Rfid Tag

The result was created through solving the student project "Security analysis and developing lightweight ciphers and protocols" using objective oriented support for specific university research from the University of Finance and Administration, Prague, Czech Republic. Authors thank Michal Merta, and Zdeněk Truhlář for their help with the research connected with the topic of the article.

This paper describes an innovative and highly secure networking architecture, dedicated to the Internet of Things (IoT). We propose an infrastructure that works with a new type of tags, supporting the recently standardized Host Identity Protocol (HIP). Our main concern is to ensure RFID tags privacy, while enabling things to things communications.

This thesis explores how consumer perception of benefits influences their acceptance of item-level Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology within the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, despite potential privacy concerns. Expanding on prior research that focused solely on in-store benefits, this study introduces two new categories: in-store and after-sale benefits and risks.

Labels are a crucial component of products, offering informational content and attractive visuals; therefore, the durability of the print is an important quality requirement. On the other hand, in accordance with eco-design, the recyclability of printed labels is vital. In our research, the focus was on the assessment of the durability, recyclability, and deinkability of printed label paper equipped with printed RFID tags. The determined color fastness of electrophotographic prints affected by various environmental factors showed good resistance to dry rubbing and, in most cases, light and moist-heat treatment, confirming the applicability of digital printing on self-adhesive biodegradable paper labels. In the second part of this study, recyclability was assessed, and a comparison between the deinkability of the offset and digital prints and two conductive functional inks was conducted. Good deinkability was observed for the printed RFID antennas on both the offset and electrographic prints, with only a small deterioration in optical properties, especially when nano-silver conductive ink was used. The study highlights the importance of the selection of materials and printing techniques when considering the environmental impact of printed electronics. The results showed that INGEDE 11 is a suitable deinking method for printed RFID antennas on offset and electrographic prints.

Hard mathematical problems are at the core of security arguments in cryptography. In this paper, we study mathematical generalizations of the famous Rubik's cube puzzle, namely the factorization, representation and balance problems in non-Abelian groups. These problems arise naturally when describing the security of Cayley hash functions, a class of cryptographic hash functions with very interesting properties. The factorization problem is also strongly related to a famous long-standing conjecture of Babai, at the intersection of group theory and graph theory. A constructive proof of Babai's conjecture would make all Cayley hash functions insecure, but on the other hand it would have many positive applications in graph theory and computer science. In this paper, we classify existing attacks against Cayley hash functions and we review known results on Babai's conjecture. Despite recent cryptanalytic progress on particular instances, we show that the factorization, representation and balance problems presumably remain good sources of cryptographic hard problems. Our study demonstrates that Cayley hash functions deserve further interest by the cryptography community. Disclaimer. This paper contains essentially no new result but it rather collects and organizes all the results that were independently found by two distinct scientific communities on the same problems. Between September 2009 and May 2010, the first author gave a sequence of talks to a cryptographic audience, entitled "Hash functions and Cayley graphs: the end of the story?". Surprisingly, many cryptographers seemed to either ignore the beautiful Cayley hash construction, or believe that it had been definitively broken. The very positive feedback received after these talks motivated us to write this survey and to complete it with known results on Babai's conjecture.

Ambient Assisted Living environments projects arise as technological responses of the scientific community to problems associated with the populationageing phenomenon. In theory, these environments should allow de-localization of healthcare services delivery and management to the home, thus containing the economic and social costs associated with old age. The VirtualECare project is one of those environments, enhanced with proactive techniques for a better user experience, focused on elderly chronic patients, through the ability of constant learning and adaption based in user interaction and its contexts. This learning and, consequently, adaption needs, however, unequivocally user identification, especially in multi-user environments. Traditional identification techniques and methodologies are not suitable for these scenario since, usually, require user interaction and wireless identification technique (e.g. RFID, Bluetooth) are very exposed to personification. In order to obtain the expected results we needed a more advanced technology. One possible, appropriate and already fairly developed technique is Facial Recognition. In this paper we present the VirtualECare project approach to Facial Recognition authentication techniques its advantages, disadvantages and possible implementations paths.

