Rfid Tag

... This configuration eliminates the extra processing step and cost of printing a dielectric layer over the ... widespread adoption against the backdrop of a hitherto constrained global demand for RFID labels, and ... ogy is based on wide web roll-to-roll high speed laser ablation/cutting of ...

In this work we present the first passive attack over the SASI lightweight authentication protocol with modular rotations. This can be used to fully recover the secret $ID$ of the RFID tag, which is the value the protocol is designed to conceal. The attack is described initially for recovering $\lfloor log_2(96) \rfloor=6$ bits of the secret value $ID$, a result that by itself allows to mount traceability attacks on any given tag. However, the proposed scheme can be extended to obtain any amount of bits of the secret $ID$, provided a sufficiently large number of successful consecutive sessions are eavesdropped. We also present results on the attack's efficiency, and some ideas to secure this version of the SASI protocol.

Abstract—In this paper, inkjet-printed UHF and microwave cir-cuits fabricated on paper substrates are investigated for the first time as an approach that aims for a system-level solution for fast and ultra-low-cost mass production. First, the RF characteristics of the paper substrate are ...

I n recent years, radio frequency identification technology has moved from obscurity into mainstream applications that help speed the handling of manufactured goods and materials. RFID enables identification from a distance, and unlike earlier bar-code technology (see the sidebar), it does so without requiring a line of sight. 1 RFID tags (see ) support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes and can incorporate additional data such as manufacturer, product type, and even measure environmental factors such as temperature. Furthermore, RFID systems can discern many different tags located in the same general area without human assistance. In contrast, consider a supermarket checkout counter, where you must orient each bar-coded item toward a reader before scanning it.

In this paper, a passive multiprobe sensor using conventional UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. The RFID link between the reader and the tag is analyzed from a general point of view by means of reciprocity principle, to obtain a compact and explicit expression of the response of RFID tags that can be exploited in sensing measurements. A calibration scheme to remove nonlinearities in the response of RFID tags, which are due to the scavenging powering mechanism of passive tags, is also presented along with measurements. Finally, experimental results and discussion of a complete multiprobe sensing scenario are used to show the different challenges involved and how to overcome them.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate ultra-low-cost paper substrates for the realization of inexpensive RFID tags that can be integrated with batteries and sensors for wireless sensing, tracking and monitoring applications. The first step toward achieving this goal is to demonstrate "conductors on paper substrates" from processing standpoint and to characterize the electrical performance of paper substrates up to 2 GHz form design standpoint. The conductors are achieved by (i) direct-write ink jet printing technology with tailored conductive ink and by (ii) conventional copper etching upon lamination of metal foils on to the paper substrates. There are several issues in optimizing the processes in either of the two approaches. For example, ink jet printing would require smooth surface finish, good adhesion, less smearing of the ink, fast curing profile, and ultimately copper-like conductivity of the printed ink and rapid prototyping for high volume manufacturing. On the other hand, metallization using copper will require bonding of copper onto paper surface, adhesion, compatibility with copper etch solutions and lithography, and moisture sealing. Both approaches have been successfully demonstrated for printing conductors on paper substrates which can be easily scaled to large-quantity manufacturing. For the electrical characterization of the paper substrates up to 2 GHz, one microstrip ring resonator was designed and fabricated for extracting dielectric constant and dielectric losses. The copper metallization of paper substrates and the dielectric characterization of paper up to 2 GHz are reported for the first time.

Passive UHF RFID tag consists of a microchip attached directly to an antenna. Proper impedance match between the antenna and the chip is crucial in RFID tag design. It directly influences RFID system performance characteristics such as the range of a tag. It is known that an RFID microchip is a nonlinear load whose complex impedance in each state varies with the frequency and the input power. This paper illustrates a proper calculation of the tag power reflection coefficient for maximum power transfer by taking into account of the changing chip impedance versus frequency.

