Research Paradigms

Terdapat tiga pendekatan atau paradigma yang sangat berpengaruh dalam ilmu komunikasi: positivistik, interpertif, dan kritis. Ketiganya menghasilkan banyak cabang yang juga digunakan dalam penelitian ilmu komunikasi dan ilmu sosial lainnya. Sementara Littlejohn menyebutkan terdapat tujuh tradisi/paradigma, Heddy menyebutkan terdapat 15 paradigma. Terlepas dari perdebatan jumlah paradigma yang sesungguhnya ada dan digunakan dalam penelitian ilmu sosial, dalam essay ini kita hanya akan membahas ketiga paradigma utama yang disebutkan di atas.

Research Paradigms: Researchers’ Worldviews, Theoretical Frameworks and Study Designs


Sayyed Rashid Shah
Faculty of Engineering
King Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia

Abdullah Al-Bargi
English Language Institute
King Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia




Abstract
For novice researchers, in the fields of educational and social research, the choice of an appropriate research paradigm and relevant methodology is an uphill task. The vast amount of literature on this subject further exacerbates the confusion of early-career researchers. Hence, the current paper introduces them to the philosophical underpinnings of three major research paradigms in research. It delineates the positivistic, interpretive, and critical paradigms with an aim to seek a connexion among the ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods of each paradigm. In addition, it explores various underlying assumptions in educational research that have an impact on researchers’ world views, theoretical frameworks and study designs. 

Keywords: methods; methodology; research paradigms; study designs; worldviews

In: Szűcs Teri (szerk.) Bevésett nevek: Az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem holokauszt és második világháborús emlékművének felavatásához kapcsolódó konferencia. 417 p. Budapest: ELTE Bölcsészettudományi Kar, 2015. pp. 364-375. (Bevésett nevek; 1.) Az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem holokauszt és második világháborús emlékművének felavatásához kapcsolodó konferencia
(ISBN:978-963-284-700-9)

This paper will compare the four models of Islamic scholarship studyparadigm that has been designed in Indonesia. This paper will try toexplain the differences and equations of models of the scientific paradigm and its advantages and disadvantages. Some points of view will be seen, for example paradigm, status of science (ontology, epistimology and axiology), target (targeted concern), solutions (both practical and theoretical) and the weaknesses of each model of thought. The goal is the awareness of the advantages and disadvantages possessed by each school of science so as to enable dialogue and complementarity between scholastic schools.
Key Word: islamization, integration, inter-connection and fricatification.

The mainstream response to the Covid-19 pandemic can be understood as a paradigm in which distancing, masking and vaccination are central. Alternative perspectives, including boosting natural immunity and addressing adverse reactions, are marginalised.

Knowledge about the surrounding world, social reality, its functioning consists of many different theories, laws, notions and concepts of the surrounding world. In this respect, the security paradigm as a toll of knowledge has many explanatory functions. The point is that only some of them are true and only in particular, often accidental circumstances. Hence differentiating whether they are true or not carries a risk and possibility of an error. The consequences manifest themselves in any aspect of human activity and it concerns also the security paradigm of a subject and their activities. The article rise up those issues and try to bring answers. Trying to describe reality, in order to systematize it and give it an understandable form, is as much tempting, due to the bulk of the challenge, as it is discouraging, because of the idea of activities which should or may be connected with this task. The purpose of this type of activities may be easily questioned by indicating the number of determinants which should be taken into consideration and inability to include them all in the undertaken discussion. Hence what makes one face this challenge? Paradoxically , the image of reality is like an image in a toy telescope, in which, when one looks against the light, images overlap and change while keeping some of their own features. So does the reality which, while undergoing changes, possesses its own, unique and at the same time repetitive features. Although during observation they may be distorted, the impression of some repeatability remains, which is underlying for understanding of what surrounds us. It is the basis for understanding which leads to cognition and explanation of events, phenomena, processes as well as megatrends which create human social reality. This link between cognition and understanding, or rather the willingness to notice it in the area of broadly understood subject's security has become the basis for this discussion.