We have analyzed the implications of innovations in MEMS on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and have modeled MEMS elements from a device prospective. We have commented on the advantages as well as the challenges that exist in this technology and described the important factors that need to be kept under consideration for the calculation of the reliability for practical implementation of MEMS based devices and the scope of modeling. We have executed the work on SUGAR of MATLAB; the proposal is then compared to the recent developments taking place and with the other experimental result which are reported. Thus a comprehensive modeling aspect of MEMS based elements of a WSN is shown. Modeling of tunable comb resonators, Vertically-shaped comb-resonators and thermal actuator has been shown and the implication of modeling in such devices has been shown. Various computations were implemented and results being given supporting the data from the experiments in recent years.

This paper presents a new application of dielectric resonator antenna in radio frequency identification system. A curved dual-band dielectric resonator antenna for RFID applications is proposed. The tag antenna is designed to operate at 2.45 GHz (2.25-2.55 GHz) and 5.8 GHz (5.65-5.95 GHz) bands. The radiation characteristics of the tag antenna in free space are investigated. The radar cross sections under different loads are obtained. The effect of curvature on the tag antenna performance is explained. Two examples are considered. In the first example, the tag antenna is mounted on cylindrical bottle filled with the Polyethylene material. The effect of the object properties on the radiation characteristics and the radar cross section is investigated. In the second example, the tag antenna is mounted on spherical bottle filled with the Polyethylene material. The radiation and backscattering characteristics are calculated. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used for simulation and the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) is used to verify the simulated results.

RFID technology can be applied to a broad range of areas. In particular, RFID is very useful in the area of business, such as supply chain management. However, the amount of RFID data in such an environment is huge. Therefore, much time is needed to extract valuable information from RFID data for supply chain management. In this paper, we present an efficient method to process a massive amount of RFID data for supply chain management. We first define query templates to analyze the supply chain. We then propose an effective path encoding scheme that encodes the flows of products. However, if the flows are long, the numbers in the path encoding scheme that correspond to the flows will be very large. We solve this by providing a method that divides flows. To retrieve the time information for products efficiently, we utilize a numbering scheme for the XML area. Based on the path encoding scheme and the numbering scheme, we devise a storage scheme that can process tracking queries and path oriented queries efficiently on an RDBMS. Finally, we propose a method that translates the queries to SQL queries. Experimental results show that our approach can process the queries efficiently.

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In this paper, the design and development of a unique high read-range highefficiency (95%) Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) antenna for the 915 MHZ UHF band is discussed. The RFID exceptional characteristics are investigated in terms of antenna-IC matching and radiation efficiency. This 915 MHz passive tag is a 3" x 3" omnidirectional tag and yielded a read range of 31 feet compared to a 4" x 4" leading commercial design of 26 feet tested range in lab. This tag also possesses higher read power range (-7dBm to 30 dBm) than the leading commercial design (-5dBm to 30 dBm). The proposed RFID antenna was fabricated on 50.8 micron thick Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) and the read range of the proposed RFID tags was experimentally verified.

In this paper, we designed and implemented the Blind Interactive Guide System (BIGS) for the blind person to use in the building. The BIGS uses RFID-based indoor positioning system to acquire the current location information of the user. The system consists of two parts: the smart floor and the portable terminal unit. The smart floor is a floor of a building where each tile of the floor has the passive RFID tag which transmits a unique ID number. The portable terminal unit is an embedded system equipped with an RFID reader as an input device so that the BIGS can get the current location information of the user. Using the preinstalled map of the target floor, the blind person can navigate to the final destination. The prototype is implemented and successfully operated.