Abstract. This article discusses a potential application of radio frequency identification (RFID) and collaborative filtering for targeted advertising in grocery stores. Every day hundreds of items in grocery stores are marked down for promotional purposes. Whether these promotions are effective or not depends primarily on whether the customers are aware of them or not, and secondarily whether the customers are interested in the products or not. Currently, the companies are incapable of influencing the customers ’ decisionmaking process while they are shopping. However, the capabilities of RFID technology enable us to transfer the recommendation systems of e-commerce to grocery stores. In our model, using RFID technology, we get real time information about the products placed in the cart during the shopping process. Based on that information we inform the customer about those promotions in which the customer is likely to be interested in. The selection of the product advertised is a...

This publication presents a method responsible for counting tracking and monitoring visitors inside a building. The site examined is Manos Hatzidakis' House, situated in Xanthi. Specifically, we have conducted a study, which provides recommendations, regarding the installation of sensors in the building. We also present the communication protocols of the computer network used in order to ensure the efficient communication between the space examined and the sensor network. Finally, we describe the process of creating a website, which is designed to store and view the data.

Standards are developed by highly reputed organizations with a genuine intention that the document acts as a reference requirement and specification record for all manufacturers, and in this process the consumer is presented with a list of conforming products that are all interoperable. Active RFID tags and readers are designed with commercial intent by different manufacturers according to the ISO 18000-7 standard. Through intensive research and tests, it has come to our attention that it is possible to design two active RFID systems that in their entirety conform to the ISO 18000-7 standard and yet be not interoperable with each other. From this statement it can be inferred that conformance is not the sufficient condition for interoperability as is popularly believed, but only the necessary or minimum condition to satisfy interoperability. Therefore apart from preliminary conformance testing, it becomes absolutely essential to include additional and supplemental interoperability tests into the verification process of the production cycle. This research primarily establishes the requirement for interoperability testing giving instances where the standard fails to insure interoperable products. The traditional method to test interoperability currently in practice are investigated and their limitations are exposed. Further this research paper introduces an innovative and ingenious methodology to test active RFID systems for interoperability at the physical layer.

In this paper, we have presented a system utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for the assistance of blind people. The proposed system incorporates a mobile RFID reader module with an integrated ZigBee transceiver [1] for transmitting the tag's information. Utensils and other objects in the house or building are embedded with passive RFID tags (transponders) along with an audio file, recorded for and unique to each object, residing on the server. This system further takes in the way finding technique by employing an RFID tag grid [4] using an ample separation area. The reader reads the tags and transmits the data wirelessly to the server PC which in turn scans for the particular ID in the database and plays the corresponding audio file. A self designed coordinates system with a server side routing application is used for routing the person to a particular room requested, based on his current tag coordinates. The audio playback is relayed wirelessly using an FM transmitter to either a headset with FM receiver or a Smart Phone's FM radio. The feasibility and reliability of the developed system was tested by deploying the proposed system at Government Institute for Blind, Peshawar, Pakistan [6].

We present for the first time, a fully integrated battery powered RFID integrated circuit (IC) for operation at ultrahigh frequency (UHF) and microwave bands. The battery powered RFID IC can also work as a passive RFID tag without a battery or when the battery has died (i.e., voltage has dropped below 1.3 V); this novel dual passive and battery operation allays one of the major drawbacks of currently available active tags, namely that the tag cannot be used once the battery has died. When powered by a battery, the current consumption is 700 nA at 1.5 V (400 nA if internal signals are not brought out on testpads). This ultra-low-power consumption permits the use of a very small capacity battery of 100 mA hr for lifetimes exceeding ten years; as a result a battery tag that is very close to a passive tag both in form factor and cost is made possible. The chip is built on a 1m digital CMOS process with dual poly layers, EEPROM and Schottky diodes. The RF threshold power at 2.45 GHz is -19 dBm which is the lowest ever reported threshold power for RFID tags and has a range exceeding 3.5 m under FCC unlicensed operation at the 2.4-GHz microwave band. The low threshold is achieved with architectural choices and low-power circuit design techniques. At 915 MHz, based on the experimentally measured tag impedance (92-j837) and the threshold spec of the tag (200 mV), the theoretical minimum range is 24 m. The tag initially is in a "low-power" mode to conserve power and when issued the appropriate command, it operates in "full-power" mode. The chip has on-chip voltage regulators, clock and data recovery circuits, EEPROM and a digital state machine that implements the ISO 18000-4 B protocol in the "full-power" mode. We provide detailed explanation of the clock recovery circuits and the implementation of the binary sort algorithm, which includes a pseudorandom number generator. Other than the antenna board and a battery, no external components are used.

