Rfid Tag

I n recent years, radio frequency identification technology has moved from obscurity into mainstream applications that help speed the handling of manufactured goods and materials. RFID enables identification from a distance, and unlike earlier bar-code technology (see the sidebar), it does so without requiring a line of sight. 1 RFID tags (see ) support a larger set of unique IDs than bar codes and can incorporate additional data such as manufacturer, product type, and even measure environmental factors such as temperature. Furthermore, RFID systems can discern many different tags located in the same general area without human assistance. In contrast, consider a supermarket checkout counter, where you must orient each bar-coded item toward a reader before scanning it.

In this paper, an overview of antenna design for passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. We discuss various requirements of such designs, outline a generic design process including range measurement techniques and concentrate on one practical application: RFID tag for box tracking in warehouses. A loaded meander antenna design for this application is described and its various practical aspects such as sensitivity to fabrication process and box content are analyzed. Modeling and simulation results are also presented which are in good agreement with measurement data.

The role of computers in the modern office has divided our activities between virtual interactions in the realm of the computer and physical interactions with real objects within the traditional office infrastructure. This paper extends previous work that has attempted to bridge this gap, to connect physical objects with virtual representations or computational functionality, via various types of tags. We discuss a variety of scenarios we have implemented using a novel combination of inexpensive, unobtrusive and easy to use RFID tags, tag readers, portable computers and wireless networking. This novel combination demonstrates the utility of invisibly, seamlessly and portably linking physical objects to networked electronic services and actions that are naturally associated with their form.

In this paper, we propose a new block cipher HIGHT with 64-bit block length and 128-bit key length. It provides low-resource hardware implementation, which is proper to ubiquitous computing device such as a sensor in USN or a RFID tag. HIGHT does not only consist of simple operations to be ultra-light but also has enough security as a good encryption algorithm. Our hardware implementation of HIGHT requires 3048 gates on 0.25 μm technology.

W ITH THE growth of demand for low-cost, flexible, and power-efficient broadband wireless electronics, the materials and integration techniques become more and more critical and face more challenges [1], especially with the ever increasing interest for "cognitive intelligence" and wireless applications such as third-generation (3G)/fourth-generation (4G) communication systems and WiMax. This demand is further enhanced by the need for inexpensive, reliable, and durable wireless RF identification (RFID)-enabled sensor nodes that is driven by several applications [2] such as logistics, aero-ID, anticounterfeiting, supply-chain monitoring, space, healthcare, pharmaceutical, and is regarded as one of the most important methods for realizing ubiquitous ad hoc networks.

Short shelf-life grocery goods present some of the biggest challenges for supply chain management due to a high number of product variants, strict traceability requirements, short shelf-life of the products, the need for temperature control in the supply chain, and the large volume of goods handled. A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based data capture system can help solve the problems associated with the logistics of short shelf life products. This article discusses the potential of utilising RFID technology for increasing efficiency in the supply chain of short shelf life products. The focus of this article is a RFID trial conducted at Sainsbury's, which is discussed to study the potential benefits of RFID for short shelf-life products retailers. Further this article analyses the potential impact of RFID for other supply chain participants. We conclude that when applied with recyclable transport containers, RFID investments can provide quick amortisation of capital whilst offering a range of operational benefits.

This paper describes a computer supported ubiquitous learning environment for language learning. This paper proposes two systems. The first is contextaware language-learning support system for Japanese polite expressions learning, which is called JAPELAS (Japanese polite expressions learning assisting system). This system provides learner the appropriate polite expressions deriving the learner's situation and personal information. The second system is called TANGO (Tag Added learNinG Objects) system, which detects the objects around learner using RFID tags, and provides the learner the educational information. This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of those two systems.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an emerging technology which brings enormous productivity benefits in applications where objects have to be identified automatically. This paper presents issues concerning security and privacy of RFID systems which are heavily discussed in public. In contrast to the RFID community, which claims that cryptographic components are too costly for RFID tags, we describe a solution using strong symmetric authentication which is suitable for today's requirements regarding low power consumption and low die-size. We introduce an authentication protocol which serves as a proof of concept for authenticating an RFID tag to a reader device using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as cryptographic primitive. The main part of this work is a novel approach of an AES hardware implementation which encrypts a 128-bit block of data within 1000 clock cycles and has a power consumption below 9 µA on a 0.35 µm CMOS process.