Casualties in emergency situations are often caused by panic and in cases where building evacuation is required, they are often caused by a disorganized evacuation. This has motivated us to design a two-layer indoor evacuation system that takes advantage of two technologies all people carry on them, namely, cellular phones with cameras and RFID cards. The proposed system integrates QR Code and RFID-based positioning with a routing system with mounted terminals and displays for guiding people with RFID tags out of a building. People with mobile devices with cameras use an application that resolves QR codes into web addresses that point to dynamically generated evacuation instructions. As a proofof-concept, we have implemented this system with commercially available tools and components as an e-scaveger hunt game which uses our novel evacuation (routing) algorithm to guide players around a building visiting different locations in a load balancing manner. In this demo, we are planning to deploy this e-scavenger game and the participants would be able to follow the progress of the game (evacuation) through a system monitor dashboard.

This paper presents an approach for calibrating backscattering measurements from 860-960 MHz Ultra-High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tags. An Sparameter model is formulated to relate diode switch and antenna input circuit parameters with the scattering performance of the calibration device. Measurements of modulated backscattered power agree with the model to within ±0.1 dB. Tag backscatter measurements can then be calibrated by comparing them to the reference signal. In an example testbed, the expanded uncertainty of these measurements is estimated to be ±0.4 dB, compared with uncertainties worse than -0.9 dB, +1.2 dB for methods that calibrate against radar cross section (RCS) standards in the same testbed.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel totally passive, wireless temperature sensor tag based on ultra high-frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The temperature-sensing functionality is enabled by using distilled water embedded in the tag antenna substrate. The novel sensor tag is designed to provide wireless temperature readings comparable to a commercial thermocouple thermometer even in environments with high levels of interference, such as reflections. The structure of the novel sensor tag is aimed to increase its usability by minimizing user-created errors and to simplify the measurement procedure. Design/methodology/approach -The sensor tag is based on a dual port sensing concept in which two ports are used to obtain sensor readings. By utilizing two ports instead of one, the effects of environmental interference, tag-reader antenna orientation and distance can be effectively minimized. Two alternative methods of acquiring the sensor reading from the operating characteristics of the two ports are presented and discussed. Findings -Temperature measurements in practical scenarios show that by utilizing the dual port sensing concept, the developed tag produces temperature readings wirelessly which are comparable to readings from a commercial thermocouple thermometer. Research limitations/implications -The concept of dual port sensing was shown and two alternative methods on extracting sensor readings from the differences in the port operating characteristics were introduced and discussed. In this paper, the dual port sensing concept is utilized in creating a temperature sensor tag; however, the same concept can be utilized in a variety of passive wireless sensors based on UHF RFID technology. This enables a new approach in designing accurate, easy to use and easily integrable passive sensors. The dual port sensing concept is in its early stages of development; its accuracy could be improved by developing more advanced data post-processing techniques. Practical implications -The accuracy of a passive dual port UHF RFID-enabled temperature sensor tag is proven to be sufficient in many applications. This indicates that other sensor types utilizing the dual port sensing concept can reach high levels of accuracy as well. Furthermore, the passive RFID-enabled sensors based on the dual port sensing concept are superior in usability versus sensor tags equipped only with a single port. Therefore, dual port sensing concept in passive UHF RFID-enabled sensor tags could make such sensors more attractive commercially and lead to truly widespread ubiquitous sensing and computing. Originality/value -This paper presents a novel passive, wireless temperature sensor tag for UHF RFID systems. The sensor tag utilizes a new structure which allows tight integration of two ports and two tag antennas. The accuracy of the developed tag is confirmed throughout measurements and it is found comparable to the accuracy of commercial thermometers in practical measurement scenarios. Moreover, the paper presents a dual port sensing concept and two readout methods based on the concept which are aimed to increase the accuracy and usability of all kinds of UHF RFID-enabled sensor tags.

Radio frequency identification( RFID) is unwired processing task uses the radio signals for communication purpose. By using radio signals RFID pointing out the objects with unique electronic product code. This electronic product code hiving unique identification for single-single objects. The main disadvantages of RFID is, leaking the information as distance increases. As distances increases unsecured authentication start between the tag and reader. At this time unauthorized user may get all the information of the object and as well as unauthorized user may guess the password also. Hence unsecured authentication may generate some security problems and secret-privacy protection problems to the authorized user. EPC Class-1 generation-2 technique generates to many security issues hence to overcome these problems we proposing new pad generation technique instead of EPC Class-1 generation-2 technique. By doing this we producing strong authentication between tag and reader. In this paper ...