ISO 14443 compliant smartcards are widely-used in privacy and security sensitive applications. Due to the contactless interface, they can be activated and read out from a distance. Thus, relay and other attacks are feasible, even without the owner noticing it. Tools being able to perform these attacks and carry out security analyses need to be developed. In this contribution, an implementation of a cost-effective, freely programmable ISO 14443 compliant multi function RFID reader and fake transponder is presented that can be employed for several promising purposes.

a b s t r a c t ISO/IEC 18000-3 mode 1 standard 13.56 MHz RFID tags have been accepted by the International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as data carriers to integrate with and augment ISBT 128 barcode data carried on blood products. The use of 13.56 MHz RFID carrying ISBT 128 data structures allows the global deployment and use of RFID, supporting both international transfer of blood and international disaster relief.

Dipole antennas in UHF RFID tags are driven by differential signals; it is difficult to measure the antenna input impedance accurately using single-ended probes. Furthermore, the testing fixture used in the antenna measurement process also induces additional parasitic effects; accurate measurement cannot be achieved without taking the fixture impact into consideration. In this paper, we propose to characterize the dipole antenna's input impedance using mixed mode S-parameters, the testing fixture impact can also be quantified with port extension and de-embedding techniques. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed measurement method achieves very consistent results over UHF frequency band with very high accuracy.

Abstract: - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is emerging as an important tool with applications in a variety of fields. The major concern regarding RFID is the ubiquitous nature of its deployment that extends far beyond the capabilities of any of the tools available ...

BlindShopping is a mobile low-cost easily-deployable system devised to allow visually impaired people to do shopping autonomously within a supermarket. Its main contributions are: a) a user navigation component combining an RFID reader on the tip of a white cane and mobile technology, and b) a product recognition component that uses embossed QR codes placed on product shelves and an Android phone camera for their identification. Furthermore, it provides a web-based management component to easily configure the system, generating and binding barcode tags for product shelves and RFID tag markers attached to the supermarket floor.

There has been much discussion in the press about productivity improvements that grew at an annual rate of 3.55% from 2000 to 2003 [BW04]. One of the sources of this productivity growth is automation. We have all witnessed numerous ways in which companies have automated their business processes over the past decade. As a recent example, The Dallas Morning News reports in [Baj04] how Atmos Energy, the Dallasbased gas company, is automating its gas meter reading capabilities by using wireless technologies and thus reducing its staff by 225 employees over the next five years. In this article, we will examine current trends in the technology-driven automation and will argue that we are still in the early stages of a new wave of automation that will profoundly affect the economy and will significantly contribute to the productivity growth over the next 10 -15 years.

This publication presents a method responsible for counting tracking and monitoring visitors inside a building. The site examined is Manos Hatzidakis' House, situated in Xanthi. Specifically, we have conducted a study, which provides recommendations, regarding the installation of sensors in the building. We also present the communication protocols of the computer network used in order to ensure the efficient communication between the space examined and the sensor network. Finally, we describe the process of creating a website, which is designed to store and view the data.