To what degree does criminology demonstrate the genuine presence or lack of a paradigm (i.e. theoretical-methodological consensus) to help structure its research enterprise? There are trade-offs to consider when pressing the question, such as a potential drain on efficiency in its allocation of resources, limits on its scientific credibility, and weakened institutional strength resulting from conceptual dissensus. Alternatively, an interdisciplinary field may benefit from insights continually drawn from its various parent disciplines. The present research offers a reply in two parts. The first focus relies on a content analysis of 2,109 peer-reviewed articles published in leading journals from 1951-2008 in providing a positive analysis. There is mixed evidence of methodological agreement and less on the matter of commitment to a specific theory. The second inquiry draws from reactions delivered by 17 leading criminologists on the normative question of whether the field’s a-paradigmatic status helps or harms scientific advance. An analysis of the oral histories indicates an indifference to the criticism of lacking paradigmatic uniformity as a legitimate critique and a vehement defense of porous intellectual boundaries. However, pragmatic considerations such as the potential for a diminishing need to train criminal justice undergraduates and threats to government funding may force the profession to give more consideration to the matter of its scientific bone fides.

The article
deals with the question “Where should Czech geography go?”. Its main objective is to challenge
the fragmented postmodern alternative. Instead of following postmodern Anglo-Saxon
geography with its fragmentation and political activism, I propose a conflicting multi-polar
shift with several epistemological positions. A more dominant focus on theory building and
testing is perceived as a pathway to the integrative structuration of the field and also as the
pathway to more intensive and productive contacts with practice.

no se trata de religión, filosofía, ateísmo, materialismo o espiritualismo, puede inclusive añadir científico. Es una cuestión estaba listo a ser convencido por los experimentos de que la generación espontánea existía, tanto como ahora estoy convencido de que sus defensores están con los ojos vendados ".

1981. A note on categoricity and completeness, History and Philosophy of Logic 2, 113–19.

Current study of axiomatic method presupposes concepts and results of string theory and set theory. But axiomatic method was vigorously pursued in the last half of the nineteenth century without explicit reference to the theory of strings, which was not axiomatized until the 1930s (independently by Tarski 1934 and by Hermes
1938). For historical remarks on string theory see Corcoran, Frank and Maloney1974. Moreover, although it is natural to read modern set-theoretic ideas in early methodological work, it is clear that early postulate theorists such as Dedekind, Peano, Hilbert, Huntington and Veblen were not working in any formal set-theoretic framework. Indeed, close correspondence between modern precise explications of methodological concepts and imprecise formulations found in the writings of early postulate theorists suggests that the creators of modern mathematical logic, particularly Carnap, Tarski, and Church, may have been guided by the goal of putting the early ideas on a more mathematically precise basis.

Este trabajo aborda un episodio muy polémico e ilustrativo que ha tenido lugar en el complejo ciencia y tecnología propio de las sociedades occidentales contemporáneas. Se muestra así que en el debate general sobre las posibles consecuencias humanas y ambientales adversas derivadas de la libre proliferación mundial de los alimentos transgénicos confluyen posiciones científicas y técnicas muy divergentes e incluso claramente enfrentadas y contradictorias. En virtud de la tensión esencial entre un enfoque más tradicional y conservador frente a una perspectiva más innovadora y revolucionaria, se analiza cómo un reconocido y prestigioso experto en este campo de conocimiento pudo convertirse en muy poco tiempo en un profesional deshabilitado de su puesto de trabajo y en un investigador en gran medida desacreditado y desautorizado.

THIS PAPER RECEIVED THE 2020 ARTICLE AWARD FROM THE ORAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION. Engaging Holocaust survivors primarily as "witnesses" who provide "testimony"--which has long been the prevailing paradigm of practice with survivors--radically oversimplifies both survivors' lives and their accounts of their lives. Similarly, the conventional "testimony" model limits the extent to which we are likely to become engaged in, and implicated by, survivors' retelling. I have been making those arguments for over forty years. Here, the focus is primarily on teaching "beyond testimony": especially through immersion in survivors' recounting as a deliberate, situated, multiply contingent process in which students themselves become, in a survivor's phrase, "participants in a conversation ." In my classroom, collaborative exploration-that is, participation in conversation-replaces "receiving a testimony" as the guiding paradigm. Students' responses to such conversations are featured. One student wrote about a survivor who visited the class: "She was not 'just' a survivor, if I can say it that way. And that made her being a survivor much more significant. The 'not-survivor' part of her-the experiences and traits that are just like us or people we know-is what made the 'survivor part' real. Not a symbol of the Holocaust. But one of us." Engaging individual survivors as "one of us" rather than "symbols of the Holocaust" can transform how we teach about genocide, and the few who live after, even when only memoirs, recordings, and transcripts remain.