Kurokawa's method of calculating the power reflection coefficient from the Smith chart in the situation when one complex impedance is directly connected to another is applied to passive RFID tag design, where power reflection is important, as it determines the tag characteristics. The performance analysis of a specific RFID tag is presented together with experimental data, which is in close agreement with the theory.

This paper presents a method for measuring signal backscattering from RFID tags and for calculating a tag radar cross-section (RCS). We derive a theoretical formula for RCS of an RFID tag with a minimum scattering antenna and describe an experimental measurement technique which involves using a network analyzer connected to an anechoic chamber with and without the tag. The return loss measured in this way allows us to calculate the backscattered power and find the tag RCS. Measurements were performed using an RFID tag operating in UHF band. To determine whether the tag was turned on, we used an RFID tag tester. The tag RCS was also calculated theoretically using electromagnetic simulation software. Theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with experimental data.

The differential radar cross-section (RCS) of an RFID tag is an important parameter which determines the power of the modulated backscattered tag signal. The vector differential RCS of an RFID tag as seen by the reader is analysed and, for the first time, compared with experimental results in UHF band.

Nectar-feeding animals have served as the subjects of many experimental studies and theoretical models of foraging. Their willingness to visit artificial feeders renders many species amenable to controlled experiments using mechanical "flowers" that replenish nectar automatically. However, the structural complexity of such feeders and the lack of a device for tracking the movements of multiple individuals have limited our ability to ask some specific questions related to natural foraging contexts, especially in competitive situations. To overcome such difficulties, we developed an experimental system for producing computer records of multiple foragers harvesting from simple artificial flowers with known rates of nectar secretion, using radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags to identify individual animals. By using infrared detectors (LEDs and phototransistors) to activate the RFID readers momentarily when needed, our system prevents the RFID chips from heating up and disturbing the foraging behavior of focal animals. To demonstrate these advantages, we performed a preliminary experiment with a captive colony of bumble bees, Bombus impatiens. In the experiment, two bees were tagged with RFID chips (2.5 x 2.5 mm, manufactured by Hitachi-Maxell, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and allowed to forage on 16 artificial flowers arranged in a big flight cage. Using the resulting data set, we present details of how the bees increased their travel speed between flowers, while decreasing the average nectar crop per flower, as they gained experience. Our system provides a powerful tool to track the movement patterns, reward history, and long-term foraging performance of individual foragers at large spatial scales.

Background: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices are becoming more and more essential for patient safety in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine patient safety, data reliability and signal loss wearing on skin RFID devices during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Methods: Sixty RFID tags of the type I-Code SLI, 13.56 MHz, ISO 18000-3.1 were tested: Thirty type 1, an RFID tag with a 76 × 45 mm aluminum-etched antenna and 30 type 2, a tag with a 31 × 14 mm copper-etched antenna. The signal loss, material movement and heat tests were performed in a 1.5 T and a 3 T MR system. For data integrity, the tags were tested additionally during CT scanning. Standardized function tests were performed with all transponders before and after all imaging studies. Results: There was no memory loss or data alteration in the RFID tags after MRI and CT scanning. Concerning heating (a maximum of 3.6°C) and device movement (below 1 N/kg) no relevant influence was found. Concerning signal loss (artifacts 2 -4 mm), interpretability of MR images was impaired when superficial structures such as skin, subcutaneous tissues or tendons were assessed. Conclusions: Patients wearing RFID wristbands are safe in 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners using normal operation mode for RF-field. The findings are specific to the RFID tags that underwent testing.