Radio-Frequency Identifier (RFID) technology, using the ISO-14443 standard, is becoming increasingly popular, with applications like credit-cards, national-ID cards, Epassports, and physical access control. The security of such applications is clearly critical. A key feature of RFID-based systems is their very short range: Typical systems are designed to operate at a range of 5-10cm. Despite this very short nominal range, Kfir and Wool predicted that a rogue device can communicate with an ISO-14443 RFID tag from a distance of 40-50cm, based on modeling and simulations. Moreover, they claimed that such a device can be made portable, with low power requirements, and can be built very cheaply. Such a device can be used as a stand-alone RFID skimmer, to surreptitiously read the contents of simple RFID tags. The same device can be as the "leech" part of a relay-attack system, by which an attacker can make purchases using a victim's RFID-enhanced credit card-despite any cryptographic protocols that may be used.

We think of flip chip as a solution for better performance, high I/O or absolute size reduction. But a new and exciting technology is now emerging where the flip chip is the unique answer to extreme cost reduction in a very low I/O product, the RFID tag. RFIDs are Radio Frequency Identification systems - tiny two-way radios with immense commercial

While predictions abound that electronic books will supplant traditional paper-based books, many people bemoan the coming loss of the book as cultural artifact. In this project we deliberately keep the affordances of paper books while adding electronic augmentation. ...

Optimization of radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags often requires several iterations of antenna design/fabrication/testing to meet cost and performance targets. The use of a rapid prototyping approach for antenna development would allow the designer an inexpensive and fast route to the refinement process. In this study, the performance of a commercial-off-the-shelf ultrahigh frequency (UHF) etched copper antenna was compared to printed silver antennas prepared by the following three direct-write techniques: maskless mesoscale materials deposition; matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct-write; and, collimated aerosol beam direct-write. The morphologies of the antennas were analyzed using contact and optical profilers with sheet resistance also being measured. Operational characteristics were determined by mounting silicon integrated circuits (IC) to the four different types of antennas. The performance of tags that utilized direct-write silver antennas was comparable to the copper-based commercial tag. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration where some of the direct-write rapid prototyping attributes (e.g., slight overspray, overlap of written lines, overall thickness less than 500 nm) are shown to not seriously impede RFID tag performance. These results demonstrate the utility of direct-write for rapid prototyping studies for UHF RFID antennas.

Solid waste management is a big challenge in urban areas for most of the countries throughout the world. An efficient waste management is a pre requisition for maintain a safe and green environment as there are increasing all kinds of waste disposal. There are many technologies are used for waste collection as well as for well managed recycling. In this paper we have introduced an integrated system combined with an integrated system of

The Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID) has become a popular system and its applications has reached in most of the fields like toll bridge, supply chain management and defense sector [8]. The RFID has also entered into the field of medical sciences [4, 7]. Everyday, RFID tags are becoming very small and their dimensions are also reducing to 0.002 inches (RFID powder tag) developed by Hitachi [10,11]. There are many different types of RFID tags available in the market for different types of applications. Due to reduction in the cost of production, RFID systems are being deployed everywhere in large number. Therefore, it becomes important to understand the tag technology and their applicability. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of various RFID tag technologies reported in the literatures and classify them into different categories.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have been proposed for use in novel ways for hundreds of applications. RFIDs hold the promise of revolutionizing business processes. This paper focuses on how RFID Technology can be used to solve problems faced by public transport in metropolitan cities of the country. Automated tracking of buses can be used to provide useful estimates of arrival times and enhance commuter convenience. There are, however, formidable obstacles in the way of widespread RFID deployment. From a systems perspective, we highlight and explore the problem of data capturing, storage and retrieval and how Event, Condition and Action (ECA) rules developed for active databases can help us in managing the huge number of events generated each day. We also discuss how the collected data can be used to predict bus movement timings in order to provide better service.