The philosopher Thomas Kuhn discussed the notion of a paradigm, a distinct concept or thought pattern, and how scientific research progresses through paradigms in leaps and bounds, not linearly--the mathematical modeling we use to predict most events, such as tracking animals and objects through space. Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) research has progressed through scientific study in much the same way Kuhn has described paradigms. Different forms of methodology, as well as available technologies and information are the primary distinguishing features through the various periods of study.

In the book, questions of Earth's craters exploration and origin of tektites on our planet are brought up. It is shown that our knowledge in this field remains limited so far and demand revision of the data interpretation.
In the context of the Tunguska 1908 phenomenon, we suppose correlations between the Perm LLSVPs Anomaly and the explosion of paleovolcano in Siberia on 30 June 1908. We discuss magnetic pulsations in Kiel, Germany observed from 27 till 30 June 1908, a variation of gravitational constant during the solar eclipse on 28 June
1908, and the discrepancy of Moon longitude at the beginning of the 20th century. The non-typical registrations in Tasmania in the period of the Tunguska 1908 phenomenon and his connection with the Perm LLSVPs anomalies provide a highly probable solution to one of the greatest mysteries of the previous century.

For astro- and geophysicists and a wide range of readers who are interested in meteorites and planetology.

In this study, scientific research paradigms that lead social sciences research were inquired. Definitions, sorts and classifications (positivist, constructivist, critical) of paradigms were discussed. As the theories and epistemologies in the historical background of all three paradigms were given shortly, ontological, epistemological and methodological characteristics were discussed based on Guba's work. Actually, this study is based on Guba's perspective which is parallel to Khun in the sense of incommensurability and revolutionary side of paradigms and which claimed social sciences in a revolutionary situation that led paradigm wars.

The phenomenon of rape has been studied from a myriad of different scientific standpoints, in turn yielding numerous theoretical perspectives, interpretations, and findings. Evolutionary psychologists (e.g., Buss, 1989; Thornhill & Thornhill, 1990a) understand rape as a male adaptive sexual strategy, and view sexual desire as a central motivation, while feminist theorists (e.g., Brownmiller, 1975) conceptualize rape as a means to exert power and control by men over women in the broader sociocultural context of male supremacy and female oppression. Script theorists (e.g., Ryan, 1988; Simon & Gagnon, 1986), on the other hand, view rape as a social by-product resulting from the adherence to sexual, dating and rape scripts, all of which are culture specific. The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss rape-oriented research from the three different theoretical perspectives briefly outlines above.

The manual therapy professions have almost exclusively focused on the use of quantitative research to help inform their practices. This paper argues that a greater use of qualitative research will help develop a more robust and comprehensive knowledge base in manual therapy. The types of knowledge used in practice and generated from the two research paradigms are explored. It is hoped that an understanding of the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of qualitative research may encourage more manual therapists to value and use this approach to help further inform their practice; for some, this may involve a paradigm shift in thinking.

La ciencia como actividad humana que amalgama el conocimiento o estado del arte en determinadas disciplinas se enmarca en modelo, visión o perspectivas que le son propias. Ellas se conocen como paradigmas que son medio por el cual una comunidad científica desarrolla sus trabajos de investigación. Como se comenta en este trabajo, el paradigma dominante en buena parte del siglo XX fue el denominado “Positivista”. El mismo de uso extendió derivó en un conjunto de debilidades que se asoman en el presente documento y obligaron a una búsqueda de otros que culminaron con la adopción de otro conocido como “Emergente”, “Holístico”, “Pos positivista” o “Sistemático”.