BACKGROUND: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices are becoming more and more essential for patient safety in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine patient safety, data reliability and signal loss wearing on skin RFID devices during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. METHODS: Sixty RFID tags of the type I-Code SLI, 13.56 MHz, ISO 18000-3.1 were tested: Thirty type 1, an RFID tag with a 76 x 45 mm aluminum-etched antenna and 30 type 2, a tag with a 31 x 14 mm copper-etched antenna. The signal loss, material movement and heat tests were performed in a 1.5 T and a 3 T MR system. For data integrity, the tags were tested additionally during CT scanning. Standardized function tests were performed with all transponders before and after all imaging studies. RESULTS: There was no memory loss or data alteration in the RFID tags after MRI and CT scanning. Concerning heating (a maximum of 3.6 degrees C) and device movement (below 1 N/kg) no relevant influence was found. Concerning signal loss (artifacts 2 -4 mm), interpretability of MR images was impaired when superficial structures such as skin, subcutaneous tissues or tendons were assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients wearing RFID wristbands are safe in 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners using normal operation mode for RF-field. The findings are specific to the RFID tags that underwent testing.

This paper describes the design of an RFID Employee Attendance And Tracking System. It is designed to track a moving employee inside the organization using RFID technology in mobile phones. The proposed system has hardware and software components. The hardware architecture consists of an RFID active tag, RFID tag reader and database server. The database server are located in the master station. The tag readers are distributed around the open area.

Bioskop yang ingin memenuhi standar internasional dalam industri perfilman, seperti yang ditetapkan oleh Digital Cinema Initiative (DCI), Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), dan International Organization for Standardization (ISO), harus mematuhi berbagai spesifikasi teknis dan operasional. Berikut adalah beberapa standar utama yang perlu diperhatikan: Kesimpulan Untuk memenuhi standar internasional yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi seperti DCI, SMPTE, dan ISO, bioskop harus memiliki infrastruktur yang canggih dan aman, serta prosedur operasional yang memastikan kualitas layanan, keselamatan, dan keberlanjutan. Mematuhi

Background: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices are becoming more and more essential for patient safety in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine patient safety, data reliability and signal loss wearing on skin RFID devices during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Methods: Sixty RFID tags of the type I-Code SLI, 13.56 MHz, ISO 18000-3.1 were tested: Thirty type 1, an RFID tag with a 76 × 45 mm aluminum-etched antenna and 30 type 2, a tag with a 31 × 14 mm copper-etched antenna. The signal loss, material movement and heat tests were performed in a 1.5 T and a 3 T MR system. For data integrity, the tags were tested additionally during CT scanning. Standardized function tests were performed with all transponders before and after all imaging studies. Results: There was no memory loss or data alteration in the RFID tags after MRI and CT scanning. Concerning heating (a maximum of 3.6°C) and device movement (below 1 N/kg) no relevant influence was found. Concerning signal loss (artifacts 2-4 mm), interpretability of MR images was impaired when superficial structures such as skin, subcutaneous tissues or tendons were assessed. Conclusions: Patients wearing RFID wristbands are safe in 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners using normal operation mode for RF-field. The findings are specific to the RFID tags that underwent testing.

BACKGROUND: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) devices are becoming more and more essential for patient safety in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to determine patient safety, data reliability and signal loss wearing on skin RFID devices during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning. METHODS: Sixty RFID tags of the type I-Code SLI, 13.56 MHz, ISO 18000-3.1 were tested: Thirty type 1, an RFID tag with a 76 x 45 mm aluminum-etched antenna and 30 type 2, a tag with a 31 x 14 mm copper-etched antenna. The signal loss, material movement and heat tests were performed in a 1.5 T and a 3 T MR system. For data integrity, the tags were tested additionally during CT scanning. Standardized function tests were performed with all transponders before and after all imaging studies. RESULTS: There was no memory loss or data alteration in the RFID tags after MRI and CT scanning. Concerning heating (a maximum of 3.6 degrees C) and device movement (below 1 N/kg) no relevant influence was found. Concerning signal loss (artifacts 2-4 mm), interpretability of MR images was impaired when superficial structures such as skin, subcutaneous tissues or tendons were assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients wearing RFID wristbands are safe in 1.5 T and 3 T MR scanners using normal operation mode for RF-field. The findings are specific to the RFID tags that underwent testing.