RFID markers are proving to be a cheap and reliable enabler for indoor positioning applications. Motivated by this we have developed a concrete embeddable passive RFID tag for robust and long-lasting way-point identification. Embedding commercially available passive tags in concrete significantly reduces their read range and hence, usefulness as markers. By appropriate redesign of the antenna and packaging we have extended hand-held readability of concrete embedded passive tags beyond one meter. This paper details the background R&D of our prototype tags, including test and measurement results.

Hızla değişen rekabet ortamında, firmaların zaman ve kaynaklardan daha fazla yararlanabilmeleri için ürünlerini, hizmetlerini, iletişim tekniklerini, iş yapma yöntemlerini sürekli olarak değiştirmeleri, farklılaştırmaları ve yenilemeleri gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle, otomatik nesne tanımlama ve takip sistemleri, veri toplama, yönetim ve analiz teknolojileri firmaların/kurumların uygulamalarını geliştirmelerinde, iş süreçlerini planlamalarında ve yönetmelerinde her zaman bir ihtiyaç olmuştur. Yeniliklere ve ihtiyaçlara temel oluşturan teknolojilerden biri de RFID'dir. Bu bildiride, son yıllarda Dünya'da kullanımı oldukça önemli düzeylerde artış gösteren RFID teknolojisi, temel sistem bileşenleri ve çalışma yapısı tanıtılacak; veri yönetim, analiz ve bilgi sistemleri alanında RFID ile sağlanan avantajlara değinilecektir. Daha sonra RFID teknolojisinin günümüz otomatik nesne tanımlama, veri toplama ve yönetim teknolojilerine göre üstünlükleri ve faydaları hakkında bilgiler verilecektir. Sonuç bölümünde ise RFID kullanımı ile ilgili olarak veri toplama ve sistem yönetimi kapsamında öneriler sunulacaktır.

In this paper, an overview of antenna design for passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. We discuss various requirements of such designs, outline a generic design process including range measurement techniques and concentrate on one practical application: RFID tag for box tracking in warehouses. A loaded meander antenna design for this application is described and its various practical aspects such as sensitivity to fabrication process and box content are analyzed. Modeling and simulation results are also presented which are in good agreement with measurement data.

We propose a Smart Trend-Traversal (STT) protocol for RFID tag arbitration, which effectively reduces the collision overhead occurred in the arbitration process. STT, a Query Tree-based scheme, dynamically issues queries according to the online learned tag density and distribution; and therefore, it significantly reduces delay and energy consumption comparing with the existing Tree-based and Aloha-based protocols. Our analytic studies further show that the optimality of STT does not rely on any presumed network conditions, which is in sharp contrast to other available schemes and renders it a highly desirable and practical solution.

While there is a growing body of evidence that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging can be effective in improving inventory management in the retail store, retailers have little guidance on best practices for implementation. One important unresolved issue is whether tagging is equally effective across different product categories, and if there is a way to predict which categories are better candidates for deployment. We conduct a field experiment comparing the improvement in inventory record accuracy before and after implementing RFID-enabled adjustments to the inventory management system. We find evidence that the effectiveness of RFID tagging is not homogenous for all products. Reductions in the percentage of stockouts ranged from 21% to 36%, depending on category. Categories that are most likely to see a decrease in stockouts, thanks to RFID, have a greater turnover, greater sales volume, greater product variety, lower item cost, and greater inventory density. We draw inferences for retail supply chains which are considering how best to allocate their resources in the most effective manner.

— In the present days many immoral activities are taking place in ration shop, which are meant to distribute the commodities to the people who are in below the poverty line, as the distribution process is manually operated and due to which it consumes a lots of time. To overcome this problem we one can use RFID technology. In this report RFID tags are introduced, the RFID card are used instead of ration cards, which consists of all the details about the card holder like family details, type of card and its validity etc. In this report we are going to discuss different types of automatic ration distribution system implemented for the automatic ration distribution.