Thanks to their broad international acceptance and availability in high denominations, there is widespread concern that Euro banknotes may provide an attractive new currency for criminal transactions. With this in mind, the European Central Bank has proposed to embed small, radio-frequency-emitting identification (RFID) tags in Euro banknotes by 2005 as a tracking mechanism for law enforcement agencies. The ECB has not disclosed technical details regarding its plan. In this paper, we explore some of the risks to individual privacy that RFID tags embedded in currency may pose if improperly deployed. Acknowledging the severe resource constraints of these tags, we propose a simple and practical system that provides a high degree of privacy assurance. Our scheme involves only elementary cryptography. Its effectiveness depends on a careful separation of the privileges offered by optical vs. radio-frequency contact with banknotes, and full exploitation of the limited access-control capabilities of RFID tags.

With the establishment of the AES the need for new block ciphers has been greatly diminished; for almost all block cipher applications the AES is an excellent and preferred choice. However, despite recent implementation advances, the AES is not suitable for extremely constrained environments such as RFID tags and sensor networks. In this paper we describe an ultra-lightweight block cipher, present. Both security and hardware efficiency have been equally important during the design of the cipher and at 1570 GE, the hardware requirements for present are competitive with today's leading compact stream ciphers.

We present a new method to accurately locate persons indoors by fusing Inertial Navigation (INS) techniques with active RFID technology. A foot-mounted IMU-based position estimation method, is aided by the Received Signal Strengths (RSS) obtained from several active RFID tags placed at known locations in a building. In contrast to other authors that integrate IMUs and RSS with a loose Kalman Filter (KF)-based coupling (by using the residuals of inertial-and RSS-calculated positions), we present a tight KF-based INS/RFID integration, using the residuals between the INS-predicted reader-to-tag ranges and the ranges derived from a generic RSS path-loss model. Our approach also includes other drift reduction methods such as Zero Velocity Updates (ZUPTs) at foot stance detections, Zero Angular-Rate Updates (ZARU) when the user is motionless, and heading corrections using magnetometers. A complementary Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), throughout its 15-element error state vector, compensates the position, velocity and attitude errors of the INS solution, as well as IMU biases. This methodology is valid for any kind of motion (forward, lateral or backward walk, at different speeds), and does not require an off-line calibration for the user gait. The integrated INS+RFID methodology eliminates the typical drift of IMU-alone solutions (approximately 1% of the total traveled distance), resulting in typical positioning errors along the walking path (no matter its length) of approximately 1.5 meters.

Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) locate objects in 4 closed structures such as office buildings, hospitals, stores, fac-5 tories, and warehouses, where Global Positioning System devices 6 generally do not work. Most available systems apply wireless 7 concepts, optical tracking, and/or ultrasound. This paper presents 8 a standalone IPS using radio frequency identification (RFID) 9 technology. The concept is based on an object carrying an RFID 10 reader module, which reads low-cost passive tags installed next to 11 the object path. A positioning system using a Kalman filter is pro-12 posed. The inputs of the proposed algorithm are the measurements 13 of the backscattered signal power propagated from nearby RFID 14 tags and a tag-path position database. The proposed algorithm 15 first estimates the location of the reader, neglecting tag-reader 16 angle-path loss. Based on the location estimate, an iterative pro-17 cedure is implemented, targeting the estimation of the tag-reader 18 angle-path loss, where the latter is iteratively compensated from 19 the received signal strength information measurement. Experi-20 mental results are presented, illustrating the high performance of 21 the proposed positioning system. 22 Index Terms-Indoor positioning system (IPS), Kalman filter, 23 localization. 24 I. INTRODUCTION 25 R ADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) sys-26 tems rely on two main components to fulfill their objec-27 tive. A reader coupled with an antenna that interrogates multiple 28 tags. The tags should be activated by the interrogation and reply 29 by sending a unique identification string back at the reader. The 30 generic use of RFID systems is large-scale inventory monitor-31 ing. The geographic range of the interrogation depends on the 32 types of tag used: passive, semipassive, or active. Passive tags 33 provide the least range of the three, but it is an attractive option 34 due to the minimal maintenance required. The use of RFID 35 for indoor localization has been studied extensively. Different 36 approaches have been investigated, differing in the placement 37 of tags, types of tags used, and the types of sensing systems 38 whose data have been fused with the information gained from 39 the RFID system. The following presents a discussion of 40 some RFID localization projects and presents a table summary 41 (Table I) showing the different aspects.