In this study, a wearable textile tag dipole antenna is introduced as a candidate for use in RFID applications. The antenna structure had been designed based on a modified version of the Wunderlich fractal geometry of the second iteration. The proposed antenna is simulated with two form of substrate conventional and textile for traditional substrate it offered a dual band at 0.952 and 2.5 GHz and when it modeled on a textile substrate it offers a dual-band response resonating at 0.952 and 2.7 GHz. Results show that the textile antenna presents acceptable radiation characteristics with peak gains of about 1.214 dBi and read range 12.76 m for lower band and 2.704 dBi with 4.9 m read range for upper band. The effect of the thread radius, the characterization of different textile material used as the substrate when nine textile materials are chosen for the compression and also the various layer of textile has been studied in this research. Modeling and performance characteristics are evaluated by using the commercially available EM simulator, the CST Microwave Studio.

This paper presents the effect of bending on UWB pentagonal shape antenna. The antenna is considered to be used for modern UWB wearable technology including RFID, mobile devices, wearable GPS, to mention a few. The antenna is built on polyimide substrate of 50um in thickness. The effect of bending has been studies in term of S-parameters and radiation pattern. The pentagonal shape UWB antenna bandwidth before and after the bending is 111.6% which extended from 2.93 GHz to 10.3 GHz. While the gain of the antenna is averaging around 3dB at 3.5 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz before and after the bending. The antenna is suitable solution for modern wearable technology.

The modulation of the tag backscattering is a possible solution to assess a communication in ultra wide band (semi-)passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which represents now the most promising solution in terms of cost, size and power consumption. In this paper we try to characterize the tag backscattered response in a scenario where scatterers are included, using the superposition principle. Results obtained both from measurements and simulations are analyzed and compared to the ones obtained using the superposition principle.

This paper presents recent advances in the development of a microsystem designed to be part of a wireless sensor network. This microsystem is developed with two particular technologies: asynchronous circuits and ambient energy harvesting power generator. Asynchronous technologies offer several advantages allowing a global decrease in the power consumption of the node. In addition, the presence of an ambient energy scavenger allows the system to power itself, thus reducing maintenance and increasing the lifetime of the node.

dégradation des performances d'un tag particulier dans une configuration donnée de tags environnants est évaluée individuellement, les moments statistiques ainsi que les fonctions de répartition permettent de prédire le comportement d'une population de tags sous certaines conditions. Cette thèse aide le concepteur RFID à évaluer la performance d'un scénario RFID et éventuellement à ajuster certains paramètres d'entrée tels que la densité des tags afin d'atteindre les objectifs visés.

Current temperature tracking systems lack the convenience and accuracy demanded by the real conditions of a fast-paced produce supply chain. In recent years RFID technology has been suggested to be an enhanced method for temperature tracking because of its many benefits, such as using little instrumentation, offering the quick readings necessary for real-time decision making, and allowing the capture of long-duration temperature profiles. However its limitation lies in that probeless systems fail to provide accurate temperature readings in some of the critical points of the pallet and the load. The objective of this work was to study the use of RFID in temperature monitoring by comparing the performance of RFID temperature tags versus conventional temperature tracking methods, as well as RFID temperature tags with probe versus RFID temperature tags without probes and their utilization along the supply chain. Therefore, the temperature mapping of a shipping trial comprising pallets of crownless pineapples instrumented using different RFID temperature dataloggers and traditional temperature dataloggers and packed in two kinds of packages (corrugated boxes and reusable plastic containers) inside a container was performed. The results showed that RFID temperature tags are analogous with regards to accuracy to the conventional methods, but have a superior performance because they allow quick instrumentation and data recovery, and the possibility of accessing the sensor program and data at any point of the supply chain without line of sight. In addition, the use of RFID tags with probe was justified by its role in determining the efficiency of the pre-cooling operations and low temperature abuse tracking during transportation and refrigerated storage; while the RFID tags without probe proved useful for high temperature abuse monitoring during transportation and refrigerated storage. The creation of a RFID sensor with a probe, able to record both ambient and pulp temperatures simultaneously is suggested.