Monitoring laboratory equipment record is important to ensure every item is always in place. Generally, in and out equipment is handled manually by technician by writing down the equipment information, including time and date in equipment circulation form. To automate the process, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one of the most practical and applicable in real implementation in-line with the nature where most of the systems are made computerized. In this paper, a solution has been provided for the problem encountered in laboratory equipment monitoring system using RFID technology. This project consist four main parts: the tag, tag reader, system development and networking system. The RFID tag is tagged on the laboratory equipment where the tag contains laboratory equipment information and RFID reader is located at the door of each laboratory room. This monitoring system enables the head of laboratory and technician to monitor in-out equipment in actual environment and also increase the efficiency in managing equipment in the laboratory. Benefits of the system include enhancement of the safety of University asset and reduce losses of assets and enhancement of the laboratory inventory control of equipment.

This paper presents an overview of modern cryptography. As the title of this paper suggests this paper is a primer, and provides background information that can assist other researchers in further study, and in developing security mechanisms suitable for inclusion on RFID tags.

The number of radio frequency identification (RFID) applications in different industries increases continuously. Cumulative sales of RFID tags up to the beginning of 2006 reached 2.4 billion. In 2005 alone, 600 million tags were sold, which presents the trend in RFID allocation. While the initial RFID application areas were generally industrial, applications like retail sector, supply chain management, warehouse management, logistics, manufacturing, military applications, and service sector also present a potential for RFID applications. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilizing RFID in hospitality industry as a tool for improving service quality, customer satisfaction, market share, and profitability. In this manner, first a service quality literature will be visited and important quality dimensions will be selected for further analysis. After a brief review on RFID technology, applications, future threats, and opportunities are given. Finally a hypothetical case study is defined and a scenario is illustrated based on the common attributes of hotel management operations. Via the analysis of the case study, changes in business process are exposed and the contributions of RFID-based solutions are discussed according to the selected service quality dimensions.

SAW tags were invented more than 30 years ago, but only today are the conditions united for mass application of this technology. The devices in the 2.4-GHz ISM band can be routinely produced with optical lithography, high-resolution radar systems can be built up using highly sophisticated, but low-cost RF-chips, and the Internet is available for global access to the tag databases. The "Internet of Things," or I-o-T, will demand trillions of cheap tags and sensors. The SAW tags can overcome semiconductor-based analogs in many aspects: they can be read at a distance of a few meters with readers radiating power levels 2 to 3 orders lower, they are cheap, and they can operate in robust environments. Passive SAW tags are easily combined with sensors. Even the "anti-collision" problem (i.e., the simultaneous reading of many nearby tags) has adequate solutions for many practical applications.

In this paper, we have presented a system utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for the assistance of blind people. The proposed system incorporates a mobile RFID reader module with an integrated ZigBee transceiver [1] for transmitting the tag's information. Utensils and other objects in the house or building are embedded with passive RFID tags (transponders) along with an audio file, recorded for and unique to each object, residing on the server. This system further takes in the way finding technique by employing an RFID tag grid [4] using an ample separation area. The reader reads the tags and transmits the data wirelessly to the server PC which in turn scans for the particular ID in the database and plays the corresponding audio file. A self designed coordinates system with a server side routing application is used for routing the person to a particular room requested, based on his current tag coordinates. The audio playback is relayed wirelessly using an FM transmitter to either a headset with FM receiver or a Smart Phone's FM radio. The feasibility and reliability of the developed system was tested by deploying the proposed system at Government Institute for Blind, Peshawar, Pakistan [6].

In this paper, a novel ldquogreenrdquo inkjet-printed antenna for UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. A slotted Z-shaped monopole configuration is selected and fabricated using inkjet-printing technology on a flexible, low-cost paper substrate utilizing a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly process. The design characteristics of the antenna are verified and the simulated results are compared with measurements showing good agreement.