Dewasa ini, akal dan agama menjadi istilah yang berkaitan dengan akal dan wahyu. Semuanya terdapat dalam berbagai karya pemikir Timur maupun Barat, namun adapula sekelompok pemikir yang keberatan menggunakan istilah ini dalam beberapa alasan. Salah satunya adalah kesalah pahaman mereka dalam memposisikan akal dan agama. Sejak awal mereka mengandaikan posisi keduanya saling bertentangan. Sehingga perlu bagi penulis khususnya dan pembaca untuk mengetahui bagaimana keterkaitan antara akal dan wahyu.

Dass eines der Hauptziele Benjamins in seinem dem Trauerspiel gewidmeten Werk im Versuch liege, der barocken dramatischen Form eine autonome Bedeutung zu verleihen und daher Trauerspiel und Tragödie radikal zu unterscheiden, darauf ist schon oft hingewiesen worden.

La noción de paradigma ha jugado un papel importante en la historia y filosofía de la ciencia a partir de la obra de Thomas Samuel Kuhn, "The Structure of Scientific Revoluctions (Estructura de la Revoluciones Científicas) de 1969. T. S. Kuhn, inició su trayectoria profesional en el campo de la Física, pero interesado por la historia de la ciencia, dedicó gran parte de su tiempo y talento a esclarecer algo que no concordaba entre la ciencia que había estudiado y la historia de la ciencia que estaba estudiando. De esta confrontación surgió una reflexión filosófica a partir de la cual construye su tesis central: las nuevas teorías científicas no nacen por verificación ni por falsación, sino por sustitución; esta sustitución es muy compleja, laboriosa y penosa en cada caso. Pero, ¿sustitución de qué?; sustitución de un modelo explicativo al que denominó "paradigma" . Margaret Masterton nos habla de veintiuna formas diferentes en las cuales T. S. Kuhn utiliza la palabra paradigma. A los efectos de una primera aproximación destacaremos cuatro:

207
Περίληψη
Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό αναπτύσσεται η προβληματική της διαλεκτικής μεθοδολογίας του οργανι-
κού όλου, η γνωστική ισχύς της οποίας (περιγραφική, εξηγητική, θεωρητική, αποδεικτική, ευ-
ρετική, προγνωστική κ.ο.κ.) έχει δοκιμαστεί στις κοινωνικές επιστήμες (ιδιαιτέρως στην πολι-
τική οικονομία και στην κοινωνική θεωρία). Η ανάπτυξη της επιστημονικής σκέψης εξετάζε-
ται ως νομοτελής διαδικασία, ιστορικές στιγμές της οποίας είναι οι γνωσιακές συγκυρίες, οι
οποίες εμπεριέχουν ένα φάσμα δυνατοτήτων (παρελκυστικής αποσύνθεσης και δημιουργικής
ανάπτυξης) ως αποτέλεσμα της αλληλεπίδρασης εσωτερικών και εξωτερικών παραγόντων.
Οι εσωτερικοί παράγοντες προσδιορίζονται σε συνάρτηση με την υφή, τον χαρακτήρα και το
επίπεδο ανάπτυξης του γνωστικού αντικειμένου, το θεωρητικό και μεθοδολογικό επίπεδο ανά-
πτυξης της κεκτημένης επιστημονικής γνώσης περί του εν λόγω αντικειμένου και το επίπεδο
ανάπτυξης του συγκεκριμένου ερευνητή (συλλογικού και ατομικού). Οι εξωτερικοί παράγο-
ντες συνδέονται με την εκάστοτε ιστορική και πολιτισμική συγκυρία, με τις κοινωνικές ανά-
γκες, τα συμφέροντα κ.ο.κ. Η μεθοδολογία του οργανικού όλου κινείται πέραν του διπόλου ποι-
οτικών και ποσοτικών μονομερειών και προσανατολίζει την έρευνα, ώστε τα φαινόμενα να
εξετάζονται και να διερευνώνται ως ενότητα των ποιοτικών και ποσοτικών πτυχών τους, ώστε
να αναδεικνύεται η αλληλεπίδραση αυτών των πτυχών, καθώς και οι αλλαγές στις μεταξύ τους
συσχετίσεις στα διάφορα επίπεδα της δομής, της ανάπτυξης και της διάγνωσής τους.

