Revised Penal Code of the Philippines

The arc-fault circuit interrupter is beginning to emerge as a new product in residential applications in the U.S. to protect against conditions that may cause fire. This paper provides some of the background regarding its emergence as a product and the function it is intended to provide. The evolving technology may also lend itself to industrial applications, as the potential applications become sufficiently well understood.

Circuit Breakers have historically been the preferred protection for aerospace wiring. Present designs are based on technologies that are 40 years old. Advancements in electrical circuit protection introduced by the residential and commercial industries have been slow finding their way into aerospace applications. Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) for personnel protection have been available in the home since the early 1970's. GFCI can detect phase to ground arcs as low as six milliamps, but cannot detect series arcs or improve line to neutral fault trip times. Arc-fault detection technologies are a new and exciting innovation in circuit protection in the US. Proprietary Arc-fault technology from Square D has been adapted to detect parallel or line to neutral arcs by listening for the unique signatures which arcs generate. This adaptation can detect arc currents well below the trip curves of today's Mil-Spec aircraft circuit breakers. This enhanced detection capabil...

When making these "rarest of rare" decisions, judges often substitute their own personal preferences for established legal standards. That's why it's important to establish uniform rules for determining whether a situation qualifies as very unusual. The decision to carry out the death punishment must be made with all necessary diligence and sober reflection; it should not be made hastily. Therefore, the accused has no chance to redeem himself by changing his ways if he is sentenced to death. The death penalty debate highlights a plethora of interconnected problems and the muddled understanding of its penological functions. It also raises the question of whether the crime control model or the due process model of punishment is more appropriate for contemporary India.

Considering the limited fossil fuel reserves and the damage they cause to the environment, new searches have been made, and distributed generation facilities established in areas close to consumption areas which generate electricity with renewable energy sources have emerged. Connecting distributed generation plants; It has facilitated voltage control, reduced transmission losses and positively affected the supply continuity, however, their effects on short circuit currents, load flows and arc flash energies can cause serious problems if they are not carefully analyzed. In this study, a real distribution feeder system of Boğaziç i Distribution Company has been modeled in ETAP. Arc flash analyzes are carried out according to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1584 for the conditions where radial operation, parallel lines and transformers are active in the modeled distribution feeder and the Distributed Generation Plants are connected directly as wind turbine or via inverter as solar panel. Based on the analyzes, it has been observed that the distributed generation plants integrated into the topology cause remarkable increases in arc flash parameters and changes in risk categories. By choosing the wind turbine integration case as an example, overcurrent protection coordination with standard characteristics is provided and differential protection solutions are proposed.

Can bisexual orientation in a marriage bond be considered as a legal argument for formulating a verdict in the Indonesia Islamic courts? Does it have such a specific legal standing mentioned directly within any regulation covering the issue of Islamic private law? In answering these both questions, this article implements a normative-juridical inquiry that examines various rational possibilities in developing legal arguments. This article finds that in handling the case of bisexual orientation, the Indonesian legal system has remained a legal vacuum. Consequently, it might not written as a legal argument directly since it has no legal standing. This article argues that there is no single legal instrument has been imposed that explicitly mentions the case of orientation. However, judges may implement the analogous of possibility of "adultery that leads to unresolved conflicts"; to ensure a ratio legis of divorce due to the orientation.

Over the past four years, the Electrical Safety Program at PPPL has evolved in addressing changing regulatory requirements and lessons learned from accident events, particularly in regards to arc flash hazards and implementing NFPA 70E requirements. This presentation will discuss PPPL's approaches to the areas of electrical hazards evaluation, both shock and arc flash; engineered solutions for hazards mitigation such as remote racking of medium voltage breakers, operational changes for hazards avoidance, targeted personnel training and hazard appropriate personal protective equipment. Practical solutions for nominal voltage identification and zero voltage checks for lockout/tagout will also be covered. Finally, we will review the value of a comprehensive electrical drawing program, employee attitudes expressed as a personal safety work ethic, integrated safety management, and sustained management support for continuous safety improvement.