Kurokawa's method of calculating the power reflection coefficient from the Smith chart in the situation when one complex impedance is directly connected to another is applied to passive RFID tag design, where power reflection is important, as it determines the tag characteristics. The performance analysis of a specific RFID tag is presented together with experimental data, which is in close agreement with the theory.

The ability to link two different sightings of the same Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag enables invasions of privacy. The problem is aggravated when an item, and the tag attached to it, changes hands during the course of its lifetime. After such an ownership transfer, the new owner should be able to read the tag but the old owner should not. We address these issues through an RFID pseudonym protocol. Each time it is queried, the RFID tag emits a different pseudonym using a pseudo-random function. Without consent of a special Trusted Center that shares secrets with the tag, it is infeasible to map the pseudonym to the tag’s real identity. We present a scheme for RFID pseudonyms that works with legacy, untrusted readers, requires only one message from tag to reader, and is scalable: decoding tag pseudonyms takes work logarithmic in the number of tags. Our scheme further allows for time-limited delegation, so that we can give an RFID reader the power to disambiguate a limited number of pseudonyms without further help from the Trusted Center. We show how RFID pseudonyms facilitate the transfer of ownership of RFID tags between mutually distrustful parties. Our scheme requires only limited cryptographic functionality from the tag: we need a pseudo-random function (PRF) and the ability to update tag state or to generate random numbers. Tag storage and communication requirements are modest: we give example parameters for a deployment of one million tags in which each tag stores only 128 bits, makes 6 PRF evaluations, and sends 158 bits each time it is read.

In this paper we propose a new block cipher, DESL (DES Lightweight), which is based on the classical DES (Data Encryption Standard) design, but unlike DES it uses a single S-box repeated eight times. 1 On this account we adapt well-known DES S-box design criteria, such that they can be applied to the special case of a single S-box. Furthermore, we show that DESL is resistant against certain types of the most common attacks, i.e., linear and differential cryptanalyses, and the Davies-Murphy attack. Our hardware implementation results of DESL are very promising (1848 GE), therefore DESL is well suited for ultraconstrained devices such as RFID tags.

Tag collision arbitration for passive RFID tags is a significant issue for fast tag identification. This letter presents a novel tag anti-collision scheme called Adaptive Binary Splitting (ABS). For reducing collisions, ABS assigns distinct timeslots to tags by using information obtained from the last identification process. Our performance evaluation shows that ABS outperforms other tree based tag anti-collision protocols.

distributed sensing applications. 38 PERVASIVE computing www.computer.org/pervasive ENERGY HARVESTING & CONSERVATION R ecent distributed sensing work has explored two main power supply options: batteries 1-3 and ambient power scavenging. 4,5 Battery technology is mature, extensively commercialized, and completely self-contained. However, given current energy density and shelf-life trends, 5 even for relatively large batteries and conservative communication schedules, the mean time to replacement is only a year or two. The problem is aggravated significantly for batteries with more inconspicuous form factors. For deployments with hundreds of sensors, this means that a battery will need a replacement every few days, an unsustainable rate for many applications. Finally, systems based on battery-powered communication still cost more than US$5 a unit, with no clear commercial or technical route to a solution that costs less than a dollar. Ambient-power scavenging, which harvests energy (especially solar energy) from the surroundings for wireless sensing, can in principle supply power indefinitely. 4,5 Implementations have provided low-duty-cycle communication at very small size under ambient conditions that are reasonable for many applications. However, challenges remain: reliance on ambient power constrains both where you can place the sensors and when you can use them. Furthermore, given these devices' use of power-harvesting components (such as solar cells) and relatively sophisticated radios, it remains to be seen whether these devices can be manufactured at their target cost of tens of cents each. Almost as important, the commercial case for high-volume manufacture of these devices is still being made. Other Approaches to Reader-Powered Sensors JANUARY-MARCH 2005 PERVASIVE computing 39 Our usage model for wisps enables a variety of applications related to detecting day-to-day human activities.