The preferences of customers are rapidly changing with the changes in trends. Similar situation is also faced by restaurant sector which forces them to stay in the process of adaptation in relation with the changes in customers’ demands and needs. Some of the challenges which the restaurant sector is facing are; customers’ preferences over healthier food, advancement in technology over delivery of food and dining experience, new entrants, environmental sustainability, marketing strategies, heightened expectations of customers and food processing methods. The businesses can cope up with these challenges through innovation, which is a tool that can provide competitive advantage in order to survive in the rapidly changing and cutthroat environment. This report will elaborate the notions "Innovation" and "Commercialization" in depth which can be beneficial for entrepreneurs to boost their businesses.

In the mid-90s, Lebanon’s Hezbollah movement and the Iranian Ayatollah Khamene’i both banned bloody forms of self-flagellation such as tatbir (cutting the forehead with a sword), calling them backward and un-Islamic. They argued that Shi‘a Muslims ought to imitate Husayn by actively fighting against oppressors rather than passively mourning Husayn’s martyrdom. This prohibition has not been unanimously applied in all Muslim
countries, including Syria, where such practices persisted until the Arab Spring (when virtually all Shi‘a Muslims left the shrine-town where these practices were performed). By closely reading the linguistic, conceptual, and juridical discourses that circulated in Syria in order to justify this position, the paper shows that the performers of tatbir conceived of these rituals in revolutionary, rather than reactionary, terms. By examining the performance and reception of flagellation processions in terms of differing modalities of affect, the paper opens up spaces for rethinking ‘revolution’ and ‘redemption’ in contemporary Twelver Shi‘ism.

This book is about the relation between philosophy and organization in so far as it concerns organization studies. The book, then, revolves round the interplay between philosophy, organization and organization studies. The purpose is both to ask philosophically the question ‘What is organization?’ and to question the importance of this kind of philosophical questioning for the field of organization studies.

The central argument of the book is that philosophy performs two radically different roles in organization studies, each based upon a different conception of philosophy. The first role corresponds to the under-labourer conception of philosophy in which philosophy is of value because it performs functions for organization studies: philosophy offers different paradigms, methods or frameworks in which one can perform organizational research. The second, contrasting, conception of philosophy is philosophy as the creation of concepts. In this conception, which is presented through a reading of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, philosophy has a positive dimension which is lost when it is understood in terms of its usefulness for the social sciences. Philosophy of organization, in this sense, means asking the question ‘What is organization?’ philosophically, i.e. by creating concepts of organization.

It is this second conception of philosophy that is developed in the book; by asking what it is (part I) and by exploring philosophy of organization through readings of Spinoza, Robert Cooper and Michel Foucault (part II). Taken together, the two parts argue for a more important role of philosophy of organization in organization studies, as distinguished from a philosophy for organization studies.

學 」(uni fied science) 運 動。 在 這 個 運 動 的 影 響 下， 施 拉 姆 認 為， 既 然 communication 是政治學(如民意)、社會學(如社會結構)、心理學(如群眾 心理與認知)、經濟學(如資訊經濟)等等學科的匯點和中心，何不建立一套獨 特的 communication science，以居高臨下的角度俯瞰，足以統攝或整合社會科學 各領域的視野？這個 communication(溝通)的定義顯然是廣之又廣的。事實上， 在 Illinois 環繞施拉姆身邊的學者來自各種不同的專業，例如 Shannon 和 Weaver 是資訊科學的大家，Charles Osgood 是著名的語意學家。施拉姆顯然希望聚集 一流的頭腦，讓他們從不同的觀點在一起碰撞，以爆發全新的知識火花，叫做 communication science。當然，這個「統一科學」運動證明是失敗的，施拉姆自 己也慨歎道：「許多人穿過，很少人逗留」。他終於發現，社會科學的各路英雄 好漢，因緣際會，偶爾在邊緣處相會，觸摸到若干 communication 的問題，但他 們穿過十字路口以後，又向本學科的方向和旨趣直奔。施拉姆即使想要留他們別 走開，但十字路口還是十字路口，只穿過，不逗留。傳播研究不但沒有成為統攝 性的中心理論，而且邊緣如故，只能繼續拼命爭取中心的承認。

Citation:
Buck, Christopher. “Ninian Smart (1927–2001).” British Writers, Supplement XXIV. Ed. Jay Parini. Farmington Hills, MI: Charles Scribner’s Sons/The Gale Group, 2018. Pp. 269–283. ISBN-13: 978-0684325156. (Release date: September 8, 2017.)