Before Republic Act No. 11313 or otherwise known as the Safe Spaces Act of 2019 became in force, Republic Act No. 7877 or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 was the primary law governing acts of sexual harassment in the Philippines. However, it only penalizes sexual harassment at work, training, or educational institutions perpetrated by a person who has authority, influence, or moral superiority over another person. The passage of the said Act aims to safeguard all genders from possible acts of sexual harassment in both physical and online spaces. This paper is aimed to examine the Philippine Safes Spaces Act. It is composed of three parts. Part 1 explores the broad concept of sexual harassment as defined under RA 7877 and RA 11313. Part 2 discusses the salient features of RA 11313 which fill in the loopholes of RA 7877. Finally, the duties of each authority responsible for ensuring the strict and proper implementation of the former was listed and discussed. With this law now in force, sexual harassment may be now put to halt as it serves as a tool to dissuade the sexual harassers, or what Filipinos call "Bastos", from committing the said acts. This law protects all genders in all spaces. It rekindles the culture of respect among all Filipinos. In the first place, every person has the right to be safe in the spaces.

justice did exactly that. In the case of R v. Lavalee 2 , the court accepted the expert witness' testimony regarding the 'battered woman syndrome', from which the appellant suffered and found that the woman, victim of continuous violence by her husband, felt trapped and had developed a fear of being killed. As a consequence of this case, the Canadian government appointed a Commission to review the 72 judicial decisions regarding women who had killed their husbands, in order to determine if, at the moment of committing the crime, they had been suffering from 'battered woman syndrome'. In the case R. v. Butler 3 , the court defined the meaning of obscene material and particularly in the case of Little Sisters v. R 4 , the court, after considering experts' reports regarding the homosexual community, held that when there is 'a systemic targeting' of a particular group in society, (in this case the homosexual community), then an unlawful interference with free expression is established. What is remarkable about Canadian court decisions is that courts evaluate expert testimonies, social reports, findings of appointed committees like the one issued by the Fraser Committee 5 (R. v. Skinner 6 , R. v. Downey 7). In the case of the Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and Law v. Canada (Attorney General) 8 , the court also considered the report entitled "Corporal Punishment as a Means of Correcting Children" (November 1998) by the Quebec Commission of Human Rights and Youth Rights, regarding corporal punishment; the report of the Human Rights Committee; the report adopted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child at its 209th meeting on 27 January 1995, Eighth Session. In the case of R. v. Proulx 9 , the court in order to duly estimate the gravity of incarceration in comparison to conditional sentence, considered the current reports on sentencing which focused on the adverse effects of imprisonment (Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, 1973).

Electrical Outlet Installation Near Me | Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove
What is an Outlet in Electrical Terms or Subjects?
Tips / By Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove
Here at Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove, we define electrical outlets (sometimes called wall plugs, plugs, outlets, and sockets) as fixtures that connect electrical devices to the power system. The outlet receives alternating electricity from the power grid. While it may not be evident from the outside, the two sides of an electric socket resemble a ‘loop of wire,’ and connecting an electronic appliance to that outlet travels that loop, allowing electricity to flow through the item and allowing it to work.

The size and design of sockets vary widely between countries. These distinctions have no bearing on the basic architecture of a circuit for drawing power from the grid. Some key components for most sockets stay consistent across these many designs, making it a bit easier for our electrical outlet installation service to finish their job.

Let’s have a look at some of the many sorts of sockets available.

What are the Common Types of Outlets?
Electrical Outlet Installation Contractor | Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove

Should you notice that not all electrical plugs in your household look similar, it’s because there are lots of different kinds of electrical sockets. Each type has unique characteristics and features. Something that goes well in the bedroom doesn’t always function well in the bathroom, and the same thing can be said if we interchange the area.

Choosing and installing the right electrical wall plug for the space where you plan to put it in can effectively protect you from electrical hazards and turn your house to a more energy-efficient one. Take a look at the 5 types of outlets commonly found in homes:

Smart Outlets
USB Outlets
AFCI Outlets
Switched Outlets
GFCI Outlets
Now that we know more about some of the different types of electrical outlets, let’s be a bit more specific and learn more about GFCI outlets.

What is a GFCI Outlet?
GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) outlets are ideal for locations near water. Crawlspaces, laundry rooms, basements, bathrooms, and kitchens are examples of indoor areas. GFCI electrical sockets can also be installed for outdoor purposes.

These plugs continuously monitor the current flow and trip (or turn off electricity) when they detect a leap or spike in the current. When the interrupter circuit senses a harmful power surge, it quickly activates. A power surge may suggest direct exposure to liquids and the subsequent electric shock threat for electrical sockets near water, such as if you drop a powered hair dryer into a bathtub while it’s full of water. Search for the “TEST” and “RESET” keys in various colors on the front to recognize them readily.