This paper describes a CMOS implementation of a linear voltage regulator (LVR) used to power up implanted physiological signal systems, as it is the case of a wireless blood pressure biosensor. The topology is based on a classical structure of a linear low-dropout regulator. The circuit is powered up from an RF link, thus characterizing a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The LVR was designed to meet important features such as low power consumption and small silicon area, without the need for any external discrete components. The low power operation represents an essential condition to avoid a high-energy RF link, thus minimizing the transmitted power and therefore minimizing the thermal effects on the patient's tissues. The project was implemented in a 0.35-µm CMOS process, and the prototypes were tested to validate the overall performance. The LVR output is regulated at 1 V and supplies a maximum load current of 0.5 mA at 37 • C. The load regulation is 13 mV/mA, and the line regulation is 39 mV/V. The LVR total power consumption is 1.2 mW.

Automatic identification and collection (AIDC) technologies have made the life of a man much easier on numerous platforms. Of the various such technologies the radio frequency identification devices (RFID) have become pervasive essentially because they can track from a greater physical distance than the rest. The back end that supports these RFID systems has always been working well until they encounter a sbadly-formatted RFID tag. There have hardly been any incidents where such tags, once identified by the back-end systems, can in fact wreak havoc via the interacting databases in the RFID infrastructure. Recently, there has been significant research in this area. In the previous work, the author managed to do an attack using a self-referential query on Linux, Oracle, and PHP. However, they have been unable to test it on SQL Server 2005. This paper differs from the previous work in the way that it extends the attack using a self-referential query to Windows, SQL Server 2005, and ASP with their respective latest updates installed. The query itself is more robust by making certain that the table can contain it.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the seafood industry perceives benefits of traceability implementation. Furthermore, ex ante cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) of adopting new traceability systems are conducted for two firms, operating at different steps of the seafood supply chains, to obtain preliminary knowledge on the net benefits of the project and on how costs and benefits are distributed among the actors. Design/methodology/approach -This is a case-based study. Findings -The surveyed companies perceive improving supply chain management as the most important benefit of traceability. Other benefits are increase of the ability to retain existing customers; product quality improvement; product differentiation; and reduction of customer complaints. However, the quantifiable benefits are perceived differently by the actors at different steps in the supply chains, e.g. implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) tags on pallets in the seafood trading company case study shows tangibly quantifiable benefits. Originality/value -The paper is useful for both practitioners and academics regarding perceived benefits of traceability in fish supply chains. The research provides initial insight into seafood companies' perspectives on the benefits of adopting RFID-based traceability solutions. The paper suggests that the financial burden of implementing traceability may be borne by the processing firms, while gains are reaped by firms in the distribution business closer to the end consumer. This could provide a partial explanation as to why traceability has been slow to gain ground as a visible value-adding marketing tool, and is mainly being driven by food safety regulations.

Professor Bernstein has written a number of security-aware programs, including qmail, djbdns, ucspi-tcp, daemontools and publicfile. His current research interests include computer and network security, high speed cryptography, kernel minimization and high speed engineering for secure software. He has been a author of many academic papers on mathematics and computation, and has also written a famous survey titled, "Multidigit multiplication for mathematicians". In August 2008 he announced DNSCurve, a proposal to secure the Domain Name System. DNSCurve uses techniques from elliptic curve cryptography to give a vast decrease in computational time over the RSA public-key algorithm used by DNSSEC, and uses the existing DNS hierarchy to propagate trust by embedding public keys into specially formatted (but backward-compatible) DNS records. DNSCurve The DNSCurve project adds link-level public-key protection to DNS packets. It uses high-speed, high-security elliptic-curve cryptography to drastically improve every dimension of DNS security. It provides confidentiality by encrypting all the DNS requests and responses, integrity by cryptographically authenticating all DNS responses, and availability by quickly recognizing and discarding forged packets. It uses public-key cryptography, specifically 255-bit elliptic-curve cryptography, to detect forgeries. 255-bit elliptic-curve cryptography is billions of times harder to break than 1024-bit RSA by current cryptanalytic algorithms. Despite its extremely high level of security, DNSCurve is very easy for software authors to implement, and very easy for administrators to deploy. It can be even used to protect queries to top-level DNS servers, such as the .com servers.