At Crypto'05, Juels and Weis introduce HB+, an enhancement of the Hopper and Blum (HB) authentication protocol. This protocol HB+ is proven secure against active attacks, though preserving HB's advantages: mainly, requiring so few resources to run that it can be implemented on an RFID tag. However, in a wider adversarial model, Gilbert, Robshaw and Sibert exhibit a very effective

The availability of inexpensive CMOS tcchnologies that perform well at microwave frequencies has created new opportunities for automated material handling within supply chain management (SCM) that will, in hindsight, he viewed as revolutionary. This article outlines system architecture and circuit design considerations that influence the development of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags through a case study involving a high-pcrformance implementation that achieves throughput of nearly 800 tagsis a t a range greater than 10 m. The impact of a novel circuit design approach ideally suited to the power and die area challenges is also discussed. Insights gleaned from first-generation efforts are reviewed as an object lesson in how to make RFID technology for SCM, at a cost measured in pennies per tag, reach its full potential through a Generation 2 standard.

The feasibility of integrating antennas and required circuits to form wireless interconnects in foundry digital CMOS technologies has been demonstrated. The key challenges including the effects of metal structures associated with integrated circuits, heat removal, packaging, and interaction between transmitted and received signals, and nearby circuits appear to be manageable. This technology can potentially be applied for implementation of a true single-chip radio for general purpose communication, on-chip and inter-chip data communication systems, RFID tags, RF sensors/radars, and others.

RFID systems as a whole are often treated with suspicion, but the input data received from individual RFID tags is implicitly trusted. RFID attacks are currently conceived as properly formatted but fake RFID data; however no one expects an RFID tag to send a SQL injection attack or a buffer overflow. This paper is meant to serve as a warning that data from RFID tags can be used to exploit back-end software systems. RFID middleware writers must therefore build appropriate checks (bounds checking, special character filtering, etc..), to prevent RFID middleware from suffering all of the well-known vulnerabilities experienced by the Internet. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, this paper presents the first self-replicating RFID virus. This virus uses RFID tags as a vector to compromise backend RFID middleware systems, via a SQL injection attack.

SAW tags were invented more than 30 years ago, but only today are the conditions united for mass application of this technology. The devices in the 2.4-GHz ISM band can be routinely produced with optical lithography, high-resolution radar systems can be built up using highly sophisticated, but low-cost RF-chips, and the Internet is available for global access to the tag databases. The "Internet of Things," or I-o-T, will demand trillions of cheap tags and sensors. The SAW tags can overcome semiconductor-based analogs in many aspects: they can be read at a distance of a few meters with readers radiating power levels 2 to 3 orders lower, they are cheap, and they can operate in robust environments. Passive SAW tags are easily combined with sensors. Even the "anti-collision" problem (i.e., the simultaneous reading of many nearby tags) has adequate solutions for many practical applications.

This paper considers the situation of a retail store subject to inventory inaccuracies stemming from execution problems. We assume that inventory inaccuracies are introduced by misplacement type errors that occur within the store, i.e. the whole quantity of products that is ordered and received from the supplier is not available on shelf to satisfy consumers' demand either because the replenishment process from the backroom to shelves is prone to errors (e.g. products are lost during this transfer, products are forbidden in the backroom, products are put on other shelves than where they should be...) or products are misplaced on other shelves by consumers during their visit to the store. We consider a Newsvendor model that captures this issue in a simple way: for a given quantity of products ordered from the supplier, only a random fraction is available for sales. We compare three approaches. In the first approach, the retailer is unaware of errors in the store. In the second approach, the retailer is aware of errors and optimizes its operations by taking into account this issue. The third approach deals with the case where the retailer deploys an advanced automatic identification technology (such as the Auto-ID system based on the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology) to eliminate errors. In particular, we provide insights on the relative benefit of implementing the RFID technology (moving from approach 2 to approach 3) compared to the benefit of optimizing the system in presence of inaccuracies (moving from approach 1 to approach 2). We also provide an analytical expression of the cost of the RFID tag which makes its deployment cost effective.