The GFCI is built into the electric socket and continually monitors the current passing through a circuit to detect irregularities in real-time. It contains three openings: two for hot and neutral wires and one in the center for ground wires. It will promptly turn off the electricity supply if it senses any alteration in the electrical current in the line. So, whenever you’re utilizing a hair dryer that falls into a sink full of water, the GFCI plug will detect the interruption and shut the power to maintain electrical safety, preventing electrocution.

GFCI sockets are designed for protection, but you know what isn’t? If you have a poorly placed outlet, a few things might happen to your property.

What Happens if You Install an Outlet Incorrectly?
You may make your house safer and perhaps avert a fire or a hazardous electrical shock by recognizing electrical wiring concerns before issues arise. Even the least complicated light switch or electrical wall plug can have several problems, most of which are caused by bad installation.

To be clear, an improperly wired wall outlet doesn’t invariably result in a fire. It all relies on how the socket was wrongly wired, and other solutions do not pose a fire danger. If installed, your circuit breaker will fail to protect you, so it poses a fire danger. The breaker protects both extremely high current drains and power surges. The wire could steadily heat up within a wall cavity, or ragged ends sparking will not always result in a voltage large enough to trigger the breaker.

It might appear to the breaker as though a stove element or heater was plugged into the outlet. Those may also ignite fires, and the breaker fails to trip when you attempt to cook stuff.

With all this talk about improperly installing outlets, one question comes to mind: how frequently should one change their outlets?

How Often Should You Change an Outlet?
After roughly 15 or 20 years, power outlets often exhibit wear and tear indications. Based on how frequently you utilize your plugs and the gadgets or appliances they generally power, they may require maintenance sooner. Ignoring malfunctioning electrical plugs may put you in danger of fire, electrocution, or burns. Here are some things to check to determine whether it’s time to hire an electrical expert and change your outlets.

The sockets are ungrounded
You have loosened slots and damaged faceplates
There are sparks while plugging in appliances
Paying close attention to these warning signals that your plugs need to be replaced might help you prevent unexpected electrical difficulties. But how can you avoid these problems from occurring in the first place?

How Do You Maintain Electrical Outlets?
A defective plug can result in at least 25,000 electrical house fires, totaling up to $1 billion in losses. Defective sockets are dangerous and costly to fix since your switches and outlets may be expensive to replace. Here are six methods for keeping your wall plugs secure.

Examine the electrical panels.
Invest in dependable electrical products.
Replace any outdated wiring.
Do not attempt to fix your cabling.
Test your plugs on a regular basis.
Keep an eye on all of your outlets.
No household owner likes to deal with a malfunctioning electrical grid, particularly if it makes them spend money, worry about their safety, and lose their sense of convenience. Suppose you require an outlet installation service in Beverly Grove. In that case, it is always better to consult a professional electrician such as Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove.

Choosing a respectable electrical service business is difficult, yet Emergency Electrician Beverly Grove continues to give excellent services. Hire our professional electricians today to make use of our exceptional services!

An arc flash is a serious workplace hazard. OSHA requires a workplace free of recognized hazards, of which electricity is a recognized hazard, so OSHA requires electrical work to be done in the deenergized state. The need for an arc flash assessment is in response to the number of injuries from electrical arc flash. Arc flash studies relate energy to current, time, and distance for maintained equipment which reacts to a circuit overcurrent in a timely manner. Benefits of an arc flash assessment are to identify safety hazards, determine appropriate PPE, and determine possible means to reduce the energy by affecting time and/or distance.

The article discuss the decision of the Honorable Supreme Court of India division bench consisting of Justice Deepak Gupta and Justice Aniruddha Bose delivered on the date 9th of January 2020, (Criminal Appeal No. 34 of 2020) and is an important and interesting judgment which attempts to answer one major issue of law which has haunted many High Courts before and the judgment does indeed reach an amicable solution for the issue by the end of the 26 pages long judgment. The judgment carries a precise reference to the history of the Juvenile Justice laws in addition to a meticulous examination of the relevant provisions of law under dispute.

