cui i direttori medesimi provvederanno a nominare un terzo revisore cui rimettere la valutazione dell'elaborato. Le valutazioni sono trasmesse, rispettando l'anonimato del revisore, all'autore dell'opera. L'elenco dei revisori e le schede di valutazione sono conservati presso la sede della Collana, a cura della redazione. Il termine per lo svolgimento dell'incarico di valutazione accettato è di venti giorni, salvo espressa proroga, decorsi i quali, previa sollecitazione e in assenza di osservazioni negative entro dieci giorni, il direttore della Collana e il comitato scientifico, qualora ritengano l'opera meritevole, considerano approvata la proposta. A discrezione del direttore responsabile e del comitato scientifico sono escluse dalla valutazione opere di indubbia meritevolezza o comunque di contenuto da ritenersi già adeguatamente valutato in sede accademica con esito positivo, per esempio scritti pubblicati su invito o di autori di prestigio, atti di particolari convegni, opere collettive di provenienza accademica.

During their usage, garments get dirty and damaged. Every information concerning their cleansing, darning, mending or in one word: their refurbishing is extremely helpful in sheding light to their individual (hi)story or biography.
Two textile refurbishing workshops in Roman Pannonia (Savaria and Siscia) yielded an abundant corpus of textile tools and inscribed commercial lead tags. Tools in general are a very useful source for the textile technologies applied locally by the workers. The tags were used as ID-labels for valuable garments entrusted by clients to the care of these workshops for refurbishing them.
The archaeological finds from these workshops allow us a slow-fashioned interdisciplinary, from-excavation-to-experiental-archaeology approach to study the materiality of clothes, clothing; the everyday dress practices of the local wardrobes and to understand the everyday consumption of clothing in Pannonia. Under everyday consumption of clothing, beyond its acquisition and maintenance, cleanliness and disposal are also understood.
Beyond these archaeological wardrobe studies, our research also has an embedded humanistic approach to explore experimentally e.g. the tacit knowledge and work experience of the Roman craftsmen, the most probable chaîne opératoire and the sensory landscape (e.g. smellscape) of the textile refurbishing processes, etc.
This proposed paper would also argue the benefits of a more sustainable, although slow-fashioned living Roman archaeology in Hungarian museums, besides spinning tales from patchy information sometimes creatively pinned together.

Excavations (2003 -2006) along via di Passolombardo, in southeastern limit of Rome municipality, allowed to identify an
articulated and unpublished archaeological complex, mainly based on three structures: a large concrete basin, a vaulted cistern
and an awesome underground water-powered device. This is an hydraulic machina, consists of an overshot vertical water wheel
powered by the water stored in the adjacent cistern and, probably, also supplied by the close aqueducts. The hydraulic machina of
Passolombardo seems to be part of an industrial activity developed in this district of suburbio between the 2nd and 4th centuries
AD. The famous Mosaic of Gladiators, now on display in Rome’s Galleria Borghese, has been discovered in the same site in 1834.
Key word: hydraulic machina, water wheel, hydraulic device

Thanks to favourable preservation conditions, thousands of textile fragments dating from the medieval and modern era have been found in Tartu cesspits. These fragments mostly originate from fabrics made of wool; silk finds are rare (0.6% of finds). Medieval and early modern sumptuary laws are a valuable source for evaluating attitudes to silk in comparison to archaeological evidence. Pieces of silk fabrics, bands and sewing threads, which could be characterised as rather modest, are nonetheless important when investigating consumption habits in a middle-sized Hanseatic town in medieval Livonia. Wearing silk in Tartu during this period can be regarded as a sign of luxury consumption, self-expression and social display.