Tag identification is an important tool in RFID systems with applications for monitoring and tracking. A RFID reader recognizes tags through communication over a shared wireless channel. When multiple tags transmit their IDs simultaneously, the tagto-reader signals collide and this collision disturbs a reader's identification process. Therefore, tag collision arbitration for passive tags is a significant issue for fast identification. This paper presents two adaptive tag anticollision protocols: an Adaptive Query Splitting protocol (AQS), which is an improvement on the query tree protocol, and an Adaptive Binary Splitting protocol (ABS), which is based on the binary tree protocol and is a de facto standard for RFID anticollision protocols. To reduce collisions and identify tags efficiently, adaptive tag anticollision protocols use information obtained from the last process of tag identification. Our performance evaluation shows that AQS and ABS outperform other tree-based tag anticollision protocols.

We present WISP, a wireless, battery-free platform for sensing and computation that is powered and read by a standards compliant Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID reader. To the reader, the WISP appears to be an ordinary RFID tag. The WISP platform includes a general-purpose programmable flash microcontroller and implements the bi-directional communication primitives required by the Electronic Product Code (EPC) RFID standard, which allows it to communicate arbitrary sensor data via an EPC RFID reader by dynamically changing the ID it presents to the reader. For each 64 bit "packet," the WISP's microcontroller dynamically computes the 16-bit CRC that the EPC standard requires of valid packets. Because the WISP device can control all bits of the presented ID, 64 bits of sensor data can be communicated with a single RFID read event. As an example of the system in operation, we present 13 hours of continuous-valued light-level data measured by the device. All the measurements were made using power harvested from the RFID reader. No battery, and no wired connections (for either power or data) were used. As far as we are aware, this paper reports the first fully programmable computing platform that can operate using power transmitted from a long-range (UHF) RFID reader and communicate arbitrary, multi-bit data in response to a single RFID reader poll event.

The differential radar cross-section (RCS) of an RFID tag is an important parameter which determines the power of the modulated backscattered tag signal. The vector differential RCS of an RFID tag as seen by the reader is analysed and, for the first time, compared with experimental results in UHF band.

| This paper discusses the evolution towards the first integrated radio-frequency identification (RFID)-enabled wireless sensor network infrastructure using ultra-high frequency/ radio frequency (UHF/RF) RFID-enabled sensor nodes and inkjetprinted electronics technologies on flexible and paper substrates for the first time ever. The first sections highlight the unique capabilities of inkjet printed electronics as well as the benefits of using paper as the ultra-low-cost, conformal and environmentally friendly substrate for the mass-scale ubiquitous implementation of the first RFID-enabled wireless sensing applications.

A Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) allows effective identification of a large number of tagged objects without physical or visual contact. RFID systems are a promising technology for supply chain management and inventory control. As individual item tagging becomes a reality, privacy concerns over RFID use come to the fore. The shared radio medium allow eavesdropping and unauthorized tag reading which poses threats to individual's privacy. Moreover, due to the mode of use of RFIDs, new threats emerge. For example, an intruder may be able to track the movement of an individual by repeatedly querying an RFID attached to the item that this individual carries. The limited size and cost considerations do not allow to implement conventional cryptographic systems on RFIDs. In this paper we propose an efficient RFID tag identification algorithm that incorporates reader-authentication. Our algorithm is secure against the anticipated threats to RFID systems. Our algorithm does not require computationally expensive cryptographic mechanisms, it relies on rather simple matrix multiplication. To further enhance the utility of our algorithm we propose a scheme that allows for the algorithm to carry out secure identification of multiple tags simultaneously.

This research focuses on RFID-based 3-D positioning schemes, aiming to locate an object in a 3-dimensional space, with reference to a predetermined arbitrary coordinates system, by using RFID tags and readers. More specifically, we consider a hexahedron which may be a shipping container, a storage room, or other hexahedral shape spaces. A number of RFID tags and/or readers with known locations are deployed as reference nodes. We propose two positioning schemes, namely, the active scheme and the passive scheme. The former scheme locates an RFID reader. For example, it may be employed to locate a mobile person who is equipped with an RFID reader or an object that is approached by an RFID reader. The passive scheme locates an RFID tag, which is attached to the target object. Both approaches are based on a Nelder-Mead nonlinear optimization method that minimizes the error objective functions. We have carried out analyses and extensive simulations to evaluate the proposed schemes. Our results show that both schemes can locate the targets with acceptable accuracy. The active scheme usually results in smaller errors and has a lower hardware cost compared to its passive counterpart. On the other hand, the passive scheme is more efficient when locating multiple targets simultaneously. The effectiveness of our proposed approaches is verified experimentally using the IDENTEC RFID kits.