This paper studies the energy efficiency of twelve Pure and Slotted Aloha tag reading protocol variants via simulation. We compare their energy consumption in three collision resolution phases: 1) success, 2) collision, and 3) idle. Our extensive simulation results show that Pure Aloha with fast mode and muting has the lowest energy consumption, and hence is most suited for deployment in energy-constrained environments.

This paper studies the energy efficiency of twelve Pure and Slotted Aloha tag reading protocol variants via simulation. We compare their energy consumption in three collision resolution phases: 1) success, 2) collision, and 3) idle. Our extensive simulation results show that Pure Aloha with fast mode and muting has the lowest energy consumption, and hence is most suited for deployment in energy-constrained environments.

RFID tags (radio frequency identification devices) are in essence transceivers consisting of three components that make up a sophisticated transponder. Once activated, the tag transmits data back to a receiving antenna: the technology does not require human intervention and further benefits from the fact that no line of sight is needed to control/operate the system. The tags can have both read and write abilities and their performance characteristics can be tailored/changed to accommodate a range of situations. As RFID becomes ubiquitous, the proliferation of RFID system suggests that it will be all pervasive and there is no doubt that RFID is to have a tremendous impact on all major construction projects and built environment facilities. As the systems become more widespread, so the technology itself becomes smaller and cheaper. Some popular RFID applications include: supply chain management, baggage handling, library information systems, rental car, inventory control, hospitals and animal identification Within this paper we argue that utility provision (the hidden services) is an area where RFID technology would be able to identify location of buried pipes and others underground equipment. Results from field trials are considered and issues and concerns relating to developing such an application of RFID are discussed.

In this paper, the performance of Near-Field UHF RFID systems is investigated by means of electromagnetic analyses. A novel antenna is presented for ultra high frequency (UHF) near-field radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The reactance component of tag antenna considered chip impedance (-193j) is conjugated and matched for maximum power transmission. The antenna is fabricated by using Polyester (PET) dielectric substrate with permittivity 3.2. The size of antenna is 38 × 18 × 0.5 mm. The HFSS simulator is used for optimizing the proposed antenna. The antenna Return Loss is of 14.0 dB for the worst case in the middle of UHF range, better than 31.4 dB at 900 MHz.

A novel concept for RFID tag localization using a tunable near-field focused circular-phase array antenna working at 5.8 GHz is presented. It serves as the reader antenna and focuses the power into a small region, in the tag vicinity. By scanning the focal spot along one axis and monitoring the differential scattered power by a tag, its position along the axis is easily computed with good accuracy. This simple localization scheme is well adapted for specific localization scheme, for example for objects placed over a conveyor belt.

In collaboration with the Auto-ID Center, ThingMagic LLC has developed a unique multi-band RFID tag reader reference platform. This reader has been designed to read tags conforming to the the Auto-ID Center's emerging EPC specifications at both the 13.56MHz (HF) and 902 - 928MHz (UHF) frequency bands. The hardware architecture consists of a general purpose analog front end up/downconverter for

Even though RFID technology has expanded enormously, this expansion has been hindered by privacy concerns. In order to prevent an adversary from tracking RFID tags and thus breaking location privacy, tags have to update their internal state with every authentication attempt. Although this technique solves the privacy problem, it has the side effect that tags and back office might desynchronize. This desynchronization can be caused by physical conditions or by adversarial intervention. If we look at consumer product identification, RFID labels and barcodes are bound to coexist for quite some time. In this paper we exploit this coexistence to reduce the workload at the reader/backoffice and allow re-synchronization. Concretely, we propose an authentication protocol that achieves correctness, forward-privacy under mild additional assumptions and synchronization in the random oracle model.

Usage of Radio Frequency Identification is winning ground everywhere. Advantages of contactless communication compared to chips with contact are transaction speed, durability and ease to use. A major disadvantage is that messages can be intercepted from a distance by a malicious user. Eavesdropping of unsecured transmissions can be a serious security risc. This research describes a way to intercept this information. Furthermore, it shows the vulnerabilities in different major RFID systems and demonstrates how to exploit them.