ABSTRACT

ACADEMICS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES have a long- standing joke. Question: “What is the difference between Ninian Smart and God?” Answer: “God is everywhere. Ninian Smart is everywhere but here!” (Ninian Smart on World Religions, p. xxi). That one-liner about Smart’s ubiquity attests not only to the reach of his publications but also to his international influence in the emergence of the scholarly field of religious studies—first and foremost in Britain and, more widely, in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Almost single-handedly, Ninian Smart “founded the academic study of religion in Britain” and “gave intellectual structure and shape to the field in the rest of the English-speaking world, especially the U.S.A.,” according to Jacob Neusner (“Remembering Ninian Smart,” pp. 355–356). Yet Smart was far more than an academic. In writing books about philosophy and world religions, he was steeped in deep thought, immersed in higher thinking. Human and social values were his subject matter. He compared cultures, religions, philosophies, and political ideologies such as Marxism and Maoism. His own thinking about Buddhist enlightenment, Confucian order, Taoist freedom, Hindu liberation, Christian salvation, and so forth produced a wonderful, if not exotic, synthesis. He could see the full picture, understand human dilemmas, and propose global orientations in solutions that were simple, yet profound. A gentleman and a scholar in every sense, Smart was a down-to-earth man but a noble soul, with a grand vision of the world and the direction he believed that it needed to take. …

Despite his Scottish flourishes—eating his porridge with salt and pepper, and occasionally donning his kilt and tartan—Ninian Smart was humanitarian and universal. He presented a vision and version of Christianity that could seriously engage with the fact of religious pluralism and operate in an entirely secular mode as well. Smart was fond of joking: “Comparative religion will make you comparatively religious” (quoted in Strenski, “Ninian Smart and the Overcoming of Philosophy,” p. 369). He recognized wisdom and insight in various religious and cultural settings, and he broke free entirely of parochial presumptions. In that regard, he was both theologian and academic. Ninian Smart, almost single-handedly, was instrumental in institutionalizing the academic study of religion. The entire discipline is indebted to his leadership and legacy.

Now available in the Gale Virtual Reference Library (GVRL) database.

The Lean Construction Institute's (LCI) goal is to develop and deploy a new way of thinking about and practicing project management. Projects are conceived as temporary production systems, to be designed in light of the relevant 'physics' of the task to be accomplished. It is claimed that complex, quick, and uncertain projects cannot be managed in traditional ways. Detailed CPM schedules, after-the-fact tracking, earned value analysis, and competitive bidding are inadequate to the challenge of today's dynamic projects.

Статията се спира на въпроса как миметичният обрат изменя модусите, през които функционира паметта. Отношението на изкуство и памет е въведено чрез паралел между Омир и Платон, между епическия и философският опит да се противостои на забравата: как поетът Омир(Oдисея, XI) и философът Платон (Държавата, X) представят паметта и забравата в подземното царство. Омир, който се обръща към Мнемозина да му припомни образцовите събития, подвизите на герои и безсмъртни, сам ще стане образец за припомняне и подражание. Тази връзка на памет и подходящо за подражание (кой е най-добрият пример, кой е примерът препон) с оглед на една педагогическа практика ще бъде мощно подет от Платон, за да бъде агонално отвоювано правота на философската диалектика сред гъмжилото от съмнителни примери, давани от софисти, оратори, аеди, рапсоди, трагедиографи, комедиографи. На втора стъпка, текстът подема бавно четене на „Софистът“ на Платон, чрез което разделя миметичното на автентичен мимесис и хетерогенен мимесис. Това разподобяване е видяно като условие за възможност пред понятието за двойник в литературата.