Art. 21. Penalties that may be imposed.-No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission. Art. 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws.-Penal Laws shall have a retroactive effect insofar as they favor the persons guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in Rule 5 of Article 62 of this Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same. Art. 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party.-A pardon of the offended party does not extinguish criminal action except as provided in Article 344 of this Code; but civil liability with regard to the interest of the injured party is extinguished by his express waiver. Art. 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are nor considered penalties.-The following shall not be considered as penalties: 1. The arrest and temporary detention of accused persons, as well as their detention by reason of insanity or imbecility, or illness requiring their confinement in a hospital. 2. The commitment of a minor to any of the institutions mentioned in Article 80 and for the purposes specified therein. 3. Suspension from the employment of public office during the trial or in order to institute proceedings. 4. Fines and other corrective measures which, in the exercise of their administrative disciplinary powers, superior officials may impose upon their subordinates. 5. Deprivation of rights and the reparations which the civil laws may establish in penal form. Chapter Two CLASSIFICATION OF PENALTIES Art. 25. Penalties which may be imposed.-The penalties which may be imposed according to this Code, and their different classes, are those included in the following: Scale PRINCIPAL PENALTIES Capital punishment: Death. Afflictive penalties: Reclusion perpetua, Reclusion temporal, Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,chan robles virtual law library Perpetual or temporary special disqualification, Prision mayor.

The Supreme Court of India as the highest Judicial Tribunal of the country has given its authoritative decisions on various points of law from time to time. The apex court has examined the constitutional validity, procedure and many other issues related to death sentence and delivered its valuable verdict on numerous occasions in last 50-60 years. The constitutionality of death penalty has been questioned before the Supreme Court several times on the ground that it contravenes provisions incorporated in Indian Constitution. However, the Court has made it clear many times that the imposition of death penalty is not opposed to the supreme law of the land, Bhagwati, J., is of opinion that Sec. 302 of the I.P.C. in so for as it provides for imposition of death penalty as an alternative to life sentence is ultra vires and void because it is violating Art. 14 and 21 of the constitution since it does not provide any legislative guidelines as to when life should be permitted to be extinguis...

The interpretative phenomenological research approach is used in this study to determine the lived experiences of the ten (10) police investigator-participants in testifying before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) from the different police stations at the 4 th District of Laguna. The participants of this study were selected using a purposive sampling technique. In gathering the data, the researchers conducted a face-to-face interview employing unstructured interview guide to document the lived experiences, problems encountered and solutions applied by the police investigator-participants in testifying before the RTC. The data were analyzed based on Lichtman's (2013) three C's of analysis, from Coding to Categorizing to Concepts. The study revealed that the 10 participants experience nervousness in testifying, especially for testifying for a first time. They usually experienced the same problems as they handled a lot of works that leads to the anxiety experienced by the participants in the preparation of the case as they are not having enough sleep and rest before going to a witness stand. The findings of the study imply that the police investigators need to have a refresher training course in the preparation and in testifying inside the Courtroom.

Industries have equipment and processes which use hazardous energies like electrical, chemical, gravity, thermal, hydraulics etc. These hazardous energies are handled with utmost precaution and control of these hazardous energies ensures and enhances Safety. Factories Act-India, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA(OSHA) and others have defined a very detailed Hazardous Energy Control Program known as Lockout Tagout(LOTO) where these hazardous energies are controlledThese detailed LOTO procedures requires various LOTO devices to control the hazardous energies. These LOTO devices have many varieties (design, sizes, shapes etc.) based on the application.This paper aims to study various LOTO devices used for controlling various hazardous energies like electrical, mechanical, gravity, chemical, hydraulic, thermal, their specifications, application and limitations on a CNC Machining Centre.This will help in identification and use of most appropriate LOTO device for controll...

Article 320: Destructive Arson PD 1613: Simple Arson Nature characterized as heinous crimes "for being grievous, odious and hateful offenses and which, by reason of their inherent or manifest wickedness, viciousness, atrocity and perversity are repugnant and outrageous to the common standards and norms of decency and morality in a just, civilized and ordered society." contemplates crimes with less significant social, economic, political and national security implications than Destructive Arson.