We describe a navigation and location determination system for the blind using an RFID tag grid. Each RFID tag is programmed upon installation with spatial coordinates and information describing the surroundings. This allows for a self-describing, localized information system with no dependency on a centralized database or wireless infrastructure for communications. We describe the system and report on its characteristic performance, limitations, and lessons learned.

Radio frequency identification systems have many applications in manufacturing, supply chain management, inventory control, and telemedicine. In an RFID system, products and objects are given RFID tags to identify themselves. However, security and privacy issues pose significant challenges on these systems. In this article we first briefly introduce RFID systems. Then two RFID applications in telemedicine are proposed: studying supply and demand of doctors, nurses, and patients in hospitals and healthcare, and developing mobile telemedicine services. The security and privacy issues of RFID, and their solutions are discussed as well.

We introduce a new cryptographic primitive, called insubvertible encryption, that produces ciphertexts which can be randomized without the need of any key material. Unlike plain universal re-encryption schemes, insubvertible encryption prevents against adversarial exploitation of hidden channels, by including certificates proving that the ciphertext can only be decrypted by authorized parties.

Juels and Weis (building on prior work of Hopper and Blum) propose and analyze two shared-key authentication protocols -HB and HB + -whose extremely low computational cost makes them attractive for low-cost devices such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Security of these protocols is based on the conjectured hardness of the "learning parity with noise" (LPN) problem: the HB protocol is proven secure against a passive (eavesdropping) adversary, while the HB + protocol is proven secure against active attacks.

A provably secure countermeasure against first order sidechannel attacks has been proposed by . We have implemented the lightweight block cipher PRESENT using the proposed countermeasure. For this purpose we had to decompose the S-box used in PRESENT and split it into three shares that fulfill the properties of the scheme presented by Nikova et al. in 2008. Our experimental results on real-world power traces show that this countermeasure provides additional security. Post-synthesis figures for an ASIC implementation require only 2, 300 GE, which makes this implementation suitable for low-cost passive RFID-tags.

HB + is a shared-key authentication protocol, proposed by Juels and Weis at Crypto 2005, using prior work of Hopper and Blum. Its very low computational cost makes it attractive for low-cost devices such as radio-frequency identification(RFID) tags. Juels and Weis gave a security proof, relying on the hardness of the "learning parity with noise" (LPN) problem. Here, we improve the previous best known algorithm proposed by Blum, Kalai, and Wasserman for solving the LPN problem. This new algorithm yields an attack for HB + in the detection-based model with work factor 2 52 .

We present our results of the conceptual design and the implementation of ubiquitous computing applications using smart identification technologies. First, we describe such technologies and their potential application areas, then give an overview of some of the applications we have developed. Based on the experience we have gained from developing these systems, we point out design concepts that we have found useful for structuring and implementing such applications. Building upon these concepts, we have created two frameworks based on Jini (i.e., distributed Java objects) and Web Services to support the development of ubiquitous computing applications that make use of smart identification technology. We describe our prototype frameworks, discuss the underlying concepts and present some lessons learned.

The manual assessment of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) is a fundamental problem in elderly care. The use of miniature sensors placed in the environment or worn by a person has great potential in effective and unobtrusive long term monitoring and recognition of ADLs. This paper presents an effective and unobtrusive activity recognition system based on the combination of the data from two different types of sensors: RFID tag readers and accelerometers. We evaluate our algorithms on non-scripted datasets of 10 housekeeping activities performed by 12 subjects. The experimental results show that recognition accuracy can be significantly improved by fusing the two different types of sensors. We analyze different acceleration features and algorithms, and based on tag detections we suggest the best tags' placements and the key objects to be tagged for each activity.

An RFID tag features a temperature sensor with gain-error compensation, a dual-path clock generator for both accurate link frequency and low power applications, and a zero-mask CMOS OTP memory array for low cost. The tag executes EPC-compliant SENSE-WRITEREAD commands with -6 dBm sensitivity and +0.4/-1.1°C error with one-point calibration.