Since the debut of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), it has been thoroughly studied by hardware designers with the goal of reducing the area and delay of the hardware implementation of this cryptosystem. This paper proposes an implementation of the AES mix columns operation. In this paper, a compact architecture for the AES mix columns operation and its inverse is presented. The hardware implementation is compared with previous work done in this area. We show that our design has a lower gate count than other designs that implement both the forward and the inverse mix columns operation.

In this paper, the Wave Concept Iterative Procedur e WCIP is presented [1-2]. The formulation is developed to analyse scattering metallic objects of arbitrary shape. We test it in the case of scattering by an infinite metalli c cylinder with a square section. We observe a good agreement between the results derived from WCIP and Multi Resolution Time Domain MRTD [3].

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based systems have been used in different applications in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Owner and Operator (AECOO) industry. Applications are mainly designed for specific lifecycle stage and serve the needs of only one of the stakeholders. This would increase the cost and the labor for adding and removing tags and eliminate the chance of using shared resources. In this paper, the usage of tags permanently attached to components is proposed where tags are attached at an early stage of the lifecycle and the memory of the tags is used during the lifecycle by different stakeholders. Using a Building Information Model (BIM) database is proposed for tackling the interoperability issues allowing different users to access and share the data. It is also proposed to securely and efficiently store data on RFID tags in ifcXML format using multi-level encryption together with role-based access control. To explore the technical feasibility of the proposed approach, a case study has been implemented and tested at Concordia University.

Passive UHF RFID tag consists of a microchip attached directly to an antenna. Proper impedance match between the antenna and the chip is crucial in RFID tag design. It directly influences RFID system performance characteristics such as the range of a tag. It is known that an RFID microchip is a nonlinear load whose complex impedance in each state varies with the frequency and the input power. This paper illustrates a proper calculation of the tag power reflection coefficient for maximum power transfer by taking into account of the changing chip impedance versus frequency.

Supply of adequate grocery or ration has been a major problem in India for many decades. Improper measurement tools, hoarding, black marketing, etc. have been the main reason for the improper supply of food grains. The poor and tribal people should get benefits offered by the Government. But recently, the Uttar Pradesh government has admitted that through the PDS scam, food grain subsidy worth Rs. 30 crore was diverted to the open market in the last three months through 1.86 lakh fraud transactions. Because of corruption and poor monitoring of grocery supply, the people below poverty line are affected the most. Based on these issues, various papers were published by many authors which suggested solutions for this problem. Even after the solutions were brought in light, some recent scams were observed. Hence, this paper analyzes the various solutions given by different authors and tries to bring out an efficient solution for all the loopholes that exist in the present working system.

The Kompaï robot was partly developed for the purpose of assisting the elderly and people with special needs. The major related functionalities addressed in the thesis are navigating the Kompaï robot in a given environment and exhibiting the position taxis behavior. The overall objective of the project is to incorporate the Kompaï with the above mentioned features, thus supporting the idea of a robot companion to humans and also creating a platform by which future innovate ideas could be developed on the Kompaï robot. To achieve this, a cognitive system was developed which allows the Kompaï robot to display follow path behavior and position taxis behavior. The system encapsulates inter related activities such as representing the environment as a two dimensional grid map, developing a strategy to plan a path towards the destination, executing motor actions to follow the path, estimating the position of the robot as it follows the path in the map by acquiring and interpreting sensory information and developing a strategy that allows the Kompaï robot to reflexively move towards an object/RFID tag position in the environment. The results from the experiments show that the developed cognitive system, allows the Kompaï robot to navigate between two locations in the given environment and exhibit position taxis behavior. 4 | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Thomas Hellström for giving me this opportunity to work in his research group. His valuable insight, ideas, critical thinking, and discussions helped me during my research work. I am also very grateful to Benjamin Fonooni for sharing with me his knowledge, technical expertise and skills in this thesis. Both of them have been entirely supportive, patient and encouraging throughout the entire period of my thesis.