It is a universal phenomenon that peace, law and order only exist where justice prevails. Justice is an ingredient of the rule of law. In Namibia crime has become a topical issue. The nation focuses its attention and its fears on the threat of crime. Rights which are guaranteed by the law particularly in the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia such as a right to liberty; to own property and right to dignity are violated by offenders with impunity. For many, the criminal justice system has become soft on crime. It seems deterrent punishments are no longer imposed by the courts. Courts have apparently lost sight of the fact that the law does not only protect the rights of accused and convicted persons, but also those victims of crime. Restorative justice has not found emphasis in the punishment meted out by the courts. The legislature has done little in enacting legislations for the more effective combating of crimes in the country. When hearing the views canvanced by the public, ...

Object of Sentencing  The object of sentencing policy should be to see that crime does not go unpunished and victim of crime as also the society has satisfaction that justice has been done to it. Purushottam Dashrath Borate v. State of Maharashtra, (2015) 6 SCC 652 Object of Sentencing Object of Sentencing The broad object of punishment of an accused found guilty in progressive civilized societies is to impress on the guilty party that commission of crimes does not pay and that it is both against his individual interest and also against the larger interest of the society to which he belongs. The sentence to be appropriate should, therefore, be neither too harsh nor too lenient.

Montana’s Methamphetamine Treatment Programs at the Elkhorn and Nexus facilities, apparently the only programs of their type in the United States, are showing substantial results in terms of reducing relapse and recidivism rates.  This policy review will cover the methamphetamine related laws and policies codified in the State of Montana between 1995 and 2012, including the inception and continuation of the Elkhorn and Nexus Methamphetamine Treatment programs.  The policy review will begin at the point of origin: the introduction of the original changes to the Montana Code Annotated with regards to dealing with the methamphetamine problem that plagued the state from the late 1990’s through the current period.  The review and critique will trace policy evolution from incarceration and lengthy sentencing to the creation and operation of state of the art treatment facilities.

The second link in the chain of custody is the transfer of the seized drugs by the apprehending officer to the investigating officer. This is a necessary step in the chain of custody because it will be the investigating officer who shall conduct the proper investigation and prepare the necessary documents for developing the criminal case.

This study focused on describing the implementation of PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) programs and their performance in 2012. These programs were primarily referred to demand and supply reduction while performance centered on community awareness and the agency accomplishments. Forty-two (42) staffs of PDEA and 275 community members served as respondents of this inquiry. Essentially, a descriptive survey design was used employing two sets of validated survey questionnaires to gather data. Findings revealed that PDEA programs vis-à-vis demand reduction and supply reduction were well-implemented. Moreover, the respondents indicated that they were "aware" on dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, provisions of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, common causes of drug use and abuse, and adverse effect of dangerous drugs on health. On agency accomplishments, PDEA XII records showed an average of 102 arrests annually. The agency apprehended these drug criminals in 78 buy-bust operations; a total of 23,408 grams of drugs were seized, and used as evidences in 145 cases filed in courts. Apparently, the use of the same vehicles both for intelligence operations and anti-narcotic entrapment was the most serious problem of the agency. Finally, it was concluded that the implementation of PDEA programs is highly related to community awareness but not to the agency performance.

This study was conducted to explore and describe the Law appeals about Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, Otherwise known as 9165 within the country of Philippines. well as in specific problems in Government Owned. Finally, the nature and state of local government of the Philippines were elucidated. The Dangerous Drugs Act are merely implemented the Republic of the Philippines.

the victim herself, and Fred, the eyewitness, but also by the established fact that Georgia sustained multiple deep hack wounds on her head, neck, and abdomen, among other parts of her body. The gravity of these wounds was clearly shown by the photographs presented by the prosecution, and the medical certificate. Dr. Kangleon even testified that Georgia could have died if no medical attention was given to her. That petitioner intended to kill Georgia, and that the injuries she sustained were fatal and would have caused her death if not for the timely medical intervention, were therefore established by proof beyond reasonable doubt. e. Continuing crimes f. Complex crimes and composite crimes 2. Circumstances affecting criminal liability a. Justifying circumstances