In this paper, we analyze the security vulnerabilities of EMAP, an efficient RFID mutual authentication protocol recently proposed by . We present two effective attacks, a de-synchronization attack and a fulldisclosure attack, against the protocol. The former permanently disables the authentication capability of a RFID tag by destroying synchronization between the tag and the RFID reader. The latter completely compromises a tag by extracting all the secret information stored in the tag. The de-synchronization attack can be carried out in just round of interaction in EMAP while the full-disclosure attack is accomplished across several runs of EMAP. We also discuss ways to counter the attacks.

A basic radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag is a small and inexpensive microchip that emits a static identifier in response to a query from a nearby reader. Basic tags of the "smart-label" variety are likely to serve as a next-generation replacement for barcodes. This would introduce a strong potential for various forms of privacy infringement, such as invasive physical tracking and inventorying of individuals. Researchers have proposed several types of external devices of moderateto-high computational ability that interact with RFID devices with the aim of protecting user privacy. In this paper, we propose a new design principle for a personal RFID-privacy device. We refer to such a device as a REP (RFID Enhancer Proxy). Briefly stated, a REP assumes the identities of tags and simulates them by proxy. By merit of its greater computing power, the REP can enforce more sophisticated privacy policies than those available in tags. (As a side benefit, it can also provide more flexible and reliable communications in RFID systems.) Previous, similar systems have been vulnerable to a serious attack, namely malicious exchange of data between RFID tags. An important contribution of our proposal is a technique that helps prevent this attack, even when tags do not have access-control features.

A patent content clustering method is used to cluster different patent documents into homogenous groups, and then technology forecasting is applied to evaluate possible market opportunities for future inventors and investors. The results suggest that the cluster called RFID wireless communication devices has entered the saturation stage and thus provides limited opportunity for development. Four other clusters; RFID concepts and applications, RFID architecture, RFID tracking implementation, and RFID transmission apparatus, have entered the mature stage. The RFID frequency and waves cluster appears to be in early growth stage with good development potential. Since the technology related to basic RFID concepts and devices has reached a mature stage in China, the research and development seems to be targeting the improvement of the RFID frequencies and waves as a means to develop more reliable RFID systems and applications.

We present the WISP Passive Data Logger (PDL), an RFID sensor data logging platform that relies on a new, wirelessly-charged power model. A PDL has no battery yet (unlike a passive sensor tag) is able to collect data while away from an RFID reader. A PDL senses and logs data using energy stored in a capacitor; the capacitor can be wirelessly recharged (unlike active tags), and data can be uploaded whenever the PDL is near a reader. Standard EPC Generation 2 readers are used for WISP-PDL charging, ID-reading, and sensor data transfer. This allows WISP-PDLs to operate using commercial RFID readers as the only support infrastructure (for both data and power), and allows WISP-PDLs to co-exist with standard RFID tags. We describe the design and implementation of a prototype WISP-PDL, and report results from a short demonstration study that shows it can monitor the temperature and fullness of a milk carton as it is used over the course of a day.

As the size of an RFID tag becomes smaller and the price of the tag gets lower, RFID technology has been applied to a wide range of areas. Recently, RFID has been adopted in the business area such as supply chain management. Since companies can get movement information for products easily using the RFID technology, it is expected to revolutionize supply chain management. However, the amount of RFID data in supply chain management is huge. Therefore, it requires much time to extract valuable information from RFID data for supply chain management. In this paper, we define query templates for tracking queries and path oriented queries to analyze the supply chain. We then propose an effective path encoding scheme to encode the flow information for products. To retrieve the time information for products efficiently, we utilize a numbering scheme used in the XML area. Based on the path encoding scheme and the numbering scheme, we devise a storage scheme to process tracking queries and path oriented queries efficiently. Finally, we propose a method which translates the queries to SQL queries. Experimental results show that our approach can process the queries efficiently. On the average, our approach is about 680 times better than a recent technique in terms of query performance.

We propose a novel method to recognize a user's activities of daily living with accelerometers and rfid sensor. Two wireless accelerometers are used for the classification of 5 human body states using decision tree, and detection of RFID tagged objects with hand movement provides additional object related hand motion information. To do this, we used Bluetooth based wireless triaxial accelerometers and iGrabber which is a glove type RFID reader. Our experiments show that our method can be applicable to a real environment with strong confidence.