Professeur de droit public a l'Universite de Thessalonique Professeur invite a l'Universite de Montpellier Le syste me grcc du contr61ej uI'idiclionl1eI cΙ s Iois ρnιιi ηυ~ depLIi s υπ iecle • • c distingLIc dc cc lui de Ι Έ υΓΟΡΟ. Ι13 ιί StlΓ Ιθ nl0dcle dc juridiCtiO!1 speciaJe elabore par KeIsen , par le caracLere diJfι ts (Ο ΙΙ decentrali e) iIIcidel1lίεl, CQIICl'et οΙ cleclarcιtoire , du cοηΙ τδ l ο de constitLltionIHllite des l ο ί $ exerce pal' toute θ ωοτίιC juridiction nelle. τι s'agil des ca ractcri ticlues CJtΙ ο Ι Ό η re nco ntre dans le cο n t l'δJ e d constit\Jti.onnalit de typc am eric;Iin. L c caractere diffus , concret θ Ι. tL bjectif dLI cοη ΙΓδ Ιc θχ ρΙίηιι ο Ι θ ρ τέέ !πί nellce cle Ι aspect juridictiollnel SLIT I'aspect P OΙίιί.qιl θ ,ιυί se presente sensibIelη θ n! Γcduί Ι Ι ιι legirimite du ΟΟ11Ιτδ l ο Ι το ιιν ο sa sOLlΓc e Ρre ιπί C ΓC dans sl! fonctiol1 de garanti e des Iiberte ptLblique .. Sa Iegitilnation ac{LIelle e ίω ο cepe.ndant sur Ιe terrain de d.Mense des droits ο cί θΙΙΧ ο Ι des Ji bertes sociales n1enacees par l'JΞtat providence οη crise. ΤΙ, ε GI'eek sy.I'teIn of jl/(licial cOIl/J'OI ΟΙ lεε ωιιιίοn, ύι operaIiQtI 10Ι ' Ιl1ε /GSI I'/'/II(lI'ed Υεαn;, cO IIIι'a Is ~νίl/! ιΙ,ε .~ysteI"s IJI'cvailiIIg ί/1 ιΙι ε Ι'ε~'1 0/ cOJ/liII eIIral EurojJe IV/IiC// αι'ε ba.fe,[ οιι ιΙι l! I7Iodel ([e t'elojJe(J by KelseII οι ({ sy ιεπι ο[ co al1.~ ΟΙ specialised jIll,iS(/ic/ion. ΤΙ/ε GI'eek η/.Ηεηl (lίΠει:~ becatIse ο[ Ifle (lίf ll~ 'ε (οι' decetιtI'ali ed), inclirecl, CQflcI'ete, (/fId dec!arcιtoIY cω'({cιeι' οΙ II/ ε (Ο) La prc CI1[C eIL Ide a C ι έ n~a li sce di1ns 1(; c,Idl'~ d'u!l projeI dc rcclIcrchc tHn blί psr Ιc enIrc diέ Ι ιιde ε ι dC$ ReclIerclI CS SLlf Ι η Tllcoric de Ι 'Eιnι (CERTE) dc l 'U rlivcr~i I e dc Μο ιιΙρε lΙίCΓ Ι. aniIIl e Ρ,ΙΓ le profcsscLlr Μ. ΜΙ Α ΙΙΙ •. Cll co ll a boΓIιtί o n nvcc Ia sccIion de (Ι ιο ί ι pLlblic dc la Faculte de droit de I'Ul1ivc rsile dc Tite $aIoIIiq L Ie, ρσ Γι α η ι sLlrd c~ institutiOllS de Ι 'Ε ι.ιι de ιJΓoίΙ dalls les μ<ΙΥ de I 'ΕΙII'ορε du ιΙ(Ι. Ε lΙ ε ιι ete presentce Ι ε 20 jllin 1987 11 11 I ΓCιιlι ίο π du 2" g roIιpc de reclIcn:II e : " JIl ri(li c ti oιInαli sa tioll dII poHIiCIUC » (rcsponsablc : pro.fesseur D. RO USSE A U). REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE DROIT COMPARE 1-1988 control of the constitutionality of legislation exercised by aΙΙ courts. These are characteristics of the American approach Ιο the control of the constitutionality of legislation. The diffuse, concrete and subjective nature of the control explains the preeminence of the legal rather than the political aspect, which is significantly reduced. This control originally found its justification ίπ its function as α guarantee of individual freedom. Its present justification lies οπ the protection of civil rights and collective liberties which are threatened by the crisis ίπ the welfare state.

This paper aims to provide a first glimpse into the genomic characterization of individuals buried in Casal Bertone (Rome, first–third centuries AD) to gain preliminary insight into the genetic makeup of people who lived near a tannery workshop, fullonica. Therefore, we explored the genetic characteristics of individuals who were putatively recruited as fuller workers outside the Roman population. Moreover, we identified the microbial communities associated with humans to detect microbes associated with the unhealthy environment supposed for such a workshop. We examined five individuals from Casal Bertone for ancient DNA analysis through whole-genome sequencing via a shotgun approach. We conducted multiple investigations to unveil the genetic components featured in the samples studied and their associated microbial communities. We generated reliable whole-genome data for three samples surviving the quality controls. The individuals were descendants of people from North African and t...