The rigorous characterization of ultrahigh-frequency passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags is a challenging but mandatory task. Indeed, tags are the most critical devices in RFID systems: their performance should be adequately good, although stringent requirements in terms of compactness, used materials, and costs must be satisfied. Factors such as the goodness of the conjugate impedance matching between the chip and

— Ration Card is very important for govt to keep log and other information about people. It is also useful for people to get govt subsidy, gas connection and even useful for residential proof. It has detail about every member in family. All the people use ration card to buy various things from ration shop like groceries,oil, kerosene. This system helps people to get this supplies at low price directly from government. This system has some drawbacks like the most of work is done by old or traditional instruments and mostly its manual work which gives many errors in measurement , and if people fail to buy their monthly subsidy then these shopkeepers sell this to other people at higher price and make money. All this happens because there is no centralized technical database for this information. The loss in this process is of people and govt who don't have any idea about all this. Our main objective here is to make this process automatic .In this paper, proposed an Automatic Ration Materials Distribution Based on GSM (Global System for Mobile) and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology instead of ration cards. When people come to ration shop they have to scan their RFID card,these cards are magnetic and has information of the beneficiary. After scanning card it is verified through database to see if it is valid or not. Whenever the user logins in system they send an otp to registered number for security purpose. If its valid then the beneficiary selects material and quantity. After receiving these material the customer pays for it. In this way we can create transparency in this process.

The unique properties of fractals have been exploited to develop a new class of antenna element designs that are multi band and compact in size. These properties are very important for RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) tags where the small size, planar geometries, multi band operation and low cost are essential for many applications. This paper presents a one loop Minkowski modified antenna using a unique configuration and operating at 868MHz and 2.45 GHz that has been realized on a Rogers Duroid substrate. Experimental results confirm the theoretical prediction. In addition, the principle applied in this design could be used to create even smaller devices by using different substrates.

Though transponder ID (TID) numbers of RFID tags were originally introduced to identify the chip model, serialized TID numbers are currently advertised as security features of UHF chips. Serialized TID numbers do not provide any cryptographic protection, but they do introduce a practical hurdle against adversaries who want to clone RFID tags today. Furthermore, serialized TID numbers are important for endusers who want to protect their current UHF tags from cloning since cryptographic tags are not yet commercially available in that frequency range. In this overview paper, we analyze the suitability of serialized TID numbers for security applications by evaluating the effort to bypass the TID check based on known vulnerabilities and we compare this effort to the needed level of protection in an example of anti-counterfeiting in the tobacco industry. The analysis illustrates that the practical hurdle of TID checks is not high enough for industrial-scale security applications and that it can completely diminish due to commodification of the RFID technology. However, end-users of security applications can still benefit from the increased tag cloning resistance that serialized TID numbers provide before migrating to more secure solutions.

In an RFID system a reader requests tags to send their IDs by RF signal backscattering for the purpose of identification. When multiple tags respond to the request simultaneously, tag collisions occur and the tag identification performance is degraded. There are several tag anti-collision protocols proposed for reducing tag collisions. The protocols can be categorized into three classes: ALOHA-based, tree-based and counter-based. ALOHA-based protocols have the tag starvation problem; tree-based protocols have the problem that their performances are influenced by the length and/or the distribution of tag IDs. On the contrary, counter-based protocols do not have such problems. In this paper, we propose a counter-based tag anti-collision protocol, called ASPS, to reduce tag collisions by adaptively splitting tags encountering collisions into several groups according to the estimated number of tags to be split, and to reduce the number of messages sent between the reader and tags by utilizing a pre-signaling bit. We simulate and analyze ASPS and compare it with related ones to show its advantages.