Ключови думи: Мнемозина, анамнезис, мимесис, памет, аед, пример, ксоанон, двойник, eikon, eidolon, phantasma, софист, философ

A publicação de A Estrutura das Revoluções Científicas (1962) é considerada um ponto de inflexão na história da filosofia da ciência anglófona. Com essa obra, original e sugestiva, Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) tornou-se um dos mais influentes filósofos da ciência do final do século XX. O elemento filosófico central desse clássico é o conceito de paradigma. Não obstante, o uso do vocábulo na obra ocasionou, logo após a sua publicação, uma série de críticas que questionavam a natureza, a utilidade e o caráter polissêmico do termo. Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação sobre as diferentes concepções do vocábulo em alguns momentos da obra kuhniana, a saber, (i) A Estrutura das Revoluções Científicas (1962), a partir das críticas apresentadas em “A natureza de um paradigma” (1970) de Margareth Masterman e “A estrutura das revoluções científicas” (1964) de Dudley Shapere, (ii) “A tensão essencial: tradição e inovação na investigação científica” (1959), (iii) “A função do dogma na pesquisa científica” (1963), (iv) “Posfácio” (1969) e (v) “Reconsiderações acerca dos paradigmas” (1969). A investigação sobre os usos e os sentidos de ‘paradigma’ na obra kuhniana nos serviu de indicação para pensar de que modo podemos transpor alguns dos problemas suscitados pelo uso do termo na Estrutura. Considera-se que o caráter polissêmico do vocábulo sugere questões que não se reduzem a aspectos meramente editoriais ou a incongruências semânticas que, por fim, seriam resolvidas com uma referência a este ou aquele significado principal. Cogita-se que tal imprecisão e ambiguidade podem advir do fato de que Kuhn, mesmo que de modo não intencional, levava a cabo uma pesquisa que se não ultrapassou o âmbito do próprio campo científico, esteve em seus limites.

The publication of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is a remarkable event in the history of the anglophone philosophy of science. Kuhn became one of the most influent philosophers of science with his original and suggestive book. The central philosophical element of this classic is the concept of paradigm. Nevertheless after its publication, the use of the word 'paradigm' generated a flood of doubts and criticisms on the nature, usefulness, and the polysemic character of this term. This work presents an investigation about the different conceptions of the term 'paradigm' in several moments of the kuhnian writings. In particular, (i) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) considering two criticisms addressed to Kuhn: “The nature of the paradigm” (1970) by Margareth Masterman and “The structure of scientific revolutions” (1964) by Dudley Shapere, (ii) “The essential tension: tradition and innovation in scientific research” (1959), (iii) “The function of dogma in scientific research” (1963), (iv) “Postscript” (1969) and (v) “Second thoughts on paradigms” (1969). The research into the uses and meanings of the paradigm concept in the kuhnian writings indicated how to overcome some problems raised by the use of this word in Structure. For the American philosopher, the polysemic character of this term suggests questions merely editorial or semantic inconsistencies that lead to a single and mean meaning. Therefore, we consider that the inaccuracy and ambiguity of this term come from the fact that Kuhn was developing research that was, at times, on the frontiers of the scientific field.

Tesis de licenciatura en sociología que desarrolla las principales discusiones que han girado en torno a la sociología como su cientificidad, el uso de paradigmas como entes teóricos, la dinámica de la comunidad científica de sociología en México y el desarrollo histórico, institucional, profesional y teórico de la sociología en México.

Politicians frequently make use of mythologized understandings of the past to mobilize memory as an instrument of politics in the present. Despite the postwar “memory boom”, collective remembrance remains a slippery concept. In politics, collective memory exerts its influence both from the bottom up, as interpretations of the past affect the identities and understandings of political elites, as well as from the top down, as statements by public figures place certain events into the national consciousness while silencing or forgetting others. In addition to summarizing the existing literature, this integrative review proposes a discursive conception of the politics of memory. I argue that research into political memory should focus on (1) the substantive content of collective memory as expressed by actors within state institutions and (2) on the interactive channels through which ideas about the past are conveyed, disputed, silenced, and negotiated outside these formal settings. I substantiate this argument – and demonstrate the relevance of collective remembrance to politics – by drawing examples of the role that memories of World War II continue to play Italian and Slovenian internal politics, as well as in their relations with each other.