Art. 21. Penalties that may be imposed.-No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission. Art. 22. Retroactive effect of penal laws.-Penal Laws shall have a retroactive effect insofar as they favor the persons guilty of a felony, who is not a habitual criminal, as this term is defined in Rule 5 of Article 62 of this Code, although at the time of the publication of such laws a final sentence has been pronounced and the convict is serving the same. Art. 23. Effect of pardon by the offended party.-A pardon of the offended party does not extinguish criminal action except as provided in Article 344 of this Code; but civil liability with regard to the interest of the injured party is extinguished by his express waiver. Art. 24. Measures of prevention or safety which are nor considered penalties.-The following shall not be considered as penalties: 1. The arrest and temporary detention of accused persons, as well as their detention by reason of insanity or imbecility, or illness requiring their confinement in a hospital. 2. The commitment of a minor to any of the institutions mentioned in Article 80 and for the purposes specified therein. 3. Suspension from the employment of public office during the trial or in order to institute proceedings. 4. Fines and other corrective measures which, in the exercise of their administrative disciplinary powers, superior officials may impose upon their subordinates. 5. Deprivation of rights and the reparations which the civil laws may establish in penal form. Chapter Two CLASSIFICATION OF PENALTIES Art. 25. Penalties which may be imposed.-The penalties which may be imposed according to this Code, and their different classes, are those included in the following: Scale PRINCIPAL PENALTIES Capital punishment: Death. Afflictive penalties: Reclusion perpetua, Reclusion temporal, Perpetual or temporary absolute disqualification,chan robles virtual law library Perpetual or temporary special disqualification, Prision mayor.

Prision correccional, suspension, and destierro.-The duration of the penalties of prision correccional, suspension and destierro shall be from six months and one day to six years, except when suspension is imposed as an accessory penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.chanrobles virtual law library Arresto mayor.-The duration of the penalty of arresto mayor shall be from one month and one day to six months.chanrobles virtual law library Arresto menor.-The duration of the penalty of arresto menor shall be from one day to thirty days.chanrobles virtual law library Bond to keep the peace.-The bond to keep the peace shall be required to cover such period of time as the court may determine.chanrobles virtual law library Art. 28. Computation of penalties.-If the offender shall be in prison, the term of the duration of the temporary penalties shall be computed from the day on which the judgment of conviction shall have become final.chanrobles virtual law library 1. When they are recidivists or have been convicted previously twice or more times of any crime; and 2. When upon being summoned for the execution of their sentence they have failed to surrender voluntarily.chanrobles virtual law library

The paper explored the Constitutional grant, given to the President, to declare martial law-- when and how it should be evoked, as well as the alternatives to it. The paper explained why martial law is not the proper remedy  against personal crimes (i.e. rape, homicide, murder, etc.), and crimes against property (i.e. theft, robbery, arson, etc.). The law specifically provides the grounds in declaring martial law, and it is not merely a tool to "discipline" the public to refrain from committing common crimes.

DISCLAIMER: This is my personal digest for the subject case and uploading it here in academia, that serves as my cloud storage, for future references. Thank you.

ISSUE: Whether or not Roberto Brillante is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of liable?
DECISION: The Court finds that no reversible error was committed by the Court of Appeals in affirming his convictions by the RTC-Manila and RTC-Makati.

IEEE 1584 provides empirical formulas for determining arcing fault current, flash protection boundaries, and incident energy. The formulas are valid for systems ranging from 208 V to 15 kV. Theoretical formulas are provided for conditions outside this range. IEEE 1584 establishes a nine-step process for gathering information and calculating arc flash hazards. The steps are:

PO2 Emmanuel L. Alteza testified that he saw the accused driving a motorcycle without a helmet and this prompted him to flag down the accused for violating a municipal ordinance which requires all motorcycle drivers to wear helmet while driving said motor vehicle.

Upon receipt of condifdential information, police officers formed an entrapment unit against the live-in partners Rolando Araneta and Marilou Santos. According to the information, the two are engaged in selling crystalline substance belived to be metampethamine hydrochloride (shabu). The buy-bust operation was successful and yielded 9 plastic sachets of shabu and one plastic sachet of marijuana. The respondents were found guilty of selling shabu. Also, Rolando was convicted of illegal possession of 8 sachets of shabu and one sachet of marijuana. They now contend that the items seized are not admissible as evidence for being derived from unlawful arrest. The Court ruled that they were caught in fladrante delicto; hence, the subsequent seizure was valid.

In a search and seizure conducted based on reports of drug possession, the appellant's room was surveyed in his presence while his family, PO2 Ortega and the two barangay officials remained in the living room. 31 packets of shabu, lighters, improvised burners, tooters, and aluminum foil with shabu residue and a lady's wallet containing P4,610 (pesos) inside appellant's dresser were found.